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Wild horse
The wild horse (Equus ferus) is a species of the genus Equus, which
includes as subspecies the modern domesticated horse (Equus ferus
Wild horse
caballus) as well as the undomesticated tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, now
extinct), and the endangered Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus
przewalskii).[2] Przewalski's horse had reached the brink of extinction but
was reintroduced successfully back into the wild.[3] The tarpan became
extinct in the 19th century, though it is a possible ancestor of the domestic
horse; it roamed the steppes of Eurasia at the time of
domestication.[4][5][6][7][8] However, other subspecies of Equus ferus may
have existed and could have been the stock from which domesticated
horses are descended.[9] Since the extinction of the tarpan, attempts have
been made to reconstruct its phenotype, resulting in horse breeds such as
the Konik and Heck horse.[10][11] However, the genetic makeup and
foundation bloodstock of those breeds is substantially derived from Top left: Equus ferus caballus (horses)
domesticated horses, so these breeds possess domesticated traits. Top right: Equus ferus przewalskii

The term "wild horse" is also used colloquially in reference to free-

(Przewalski's horse)
roaming herds of feral horses such as the mustang in the United States,[12] Below left: Equus ferus ferus (tarpan)
the brumby in Australia,[13] and many others. These feral horses are Below right: Equus ferus fossil from 9100 BC
untamed members of the domestic horse subspecies (Equus ferus
caballus), not to be confused with the truly "wild" horse subspecies extant Conservation status
into modern times.

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Contents Scientific classification
1 Subspecies and their history
Kingdom: Animalia
1.1 Przewalski's horse
2 Evolution and taxonomy Phylum: Chordata
2.1 Scientific naming of the species Class: Mammalia
3 Feral horses
Order: Perissodactyla
4 See also
5 References
Family: Equidae
5.1 Citations Genus: Equus
5.2 Bibliography
Subgenus: Equus
Species: E. ferus
Subspecies and their history Binomial name
E. ferus had several subspecies. Three survived into modern times:[14] Equus ferus
Boddaert, 1785
The domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus).

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The tarpan or Eurasian wild horse (Equus ferus ferus), once Subspecies
native to Europe and western Asia, became effectively extinct
in the late 19th century, and the last specimen died in captivity
in an estate in Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, in 1909. Equus ferus ferus
Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), also known as
Equus ferus przewalskii
the Mongolian wild horse or Takhi, is native to Central Asia and
the Gobi Desert. Equus ferus caballus
The latter two are the only never-domesticated "wild" groups that survived
into historic times.[9] However, other subspecies of Equus ferus may have existed and could have been the stock from which
domesticated horses are descended.[9]

Przewalski's horse
Przewalski's horse occupied the eastern Eurasian Steppes, perhaps from the Urals to Mongolia, although the ancient border between
tarpan and Przewalski distributions has not been clearly defined.[15] Przewalski's horse was limited to Dzungaria and western
Mongolia in the same period, and became extinct in the wild during the 1960s, but was reintroduced in the late 1980s to two preserves
in Mongolia.[16] Although researchers such as Marija Gimbutas theorized that the horses of the Chalcolithic period were Przewalski's,
more recent genetic studies indicate that Przewalski's horse is not an ancestor to modern domesticated horses.[17][18]

Przewalski's horse is still found today, though it is an endangered species and for a time was considered extinct in the wild.[19]
Roughly 2000 Przewalski's horses are in zoos around the world.[20] A small breeding population has been reintroduced in
Mongolia.[21][22] As of 2005, a cooperative venture between the Zoological Society of London and Mongolian scientists has resulted
in a population of 248 animals in the wild.[23]

Przewalski's horse has some biological differences from the domestic horse; unlike domesticated horses and the tarpan, which both
have 64 chromosomes, Przewalski's horse has 66 chromosomes due to a Robertsonian translocation.[24] However, the offspring of
Przewalski and domestic horses are fertile, possessing 65 chromosomes.[25]

Evolution and taxonomy

The horse family Equidae and the genus Equus evolved in North America, before the
species moved into the Eastern Hemisphere.[27] Studies using ancient DNA, as well as
DNA of recent individuals, shows the presence of two closely related horse species in
North America, the wild horse and Equus francisci, the "New World stilt-legged
horse"; the latter is taxonomically assigned to various names.[7][28]

Currently, three subspecies that lived during recorded human history are
recognized.[14] One subspecies is the widespread domestic horse (Equus ferus
caballus),[14] as well as two wild subspecies: the recently extinct tarpan (E. f. ferus)
and the endangered Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii).[5][6][14] Equus ferus fossil from 9100 BC
found near Odense, at the
Genetically, the pre-domestication horse, E. f. ferus, and the domesticated horse, E. f. Zoological Museum in Copenhagen
caballus, form a single homogeneous group (clade) and are genetically
indistinguishable from each other.[7][28][29][30] The genetic variation within this clade
shows only a limited regional variation, with the notable exception of Przewalski's horse.[7][28][29][30] Przewalski's horse has several
unique genetic differences that distinguish it from the other subspecies, including 66 instead of 64 chromosomes,[5][31] unique Y-
chromosome gene haplotypes,[32] and unique mtDNA haplotypes.[33][19]

Besides genetic differences, osteological evidence from across the Eurasian wild horse range, based on cranial and metacarpal
differences, indicates the presence of only two subspecies in postglacial times, the tarpan and Przewalski's horse.[9][34]
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Scientific naming of the species

At present, the domesticated and wild horses are considered a single species, with the
valid scientific name for the horse species being Equus ferus.[35] The wild tarpan
subspecies is E. f. ferus, Przewalski's horse is E. f. przewalskii, and the domesticated
horse is E. f. caballus.[36] The rules for the scientific naming of animal species are
determined in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which stipulates
that the oldest available valid scientific name is used to name the species.[37]
Previously, when taxonomists considered domesticated and wild horse two subspecies
of the same species, the valid scientific name was Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758,[38]
with the subspecies labeled E. c. caballus (domesticated horse), E. c. ferus Boddaert, Probable European wild horse coat
1785 (tarpan) and E. c. przewalskii Poliakov, 1881 (Przewalski's Horse).[39] However, colors[26]
in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature decided that the
scientific names of the wild species have priority over the scientific names of
domesticated species, therefore mandating the use of Equus ferus for the horse, independent of the position of the domesticated
horse.[40]

Feral horses
Horses that live in an untamed state but have ancestors that have been domesticated are
not truly "wild" horses; they are feral horses.[41] For instance, when the Spanish
reintroduced the horse to the Americas, beginning in the late 15th century,[42] some
horses escaped, forming feral herds; the best-known being the mustang.[43] Similarly,
the brumby descended from horses strayed or let loose in Australia by English
settlers.[44] Isolated populations of feral horses occur in a number of places, including
Portugal, Scotland, and a number of barrier islands along the Atlantic coast of North
America from Sable Island off Nova Scotia, to Cumberland Island, off the coast of
Georgia.[45] Even though these are often referred to as "wild" horses, they are not truly
Semiferal horse in the Pentland
"wild" in the biological sense of having no domesticated ancestors.[41]
Hills, Scotland: Though popularly
called "wild" horses, feral and
In 1995, British and French explorers discovered a new population of horses in the
semiferal horses are not truly wild;
Riwoche Valley of Tibet, unknown to the rest of the world, but apparently used by the
since their ancestors were
local Khamba people.[46] It was speculated that the Riwoche horse might be a relict domesticated.
population of wild horses,[47] but testing did not reveal genetic differences with
domesticated horses,[48] which is in line with news reports indicating that they are
used as pack and riding animals by the local villagers.[49] These horses only stand 12 hands (48 inches, 122 cm) tall and are said to
resemble the images known as "horse no 2" depicted in cave paintings alongside images of Przewalski's horse.[48]

See also
Horse behavior

References

Citations
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