Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY)
The Evergreen Resort Hotel (Jiaosi), Yilan, Taiwan, Nov. 18-20, 2015
Design of Temperature Control System Using Conventional PID and
Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Controller
Jean Claude Mugisha, Bernard Munyazikwiye and Hamid Reza Karimi

Abstract In this paper, we present the design of temperature
control for industrial heat treating furnace by using Intelligent
Fuzzy Logic and PID controllers. Temperature control is
important in heating processes as it can disqualify materials in
terms of their physical properties when not well performed.
Obviously PID temperature controller is the most used in
industries to control non-linear processes. Consequently, it has
been found that the output response from Fuzzy Logic is very
accurate in terms of overshoot and steady state error when
compared to that of PID. Moreover, both temperature
controllers are modeled and simulated using MATLAB
software.
KeywordsTemperature, Fuzzy Logic, PID, Controller,
Furnace.
I. INTRODUCTION
Monitoring and control of the temperature is an
essential process in industries especially for those of
metallurgical ones. The process of heat treatment is carried
out firstly by heating the metal after that cooling it in water,
oil or air. Heat treatment is to enhance the transformation of
austenite to martensite i.e. (soft material to hard material), to
change the grain size, to modify the structure of the material
and relive the stress set up in the material [1].
The processes involved in heat treatment demand the
stability of temperature inside the furnace in order to meet
uniform microstructure throughout the slab. Conventional
PID control technique has been utilized a long time ago to
control processes and systems in industries. Its simplicity and
low cost of design made it popular in earlier technological
industries, but it is difficult to get the efficient control because
the PID gain setting is a challenging task. It is hard to control
nonlinear processes with linear classic controllers. An
interesting approach fuzzy logic controller is used to control
nonlinear processes [2]. A number of publications can be
found , where fuzzy logic is used for many applications. In
general, among the available techniques used to model,
analyze, control and design, the well-known TakagiSugeno
(TS) fuzzy model approach has been recognized as being
Jean Mugisha is with the University of Rwanda, Rwanda (e-mail:
jmugisha23@gmail.com).
Bernard B. Munyazikwiye is with the Department of Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Science of the University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
(e-mail: munybernard@gmail.com).
Hamid Reza Karimi is with the Department of Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Science of the University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
(e-mail: hamid.r.karimi@uia.no).
978-1-4673-6570-3/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE
very effective at describing the complex nonlinear systems
[3-5]. Other applications of fuzzy logic can be seen in [6-7].
II. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
The process of a fuzzy system has three steps.
Fuzzification, Rule Evaluation, and Defuzzification. In
fuzzification, the input crisp values are transformed into
degrees of membership in the fuzzy sets. The degree of
membership of each crisp value in each fuzzy set is
determined by plugging the value into the membership
function associated with the fuzzy set.
In the rule evaluation step, each fuzzy rule is assigned
with a strength value. The strength is determined by the
degrees of memberships of the crisp input values in the fuzzy
sets of antecedent part of the fuzzy rule. The defuzzification
stage transposes the fuzzy outputs into crisp values [8]. In
this paper, a comparison between a conventional PID
controller and Fuzzy logic controller of a furnace temperature
is determined.
A. Fuzzy logic toolbox
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox allows several things to be done,
but the most important things are place where a fuzzy
inference system can be created or edited. These systems can
be created by using graphical tools or command-line
functions. The fuzzy system that has been accessed to
Simulink can be easily tested in a block diagram simulation
environment. The toolbox also allows the stand-alone C
programs to be run without the need of Simulink [9]. This is
made possible by a standalone Fuzzy Inference Engine that
reads the fuzzy systems saved from a MATLAB session [8].
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, also known as Graphical User
Interface (GUI) tools are used to build and edit Fuzzy
Interface System (FIS). The five GUI tools for building,
editing and observing FIS are: Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)
editor, Membership function editor, Rule editor, Rule viewer
and Surface viewer.
50

Figure 1: Fuzzy Logic Toolbox [10]
B. Fuzzy sets
The very basic notion of fuzzy systems is a fuzzy set. A
fuzzy set is a set without a crisp. It can contain elements with
only a partial degree of membership. In a fuzzy set, elements
have their membership grade associated with them. For
example set of HOT temperature is decide between 60<
TEMP< 80. If temperature is 60 degrees, then we say it does
not belong to HOT set but in fuzzy logic it belongs to the set
but having membership grade 0. Similarly if temperature is
62 or 78 degrees, then it belongs to a fuzzy set with
membership grade 0.10 and 0.90 respectively [11]. This can
be done by allowing not only the (crisp) decision Yes/No, but
also more flexible rules like fairly hot or cold. A fuzzy set
allows us to define such a notion. The aim in using fuzzy sets
is to make computers more intelligent.
C. Membership Functions
Implementation of membership function is vital in the
fuzzification and defuzzification steps of a Fuzzy Logic
System in order to evaluate the non-fuzzy input values to
fuzzy linguistic terms and vice-versa. A membership function
is implemented to measure the linguistic term [11]. For any
D. Fuzzy Rules
In a Fuzzy Logic, a rule base is constructed to control the
output variable. A fuzzy rule is a simple IF-THEN rule with a
condition and a conclusion. The fuzzy rules determine the
link between the antecedent and the consequent fuzzy
variables, and are often defined using natural language
linguistic terms. For instance, a fuzzy rule can be if the
temperature is cold and the wind is strong then wear warm
clothes, where temperature and wind are antecedent fuzzy
variables, wear is a consequent fuzzy variable and cold,
strong and warm clothes are fuzzy sets [11].
E. Fuzzification and Defuzzification
Fuzzification and defuzzification involve mapping the
fuzzy variables of interest to "crisp" numbers used by the
control system. Fuzzification is the process of making a crisp
quantity fuzzy.
Fuzzification translates a numeric value for the input into a
linguistic value such as positive large, negative large, positive
small, negative small, zero,..with a membership grade.
Defuzzification is to map fuzzy subsets of real numbers into
real numbers. In fuzzy inference system (FIS),
defuzzification is applied after aggregation [13].
III.PID CONTROLLER
PID refers to the first letters of the names of the individual
terms that makeup the standard three-term controller. These
are P for the proportional term, I for the integral term and D
for the derivative term. Three-term or PID controllers are
probably the most widely used industrial controller [14].The
values of these three parameters interpreted in terms of time,
where,P depends on the present error, I on the
accumulation of past errors and D is a prediction of future
errors, based on current rate of change. By tuning the three
parameters in the algorithm of PID controller, the controller
can provide control action designed for specific process
requirements [15].The proportional, integral and derivative
terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID
controller.
set X, a membership function on X is any function from X to det 
the real unit interval [0, 1]. The membership function which u t  K P et   Ki et dt  K d [16] (1)
dt
represents a fuzzy set is usually denoted by A. For an
Where
element x of X, the value A(x) is called the membership
degree of x in the fuzzy set. The membership degree A(x) x K P proportional gain.
quantifies the grade of membership of the element x to the
fuzzy set. The value 0 means that x is not a member of the x K i integral gain.
fuzzy set; the value 1 means that x is fully a member of the x K d derivative gain.
fuzzy set. The values between 0 and 1 characterize fuzzy
members, which belong to the fuzzy set only partially [12]. x e Error present in the controller.

A. Tuning of PID parameters

Tuning of a PID controller refers to the tuning of its
various parameters (P, I, D) to achieve an optimized value of
the desired response .The necessity of tuning of the parameter
of PID controller is very important. ZIEGLER-NICHOLS is

51
one of the mostly used tuning method of PID controller. Qi t  is the heat input to the furnace (J/s)
Ziegler-Nichols proposed rules for determining the values of Qo t  is the heat output from the furnace (J/s)
the proportional gain Kp, integral gain Ki and derivative gain
C is the thermal capacitance of the furnace (J/K)
Kd based on the transient response characteristics of a given
The heat output (removed) from the furnace is given by the
plant [17]. following expression:
TABLE 1: ZIEGLER - NICHOL'S TUNING RULES
To t   Ts t  (3)
Qo t 
R
Where
To t  is the internal furnace temperature ( C)
o

Ts t  is the temperature of surroundings ( C)

o

R is the thermal resistance of the walls.

 Therefore, the equation describing the dynamic behavior of
the furnace is obtained from replacing the equation (3) into
IV. METHODOLOGY equation (2):
dT
RQi t   Ts t  To t   RC o (4)
The aim of this paper is to design a temperature control using dt
the intelligent fuzzy logic and conventional PID controllers. Assuming that RT Qi t   Ts t  is equal to the variable T t  will
Fuzzy logic toolbox (package of MATLAB) was used in the give us the open loop transfer function:
design of both controllers and the respective results were
shown. The collection of data was based on temperature To s  1 (5)
behavior in heating chamber of the furnace with respect to
T s  1  RCS
time and determining proper dimension of that chamber as
The transfer function of the fuel-air mixture control valve and
well as characteristics of furnace accessories like burner and
burner is given by:
valves which has been utilized in design processes. Three
dW i
variables namely error and error variation (inputs) of the Q t   Q t  Pt K K
i i v b
(6)
dt
temperature and energy supplied (output) to the heating
system (burner) have been used while designing Fuzzy Logic
(From RQi t   Ts t  T t  , Ts t  is negligible,
Temperature Controller whereas PID controller had therefore Q t  T t  )
i
temperature error as input and energy supplied to the heating R
T t  dW i
system as output. 1 Pt K v K b
R dt
T s  RK v K b (7)
V. FUZZY LOGIC TEMPERATURE P s  W i s  1
CONTROLLER Where
3
K v is the valve constant ( m / sV )
To control temperature in the furnace, we have three 3
Kb is the burner constant ( Ws / m )
variables which are Error ( e ), Error variation ( 'e ) as inputs
and increase energy supplied to the heating system as output Ps  is the pressure of Air-fuel mixture.

variable. Mamdani based fuzzy inference system is used and By multiplying equation (5) and (7) we get the overall
it uses linear membership function for both inputs and output- dynamics equation of the system.
. Triangular membership functions are used for both input
To s  T s  RK v K b (8)
and output variables. G s  *
T s  P s  1  RCS 1  W i s 
A. Mathematical model of the furnace 339.64
G s 
106365s 2  7106 s  1
Considering a single heating chamber of the fuel fired
furnace with an oil-air mixture burner to heat the chamber,
the temperature and heat inside the chamber zone ultimately
managed by controlling fuel (oil) and air flow from the
external sources to the burner.
By applying the principal of energy balance:

dTo [18] (2)

C Qi t   Qo t 
dt
Where

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TABLE 2: FURNACE ACCESSORIES' PARAMETERS C. Fuzzy Membership Functions for Outputs


B. Fuzzification of Input Figure 4: Triangular MF of Energy supplied (u) output

Linguistic terms D. Defuzzification

x VHP: Very High Positive

x HP: High Positive
x MP: Medium Positive
x SP: Small Positive
x ZE: Zero
x SN: Small Negative
x MN: Medium Negative
x HN: High Negative.
x VHN: Very High Negative

TABLE 3: 81 FUZZY RULES

Figure 5: Rule viewer


Figure 6: Surface Viewer

E. Simulation and Results

Figure 2: Triangular MF of Error (e) input

The system was modeled and simulated using

Matlab/Simulink. The fuzzy logic inference system for the
fuzzy logic temperature controller contains a set of fuzzy
logic rules that define the behavior of the system in relation
between the error signal, error derivative signal and the
control signal of the controller.

Figure 3: Triangular MF of Error Variation (e) input

53

Figure 7: Controlled with step input and uncontrolled plant
The figure 7 shows the dynamic behavior of controlled (red)
alongside with the uncontrolled (green) plant.
It also shows the controlled response with step input of
1200oC, the dynamic behavior of the controlled plant shows
that there is no overshoot and steady state error in the plant
and in addition to that the settling time and rise time are
considerably small.
VI. PID TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
A. Tuning of PID controller
Generally tuning a system means adjusting it so that it can
be suitable in a particular situation. Tuning a PID controller is
the adjustment of its control parameters to the optimum values
in order to achieve the desired control response. In this paper,
we have used the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. Basing on
table 1 which shows the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules we first
have to find out the ultimate gain ( K u ) and the ultimate
period( Tu ).The transfer function (T.F) will be:
Figure 8: Output response of conventional PID temperature
controller
B. Results and discussion
The PID parameters (signals) was calculated using
Ziegler-Nichols tuning methods, these signals are fed into
PID simulation block and yield an output signal of the
controller as figure 8 shows.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have been dealing with design of
temperature controller using the conventional PID controller
and intelligent Fuzzy Logic Controller. Both FLC and PID
controllers were designed and implemented in
MATLAB/Simulink.
The intelligent FLC was performed using fuzzy inference
system of Mamdani type. The PID controller was tuned using
Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. For response of PID
controller, it has been mentioned that the rise time and settling
time are short when compared to those of fuzzy logic
response where the signal from Fuzzy logic possess 0%
overshoot and zero steady state error. This implies that, for
PID the reduction of both rise and settling times makes the
response to oscillate a bit around the step input and the
occurrence of steady state error.
KG s  (9)
TF
1  KG s H s 
Where H s  is the unit feedback TABLE 4: DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF BOTH FLC AND
PID
339.64 K u
TF
106365s  7106s  1  339.64 K u
2

1 . Then we proceeded with finding the natural

Ku
339.64
frequency Z . 106365 s 2  1  K 0  106365Z 2  2 0.
u
339.64 339.64
Z . , 2S ,
The reduction of rising time as well as settling time is
0.0043362631 07 rad / sec Z 2Sf Tu
Z necessary to get an outstanding performance of the controller
Tu 1448.251604 but this effect results the overshoot and steady state error, the
remedy of this should be the integration of fuzzy logic
Kp 0.001766576375 Ki 0.0000024395 98714 , techniques because it is a type of logic controller which will
successfully eliminate the whole overshoot and steady state
Kd 0.319805883
error from the output response. This is recommended for
further future works.

54
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Figure 10: Output responses of FLTC together with PID

Temperature Controllers.

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