PROIECT ANALIZA

DATELOR

Proiectul a fost coordonat de

Dl. prof.dr. Gilbert Saporta,
C.N.A.M. Paris
 INTRODUCERE
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dimensiuni mari.
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PXOWVSHUDQ DGHYLD 

Aceste date sunt stabilite de: Population Reference Bureau din

Washington.
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Analiza n Componente Principale. Scopul este reprezentarea ntr-XQVSD LXFX

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 ANALIZA N COMPONENTE PRINCIPALE
Analiza n CRPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH HVWH R PHWRG  GHVFULSWLY  D GDWHORU

cantitative.

1.1. Descrierea datelor

1.1.1. Variabilele
6HGLVWLQJGRX WLSXULGHYDULDELOH

variabilele cantitative active, care vor determina axele principale

variabilele ilustrative care prin natura lor (calitative) nu pot participa la
crearea axelor principale.
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GHFRUHOD LL

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progQR]DSRSXOD LHL
'HIDSWYRPvQFHUFDV H[SOLF PDFHDVW YDULDELO vQIXQF LHGHYDULDELOHOH

active.
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11 variabile active

683(5),&FRQWLQX 

3238/$7,FRQWLQX 

1$7$/,7(FRQWLQX 

0257$/,7FRQWLQX 

8,1)$17,/FRQWLQX 

)(&21',7FRQWLQX 

,1FRQWLQX 

68FRQWLQX 

(63(5$1&FRQWLQX 

31%FRQWLQX 

3,%FRQWLQX 

3 variabile ilustrative

1. 5(/,*,21PRGDOLW L

2. &217,1(1PRGDOLW L

7. 352-(&7,FRQWLQX 
 1.1.2. Indivizii
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WUDWDW FDXQLQGLYLGVXSOLPHQWDU

1.1.3. 6WDWLVWLFDXQLGLPHQVLRQDO

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ULOH FDUH SUH]LQW  R QDWDOLWDWH R PRUWDOLWDWH LQIDQWLO  L XQ SURFHQW GH PDL

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$UDELD6DXGLW L&RDVWDGH)LOGH

8Q DOW JUDILF WLS FXWLD FX PXVW L FODVHD]  ULOH vQ IXQF LH GH

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SDUWLFLS ODFDOFXOGDWILLQGFDUDFWHUXOHLH[FHS LRQDO6LQJDSRU e.

4 SULPDFXDQWLO 

Q2 = 0,0490 (mediana)
4 DWUHLDFXDQWLO 

E = Q3-Q1*Q3+1,5Q1=0,2676
$FHVW JUDILF DUDW  ULOH FDUH DX R GHQVLWDWH IRDUWH ULGLFDW  vQ UDSRUW FX

norma:
Coreea de Sud,
ULOHGH-RV

Japonia,
Belgia.
1.2 Analiza n Componente Principale
$QDOL]D vQ &RPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH HVWH HIHFWXDW  SOHFkQG GH OD WDEHOXO

GDWHORU WUDQVIRUPDWH Q DGHY U GDW ILLQG RUGLQXO GH P ULPH IRDUWH GLIHULW DO

datelor, se va utiliza metrica inversei dispersiilor, ceea ce revine la efectuarea

Analizei n Componente Principale pe date centrate reduse.
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,QHU LDLF XWDUHDD[HORUSULQFLSDOH

,QHU LD LQL LDO  D QRUXOXL GH SXQFWH HVWH VXPD SRQGHUDW   D S WUDWHORU

GLVWDQ HORU LQGLYL]LORU OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH 6H DUDW  F  DWXQFL FkQG GDWHOH

sunt centrate-UHGXVH DFHDVW  LQHU LH HVWH HJDO  FX QXP UXO GH YDULDELOH DGLF 

11.
$&3 FRQVW  vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD D[HORU QXPLWH D[H SULQFLSDOH FDUH YRU

SHUPLWHPD[LPL]DUHDLQHU LHLQRUXOXLGHSXQFWHSURLHFWDW$FHDVW PD[LPL]DUH

QHFHVLW  F XWDUHD YDORULORU SURSULL DOH PDWULFLL 90 XQGH 9 HVWH PDWULFHD

dispersiilor -FRYDULDQ HORUL0PDWULFHDXWLOL]DW 

Aprecierea asupra preciziei calculelor:

Urma nainte de diagonalizare 11.00
Suma valorilor proprii 11.00

HISTOGRAMA PRIMELOR 11 VALORI PROPRII

3ULPHOH GRX  YDORUL SURSULL SHUPLW GHWHUPLQDUHD D[HORU SULQFLSDOH  L 

$FHVWHGRX D[HIRUPHD] SULPXOSODQSULQFLSDO3ULPDD[ SULQFLSDO SHUPLWH

UHVWLWXLUHDDGLQLQHU LHLD doua 13,80 %.

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puncte.
+LVWRJUDPD YDORULORU SURSULL IDFH V  DSDU  R UXSWXU  GXS  D GRXD YDORDUH

SURSULH$FHVWFULWHULXSHUPLWHGHWHUPLQDUHDQXP UXOXLGHD[HGHLQWHUSUHWDW
 1.2.2. Reprezentarea variabilelor
Q VFRSXO RE LQHULL XQHL LQWHUSUHW UL SHQWUX D[H WUHEXLH V  UHSUH]HQW P

variabilele n primul plan principal.

3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH FDOFXOHD]  FRUHOD LLOH vQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH SULQFLSDOH L

variabile.
Aceasta permite determinarea cerculuLGHFRUHOD LL
 &DOLWDWHDUHSUH]HQW ULLYDULDELOHORU

$FHVW WDEHO GDWRULW  S WUDWHORU FRUHOD LLORU SHUPLWH LQWHUSUHWDUHD D[HORU

H[DPLQkQGFDOLWDWHDUHSUH]HQW ULLYDULDELOHORU

Pe axa 1, variabilele cele mai bine reprezentate sunt Natalitatea,

MortaliWDWHD LQIDQWLO  )HFXQGLWDWHD 3URFHQWXOGH PDL SX LQGH DQL $FHVWH
YDULDELOH VH RSXQ OD 3URFHQWXO GH PDL PXOW GH  DQL 6SHUDQ D GH YLD  L

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6XSUDID D

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celelalte.
Global variabilele cele mai bine reprezentate n planul 1-2 sunt Natalitatea
L 3URFHQWXO GH PDL SX LQ GH  DQL JUDILF HOH VXQW FHOH PDL DSURSLDWH GH

FHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL

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FRUHODW  FX D[D  L IRDUWH VODE  FX D[D  (D HVWH VODE FRUHODW  FX YDULDELOHOH

demografice.

1.2.3. Reprezentarea indivizilor

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FRQWULEX LH SXWHUQLF  VXQW SH IURQWLHUHOH UHSUH]HQW ULL vQWUXFkW FRQWULEX LD

individului i pe axa j este raportul dintre coordonata indiYLGXOXL L L LQHU LD

SXUWDW SHD[DMFXRDSUR[LPD LHHJDO FXSRQGHUHDLQGLYLGXOXL

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pe axa 1 sunt:
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ULOH WLQHUH $FHVWH UL LDX YDORUL LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX YDULDELOH FDUH DX

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L31%

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VXSUDID PDUH

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- -
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unghiului este mai mare (aceasta verificndu-se n special pentru indivizii

GHS UWD LGHRULJLQH

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Siria.
 1.2.4. Reprezentarea variabilelor ilustrative.
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Q FRQFOX]LH UHSUH]HQW ULOH JUDILFH IDF V  DSDU  FODU FHOH WUHL JUXSH

GLVWLQFWHGH UL

FHOH WLQHUH vQ SULQFLSDO UL DIULFDQH SX LQ GH]YROWDWH GH UHOLJLH

DQLPLVW VDXPXVXOPDQ 

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$PHULFD6HSWHQWULRQDO GHUHOLJLHFUHWLQ

LRDWUHLDJUXS LQWHUPHGLDU  ULOHvQFXUVGHGH]YROWDUHDOH$VLHLL

Americii de Sud.
 O clasificare ne va permite, ntr-o DGRXDSDUWHV RE LQHPRSDUWL LHPDL

SUHFLV DDFHVWRU UL

 CLASIFICAREA
Clasificarea are ca scop regruparea indivizilor n clase omogene.
([LVW  GRX  PDUL WLSXUL GH PHWRGH FODVLILFDUHD QRQ LHUDUKLF  FDUH

SURGXFH R SDUWL LH vQWU

-un nuP U GDW GH FODVH L FODVLILFDUHD LHUDUKLF  FDUH

SURGXFHXQLUGHSDUWL LLvQFXLEDWH
 2.1. &ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF SULQPHWRGDOXL:DUG

&ULWHULXOGHUHJUXSDUHDGRLLQGLYL]LVHED]HD] SHQR LXQHDGHLQHU LH6H

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PLQLPXOGHLQHU LHLQWHUFODVH

,QHU LD LQWHUFODVH HVWH PHGLD S WUDWHORU GLVWDQ HORU FRQWUHORU GH JUHXWDWH

GLQ ILHFDUH FODV  OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH WRWDO &D L OD $&3 YRP XWLOL]D

metrica inverselor dispersiei.

 ,QGLFLL QLYHOXULORU H[SULP  SLHUGHUHD GH LQHU LH LQWHUFODVH OD ILHFDUH

UHJUXSDUH6XPDLQGLFLORUGHQLYHODUWUHEXLV ILHHJDO FXDGLF HJDO FX

LQHU LDWRWDO DQRUXOXLGHSXQFWH

&HL GRL LQGLYL]L FHLPDL DSURSLD L VXQW GHFL   L  DGLF  3RUWXJDOLD L

1RXD=HHODQG 

Q HWDSD XUP WRDUH QX  PDL  U PkQ GHFkW  LQGLYL]L L R FODV  GLQ FHOH

GRX  ULUHJUXSDWHSUHFHGHQWUHSUH]HQWDW DWXQFLSULQFHQWUXOV XGHJUHXWDWH

6H UHJUXSHD]  GLQ QRX FHL GRL LQGLYL]L I FkQG V  VH SLDUG  FkW PDL SX LQ 

LQHU LHLQWHUFODVHDGLF 5HJDWHOH 8QLWHL'DQHPDUFD

-
6H UHvQFHSH DSRL DFHDVW  LWHUD LH SkQ  FkQG WR L LQGLYL]LL YRU IL UHJUXSD L

n interiorul unei singure clase.

&ULWHULXOUXSWXULLGHODKLVWRJUDP SHUPLWHGHWHUPLQDUHDQXP UXOXL de
FODVHFHWUHEXLHS VWUDW$FHVWFULWHULXDEVROXWDFRQVHUYDWFODVH

&XORULOH SHUPLW XRU V  GLVWLQJHP FHOH  FODVH DVWIHO FUHDWH FXORULOH

identice au fost folosite n reprezentarea indivizilor n primul plan principal.

QEOHXFODVDvQURXFOasa 2, n verde, clasa 3.
 2.2. Consolidarea claselor
0HWRGDFHQWUHORUPRELOHSHUPLWHFRQVROLGDUHDSDUWL LHLI FXWHFXPHWRGD

lui Ward. Plecnd de la centrele de greutate ale celor 3 clase, se constituie

clase noi: indivizii sunt atDD L OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH  FHO PDL DSURSLDW 6H
FDOFXOHD]  DSRL FHQWUHOH GH JUHXWDWH DOH DFHVWRU FODVH QRL L VH UHvQFHSH

RSHUD LDSkQ ODVWDELOLWDWH

0HWRGD FHQWUHORU PRELOH FRQYHUJH IRDUWH UDSLG 3ULPD SDUWL LH HIHFWXDW 

HUD GHFL VDWLVI F WRDUH 8Q VLQJXU LQGLYLG  D VFKLPEDW FODVD HVWH YRUED GH

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&RQVWUXLUHDILQDO DFODVHORUHVWHGHFL
 Descrierea claselor
Mai multe elemente permit caracterizarea claselor diferite create.
3RW IL SULYLWH FRRUGRQDWHOH L YDORULOH WHVW DOH FHQWUHORU GH  JUHXWDWH DOH

FODVHORULQGLYL]LLWLSLFLPRGDOLW LOHLYDULDELOHOHFHOHPDLFDUDFWHULVWLFH

&ODVHOH  L  DX FRRUGRQDWH GH YDORUL ULGLFDWH GDU RSXVH SH D[D  L FX

valori test ridicate.

$[DSHUPLWHGHFLXRUGLIHUHQ LHUHDXRDU DLQGLYL]LORU

'LQFRQWU FODVDHVWHIRDUWHPHGLH

Caracterizarea prin indivizi tipici

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TaEHOHOH XUP WRDUH GDX SHQWUX ILHFDUH FODV  FHL  LQGLYL]L FHL PDL

FDUDFWHULVWLFLLGLVWDQ DORUODFHQWUXOGHJUHXWDWH
 &DUDFWHUL]DUHDSULQYDULDELOHLOXVWUDWLYHLDFWLYH

8UP WRDUHOH GRX  WDEHOH GDX SHQWUX ILHFDUH FODV  YDULDELOHOH FHOH PDL

PXOWLFHOHPDLSX LQUHSUH]HQWDWLYH

'HILQL LH

&/$02' UDSRUWXO GLQWUH QXP UXO LQGLYL]LORU DSDU LQkQG FODVHL L

PRGDOLW LLLQXP UXOGHLQGLYL]LDSDU LQkQGPRGDOLW LL

([HPSOXGLQWUH ULOHDVLDWLFHIDFSDUWHGLQFODVD

(10/12=0,8333).
02'&/$6 UDSRUWXO GLQWUH QXP UXO LQGLYL]LORU DSDU LQkQG FODVHL L

PRGDOLW LLLQXP UXOXLGHLQGLYL]LDLFODVHL

Exemplu: 45,45% dintre indivizii clasei 1 sunt asiatice

(10/12=0,4545).

&ODVD  HVWH IRUPDW  vQ SULQFLSDO GLQ ULOH DVLDWLFH v

n timp ce ea nu
FRQ LQHQLFL R DU HXURSHDQ 
-

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&ODVD  HVWH GLQ FRQWU  HXURSHDQ  L FUHWLQ  L QX FRQ LQH QLFL R DU 

DIULFDQ VDXLVODPLVW 
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PXO LPLGHYDULDELOH

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3 au variabile caracterisWLFH GDU vQ RSR]L LH $FHOHD FDUH VXQW VXSHULRDUH
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Concluzie
0HWRGHOH VWDWLVWLFH GHVFULSWLYH GDWRULW  DVSHFWHORU YL]XDOH UHSUH]HQW ULL

JUDILFH L DUERUL GH FODVLILFDUH L LQWXLWLYH LPSRUWDQWH SHUPLW GHVFULHUHD

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$YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU PHWRGH vQ DIDUD DVSHFWXOXL GHVFULSWLY FRQVW  GHFL vQ

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