1.

INTRODUCTION

SUBSTATION

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer,
electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A
substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of
two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned

by a large industrial or commercial customer.

COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION

1.Supply line

2.Transformer

3.Busbar

4.Switchgear

5.Outcoming Feeder

6.Switching apparatus

a) Switches

b) Fuses

c) Circuit breaker

7. Surge voltage protection

8.Grounding

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NEA is also engaged in an ambitious program of improving the situation by both
enhancing access and improving the quality of electricity service. A key aspect of
this program is to curtail power system losses to acceptable levels. Currently, the
system loss of NEA stands to 24.4 percent, which incorporates both technical and
non-technical losses. Many activities have been carried out to reduce the system
losses: such as conductor upgrade work for 132 kV cross border TL, and capacitor
banks installation in some substations as initiatives to reduce the system losses.
What persist are the non-technical losses, such as leakages, and NEA has been
trying hard to address these critical issues through introduction of electricity
leakage control act. NEA now wishes to understand more fully the nature and
incidence of existing system losses and to develop a focused reasonable period of
time.

2.PROBLEM STATEMENTS

a. TECHNICAL LOSS

Technical loss is a loss in power system caused by physical properties of

components of power systems and due to current flowing in electrical network. It
generates following losses:

a) Copper loss: It is caused due to I^2R loss.

b) Dielectric loss: It is caused due to heating effect in the dielectric
material between conductors.
c) Induction and radiation loss: It is caused due to electromagnetic field
surrounding the conductors.

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Causes:

i) Harmonics distortion

ii) Improper earthing at consumer end

iii) Long single phase lines

iv) Unbalanced loading

v) Losses due to overloading and low voltage

vi) Losses due to poor standard of devices.

b. Nontechnical losses

Nontechnical losses are caused by actions external to the power system or

are caused by loads and condition that the technical losses computation failed to
take into account. NTL are more difficult to measure because these losses are
obtained on account by the system operators and thus have no recorded
information.

Causes:

i) Tampering with meters to ensure the meter recorded

a lower consumption reading
ii) Errors in technical losses computation
iii) Tapping (hooking) on LT lines
iv) Arranging false readings by bribing meter readers
iv) Stealing by bypassing the meter or otherwise making
illegal connections

3.OBJECTIVES

i) To estimate distribution loss in substation.

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 ii) To consider methodology associated with the computation of
distribution loss of feeder
iii) Compare the loss obtained by the different methods.

4.METHODOLOGY

Visiting the substation to get familiar with that substation components and
operation.

Collection of necessary datas and single line diagram.

Note the hourly load demand of various feeders of the substation.

Note down daily peak and maximum demand of substation and observe the
variations.

To find various method for the estimation of losses in substation.

Take the reading from baishak to chaitra.

Draw the annual load curve using the obtained data.

Comparing the loss obtained by the different methods.

4.1Literature review
According to Electricity Regulation (1993 AD), the following criteria must be
fulfilled by NEA.

-The standard voltage should be 230V for ac single phase and 400 V in 3 phase for
general consumer.

-High voltage distribution system should be

3300V,6600V,11000V,22000V,33000V.

-High voltage transmission voltage should be 33KV,66KV,132KV,220KV,400KV

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-Frequncy should be 50Hz and the fluctuation should not be more than 2.5%.

-Power factor should not be allowed not less than 0.8 lagging and not more than
unit leading.

-The fluctuation of standard voltage, distribution voltage and transmission voltage

should not be greater than 5%.

Any technical or nontechnical losses during transmission and distribution system

causes these criteria to deteriorate, thus NEA must apply required methods for
minimising the losses, improving the quality of electricity in Nepal. Our project in
such context helps knowing and identifying the losses during distribution system,
which further helps in applying different methods to minimize these losses.

5.PROJECT SCHEDULE

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6.REFRENCES

- NEA Distribution and consumer services Directorate.

- Electricity Regulation (1993 AD), Nepal.

- Electric power distribution system Engineering Tata Mcgraw Hill