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DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC EDITION: LAB 1a
ENGINEERING NO. OF CHECKING:
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
EFECTIVE DATE : 8/1/2007
GEOPHYSICS
TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a) AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.
3.0 THEORY
Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or
identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification.
A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of
composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary
to know the rock forming minerals.
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate
the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for:
a) Name of mineral
b) Colour
c) Luster
d) Hardness
e) Reaction with acid
f) Others/usage
Signature :
(b) COLOUR
The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, the light
in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator.
(c) STREAK
Streak is the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. We can observe streak when we scraped a mineral
along a roughened surface such as unglazed pottery (porcelain slab streak plate), that mark left behind can
be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of the mineral.
(d) LUSTRE
Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light is a function of the state of the surface.
Luster is described in terms of the degree of brightness.
(e) HARDNESS
The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by
rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other
(unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale
developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to
several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below.
When dilute hydrochloric acid (typically 10%) is capped on to some minerals a reaction takes place. On calcite
(CaCO3) bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced, in some iron sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NO. OF PAGES: 3/3
DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC EDITION: LAB 1a
ENGINEERING NO. OF CHECKING:
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
EFECTIVE DATE : 8/1/2007
GEOPHYSICS
TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a) AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IDENTIFICATION
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding
characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive
that the rock belongs to a certain class.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics Colour
Massive rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features
Structure Pegmatite the rock is very coarse grained
Vesicular the rock contains many cavities
Crystallinty or degree of crystallization
Holocrystalline wholly crystalline
Hemicrystalline partly crystals and partly glass
Holohyaline wholly glass
Texture
Granularity, the size of crystals
Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter
Medium grained when particles are 1 5 mm or more in diameter
Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter
Signature :
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the
results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK
MINERAL CHEMICAL
ROCK NAME TEXTURE COLOUR ORIGIN SKETCH
COMPOSITION COMPOSITION
IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATION CHART
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ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC EDITION: LAB 1c
ENGINEERING NO. OF CHECKING:
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
EFECTIVE DATE : 8/1/2007
GEOPHYSICS
TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK AMENDMENT
8/1/2007
(LAB 1c) DATE:
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.
3.0 THEORY
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The
outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by
itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
(b) Description
Signature :
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and
tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction
industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
COMPOSITION
ROCK NAME TEXTURE MODE OF ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION SKETCH
OF ROCK
SEDIMENTARY CLASSIFICATION CHART
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ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC EDITION: LAB 1d
ENGINEERING NO. OF CHECKING:
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
EFECTIVE DATE : 8/1/2007
GEOPHYSICS
TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC
AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007
ROCK (LAB 1d)
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.
3.0 THEORY
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The
outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by
itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
(b) Description
Signature :
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and
tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction
industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
MINERAL METAMORPHISM
ROCK NAME STRUCTURE GRAIN PARENT ROCK SKETCH
COMPOSITION TYPE
METAMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION CHART