TITLE : Flow Characteristic Through the Convergent-Divergent Duct

INTRODUCTION

Converging-diverging nozzles designed for the accurate measurement and control of all
gaseous flow rates. This situation can be found in many engineering application including steam
and gas turbine, aircraft and spacecraft propulsion system, and even industrial blasting nozzle
and torch nozzle. A flow is considered to be a compressible flow if the change in density of the
flow with respect to pressure is non-zero along a streamline.
In general, this is the case where the Mach number in part or all of the flow exceeds 0.3.
The Mach .3 value is rather arbitrary, but it is used because gas flows with a Mach number
below that value demonstrate changes in density with respect to the change in pressure of less
than 5%. Furthermore, that maximum 5% density change occurs at the stagnation point of an
object immersed in the gas flow and the density changes around the rest of the object will be
significantly lower.
The factor that distinguishes a flow from being compressible or incompressible is the fact
that in compressible flow the changes in the velocity of the flow can lead to changes that the
temperature which are not negligible. On the other hand in case of incompressible flow, the
changes in the internal energy such as temperature are negligible even if the entire kinetic
energy of the flow is converted to internal energy like the flow is brought to rest.
The Mach number of the flow is high enough so that the effects of compressibility can no
longer be neglected. For subsonic compressible flows, it is sometimes possible to model the
flow by applying a correction factor to the answers derived from incompressible calculations or
modeling. For many other flows, their nature is qualitatively different to subsonic flows. A flow
where the local Mach number reaches or exceeds 1 will usually contain shock waves. A shock
is an abrupt change in the velocity, pressure and temperature in a flow; the thickness of a shock
scales with the molecular mean free path in the fluid which form because information about
conditions downstream of a point of sonic or supersonic flow cannot propagate back upstream
past the sonic point.

The behavior of a fluid changes radically as it starts to move above the speed of sound
in that fluid which is when the Mach number is greater than 1. For example, in subsonic flow, a
stream tube in an accelerating flow contracts. But in a supersonic flow, a stream tube in an
accelerating flow expands. Consider that steady flow in a tube that has a sudden expansion
where the tube's cross section suddenly widens, so the cross-sectional area increases. In
subsonic flow, the fluid speed drops after the expansion. In supersonic flow, the fluid speed
increases. The mass flux is conserved but because supersonic flow allows the density to
change, the volume flux is not constant.

OBJECTIVE
1) To study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct.

THEORY

Figure 1 : Convergent-Divergent Duct

Referring to the figure above, the steady energy equation between 0 and 2 is given by:

P0 V 02 P2 V 2 2
gz 0 U 0 q gz 2 U 2 w2 wf (1)
0 2 2 2
For gas with small elevations differences, gz 0

For the isentropic flow where there is no work is transferred, q=w=0, 0 is showing the
stagnation conditions, so V 0 0

Therefore,

Equation(1)becomes
P0 P2 V 2
0 CvT 0 CvT 2 (2)
0 2 2

But , P RT
P
So, T (3)
R

Cp Cv R
Cp R
1
Cv CV
R
Cv (4)
1

Substitute (3) and (4) into (2),

P0 R P0 P2 V 2 2 R P2

0 1 0R 2 2 1 2 R
P0 1 P2 1 V 22
1 1
0 1 2 1 2
P0 P2 V 2 2

1 0 1 2 2
2 P 0 P 2
V2 (5)
1 0 2
For isentropic flow;
 P0 P2

0
2
1
P2
0 (6)
P2
Substitute (6) into (5)

2 P 0 P0 P2
V2
1 0

i
P0 0 P2
P0

2 P 0 P0 P2
V2
1 0
1

P 0 0 P 2
P0
1
2 P 0
V2 1 r (7 )
1 0

P2
Where r
P0

1
P2 2
m 2 A2V 2 0 A2V 2 0 A2V 2 r
P0
.
2 P0 2 1

m = 0 A2 r r (8)
1 0
APPARATUS

1) Convergent divergent duct

2) Inclined manometer (s.g.f = 0.784)

3) U-tube manometer (s.g.f = 13.6)

PROCEDURE

1) All the electrical supply switches is made sure off.

2) All the respective tube is connected to the compressor inlet.
3) No blockage or object around the duct was made sure that may interfere the air flow into
the duct.
4) The throat valve at the compressor exhaust is closed to avoid unnecessary manometers
fluid drawn into the compressor.
5) The inclined manometer tube is connected to read (Po P1) and U-tube manometer to
read (Po P2) and (Po P3).
6) The speed control is set to 0 and the Run button was pushed (the indicator light will be
turn on). The speed control knob is slowly rotate clockwise until the desired level to
increase the motor speed.
7) The motor speed or the exhaust valve is adjusted to give approximately 30 sets of
readings.
8) The reading of barometric pressure Po and the atmospheric temperature To.
REFERENCES :

1. Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics (5th Edition) ,

Bruce R.Munson, Donald F.Young and Theodore H.Okiishi ,
John Wiley & Sons Inc.

2. Fluid Mechanics (4th Edition) ,

John F.douglas, Janusz M.Gasiorek and John A.Swaffied ,
Prentice Hall.