De Ocampo Memorial College

COURSE SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Course Title: General Pathology, Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques

Course Description:

The course is divided into three. The first part deals with the study of the basic disease process, correlating the etiology of disease with the course of development of
anatomic and clinical changes brought about by the disease. The second part is the study of the histologic techniques essential in the production of histologic slides for the diagnosis of
diseases including special staining procedures and other related techniques. The third part is the study and identification of cells in the diagnosis of diseases using cytologic
techniques.

Course Credit: 2 units (2 units lecture, 1 unit laboratory)

Contact Hours: 2 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory per week (36 hours lecture and 54 hours laboratory per semester)

Prerequisites: Cytogenetics, Histology

Placement: Fourth Year, 1st Semester

Program Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, the student is able to:
1. Acquire the basic concepts of disease formation
2. Explain the physiologic changes brought about by various disease processes
3. Discus the principles and procedures in cell and tissue preparation and processing
4. Develop the necessary skills required in the preparation of slides for microscopic examinations
5. Apply the concepts of quality assurance program in histopathologic laboratory
6. Discuss the principles and procedures in autopsy and biopsy
7. Acquire basic concepts and skills in exfoliative cytology
8. Manifest the medical technologists personal, social and professional responsibilities in helping restore or maintain the health of men with high moral and ethical standards.

References:
1. Allen D. and R.I. Cameron. Histopathology Specimens: Clinical, Pathological and Laboratory Aspects. USA: Springer, 2004.
2. Cibas E. and B. Ducatman. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Correlates 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 2003.
3. Curran R.C. and Crocker J. Currans Atlas of Histopathology, New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000.
4. Demay Richard M. The Pap Test: Exfoliative Gynecologic Cytology. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2005.
5. Demay, Richard M. Practical Principles of Cytopathology Revised. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2007.
6. Gregorios-Bruce, Jocelyn. Histopathologic Techniques 2nd ed. Quezon City: JMC Press, 2006.
7. Koss L. and M. Melamed. Koss Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005.
8. Kumar V., N. Fausto and A. Abbas. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 7th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 2004.
9. Kumar V., N. Fausto A. Abbas and R. Mitchell. Robbins Basic Pathology 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 2004.
10. Ludwig, Jurgen. Handbook of Autopsy Practice 3rd ed. USA: Humana Press, 2002.
 11. McClatchey, Kenneth. Clinical Lanoratory Medicine 2nd ed. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.
12. Mcpherson, Richard A. and Matthew R. Pincus. Henrys Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 21st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2007.
13. Ramzy, Ibrahim. Clinical Cytopathology and Aspiration Biopsy 2nd ed. USA: Mc-Graw Hill Professional, 2000.
14. Rubin R. and D. Strayer. Rubins Pathology: Clinicopathologic Basis of Medicine 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2007.
15. Rutty, Guy N. Essentials of Autopsy Practice: Current Methods and Modern Trends 3rd ed. USA: Springer, 2005.
16. Solomon, Diane and Ritu Nayar. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Pathology: Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes 2 nd ed. USA: Springer, 2005.
17. Stevens A, J. Lowe and B. Young. Wheaters Basic Histopathology: A Color Atlas and Text. USA: Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
18. Tadrous, P.J. Diagnostic Criteria Handbook in Histopathology. USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2008.

Electronic References:
1. http://pathweb.uchc.edu/
2. http://www.cytopathnet.org/tiki-index.php
3. http://www.immunoportal.com/
4. http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/general.html
5. http://www-med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/HISTOTCH/HISTOTCH.html
 Student Learning Outcomes Teaching Strategies Evaluation /
Content T.A. Skills Values
Lecture Laboratory Assessment
At the end of this unit, the student is Part 1 General Pathology Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Discuss the normal histology I. Introduction Accountability Performance
2. Describe the normal structure of 1. Review of Normal Histology Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
cells and tissues 2. Definitions skills rules
3. Define different terms 3. Branches of Pathology Assignment Cooperation
associated with pathology 4. Diseases Problem- Teamwork
4. Explain the pathophysiology of 5. Etiology solving skills Concern for
disease process 6. Pathogenesis others and the
5. Define the division and scope of 7. Morphologic Changes and Functional Laboratory Environment
pathology Derangements safety Compassion
6. Enumerate the biologic causes 8. Clinical Significance Responsibility
of disease Identification Prudence in
7. Differentiate between the skills the use of
structure of normal and reagents &
abnormal cells and tissues materials
At the end of this unit, the student is II. Cellular Injury and Cell Death 3 hrs Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Normal homeostasis Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Differentiate the different types 2. Reversible cell injury Accountability Performance
of death 3. Irreversible cell injury Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Enumerate the different somatic 4. Cell death skills rules
changes 5. Apoptosis Assignment Cooperation
3. Identify microscopic tissue 6. Necrosis Problem- Teamwork
findings in necrosis solving skills Concern for
4. Explain the mechanism of the others and the
changes in somatic change Laboratory Environment
5. Discuss the alterations involved safety Compassion
in specific organ/s after an injury Responsibility
6. Explain the pathophysiology of Identification Prudence in
the disease process skills the use of
7. Identify the microscopic changes reagents &
in the disease process materials
At the end of this unit, the student is III. Cellular Adaptation 3 hrs Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Terms Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Differentiate the type of cell a. Atrophy Accountability Performance
adaptation due to sudden b. Hypertrophy Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
changes in the internal milieu c. Hyperplasia skills rules
2. Identify which are reversible, d. Metaplasia Assignment Cooperation
irreversible and precancerous 2. Definition, types, etiologies of different Problem- Teamwork
lesions cell adaptation solving skills Concern for
3. Explain the pathophysiology of 3. Degeneration, pigmentation, others and the
different adaptation pathologic accumulation of chemicals Laboratory Environment
4. Explain the mechanisms a. Etiology safety Compassion
involved in degeneration, b. Types Responsibility
pigmentation and c. Pathophysiology Identification Prudence in
hyperbilirubinema 4. Pathologic Calcification skills the use of
5. Identify microscopic changes in reagents &
the degenerative process of the materials
 disease
At the end of this unit, the student is IV.Inflammation and Repair 2 hrs Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain terms related to 2. Etiology Accountability Performance
inflammatory and repair 3. Cardinal signs Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Discuss the importance of body 4. Classification skills rules
response to inflammation 5. Mechanisms of acute and chronic Assignment Cooperation
3. Identify the clinical inflammation Problem- Teamwork
manifestations in the presence 6. Cells of Inflammatory response solving skills Concern for
of inflammation 7. Tissue healing and repair others and the
4. Identify the causes of Laboratory Environment
inflammation & his preventive safety Compassion
measures and possible Responsibility
management Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is V. Etiology of Diseases 2 hrs Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Genetic Diseases Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Classify diseases according to a. Definition Accountability Performance
etiology b. Classification Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Identify the distinctive features 2. Hemodynamic Disorders skills rules
of the commonly encountered a. Definition Assignment Cooperation
diseases b. Pathogenesis Problem- Teamwork
3. Correlate the laboratory findings c. Classification solving skills Concern for
with the etiology of disease 3. Nutritional Diseases others and the
4. Explain pathognomonic findings a. Definition Laboratory Environment
in each disease b. Pathogenesis safety Compassion
5. Explain the pathologic events c. Classification Responsibility
that tale place during the 4. Metabolic Diseases Identification Prudence in
disease process a. Definition skills the use of
b. Pathogenesis reagents &
c. Causes materials
5. Neoplasia
a. Definition
b. Pathogenesis
c. Classification
d. Causes
6. Infectious Diseases
a. Definition
b. Pathogenesis
c. Classification
d. Causes
7. Diseases caused environmental,
chemical & physical injuries
a. Definition
b. Pathogenesis
c. Classification
At the end of this unit, the student is Part II Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Discuss advantages and I. Introduction to Tissue Processing Performance Accountability Performance
disadvantages between fresh 1. Overview Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
tissue examination n and that of 2. Methods of tissue examination skills rules Practical
the reserve tissue examination a. Fresh tissue Assignment Output Cooperation examination
2. Perform different methods of b. Preserved tissue Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
fresh tissue examination 3. Receiving, custody and identification solving skills Concern for
3. Select which method of tissue of tissues others and the
examination be performed per 4. Grossing and section cutting Laboratory Environment
specific sample tissue safety Compassion
4. Explain the mechanism of tissue Responsibility
preservatives Identification Prudence in
5. Explain the steps involved in skills the use of
tissue processing reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is II. Fixation Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definitions 6 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Identify which of the fixative will 2. Characteristics of good fixatives Performance Accountability Performance
be used for a given sample 3. Effects of fixation Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
specimen 4. Methods of fixation skills rules Practical
2. Explain the significance of using a. Chemical Assignment Output Cooperation examination
specific fixative for a specific b. Heat Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
tissue specimen c. Vapor solving skills Concern for
3. Discuss the importance of tissue d. Microwave irradiation others and the
fixation immediately after e. Ultrasound Laboratory Environment
removing it from human body f. Vacuum safety Compassion
4. Discuss the characteristics of g. Others Responsibility
good fixative 5. Types of Chemical Fixatives Identification Prudence in
a. Composition and preparation skills the use of
b. Advantages and Disadvantages reagents &
6. Factors affecting the rate of fixation materials
7. Secondary fixation and post-
chromatization
At the end of this unit, the student is III. Decalcification Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the basic concept of 2. Decalcifying agents Performance Accountability Performance
decalcification a. Composition and preparation Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Choose the best decalcifying 3. Methods of decalcification skills rules Practical
agent or method for decalcified 4. Factors affecting the process of Assignment Output Cooperation examination
tissue decalcification Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
3. Identify the factors that may 5. Ways of measuring the extent of solving skills Concern for
affect the process of decalcification others and the
decalcification Laboratory Environment
4. Perform the process of safety Compassion
decalcification Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is IV. Dehydration Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the significance of the 2. Characteristics Performance Accountability Performance
process of dehydration 3. Methods of dehydration Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Identify the toxic effects of some 4. Types of dehydrating agents skills rules Practical
dehydrating agents and how to 5. Advantages and disadvantages Assignment Output Cooperation examination
prevent toxicity Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
3. Choose the best dehydrating solving skills Concern for
agent for given sample tissue others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is V. Clearing/Dealcoholization Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the significance of 2. Characteristics Performance Accountability Performance
clearing prior to impregnation 3. Clearing agents Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Identify the toxic effects of some 4. Composition and preparation skills rules Practical
clearing agents and how to 5. End-point of clearing Assignment Output Cooperation examination
prevent toxicity Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
3. Choose the best clearing agent solving skills Concern for
for a given sample tissue others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is VI. Impregnation/Infiltration Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 4 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the importance of tissue 2. Types of impregnation Performance Accountability Performance
impregnation a. Paraffin wax impregnation Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Perform the procedure of tissue - Factors affecting paraffin skills rules Practical
impregnation wax impregnation Assignment Output Cooperation examination
3. Discuss the importance of - Substitute Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
paraffin wax impregnation - Precautions solving skills Concern for
4. Identify other infiltrating media - Methods others and the
b. Other infiltrating media Laboratory Environment
- Celloidin safety Compassion
- Resin Responsibility
- Gelatin Identification Prudence in
- others skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is VII. Embedding, Casting, Blocking or Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: Molding Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the advantages and 1. Definition Performance Accountability Performance
disadvantages of each type of 2. Types Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
mold 3. Orientation skills rules Practical
2. Explain the importance of 4. Trimming Assignment Output Cooperation examination
molding the sample tissue prior Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
to sectioning solving skills Concern for
3. Perform the procedure of others and the
embedding Laboratory Environment
4. Explain the importance of safety Compassion
trimming the tissue prior to Responsibility
sectioning Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is VIII. Microtome, Section Cutting and Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: Adhesives 5 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Identify different types of 1. Types Performance Accountability Performance
microtome 2. Care Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Discuss the use of each type of 3. Techniques skills rules Practical
microtome 4. Parts Assignment Output Cooperation examination
3. Explain the use of each a. Microtome knife Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
microtome knife 5. Honing solving skills Concern for
4. Discuss the importance of a. Types of hones others and the
honing and stropping 6. Stropping Laboratory Environment
5. Implement measures to resolve 7. Problems and resolutions encountered safety Compassion
problems encountered during in Section Cutting Responsibility
section cutting 8. Adhesives Identification Prudence in
6. Explain the significance of the a. Types skills the use of
use of adhesives b. Composition and preparation reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is IX. Staining Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 6 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the ideal dye for a given 2. Types Performance Accountability Performance
sample specimen 3. Composition and preparation Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Perform the procedure of 4. Methods skills rules Practical
staining 5. Immuno-stains Assignment Output Cooperation examination
3. Discuss the ideal special stain 6. Special stains Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
for tissue solving skills Concern for
4. Discuss the appropriate others and the
immunohistochemical and Laboratory Environment
special stains for special safety Compassion
conditions Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is X. Mounting 2 hrs Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Types Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Identify different types of a. Aqueous Performance Accountability Performance
mounting media b. Resinous Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Perform the proper procedure of 3. Composition and preparation skills rules Practical
mounting the tissue Assignment Output Cooperation examination
Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
solving skills Concern for
others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XI. Labeling Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Techniques 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Identify different techniques of 2. Precautions Performance Accountability Performance
labeling Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Explain the precautions in skills rules Practical
labeling Assignment Output Cooperation examination
Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
solving skills Concern for
others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XII. Cell Blocking Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Identify the specimens suitable 2. Specimens Performance Accountability Performance
for cell blocking 3. Fixation Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Explain the method of fixation 4. Procedures and techniques skills rules Practical
for specimens used for cell Assignment Output Cooperation examination
blocking Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
3. Explain the various procedures solving skills Concern for
and techniques in cell blocking others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XIII. Automated Tissue Processing Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the various components 2. Types Performance Accountability Performance
of the automated tissue 3. Advantages and disadvantages Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
processor skills rules
2. Differentiate the different types Assignment Output Cooperation
of automated tissue processing Presentation Problem- Teamwork
3. Explain the advantages and solving skills Concern for
disadvantages of automated others and the
tissue processing Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XIV. Rapid Processing Techniques Group Demonstration Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition of Terms 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the rapid processing 2. Advantages and disadvantages of Performance Accountability Performance
techniques for tissue frozen sections Case analysis of Tests Technical Adherence to checklist
examination 3. Fixation of tissues for frozen section skills rules Practical
2. Discuss the methods of fixation 4. Freezing microtome and types Assignment Output Cooperation examination
and processing of frozen 5. Staining of frozen sections Presentation Problem- Teamwork Return demo
sections solving skills Concern for
3. Explain the staining technique others and the
for frozen sections Laboratory Environment
4. Explain the significance rapid safety Compassion
tissue processing in laboratory Responsibility
diagnosis of diseases Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XV. Immunohistocytochemistry Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Discuss the concepts of 2. Application Accountability Performance
Immunohistocytochemistry in 3. Diagnostic interpretation Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
the histopathology laboratory skills rules
2. Explain the role of Assignment Cooperation
Immunohistocytochemistry in Problem- Teamwork
the laboratory diagnosis of solving skills Concern for
diseases others and the
3. Apply appropriate techniques of Laboratory Environment
Immunohistocytochemistry in safety Compassion
the diagnosis of various Responsibility
diseases Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XVI. Biopsy Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Excision 2 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the methods of 2. Incision Accountability Performance
collection and handling of 3. Core-needle biopsy Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
 surgical biopsy specimens 4. Fine needle aspiration biopsy skills rules
2. Enumerate and differentiate the 5. Processing Assignment Cooperation
different types of biopsy Problem- Teamwork
techniques solving skills Concern for
others and the
Laboratory Environment
safety Compassion
Responsibility
Identification Prudence in
skills the use of
reagents &
materials
At the end of this unit, the student is XVII. Post Mortem Examination / Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: PME (Autopsy) 3 hrs Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Discuss the purpose of autopsy 1. Signs of somatic death (Post mortem Accountability Performance
(PME) changes) Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Discuss and differentiate the a. Rigor mortis skills rules
techniques of performing b. Algor mortis Assignment Cooperation
autopsy (Virchow, Rokitansky, c. Post mortem clotting of blood Problem- Teamwork
Ghon, Letulle) d. Discoloration of tissues solving skills Concern for
3. Enumerate the legal e. Putrefaction others and the
requirements and documents f. Desiccation Laboratory Environment
needed prior to performance of 2. Purpose of PME safety Compassion
PME whether medical or 3. Techniques of PME Responsibility
medico-legal 4. Requirements of PME Identification Prudence in
4. Explain the mechanism of 5. Personnel involved in PME skills the use of
changes seen in somatic death 6. Medical autopsy vs. medico-legal reagents &
(post mortem changes), and autopsy materials
discuss their relevance and 7. Classification of autopsy specimens
importance including medico 8. Proper handling of autopsy specimen
legal applications
5. Enumerate personnel behind
PME and specify their functions
(pathologist, medico-legal
officer, hostotechnologist)
6. Discuss proper handling,
techniques of gross autopsy
specimen
At the end of this unit, the student is Part III Exfoliative Cytology Group Communicati Honesty Written Exam
able to: 1. Definition 15 Discussion on skills Commitment Oral Examination
1. Explain the significance of 2. Importance hrs Accountability Performance
cytologic examination 3. Specimens Case analysis Technical Adherence to checklist
2. Identify the specimen processed a. Collection skills rules Practical
under exfoliative cytology 4. Fixation Assignment Cooperation examinations
3. Explain the significance of 5. Staining Techniques Problem- Teamwork Return
fixation and adhesion in 6. Methods of Reporting solving skills Concern for demonstration
exfoliative cytology 7. Interpretation of Results (Clinical others and the
4. Perform the procedure for paps Significance) Laboratory Environment
staining of samples of tissue safety Compassion
5. Prepare reports in exfoliative Responsibility
 cytology in a standard manner of Identification Prudence in
reporting skills the use of
6. Correlate results in exfoliative reagents &
cytology with various physiologic materials
and pathologic conditions