8/12/2017 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes - Wikipedia

2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes

Coordinates: 2.311N 93.063E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes were magnitude 8.6

and 8.2 Mw undersea earthquakes that struck near the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes
Indonesian province of Aceh on 11 April at 15:38 local time.
Initially, authorities feared that the initial earthquake would
cause a tsunami and warnings were issued across the Indian
Ocean; however, these warnings were subsequently
cancelled.[5][6] These were unusually strong intraplate
earthquakes and the largest strike-slip earthquake ever
recorded.[3]

Contents
1 Tectonic setting
2 Earthquake Date 11 April 2012
2.1 Damage
2.2 Aftershocks Origin time 08:38:36 [1]
3 Tsunami warnings Magnitude 8.6 Mw [1]
3.1 India
3.2 Sri Lanka Epicenter 2.311N 93.063E [2]
3.3 Thailand Type Strike-slip Intraplate [3]
4 Tsunami
5 See also Areas affected Indonesia
6 References Max. intensity VII (Very strong) [4]
7 External links
Tsunami Yes
Foreshocks 7.2 Mw Jan 10 at 18:36 [1]

Tectonic setting Aftershocks 8.2 Mw April 11 at 10:43 [1]

Casualties 10 dead [4]

The 2012 earthquake's epicenter was located within the Indo-
12 injured [4]
Australian Plate, which is divided into two sub- or proto-
plates: the Indian, and Australian. At their boundary, the
Indian and Australian Plates converge at 11 mm (0.4 in) per year in a NNWSSE direction. This convergence is
accommodated by a broad zone of diffuse deformation. As part of that intraplate deformation, northsouth
trending fracture zones have been reactivated from the Ninety East Ridge as far east as 97E.[7]

The IndoAustralian Plate was formed after the amalgamation of the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate some
45 million years ago.[8] However, there is a relative movement between the Indian Plate and the Australian
Plate. A process which would eventually split the Indo-Australian Plate in two probably have started 8 to 10
millions ago and is still taking place. Because of the deformation, fracture zones have been reactivated. The
2012 Indian Ocean earthquake is associated to the reactivation of the NNE-striking sea floor fabric.[9][10]

Earthquake
The magnitude 8.6 (Mw) earthquake occurred about 610 km (379 mi) southwest of Banda Aceh, Indonesia at
08:38 UTC on 11 April 2012. The earthquake occurred at a depth of 22.9 km (14.2 mi), which is considered
relatively shallow according to the scale used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).[2] The quake
was originally reported as a magnitude 8.9, but was later downgraded to 8.6. It was felt as far away as

Malaysia, the Maldives and in India. [11] The earthquake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Indian_Ocean_earthquakes was caused by a strike-slip motion. The earthquake and
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Malaysia, the Maldives and in India.[11]

The earthquake was caused by a strike-slip motion. The earthquake and
the largest aftershock had a fault displacement of 21.3 m (70 ft).[12] The strike-slip nature of the earthquake
meant that the movement displaced relatively little seawater and was less likely to cause a tsunami.[13]

Both the initial earthquake and the magnitude 8.2 aftershock were
classified (based on their focal mechanisms) as strike-slip earthquakes,
meaning that the crust on either side shifted against each other
horizontally, rather than vertically. Since 2006 there have been three
other earthquakes in the area with a similar faulting style. All these
earthquakes were consistent with either left-lateral slip on SSWNNE
orientated strike-slip faults, or right-lateral slip on WNWESE
orientated strike-slip faults, both compatible with the direction of
convergence.[14] A back projection analysis of data collected by Hi-net,
an observation network in Japan, found a complex pattern of four
conjugate faults. There was a strong correlation between the fault
rupture pattern and the distribution of the aftershocks.[15]

These earthquakes have a complex rupture process. The rupture of these

earthquakes occurred on multiple, almost orthogonal faults. This is rare
USGS ShakeMap for the M8.6 event
in a single earthquake. This earthquake had an overall relatively slow
rupture speed, although the speed was above the S-wave velocity in
some fault segments.[15][16] The rupture may have affected the crust
and the upper mantle according to the kinematic source inversion.[17] The rupture was caused by ductile shear
heating instability which is different from frictional failure and operates between 600800 C (1,1121,472 F),
which corresponds to about the depths of 4060 km (2537 mi). The serpentinization of oceanic lithosphere
can lead to a low friction coefficient, but the reaction is possible only up to 400500 C (752932 F), which
corresponds to the depth of about 25 km (16 mi). A single dynamic weakening mechanism which can work
over the whole range of slip of this earthquake is still to be identified.[16][18]

Damage

Four people in their 60s and 70s in Banda Aceh, and a 39-year-old man in Lhokseumawe died from heart
attacks or shock. Injuries were reported in Aceh Singkil, including a child who was critically injured by a
falling tree.[19] The quake prompted people in Indonesia, Thailand and India to leave their homes and offices in
fear of tsunamis.[20] People headed for higher ground in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia.[11][21] In Aceh, where
31,000 people were killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, people were reported weeping.[22]
Some people used cars and motorcycles to reach higher ground. Patients were reportedly wheeled out of
hospitals, some with drips attached to their arms. One hotel guest was slightly injured when he jumped out of
his window.[23]

The earthquake was felt over a large area, including Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan,
China, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Singapore, and Vietnam.[24][25][26] The
quake was felt across the eastern coast of India including Chennai, Bangalore, Kochi, Bhubaneswar, Vizag and
Kolkata. The Metro Rail services were suspended in Kolkata, and passengers were asked to leave stations.[27]
In peninsular Malaysia, shaking was felt in Penang and Kuala Lumpur.[28] The tremor was felt in Colombo, Sri
Lanka, where people in some high-rise buildings were evacuated.[29] In China, the earthquake was felt in Tibet.
However, it was not reported to be felt in places closer to the epicenter such as Yunnan and Guangxi.[30]

Aftershocks

A magnitude 8.2 aftershock struck at a depth of 16.4 kilometres (10.2 mi) about 430 km (267 mi) southwest of
Banda Aceh at 10:43 UTC, two hours after the initial earthquake.[31] Many aftershocks with magnitude
readings between 5.0 and 6.0 were recorded for several hours after the initial earthquake which hit the west
coast of northern Sumatra.[32][33] Since the initial magnitude 8.6 earthquake, there have been 111 aftershocks
over magnitude 4.0 according to USGS, including a magnitude 6.2 on April 15, 2012.[34][35]
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Tsunami warnings
Three hours after the initial quake it was still unclear whether a tsunami
had been generated or if a tsunami had done any significant damage. A
geophysicist from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) stated
that a gauge closest to the epicenter recorded a wave peak of about 1 m
(3 ft).[36] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said that at 10:14 UTC
that a tsunami was generated and may have already caused some coastal
destruction.[37] A seismologist from the British Geological Survey[38]
said that the "tearing earthquake" displaced relatively little water and
was therefore unlikely to cause a significant tsunami.[24] Indonesian
People evacuating high rise buildings
authorities also issued a statement saying that the likelihood of a on the streets in Kolkata, India, in front
tsunami was low.[39] of the Cognizant building.

Tsunami warnings were issued in the following countries: Indonesia,

Australia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Somalia, Kenya,
Tanzania, Seychelles, Mozambique, Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, South Africa and the dependencies of
Diego Garcia as part of the British Indian Ocean Territories, Crozet Islands, Runion and Kerguelen Islands.
Projected tsunami landfall times in GMT were: 8:38 for Indonesia, 11:38 for Sri Lanka, 14:38 for the
Seychelles, 17:38 for Madagascar and 20:38 for South Africa.[11]

India

After the earthquake, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) issued a high-level
tsunami warning for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[40] Authorities told civilians to move away from the
coast and towards higher ground.[41] Areas subject to warnings included Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and the
Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[42] Prabkhakar Rao of the disaster control room in Port Blair
said that there could be tsunamis as high as 1.5 m (4.9 ft) at Port Blair and 3.9 m (12.8 ft) at Campbell Bay.[11]

In Kolkata, underground Metro Railways services were stopped and tall office buildings and shopping malls
were evacuated. Navy warships were put on high alert. The Indian Air Force dispatched two C-130s and one Il-
76 aircraft to the Andaman islands.[43]

Sri Lanka

The Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights (DMC) authorised an

evacuation order[44] at 9:08 UTC advising people living near coastal regions to
move to higher ground. The initial quake was not expected to affect Sri Lanka,
but aftershocks were being monitored.[45] Deputy Director M. D. Dayananda
said that a tsunami could hit Trincomalee.[11]

As part of a risk mitigation measure, the Ceylon Electricity Board disconnected

power supplies to coastal areas and railway control rooms. Coastal train
services were suspended.[46] The Road Development Authority removed toll
charges from the Southern Sri Lanka Distributor to aid the evacuation.[47]
Coastal bus services were temporarily re-routed.[48]
Evacuation order issued by
Thailand Ministry of Disaster
Management and Human
Six Andaman coast provinces urged people to go to high ground and stay away Rights in Sri Lanka.
from areas that could be affected. Phuket International Airport was closed.[11]
The alerts caused panic as people fled buildings and made for high ground.

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During the initial earthquake and for more than two hours after none of Thailand's free television stations
reported the earthquake or tsunami warnings, preferring to continue a live broadcast of a royal family
ceremony, despite the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC)'s urgent order
directing the emergency information to be broadcast instead without delay.[49] This caused criticism on the
internet, although it was muted by a lse majest law.[50] The Television Pool of Thailand defended their
actions, saying that running texts about the warnings were displayed onscreen during the broadcast.[50]

Tsunami
Small 0.5 m (20 in) waves, within regular tide limits, were reported in the Campbell Bay area of Great Nicobar
Island,[11] and 10 cm (4 in) waves were reported in Thailand.[51][52] The Indonesian Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics said three small tsunamis struck the Aceh coast. The highest was 80 cm (31 in), at
Meulaboh.[53] After the sea was seen receding about 10 metres (33 ft) at Simeulue, a 1 m (3 ft) wave was
observed. Simeulue is an island of fishing villages 150 km (93 mi) off the west coast of Sumatra.[54]

See also
List of earthquakes in 2012
List of earthquakes in Indonesia

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Sources

Pollitz, F.F.; Brgmann, R.; Stein, R.S.; Sevilgen, W. (2014), "The Profound Reach of the 11 April 2012
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Shadow" (https://profile.usgs.gov/myscience/upload_folder/ci2014Mar11121107371822013078_pap.pdf)
(PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Society of America, 104 (2):
972984, Bibcode:2014BuSSA.104..972P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BuSSA.104..972P),
doi:10.1785/0120130078 (https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0120130078)

External links
Media related to 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake at Wikimedia Commons
Satellite View at Wikimapia.org (http://wikimapia.org/#lat=2.3467994&lon=93.072485&z=7&l=0&m=
b)
Preliminary source parameters obtained by automatic analysis - 2012/04/11 08:38 Off West Coast of
Northern Sumatra (http://www.isn.bosai.go.jp/events/20120411083834/index.html) International
seismic network, NIED, Japan
After major earthquake, silence: Dynamic stressing of a global system of faults results in rare seismic
silence (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140311124319.htm) Science Daily
Rare great earthquake in April triggers large aftershocks all over the globe (http://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2012/09/120926153028.htm) Science Daily

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