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EXPERIMENT 4
1. Objective
1. To familiarized with relay test setting, Over-Current and Earth-Fault Protection.
2. To find the inverse time/ current characteristic curves for IDMT Relay.
3. To determine the saturation point/knee point of current transformer.
4. To determine insulation level of CT
2. Introductions
2.1 Relay
The induction relay is used in the great majority of time-graded over-current
protection schemes. It construction may vary but its characteristic and method of setting
are common to all types.
The basic requirement is that firstly, it has to have an inverse time/current
characteristic ; that is it has a long operating time at low multiples of setting current and a
shorter operating time at high multiples of setting current. Secondly, it must have the
means of adjusting the current setting and the time of operation at a given multiple of
setting.
A protective relay which operates when the load current exceed a preset value, is
called an over current relay. The value of the preset current above which the relay
operates is known as its pick-up value. An Over Current Relay (OCR) is used in
substation for the power equipment protection against short circuit of phase to phase and
ground fault.
Time current characteristics
A wide variety of time current characteristics is available for over current relays.
The name is assigned to an over current relay indicates its time-current characteristic as
described below.
i). Definite-time Over current Relay
A definite-time OCR operates after a predetermined time when the current exceeds its
pick-up value. Curve (a) of Figure 5.1. shows the time-current characteristics for this
type of relay. The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the
current above pick-up value.
Operating time
DEFINITE TIME CHARACTERISTIC
Pick Up Value
Actuating Quantity
characteristics
The time-current characteristic for relay that respective of the magnitude of the
current in generally is given by t = K / (I n 1). The approximate expression is t = K / I n.
For definite time characteristic, the value of n is equal to 0. According to the British
Standard, the following are the important characteristic of over-current relays,
0.14
i). I.D.M.T t= 0.02
I 1
13.5
ii). Very inverse t =
I 1
80
iii). Extremely inverse t = 2
I 1
The time-current curves for induction relays can be approximated by the following
A
equation t = TD P + B
M 1
where,
t : trip time (sec)
M : multiple of pickup current (M>1)
TD : time dial setting
A,B,p : curve shaping constant such as in Table 5.
_____________________________________________________
A B C
_______________ ______________________________________
Moderately inverse 0.0515 0.114 0.02
Very inverse 19.61 0.491 2.0
Extremely inverse 28.2 0.122 2.0
_____________________________________________________
Excitation test on transformers used for relaying applications are conducted in accordance with
ANSI C57.13.1. (IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers). During
normal operation, the CT operates as a nearly perfect machine with very small energy losses
necessary for CT operation. The magnetic theory involved in transformer operation is too
complex to address in this article, but the magnetic circuit can be compared to a normal electrical
circuit: the primary winding (generator), iron core (transmission line), and secondary winding
(load). During normal CT operation the high-side winding (generator) supplies energy through
the iron core (transmission line) to the low-side winding (load) with small losses in the
transmission line.
When a CT is saturated, the magnetic path inside the CT operates like a short circuit on the
transmission line. Almost all of the energy supplied by the primary winding is shunted away from
the secondary winding and is used to create a magnetic field inside the CT. Saturated CTs can be
very deceiving when used to supply protective relays as they may operate normally at low current
levels and not operate at all during fault currents.
Some of the following conditions can cause CT saturation:
CT secondary burden greater than rated.
3. RELAY TESTING
3.1. Equipment Part
3.2 . Procedure
1. Calculate the PSM at 80% of full load current. Take it as the 100% PSM setting
of the relay. Record the value in your test certificate.
2. Connect the instrument to the SVERKER 760 Relay
Test Unit in the OFF position
5. For the connection to Over current Relay (IDMT 203), make sure the connection
follow the diagram as at the side of the Over current Relay. Ensure to connect the
current injection set to correct terminal phase at the relay
6. Manually increase the current by turning the knob at 130% of PMS setting of the
relay. You will observed the relay trips if the current injected is over 100% setting.
7. Press HOLD button to stop any current injection. Reset the secondary injection
set and the relay being tested.
8. Now, activate the timer release. The current will now be injected automatically at
130% of PSM and will cause the relay to trip according to its characteristics.
9. Record the time displayed at the secondary injection set. Repeat the procedures at
200% and 300% of PSM setting.
10. Repeat the procedures for all other phases.
10 Record your reading in the Test certificate.
11 Plot a graph of time vs magnitude of current
12 Discuss and give a conclusion
1. The connection and diagram for this testing are the same as procedure A
2. Set the PSM of the relay to 2.
3. Slowly, increase the current until the relay is trip.
4. Record the value of injected current displayed at the secondary injection set.
5. Repeat the procedures for every PSM setting.
3.3 QUESTIONS
1.
Figure 4.3
Figure 5.3 shows a radial distribution system fed at substation A with maximum loads of
D, C and B as 180A, 200A and 220A respectively, and fault levels of 6000A, 7000A and
8000A respectively. The largest motor at substation D is 15kW and takes a current 6
times full load current during starting period of 5 sec. Motor full load current is 28A. The
largest fuses at substation D, C and B are 80A, 100A and 125A respectively. Determine
the TMS for each relay at substation.
2. Explain how you would use an overcurrent characteristic to determine its time of
operation, given the following information. (Draw the curves)
Relay Specification: 1A, 3sec
Plug Setting: 125%
Time Multiplier Setting: 6
Current Transformer Ratio: 400/1 A
Fault Current: 4000A
4.2 Procedures
1. Connect the test equipment per Figure 6.1 to the CT for testing.
2. Determined the rated current, impedance and the voltage across the coil of the CT. Also
determine the percent error of the CT
2. Be sure that the variable transformer is set to zero (minimum) when test is started.
3. Push the START button (the red operate lamp will lit) and adjust the voltage with the variable
transformer.
4. Note down the start voltage and current. Slowly increase the voltage until saturation.
Jot down the value of Voltage and Current until the current reaches 5000 mA (5A).
5. Conclude the test by decreasing the dial knob until minimum to provide
demagnetization.
6. From the data obtain complete Table 1. Also draw a magnetizing graph (Voltage vs
Magnetizing current) on a semi log graph paper.
Figure 6.1
Introduction
The insulation resistance test is also known as a Megger test. Its objective is to measure
the total resistance between any two points separated by insulation. The test, therefore,
determines how effective the insulation is in resisting the flow of electrical current. The
voltage is typically around 5001000 V dc; hence, the current is very low. Because the
current is so low, this test is useful for checking the quality of the insulation not only
when a product is first manufactured, but also over time as the product is used.
Insulation resistance test is to ensure that the CT primary and secondary windings have
good insulation to earth. It is also to check that the two winding all well insulated with
respect to each other
EQUIPMENT
1) 1 kV insulation Resistance Test
PROCEDURES
1) Inject 1 kV into primary side of the CT for 60 sec.
2) Record your reading in test certificate provided.
4.3 QUESTIONS
2) A CT with a data 1600/5A; Core area : 35 X 30 mm; Flux Density: 1.5 Tesla
Determine the knee point flux of the CT. Determine also the knee point voltage at 50
Hz system.
3) A 1000/5 CT is used for over current relay protection. The magnetizing characteristic
is shown in Figure above. Phase fault relays are set 120 percent of its rated value.
Relay burden is 3 VA for phase relay and is 5A relay. Resistance of CT is 0.09 ohm.
Determine the primary operating current to operate the phase fault.
Reset Time
Pickup Current Test
3 0.5
4 1.0
5 1.5
6 2.0
Trip Voltage
Remarks: