CentraLight & WiLight

CENTRALIGHT: AN ARDUINO-BASED WIFI-ENABLED
CENTRALIZED LIGHTING SYSTEM
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Mindanao State University
General Santos City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
David Jayson B. Oquendo
Jer-michael F. Gimpayan
NOEL S. GUNAY, Ph. D
Adviser
May 2017
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ABSTRACT
Presented in this paper is CentraLight, one of two studies on a lighting system
operated through wireless communication between Arduino and Android via Wi-
Fi. CentraLight focuses on the development of a box-type command center
equipped with an ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, which shall be in charge of
communications, a 4-Channel Solid-State Relay, which shall be in charge of
switching, a Dimmer Module, which shall be in charge of enabling dimming
capabilities, a Feedback Module, which uses ACS712 technology and will enable
the system to detect malfunctions caused by loss of electrical connection, and
finally, an Arduino Uno, to serve as the prime mover of all aforementioned
modules. Through a three-phase experimentation process, Unit, Integration, and
System Test phases, CentraLight and WiLight were developed. Unit tests were
conducted to verify if the modules selected can deliver the necessary functions for
the whole system to operate properly. The integration tests were conducted to test
the operations and behaviors of the modules when they operate together. Finally,
the system tests were conducted to test the whole system and note its behaviors.
As a result, a box-type device was developed that is capable of establishing
communication, switching, dimming, and current detection. However, there were
significant limitations that were observed in the ability of the ESP8266 to facilitate
the data exchange.
Keywords: Wireless Control, Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, 4-Channel

Solid State Relay, ACS712 Hall Effect Current Sensor
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To be able to endure such a gargantuan task as research and product
development is a miracle in itself. But true to the nature of science and engineering,
miracles are to be broken down into understandable bits of information. Thus, this
acknowledgement section.
There are a lot of things that need acknowledgement for this study. One is
that the eternal pursuit of scientific discovery and understanding stems from the
innumerable and infinite things there are in the world provided to us by an infinitely
powerful God. Another is His never-ending grace, mercy, and provision without
which no scientific endeavor could ever take place. For this we are eternally
grateful.
Next, we would like to express our utmost and heartfelt gratitude to our
adviser, Dr. Noel S. Gunay, for his technical advice, enthusiasm for our study, for
being a constant source of support and inspiration, and finally, for always keeping
us on track.
We are also grateful to our teammates, Nesvelle Mae Pascua and Michelle
Palate, developers of WiLight, the other half of our system. Our study would
technically useless without them, but more than that, they have provided
assistance and comfort during the most trying periods of the development of the
system.
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To our boardmates, friends, and classmates who have provided technical
assistance and moral support.
Also, we would like to thank our family who never failed to encourage us
when we were down and for providing financial assistance and understanding
during the conduct of our study.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge that scientific research and discovery
is not only defined by what we are able to discover but also by finding out how
much left there is to find out.
This study is dedicated to this eternal pursuit of knowledge, to the people
who believe in itto the people who believe in us.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Approval Sheet i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents v
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study 2
1.3 Significance of the Study 3
1.4 Scope and Delimitation 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6
2.1 Related Researches 6
2.1.1 ControlL: A Wireless Android to Arduino
Lighting Control System via Wi-Fi
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(Rojo, Samaranos, & Tuban, 2016) 6
2.2 Related Online Literature 7
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY 8
3.1 Research Design 8
3.1.1 Data Gathering 9
3.1.1 Deconstructing the ControlL Trainer 9
3.1.2 Testing ControlL 9
3.1.2 System Design 9
3.1.3 Hardware 11
3.1.3.1 Arduino Uno 12
3.1.3.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 12
3.1.3.3 Relay Module 12
3.1.3.4 Dimmer Module 13
3.3.3.5 ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensor 14
3.3.3.6 Power Circuit 15
3.1.4 Software 16
3.1.4.1 Arduino Programming 16
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3.1.5 Integration 16
3.2 Research Methods 17
3.2.1 Accessing the Wi-Fi Shield 17
3.2.1.1 Android Codes 17
3.2.2 Modifying and Testing of the Codes 17
3.2.2.1 Arduino Codes 17
3.2.3 Testing Communication 18
3.2.4 Constructing the Dimmer, Relay, and ACS712 Modules 18
3.2.5 Constructing the Package 18
3.3 Test Methods 19
3.3.1 Unit Test Phase 19
3.3.1.1 Microcontroller Unit Test (MC-UT-01;02;03) 20
3.3.1.2 Dimmer Module Unit Test (DM-UT-01) 20
3.3.1.3 ACS712 Unit Test (ACS-UT-01) 21
3.3.1.4 Solid State Relay Unit Test (SSR-UT-01) 21
3.3.1.5 ESP8266 Unit Test (E-UT-01) 21
3.3.2 Integration Test Phase 22
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3.3.2.1 Android to Arduino Communication
Integration test (AAC-IT-01) 22
3.3.2.2 Switching via Wi-Fi Integration Test
(SW-IT-01) 22
3.3.2.3 Switching via Wi-Fi with Feedback Integration Test
(SWF-IT-01) 23
3.3.3 System Test Phase 23
3.3.3.1 Range System Test (ST-01) 24
3.3.3.2 Range with Obstruction System Test (ST-02) 24
3.3.3.3 Multiple User System Test (ST-03) 24
3.3.4 Summary of Test Methods 25
3.3.4.1 Unit Tests 25
3.3.4.2 Integration Tests 26
3.3.4.3 System Tests 27
CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 28
4.1 Construction and Use of Modules 28
4.1.1 Arduino Uno 28
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4.1.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 29
4.1.3 Relay Module 30
4.1.4 Dimmer Module 31
4.1.5 Power Circuit and the Whole System Connection 32
4.2 The Arduino Code 33
4.2.1 Establishing the Connection 33
4.2.2 Data Exchange 35
4.2.3 The Software Serial Library 36
4.3 The Physical Setup 37
CHAPTER 5: PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF
DATA
5.1 Unit Tests 39
5.1.1 MC-UT-01, MC-UT-02, MC-UT-03 38
5.1.2 DM-UT-01 40
5.1.3 ACS-UT-01 41
5.1.4 SSR-UT-01 43
5.1.5 ESP-UT-01 44
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5.2 Integration Tests 44
5.2.1 AAC-IT-01 44
5.2.2 SW-IT-01 45
5.2.3 SWF-IT-01 49
5.3 System Tests 50
5.3.1 ST-01 50
5.3.2 ST-02 51
5.3.3 ST-03 53
5.4 Modifications during the Tests 54
5.4.1 Integration Tests 54
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
6.1 Summary 56
6.2 Recommendations 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY 60
APPENDICES 62
Appendix A 63
Appendix B 67
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Appendix C 75
Appendix D 80
Appendix E 82
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LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 3.1 Summary of Unit Tests 25
Table 3.2 Summary of Integration Tests 26
Table 3.3 Summary of System Tests 27
Table 4.1 Seek Bar to PWM pin Output to Brightness Conversion Table 31
Table 4.2 Coding Guide for the WiLight and CentraLight 34
Table 4.3 CentraLight to WiLight Data Communication 36
Table 4.4 Software Serial Functions used in the CentraLight Sketch 37
Table 5.1 Switching via Wi-Fi Integration Test 48
Table 5.2 Range Test without Obstruction Results 52
Table 5.3 Range Test with Obstruction Results 53
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LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 3.1 Research Design Diagram 8
Figure 3.2 Deployment Diagram 10
Figure 3.3 System External Circuitry 11
Figure 3.4 Diagram showing the sequence of the Test Phases 19
Figure 4.1 Wiring Diagram for ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module to Arduino Uno 29
Figure 4.2 The Connection of the Relay to the Arduino 31
Figure 4.3 CentraLight Lighting System Physical System 38
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The ever-growing and ubiquitous influence of modern-day technology
cannot be ignored so much so that it has become an integral part of everyday
living. Today, the steady rise of smart technology through Android and Arduino
monitoring and control has opened up new doors for smarter and more efficient
ways of living by enabling people to integrate their tasks systematically through the
use of one or two measly devices.
With Arduino and Android technology as gateway to the more complex and
integrated Internet of Things, the study will focus in the communication between
the two aforementioned technologies to create a smart environment through
monitoring and control. This will be realized in the aspect of dwelling, office, school,
or any environment that presents to be a fit, following the basic idea of a smart
home, to be precise.
A smart home may be defined as a well-designed structure with sufficient
access to assets, communication, controls, data, and information technologies for
enhancing the occupants quality of life through comfort, convenience, reduced
costs, and increased connectivity (Zipperer et al, 2013).
The smart home basically utilizes sensors and control systems to monitor a
dwelling and adjust the various components of the systems accordingly if not
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otherwise adjusted manually. To be specific, the study focuses on the control of
lights through an android device. Lighting is one of the basic and most important
part in an electrical system design. Ease of access and control to lighting provides
convenience and a better living condition.
Android tech presents to be the most efficient and readily accessible today
which will be perfect for an adaptive system. Arduino, being open-source, will be
the perfect partner for the Android in implementing the smart system.
With ControlL: A Wireless Android to Arduino Lighting Control System Via
Wi-Fi by Rojo, Tuban, Samaranos the backbone of the study, the proponents
intend to develop ControlL into a commercially viable centralized wireless
switching system.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to develop one major part of a commercially-
viable Wireless Android to Arduino Lighting System controlled via Wi-Fi through
the improvement of the existing ControlL system. To be specific, the proponents
aimed to develop CentraLight, an Arduino-based Wi-Fi Enabled centralized
lighting device. To be even more specific, the proponents aimed to accomplish the
following:
1. To improve the existing functionalities of ControlL trainer.
2. To experiment with available feedback technology to further improve the
systems performance.
3. To implement the feedback technology into the system.
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4. To develop an efficient object-oriented Arduino code that can be used
to develop similar codes that utilizes more lights compared to the limit
used in the study.
5. To design and develop hardware modules that can be easily packaged
into a box-type end product that is space-efficient.
6. To integrate the hardware and software system components and test
the overall performance.
7. To package the whole system into a box-type end product that is aimed
to be commercially viable.
1.3 Significance of the Study
The proponents believed that the study would benefit the following:
The Community. By introducing an improved level of convenience
by creating spaces with advanced lighting control systems, this technology
has the technology to help the community which will in turn awaken its
general interest in this kind of technology, subsequently allowing the
technology to advance in the future and develop further, thereby also
improving the quality of living in community in the long term.
The University. The current status of our universitys infrastructure
still fare poorly as opposed to other state universities in the country. With a
fully functional, commercially viable system, proponents foresee a wireless
lighting system in every building in the vicinity as to provide convenience
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and ease of access which can mitigate the already problematic learning
environment of the school.
The College of Engineering. This study can help raise the
educational strategies taught by the college by actual application which can
be implemented in the rooms inside the college. This, being an outcome-
based undergraduate thesis, encourages the graduating students in the
future to follow suit.
The Students. This study encourages future innovations to be
developed as this study serves as a benchmark for future studies.
1.4 Scope and Delimitation
This study is limited to the development of a wireless lighting control system
via Wi-Fi. An Android device installed with a separately developed Android
Application called WiLight will be used to remotely control the system.
Incandescent lamps will be used in this study since it can be dimmed.
An Arduino Uno Microcontroller and an ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module connected
to it will be the server and controller for the system. The Arduino IDE will be used
to generate or modify codes to be uploaded to the board. The Android device used
to control the lights will be considered solely as a medium to control the lights.
The system will operate at 220 V AC and at most 12 V DC but will only use
220 V AC source.
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The study will also involve testing with multiple users solely to identify its
behaviors involving multiple users.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter aims to review the current knowledge including substantive
findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to the study.
Moreover, this chapter reviews the similar studies and finds its gaps and
limitations.
2.1 Related Researches
2.1.1 ControlL: A Wireless Android to Arduino Lighting Control
System via Wi-Fi (Rojo, Samaranos, & Tuban, 2016)
This study served as the springboard of our whole research, it being
the trainer level of our system. Using familiar methodologies and the same
hardware components, sans Feedback Modules, this study has developed
a trainer for a wireless android operated lighting control system.
The main objective of the study is to develop a wireless Android to
Arduino Lighting Control System controlled via Wi-Fi. The researchers of
the study used existing Arduino Webserver codes from the internet and
modified them to operate as a Telnet Server. They developed an Android
App that they programmed to be a Telnet client. A dimmer circuit was also
constructed using circuits from the internet. Finally, they packaged the
whole system into a trainer.
From the conclusions and recommendations of the study, it can be
inferred that the system was open-loop lacking feedback functionalities.
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Therefore, it cannot detect any malfunctions in the system, particularly
broken lights, loose connections, or short circuits. However, through deeper
analysis, the system appears almost as a quasi-closed loop system, having
the functions necessary for a complete and working closed loop system in
terms of programming. What it lacked mainly was the inclusion of Current
sensing hardware and software functions and methods that would complete
it.
The study being at trainer level cannot be commercialized in its
current state. Fortunately, closer inspection shows its scalability to
commercial level.
The study, being well-written, provided a well-rounded framework for
our study.
2.2 Related Online Literature
2.2.1 ACS712 Hall Effect Sensor
There are various online sources explaining the operation of the Hall
Effect Sensor. The sensor is non-intrusive feedback device and what it
basically does is to take advantage of the hall effect that is exhibited when
a voltage is produced through a conductor when a transverse electric
current is present. By taking multiple samples of voltages using a
Microcontroller, a root mean square voltage can be calculated. From there,
various measurements can be made, including, current, power, and energy.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
DATA GATHERING
SYSTEM DESIGN
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
INTEGRATION
(Package Design)
EVALUATION/
EXPERIMENTATION
Figure 3.1 Research Design Diagram
3.1.1 Data Gathering
In data gathering, all variables are taken into account starting from
the engineering aspect of the system up to the economic aspect. With the
engineering aspect as the first priority in all other considerations, extensive
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research and elaborate discussions have been made for the proponents to
be able to choose the best components and methods to be used to
implement the best design within their capabilities.
3.1.1.1 Deconstructing the ControlL Trainer
In order to gather sufficient information on the engineering
involved with the construction of the trainer, the proponents
deconstructed the trainer after reading the ControlL study
thoroughly. This is where the proponents gathered data on the
different nuances in the construction of the trainer that were not
sufficiently explained in their paper. Specifically, these are, (1) Use
of a 4n25 Opto Coupler as opposed to a 4n35 Opto Coupler, (2) Wire
Sizes, (3) Use of LED indicators, and (4) Considerations on the
casing.
3.1.1.2 Testing ControlL
Black Box testing was conducted before the proponents
proceeded with the construction.
3.1.2 System Design
The system Design consists of hardware and software components.
The deployment diagram shown in Figure 3.2 shows the general flow of the
system. The dashed lines represent wireless connections while solid lines
represent wired connections. The heart of the system is the communication
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of the Android Device (WiLight) and Arduino Uno via the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
Module (CentraLight). The Arduino Uno in CentraLight will operate with a
5V DC source and shall have outputs ranging from 0 to 5 V DC. The Wi-Fi
Module shall be dependent to the Arduino and shall utilize a Software Serial
Library. This means, no codes will be uploaded to the Wi-Fi module as used
in Arduino-to-Arduino communication. Once the Arduino receives the
commands via the Wi-Fi shield, it then interprets the information sent to it
and drives the different modules accordingly. Then, the Arduino Uno will
send feedback information to the Android App. The exchange of data will
be further discussed in Chapter 4.
Android Wi-Fi Module

Device (ESP8266)
LEGEND:
Wireless (Dotted Lines)

Arduino
Wired (Solid Lines)
Driver Module
Connected to Light/Luminaires
(Blue Lines)
Power Circuit
Figure 3.2 Deployment Program
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The commands that are delivered to and received by the Arduino
Uno are implemented in the Driver Module. The Driver Module has two main
components as shown in Figure 3.3. It consists of a relay module which will
be responsible for the regular light connections and a dimmer module which
will be responsible for the dimmer light. The power circuit refers to the part
of the system that is high-powered and utilizes the 220V AC power source
directly.
System External
Circuitry
Driver Module Power Circuit
Relay Module Dimmer Module
Feedback
Module
Figure 3.3 System External Circuitry.
3.1.3 Hardware
The Hardware is one of the most essential part of this project. It
includes ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, Arduino Uno, Dimmer Module and Solid
State Relays (SSR) and ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensors. Through the
Wi-Fi Shield, the Arduino communicates with the Android device. Dimmer
Module is responsible for controlling the brightness of the light fixture
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depending of what the user wants. Lastly, SSR, just like any other relays
serves as a switch. Finally, the ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensor enables
the device to detect current flow which will serve as the Feedback Module
of the device.
3.1.3.1 Arduino Uno
There are a variety of board styles and a multitude of vendors
selling development boards in which picking a Wi-Fi enabled
microcontroller can be exhausting. The prime consideration of the
proponents in selecting such board is the Arduino Uno R3. The
proponents vetoed/disregarded other microcontrollers such as
Raspberry Pi, Arduino Yun, etc. because we consider the
microcontrollers cost, size, how fast it takes to boot up and the
availability of the OS we have. This Arduino Uno R3 will power up
the Wi-Fi Module and the ACS712 current sensor.
3.1.3.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
There are various modules available in the market that will
enable Android to Arduino Communications, however, the
proponents have chosen ESP8266 because it is cheaper and its size
is more convenient for this project.
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3.1.3.3 Relay Module
Many electronic designs can take advantage of the improved
performances of solid-state relay (SSRs) relative to that of electro-
mechanical relays (EMRs) that perform the same circuit function.
The advantage of solid-state relays includes the following:
SSRs are typically smaller than EMRs, conserving valuable
space in printed-circuit board applications
SSRs offer improved system reliability because they have
no moving parts or contacts to degrade
SSRs provide state-of-the-art performance, including no
requirement for driver electronics and bounce-free switching
SSRs provide improved system life-cycle costs, including
simplified designs with reduced power supply and heat dissipation
requirements.
SSRs can be provided as surface-mount technology (SMT)
parts, which means lower cost and easier SMT printed-circuit board
manufacture (Advantages of Solid-State Relays Over Electro-
Mechanical Relays, 2014).
For the purpose of this study given the advantages listed we
will be using a solid state relay. Four lamps will be switched ON/OFF,
thus, a 4-channel solid state relay will be used.
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3.1.3.4 Dimmer Module
By means of dimming the lamp a dimmer module will be vital.
A dimmer module is relatively made by two basic ways, among these
are Pulse Skip Modulation and Pulse Width Modulation.
From the previous study, both PSM and PWM are a success
in dimming the light but when timing is taken into account PSM will
be ruled out.
By using PSM for the dimming function, a major delay to the
data process occurred. The delay was due to the dimmable lamps
interrupt. If a current flows through the lamp, the dimmer circuit
detects the zero crossing which is then fed to the Arduino default
interrupt pin. Every time the Arduino detects the zero-crossing point
of the waveform, it executes the specific part of the program on the
Arduino to maintain the brightness and to eliminate some of the
timing issues introduced by this dimmer. For 60Hz, the zero-crossing
is detected every 8.333 ms. Imagine how can this dimmer give so
much delay to the system. Since theres no perfect hardware, the
dimmer still gives a timing issues. Though the method PSM was a
success to dim the light, it is a big failure for aiming a fast response
and processing of data between the Android and the Arduino (Rojo,
Samaranos, & Tuban, 2016).
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3.1.3.5 ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensor
A feedback system will be implemented for this project. The
proponents decided to use a current sensor, ACS712 Hall Effect
current sensor because it provides economical and precise way of
sensing AC and DC currents based on Hall-effect. This type of
current sensor is based on the principle of Hall-effect which states
that when an electrical current passes through a sample placed in a
magnetic field, a potential proportional to the current and to the
magnetic field is developed across the material in a direction
perpendicular to both the current and to the magnetic field.
The sensor only senses if there is a current flowing through it.
It then sends a signal to the microcontroller where it is connected to
and reads the analog value sent. It can measure positive and
negative currents which ranges from -5A to +5A and is supplied by
5V from the microcontroller. A 2.5V, middle sensing voltage, is still
sensed when there is no current.
3.1.3.6 Power Circuit
For the purposes of this study, especially in experimentation,
the earlier parts of development will involve the use of 4 light bulbs
connected similar to the trainer circuit used by Rojo, Samaranos and
Tuban (2016) in their study. However, in the final stages, this will be
removed in favor of a set-up that will allow the device to be connected
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differently, as in a house for example. This is further discussed in
detail in Chapter 4.
A box-type chassis is used for enclosing the modules. The
proponents have selected this type of chassis for the reason that it is
already available in an electronic shop and will be best suit for our
device. Furthermore, the purchased box is made of plastic material
that is ideal for wireless communication devices because it does not
cause significant interference.
3.1.4 Software
3.1.4.1 Arduino Programming
The programming for the Arduino was done in the free
Arduino IDE available for download in their website and with the
language that is normally used. The sketch will be based mainly on
the final source code of Rojo, Samanaros, and Tubans study.
Modifications are made as to make the code more efficient.
3.1.5 Integration (Package Design)
The proponents produced a device that is commercially viable and
therefore opted to design a box-type output that will include the different
modules described so far and to be discussed later on. This will be
controlled by a separately developed fully-functional Android Application
that will also be commercially viable as a partner to the physical device.
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3.2 Research Methods
3.2.1 Accessing the Wi-Fi Shield
For the Android and Arduino to access the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module,
a Software Serial Library shall be used. Most of the debugging will be done
using the built-in Serial Monitor of the IDE. As for the codes, the proponents
have decided to program the Arduino to act as a Telnet server and the
Android device as a Telnet client.
3.2.2 Modifying and Testing of the codes
The code we modified and tried to perfect was the Code used by
Rojo and his team.
3.2.2.1 Arduino Code
The existing Arduino Code has a few problems. For one,
although the Arduino has almost no delay in receiving information
from the Android device, it doesnt always get to interpret this
information thus causing delays and/or confusion for the Android App
and the user. The proponents intend to eliminate this problem.
Furthermore, the current code is not object-oriented. This
means that without it being a library, code reuse is not possible. Code
reuse will prove to be crucial once the device goes into full
implementation. This will allow different iterations of the device that
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may utilize more than just four lightbulbs. The object-oriented sketch
will also provide a framework for
3.2.3 Testing Communication
The communication is between a client and a server, with the
Android device as the client and the Arduino with the Wi-Fi Module as the
server. A serial port will be specified and the IP address of the Wi-Fi Module
shall be used. For debugging, the serial monitor will be used extensively.
We also explored the use of a router as an access point and the
Android device and the Arduino with the Wi-Fi Module as station points. The
router IP is static.
3.2.4 Constructing the Dimmer, Relay, and ACS712 Modules
The dimmer module was constructed in a PCB and it utilized the
concept of PWM. It was made to be the smallest possible. The relay module
was bought off the shelf. The ACS712 Feedback Module was constructed
using a PCB as a placeholder of the store-bought modules.
3.2.5 Constructing the Package
The package is a box-type device that can be installed in an electrical
system of either a house or a school, etc. Each module was constructed
individually. Once they were finished, they were bolted in rectangular acrylic
placeholder. The placeholders dimensions were based on the chassis.
There are four pairs of screw-type binding posts for the lamps mounted on
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the side of the box. For the AC Power Input, a C8 shotgun connector was
mounted on the box which will be inserted a female C7 shotgun connector
that is two-pronged in the other end. The box also has a switch. Fuse
holders were mounted on the box for electrical safety.
3.3 Test Methods
Figure 3.4 System External Circuitry
There were three main phases for the experiments and these are Unit,
Integration, and System Test Phases. Each of these phases had criteria to be
considered before their execution and conclusion which shall be referred from here
on out as Entry Criteria and Exit Criteria, respectively. These tests were done in
order and no test were executed without passing its own entry criteria and the exit
criteria of the test before it. Figure 3.4 is a diagram showing the sequence of the
test phases.
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3.3.1 Unit Test Phase
The unit tests involved treating individual components of the device
as a meaningful whole. This means that each test was executed without the
consideration of other components. The unit tests in this study are function-
oriented. There is only one entry criterion for these tests and that is that the
Modules or Units to be tested have already been constructed to suit its
future purpose. This is to expedite the construction of the package later on.
To exit the Unit Test Phase, 100% success must be achieved. Necessary
replacements for components of the modules or workaround solutions can
or must be made in order to achieve 100% success.
3.3.1.1 Microcontroller Unit Test (MC-UT-01; MC-UT-02; MC-UT-
03)
This involved testing the programmable capabilities of the
Microcontroller and how it will power and carry out the sketch
uploaded to it.
The set-up included the Arduino Uno, LEDs, a potentiometer,
a 9V battery, a breadboard, and a Personal Computer to upload the
codes
3.3.1.2 Dimmer Module Unit Test (DM-UT-01)
This involved testing the dimming capabilities of the
constructed module
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The set-up included the Arduino Uno to provide the PWM
signal, the Dimmer Module, and a lamp. The set-up utilized 220V AC
Power.
3.3.1.3 ACS712 Unit Test (ACS-UT-01)
This involved testing the ability of the ACS712 to detect
currents. This did not involve measuring the current.
The set-up included the ACS712 connected in series with a
lamp, an Arduino Uno, and a Personal Computer to upload and view
the feedback detection of the ACS712.
3.3.1.4 Solid State Relay Unit Test (SSR-UT-01)
This involved the switching capabilities of the store-bought
solid-state relay.
The set-up included the store-bought four-channel solid-state
relay module connected accordingly to a set of lamps and an Arduino
Uno.
3.3.1.5 ESP8266 Unit Tests (E-UT-01)
There are three steps involving the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.
The first step involves setting the module as an Access Point
and testing if the Android device can connect to it. The second step
let us find out if the module can receive and send data. The third step
21
involved setting the module as a station point and testing if it can
connect to a router and if it can receive and send data.
The set-up included an Arduino Uno, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi
Module, and an Android Device that has a Telnet Application.
3.3.2 Integration Test Phase
Integration tests involved taking two or more modules at a time and
testing their functionality as an aggregate. The integration tests are function-
oriented. To enter this phase, all modules to be used in each test should be
operational. To exit the phase, 100% success rate must be achieved. All
necessary modifications to the codes or connections must be made in order
to achieve 100% success rate.
3.3.2.1 Android to Arduino Communication Integration test
(AAC-IT-01)
This test involved testing if the Arduino UNO with Wif-Fi
Module can receive and send data to the Android device using the
modified codes.
The modules and components used are the following: Arduino
Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, 4-Channel Solid-State Relay, Personal
Computer, and the Android Device with the application already
installed.
22
3.3.2.2 Switching via Wi-Fi Integration Test (SW-IT-01)
This test involved testing if the Arduino UNO with the Wi-Fi
module can drive the different modules to turn on and off or dim the
lamps.
The modules and components used are the following: Arduino
Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, Four-Channel Solid-State Relay,
Dimmer Module, Personal Computer, and the Android Device with
the application already installed.
3.3.2.3 Switching via Wi-Fi with Feedback Integration Test
(SWF-IT-01)
This test involved mainly if the current detection functions
programmed to the Arduino Uno works.
This test followed a similar set-up as the previous test but with
the ACS712 Module.
3.3.3 System Test Phase
System Test Phase is mainly about categorizing defects and
the assessing the quality level of the device. The System Tests are
function-oriented and performance-oriented. They also focus on
reliability and behavior during special conditions. To enter this phase,
the device must be constructed completely.
23
Since this phase is to verify if the different modules mesh
properly as one whole,the exit criterion for this phase is that it fulfills
all its system and engineering requirements.
3.3.3.1 Range System Test (ST-01)
This test involved measuring the maximum distance the
device can be operated via an Android Device without any physical
obstructions.
3.3.3.2 Range with Obstruction System Test (ST-02)
This test involved placing the device inside a room and
measuring the maximum distance it can be operated from outside
the room.
3.3.3.3 Multiple User System Test (ST-03)
This test involved multiple users operating the device. This
test is to make sure that lights can be operated by more than one
user without a hitch.
24
3.3.4 Summary of Test Methods
3.3.4.1 Unit Tests
Table 3.1 Summary of Unit Tests
Test Name Functionality Test ID
Microcontroller MC-UT-01;
Verifies Microcontroller Functionalities needed for
MC-UT-02;
Unit Test the operation of CentraLight
MC-UT-03
Dimmer Module Tests the dimming capabilities of the constructed

DM-UT-01
Unit Test module
Tests the ability of the ACS712 Hall-Effect

ACS712 Unit Test ACS-UT-01
Current Sensor to detect currents
Solid State Relay Checks the switching capabilities of the 4-

SSR-UT-01
Unit Test Channel Solid State Relay
ESP8266 Unit
Checking Connectivity Capabilities of the Module ESP-UT-01
Test
25
3.3.4.2 Integration Tests
Table 3.2 Summary of Integration Tests
Test Name Modules Used Functionality Test ID
Arduino Uno,
Android to
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Tests if the Arduino
Arduino
Module, Four-Channel Uno with the Wi-Fi AAC-IT-01
Communication
SSR, Dimmer Module, Module
Integration Test
PC, Android Device
Arduino Uno, Tests if the Arduino

ESP8266 Wi-Fi Uno can drive the
Switching via Wi-
Module, Four-Channel different modules SW-IT-01
Fi Integration Test
SSR, Dimmer Module, depending on the
PC, Android Device commands
Arduino Uno, Tests if the Arduino

ESP8266 Wi-Fi Uno can drive the
Switching via Wi- Module, Four-Channel different modules
Fi with Feedback SSR, Dimmer Module, depending on the SWF-IT-01
Integration Test PC, Android Device, commands and send
ACS712 Hall-Effect back the appropriate
Current Sensors Feedback
26
3.3.4.3 System Tests
Table 3.3 Summary of System Tests
Test Name Functionality Test ID
Tests the maximum distance the

Range Test ST-01
device can be operated
Tests the maximum distance the

Range with Obstruction
device can be operated with ST-02
Test
physical obstructions
Tests the behavior of the device

Multiple User Test ST-03
when there are multiple users
27
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
In this chapter, the construction and use of the modules will be discussed.
A number of store-bought materials were used but there are modules that were
constructed. This section will elaborate the connections of these modules to the
Arduino Uno or to the other modules. This chapter will also cover the software
components of the system, namely the Arduino Sketch and the Android Program,
in detail.
4.1 Construction and Use of Modules
4.1.1 Arduino Uno
The proponents used an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller that is store
bought and ready-to-use.
The microcontroller will serve as the command hub of the whole
system. It will interpret information received via the Wi-Fi Module and
execute the appropriate commands. It will also send back information to the
device it received information from. In this system, it will receive data to turn
on, turn off, dim down, or dim up respective lamps and will do so. It will also
send feedback information to the Android Devices to tell them the current
condition of the lamps, whether they are on, off, or broken.
28
4.1.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
The proponents used an ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module that is store-
bought. The Wi-Fi Module is responsible for receiving and sending data
from the Arduino to other devices.
The module is connected to the Arduino Uno via five pins Figure 4.1
shows these connections.
Connections
VCC to 3.3 V
CH-PD to 3.3 V
GND to GND
Tx to Rx
Rx to Tx
Figure 4.1 Wiring Diagram for ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module to Arduino Uno (Made
using Fritzing)
29
4.1.3 Relay Module
The proponents used an Active Low Four-Channel Solid-State Relay
that is store-bought.
The Four-Channel Solid-State Relay will act as a switch that can be
triggered via a digital input. This input will come from the Arduino Uno. Since
its an active low device, the lamps, in theory, should turn on if its respective
SSR is given a 0 input and turn off otherwise.
The connections of the Relay to the Arduino is shown in Figure 4.2
Connections
DC+ to 5V
DC- to GND
CHANNELS to DIGITAL
(1 TO 4) I/O PINS
Figure 4.2 Wiring Diagram for Four-Channel Solid-State Relay Module to

Arduino Uno (Made using Fritzing)
30
4.1.4 Dimmer Module
The proponents constructed a dimmer module that was also used
from the previous study. All the components in constructing this module are
store-bought.
Two wires from the module are connected to the microcontroller, pin
9 and Ground. Pin 9 which is a PWM pin is able to accept an analog value
from the microcontroller then be connected to the modules opto-coupler to
control the current flow on the MOSFET. By default, the PWM Arduino pin
can output 0-255 which maps to 100% to 0% of brightness.
The list of materials for constructing a dimmer module is provided below.
1) 1N4001 OR 1N4007 Diode (5) 6) 4n25 Optocoupler (1)
2) 100 uF, 350-400V Capacitor (1) 7) 330-470 ohm Resistor (1)
3) 100K ohm, 0.5-.6 Watt Resistor (1) 8) IRF730 or STP10NK60 MOSFET (1)
4) 6k8 ohm, Watt Resistor (1)
5) 15V, .5 Watt Zener Diode (1)
Table 4.1 details the levels of brightness assigned to the PWMs output.
Table 4.1 Seek Bar to PWM pin Output to Brightness Conversion Table
Seek Bar Level PWM pin Output Brightness (%)
0 255 0
31
1-17 252-207 1.18 18.82
18-34 204-156 20 38.82
35-51 153-105 40 58.82
52-68 102-54 60 78.82
69-85 51-0 80 100
Based on the results from Rojo, Samaranos, and Tubans research,
the proponents opted to veto PSM and directly applied PWM. Following the
same circuit from Instructables, we have been able to construct a dimmer
circuit. Note, however, that instead of a 4n35 Opto Coupler, we have
decided to use 4n25 Opto Coupler. The reasons for this are detailed in
Chapter 5.
4.1.5 Power Circuit and the Whole System Connection
The proponents used a store-bought acrylic box that is ready to
house any item. The box is 10 x 7.5 x 3.25 and is black in color.
A switch will be installed to the box that is in series from the plug to
allow current to power the power circuit and the lamps. To boot up the
Arduino which is responsible for turning on the modules SSR and ACS712
it will be in series with the power circuit. An overcurrent protection device,
fuse, will be placed in series with each of the lamps and switch to secure
these devices from overcurrent. The fuse holder is mounted on the boxs
32
back to easily replace a broken fuse when an overcurrent is detected. Eight
screw-type binding posts are placed on the front of the box which is allotted
for the connection of the lamps. The system will gain power when the
shotgun connector C7 and C8 are attached together and is plugged in to an
outlet.
4.2 The Arduino Code
The Arduino Program will follow a simple flow shown in Figure 4.3. The code
will be object-oriented and will be utilizing the Software Serial Library. Two classes
were made for the code, namely, the Lightbulb Class and the Dimmer Class. While
the switching responsile for the lightbulb uses the same method as the dimmer,
The Dimmer Class does not inherit from the Lightbulb Class because the function
for dimming adjustment already includes the switching of the dimmer. The
proponents found it best to just make the two classes independent to easily modify
them in case there are some changes in the programming.
4.2.1 Establishing the Connection
The Arduino checks for data printed in the Software Serial and then,
it looks for the String +IPD,. The Software Serial cursor then moves to the
end of that String. This is where the connection ID and information are
contained. Using the functions of the Software Serial class, data is stored
to variables and from these variables, a command is executed.
33
The proponents have decided to do the communication with
numbers, the same way Rojo and the other researchers in the previous
ControlL study did it. However, the proponents changed it up a little bit.
The data for light bulbs is coded with the first character to contain the
lamp number, the second character to contain its state, ON or OFF. The
data for dimmer still uses the first character to contain the lamp number but
it uses two more characters to contain the dimming level which will vary
from 00 to 85. When a lamp is broken, the Arduino sends the lamp number
and the 9. This goes for both the lightbulb and the dimmer. There might
appear to be a confusion in the code with the dimmer which uses two
characters for its state but note that the Android Device cannot send a
command to make the lamps broken. Therefore, the Arduino does not parse
a two-character command but rather sends it to the Android Device. Table
4.2 shows this coding method along with a few examples.
Table 4.2 Coding Guide for the WiLight and CentraLight
Lamp Coding Example

type
Light [lamp number][state] ; state can 1. 31 means lamp 3 is

bulbs be 0, 1, or 9 which means OFF, turned on
ON, or Broken respectively 2. 29 means lamp 2 is
broken
Dimmer [lamp number][dimmer level]; 1. 400 means lamp 4 is

dimmer level can range from 0 to turned on to MAX.
85. Dimmer level is 9X if its broken. 2. 49 means lamp 4 is
broken
34
4.2.2 Data Exchange
As a system, Arduino acting as a server should always respond to any
messages sent by the Android client (WiLight). The CentraLight accepts two
characters at a time. The first character corresponds to the lamp number and
second character is represented as the lamp state. The second character being
0 or 1. The former being designated as OFF state and the latter ON state. For
lamp 4, eighty-five dimmer states are programmed. Corresponding for 0-85
characters for 0 -100%. If problem is encountered Centralight will send a lamp
state of 9 indicating that an error occurred in the process.
The next table depicts what data has been sent, how it functions and its feedbacks.
Table 4.3 Centralight to Wilight Data Communication
Data Function Feedback Expected
11 Turning lamp 1 on on
10 Turning lamp 1 off off
0 Turning Dimmer off on
1-17 Adjusting Brightness 1.18 18.82 %

brightness
18-34 Adjusting Brightness 20 38.82 %

brightness
35
brightness

brightness
69-85 Adjusting Brightness 80 100 %

brightness
19 Lamp 1 Electrical problem Broken
29 Lamp 2 Electrical Problem Broken
39 Lamp 3 Electrical Problem Broken
4.2.3 The Software Serial Library
The Arduino sketch utilizes the Software Serial Library which
enables the creation of a Software Serial object. The software serial object
will be responsible for most of the codes operations, including data
reception, data parsing, and data transmission. Table 4.3 lists down the
functions from the Software Serial Library used in the sketch. The
information listed down Table 4.3 is from the Arduino website.
Table 4.4 Software Serial Functions used in the CentraLight sketch

Function Name Function
SoftwareSerial is used to create an instance

SoftwareSerial(rxPin, txPin)
of a SoftwareSerial object, whose name you
need to provide.
.begin(baudRate) Sets the Baud Rate for serial

communication
.available() Get the number of bytes (characters)

available for reading from a software serial
36
port. This is data that's already arrived and
stored in the serial receive buffer
.find() Reads data from the serial buffer until the

target string of given length is found. The
function returns true if target string is found,
false if it times out
.read() Return a character that was received on the

RX pin of the software serial port. Note that
only one SoftwareSerial instance can
receive incoming data at a time
.print(string) Prints data to the transmit pin of the

software serial port
.println(string) Prints data to the transmit pin of the

software serial port, followed by a carriage
return and line feed.
4.3 Physical Setup
Figure 4.3 CentraLight Lighting System Physical Setup
37
LEGEND
A Power Circuit
B FUSE (for the lamps)
C Arduino Uno Microcontroller
D 4-Channels Solid State Relay
E ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensor
F Dimmer Circuit
G Binding Posts (Lamp 1)
H Binding Posts (Lamp 2)
I Binding Posts (Lamp 3)
J Binding Posts (Lamp 4, Dimmer)
K Switch
L Fuse (for the switch)
38
CHAPTER 5
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
In this chapter, the different tests are going to be presented. Each test is
explained in detail. At the end of the chapter, the interpretation and analysis of the
data is discussed.
5.1 Unit Tests
5.1.1 MC-UT-01, MC-UT-02, MC-UT-03
The microcontroller (MC) unit test is used to verify the condition of
the Microcontroller, specifically in terms of giving output or receiving output
in its digital and analog pins.
Three simple sketches were uploaded to the MC and these can be
found in the Examples from the Arduino IDE. They are Blink, Fade, and
ReadAnalogVoltage. These sketches will help verify the functionalities of
the MC that are crucial to the operation of the system.
The first sketch allows us to see if the digital I/O pins from the MC
can give a digital LOW or HIGH output.
Setup:
A LED is connected to one digital pin in the MC via a breadboard.
39
Once the sketch is done uploading, the LED should turn on and off
in one second intervals. This is repeated in all 13 digital I/O pins. This is
MC-UT-01
The second sketch allows us to see the PWM output capabilities of
the PWM pins of the MC.
Setup:
The same set-up is to be followed from the previous sketch but the
LED shall only be connected to PWM pins (pins marked with a tilde beside
them), namely, pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
The LED should turn on and off in a fading manner. This is MC-UT-
02.
The third and final sketch allows us to see the analog reading
capabilities of the Analog Pins of the MC.
Setup:
In this test, a potentiometer is used with a 9V battery to give a
varying DC Voltage input into the analog pins.
Using a serial monitor or a serial plotter, the value should exhibit the
change in voltage as the potentiometer knob is adjusted. This is MC-UT-03.
40
Results and Discussions:
Using the aforementioned sketches, all MC unit tests were
successful. The Arduino Uno has successfully supplied enough DC voltage
to turn the LED on. The PWM pins have also been able to dim the LED
down and up. The MC has also successfully read analog input via the
Analog ports. However, there is a notable degree of sensitivity when using
the analog ports. Distortions as simple as physically moving the jumper
wires cause erratic change in measurements. It is concluded that it is best
to secure the connections to Analog Ports since the data that comes in is
analog and continuous and is very prone to variations. This will prove to be
problematic in the use of current sensors.
5.1.2 DM-UT-01
The Dimmer Unit Test is used to verify the dimming capabilities of
the constructed dimmer module given a PWM output by the MC.
Setup:
This test will involve voltage around 220V. The AC power input, the
lamp and the MC are connected. The Fade sketch from MC-UT-01 shall be
used. Once the code is uploaded and the circuit is powered through the
220V AC source, the light should exhibit the same fading behavior from MC-
UT-02 Fade test.
41
The dimmable light bulb used in the circuit has been successfully
made to exhibit the characteristics of a dimmer lamp. Using the same code
as with MC-UT-02, we have been able to dim the lamp up and down. This
was only achieved when the proponents swapped the 4n35 Opto Coupler
with a 4n25 Opto Coupler. For reasons yet unknown to us, the 4n35 does
not perform as well as the 4n25 in terms of durability. The proponents have
had to replace the IC multiple times only to end up using 4n25 because it
was the only one available in the local electronics store. Luckily, with 4n25,
the dimmer circuit did not experience any problems anymore.
5.1.3 ACS-UT-01
The ACS712 Unit Test is used to verify the detection capabilities of
ACS712.
Setup:
By connecting the terminal blocks of the ACS712 sensor in series
with the lamps, and the 5V, GND, OUT to 5V, GND, and an analog port of
the MC, and uploading a modified code from a code provided by the
Youtube Channel Electrical World, the presence of a current should be
determined and this will reflect via the Serial Monitor. If the lamp is removed,
the Serial monitor should print 0.00 until the circuit is closed again by
putting the lamp back in place.
42
The code from Electrical World was dissected and verified. The code
was modified and is as follows:
unsigned long currentAcc = 0;

unsigned int count = 0;
unsigned long prevMicros = micros() - sampleInterval ;
while (count < numSamples)
{
if (micros() - prevMicros >= sampleInterval)
{
int adc_raw = analogRead(analog) - adc_zero;
currentAcc += (unsigned long)(adc_raw * adc_raw);
++count;
prevMicros += sampleInterval;
}
}
float rms = sqrt((float)currentAcc / (float)numSamples) * (75.8

/ 1024.0);
rms = rms - .05;
if (rms < 0.15)
{
rms = 0;
}
current = rms;
}
The major modification that was made was changing of the multiplier
for the rms, which was initially (50 / 1024.0). By deducing the process by
which the code calculates the value of current, we found that the multiplier
is not applicable to the unit we have in hand, which is a 30A ACS712
module. Thus, the change to (75.8 / 1024.0) was made whose numerator
can be derived by dividing 5V by 66mV. The way the code works is that it
samples alternating voltage values and it calculates the root mean square
and then it applies the multiplier whose value depends on the ACS712 unit.
43
This multiplier signifies the change in voltage, 66mV in 30A ACS712 units,
for every unit rise in the analog value.
One other significant observation is the sensitivity of the device and
the analog port is uses. The device relies on the 5V supply from the MC to
set its zero value of 2.5V. Furthermore, ACS712 Modules OUT pin is
connected to an analog port, which is, as mentioned in MC-UT-03, prone to
physical forces that may distort any readings. Any form of physical force
that may cause the jumper wires to dislodge may cause significant changes
in the reading.
5.1.4 SSR-UT-01
The 4-Channel Solid-State Relay Unit Test allows us to determine if
the SSR is capable of switching.
Setup:
The SSR is connected to the Arduino as shown in Figure 4.2, and
connecting the SSR to the lamps and AC source. A simple modified Blink
sketch is then uploaded. We should be able to see the lamps turn on and
off in one second intervals.
The 4-Channel Solid-State Relay showed no problems and we were
able to switch the lamps on and off without a hitch.
44
5.1.5 ESP-UT-01
The ESP8266 Unit Test is used to verify the Rx/Tx capabilities of the
Wi-Fi Module when set as an Access Point and as a Station Point
connected via a router.
Setup:
Using the Serial Monitor and an Android Device, we can observe if
either of the two can receive and transmit information when used as Telnet
Servers and Clients.
By using a downloadable TelnetClient App, we were able establish
communication between the Arduino and the Android Device both directly
and via router. There were no virtual differences between connecting
directly or via router. There are no virtual delays either.
5.2 Integration Tests
5.2.1 AAC-IT-01
In the first integration test, Arduino to Android Communication Test,
an Arduino Sketch that uses a Software Serial Objects will be used to send
the AT Commands and the completed Android App without the feedback
functionality to send and receive commands and lamp conditions.
45
Setup:
The modules and components used are the following: Arduino Uno,
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, 4-Channel Solid-State Relay, Personal Computer,
and the Android Device with the application already installed.
The main goal of this test was to make the Arduino establish a server
without having to manually input AT commands into the serial monitor by
the use of the SoftwareSerial Library. Furthermore, this test was to make
the Android App connect to the Arduino with just one click. Both of the goals
were achieved.
5.2.2 SW-IT-01
In the second integration test, Switching via Wi-Fi Integration Test,
the goal of the set-up is to test the performance of the system of the modules
used together below.
Setup:
The modules used are Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, Four-
Channel Solid-State Relay, Dimmer Module, Personal Computer, and the
Android Device with the application already installed. This test will involve a
black-box testing type of test. Every possible input was run and each
response is recorded and compared to the expected response.
46
Table 5.1 Switching via WI-Fi Integration Test
INPUT OUTPUT
All lamps are turned off
as well as the icons on
the application
Do nothing
Tapping the first icon on the Both, lamp 1 and first
application icon on the app, are
turned on
47
Tapping the second icon on Both, lamp 2 and second
the application icon on the app, are
turned on
Tapping the third icon on the Both, lamp 3 and third
application icon on the app, are
turned on
48
Dragging the seekbar to its Dragging the seekbar
maximum brightness. The from left to right also
level of brightness can be manifests the levels of
adjusted through the use of brightness of the
seekbar dimmable lamp from
minimum to maximum.
This set-up basically emulates the whole system of ControlL. With
the modules we have constructed, we tested the system by running all
49
possible user inputs while observing the behavior of the Arduino via the
Serial Monitor. Here are the most important observations that were made:
1.) The Arduino ALWAYS receives the data sent by the
Android Device with NO DELAYS.
2.) The Arduino DOES NOT ALWAYS execute the
commands sent to it by the Android Device.
These observations remained true even after making the
connections via a router. This seems like a dead end where the
proponents decided to come terms with it. The latency in the
transmission or the execution of data cannot be determined. The
proponents suggest using different firmware or libraries for future
studies.
5.2.3 SWF-IT-01
This will be the final integration test where an additional module,
feedback module, is tested.
Setup:
Still the same with previous test but with the Feedback Module
already in place. The same with SW-IT-01, this involves black-box testing.
Results and Discussion:
Given the results of the previous integration test, this test focuses on
the feedback functionality of the system. By running all possible user inputs
50
with the lamps installed and removed, the system can successfully detect
any loss in electrical connection and is able to notify the Android App of it.
However, as discussed in ACS-UT-01, the sensitivity of the ports and of the
ACS712 module play a major role in maintaining the quality of performance.
The proponents had to replace some modules because of their inability to
give correct feedback. It was also observed that the wiring connections must
be made secure so as to avoid any errors.
5.3 System Tests
5.3.1 ST-01
The first system test is the Range Test, ST-01, and involves
measuring the maximum distance the device can be operated from via an
Android Device, without physical obstructions.
Setup:
Measuring tape and chalk will be used for measuring the distance
and leaving marks where we left off. And proceeding further until there will be no
detected connection by the android device.
The first range test was set-up by placing CentraLight in a hallway
and is booted up. Using a tape measure, the proponents marked the
distance from which it was to be operated. With significant success,
CentraLight and WiLight was able to perform even up to 50 meters without
51
showing any signs of reduced quality in performance. The space did not
allow for the experiment to go over 50 meters and it was already a pleasant
surprise to the proponents to have reached such distance given that the
expected radius of operation of the module is only 30 meters.
Table 5.2 Range Test without Obstruction Results
Distance Lamp 4
Lamp 1 Lamp 2 Lamp 3
(meters) (Dimmer)
ON OK
ON OK ON OK ON OK OFF- OK
10
OFF- OK OFF- OK OFF- OK
DIM OK
ON OK
20
DIM OK
ON OK
30
DIM OK
ON OK
40
DIM OK
ON OK
50
DIM OK
5.3.2 ST-02
The second system test is the Range Test, ST-01, and involves
measuring the maximum distance the device can be operated from via an
52
Android Device, with physical obstructions. The test was conducted in a
two-storey building with the device placed at the second floor. The farthest
distance it can be operated from outside the room in the second floor was
measured. It was also operated from the first floor directly below.
Setup: The same setup will be done in this test but placing the server inside
a room and trying to establish a connection from the outside. Getting further until
such time that loss of connection takes place.
CentraLight was placed inside a room and was operated from the
outside. The maximum distance of operation from the same floor was 30
meters, where at the 25-meter mark the connection begins to drop. It was
also successfully operated from the first floor directly. Table 5.2 details this
experiment.
Table 5.3 Range Test with Obstruction Results

Distance Lamp 4
Lamp 1 Lamp 2 Lamp 3 Notes
(meters) (Dimmer)
ON OK
10
DIM OK
ON OK Connection
ON OK ON OK ON OK OFF- OK begins to
20
OFF- OK OFF- OK OFF- OK drop at 25
DIM OK m
53
ON OK Connection
30 is very
DIM OK weak
ON OK
From 1st ON OK ON OK ON OK OFF- OK
Floor OFF- OK OFF- OK OFF- OK
DIM OK
5.3.3 ST-03
This test involves multiple users operating the device. This test is to
make sure that lights can be operated by more than one user without a
hitch.
Setup:
Multiple devices will try to connect on the server and making an
attempt to be able to control the lamps.
Multiple users can operate CentraLight if they have the WiLight app
but they cannot be updated of the changes each individual user makes right
away. Each user can only be updated using the Check States button, but
even that is only a workaround. The ESP8266 relies on delays to operate
properly and cannot handle successive influx of information. Therefore,
CentraLight and WiLight is really limited in terms of multi-user operation.
54
5.4 Modifications during the Tests
The proponents have successfully undergone each phase of testing with
remarkable success. There are a few points that have come up through
experimentation and the proponents have come to terms with. These observations
were made after completing all three phases.
5.4.1 Integration Tests
The Wi-Fi communication does not have any visible delays. As soon
as a button is pressed in the Android App the data is instantly received by
the MC via the ESP8266 Module. The problem occurs when the received
data is interpreted, where the MC does not always successfully store and
execute the received data. There have been various variations in the set-
up made to try and eliminate this problem.
The following factors were modified:
1.) Hardware
2.) Baud Rate
3.) Network Topology
The first change that was implemented was the change from a shield
to a Module. This did not change anything virtually. The second change,
which was the baud rate was considered. Various programmers on online
programming stackexchange communities have suggested lowering the
Baud Rate to 9600. The default baud rate of ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module was
55
115200. The proponents made the baud rate change but still no verifiable
improvement in performance. Finally, a router was introduced to act as the
router, thus the second variation of all integration tests. This presented no
change at all, except for the prospect of bigger operating radius.
56
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The system was successfully packaged into a scalable commercially viable device.
The feedback technology was successfully implemented. The three-phase
experimentation process was executed throughout the construction. However,
there are significant conclusions that were made that show the imperfections of
the system which were observed during the various experimentation phases.
One major problem that was encountered was the erratic behavior of the
microcontroller in executing received data. Through experimentation during the
unit and integration test phase, we observed that the Arduino runs in a continuous
loop and there are windows or time intervals in each iteration where the Arduino
cannot parse the data it receives via the ESP8266 Module. This behavior is best
shown through successive clicking or tapping of the buttons of the App. There were
no experiments that was able to help us determine the cause of latency in the
execution of the data but we can conclude that there are no visible delays in
transmission. This is evidenced by the fact that the String information is reflected
in the serial monitor every time it was sent. The problem is that the Arduino doesnt
always get to interpret and save this data for it to execute the appropriate
commands. One other possible explanation is that the ESP8266 has limitations in
the facilitating of data when used as a TelNet Server or using the default AT
Firmware.
57
One other problem was the sensitivity of Arduino Uno analog ports and
ACS712 connections where reliability is put at stake. There were many instances
where the current sensing module of the system does not return correct feedback
that even replacing the parts did not alleviate. By rigorous connecting and
reconnecting, the module began to work again, albeit imperfectly.
6.2 Recommendations
The system has the potential to improve on the following:
1.) Integrating manual switching that is reflected in the Android App
2.) Developing a reliable Feedback Module that will is not too
sensitive to distortions and one that can detect other possible
anomalies in the circuit.
3.) Inclusion of a power monitor
4.) Exploration of the use of new ESP technology or use of other
firmware
5.) Integrating monitoring technologies that enable smart-switching.
The inclusion of manual switching further fortifies the versatility of the
system by introducing another way to control the lights. This way, control becomes
more flexible. By including the option of manually switching the lights, another
command must be programmed for CentraLight where it sends the appropriate
information to the Android Device regarding the state of the lamps.
By developing a more reliable feedback module, users may be able to
identify anomalies in the network or in the electrical system more correctly and this
58
can enable them to troubleshoot accordingly. This also includes increasing the
range of lamps that can be used, whether they are low-powered or otherwise.
A good addition will also include a power monitor to monitor the voltage
level, current, or power level of the circuit. This helps in identifying low voltages or
poor power quality.
Finally, the system can be taken to new heights by trying to implement
monitoring technologies into the system. This can further increase space
convenience and control which will allow for better living environments. With the
introduction of monitoring technologies, smart-switching is possible. By analyzing
the conditions of the environment like natural light from windows, the lights can
switch off or switch on on their own. This, along with a more inclusive control
system in terms of types of load can open doors for other smart systems that
control air conditioning by detecting temperature changes in the environment.
59
REFERENCES
A. Online Sources
Advantages of Solid-State Relays Over Electro-Mechanical Relays. (2014)

(Application Report No. 145-R03). Retrieved from IXYS Integrated Circuits
Division website: http://www.ixysic.com/home/pdfs.nsf/www/AN-
145.pdf/$file/AN-145.pdf
Chao. (2013, October 10). ACS712 Current Sensor Read. Retrieved April 27 2017
from http://www.electrodragon.com/acs712-current-sensor-read/
IoT Wi-Fi Modules Comparison Table ESP8266 vs CC3000 vs RN131 vs

HDG204. (2015) Retrieved January 20, 2017 from http://www.cnx-
software.com/2015/06/15/iot-wi-fi-modules-comparison-table-esp8622-vs-
cc3300-vs-rn131-vs-hdg204/
Software Serial Library. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2017 from

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial
Zipperer, A. et al. (2013). Electric Energy Management in the Smart Home:

Perspectives on Enabling Technologies and Consumer Behavior.
Proceedings of the IEEE Proc. IEEE, 101(11), 2397-2408.
doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2270172 Meet Android Studio. (n.d.). Retrieved
from https://developer.android.com/studio/intro/index.html
B. Unpublished Works
Rojo, R. C., Samaranos K. M., & Tuban C. M. (2016). ControlL: A Wireless Android
To Arduino Lighting Control System Via Wi-Fi. Mindanao State University
General Santos City
60
APPENDICES
61
APPENDIX A
This section details the materials used for the construction of CentraLight,
particularly photo documentation, their names, and purpose. Also included in this
section are photo documentation of the construction process.
Image Name Purpose
Acrylic Box Chassis Serves as an

Color: Black enclosure
A connector used to
Binding Posts
attach a single wire
This are electrical

safety devices for
Fuse Holder and Fuse
overcurrent
protection
62
A device that
Heat Sink absorbs unwanted
heat
Resistors (Left to Right)

A circuit element
6k8, 330 470, 100k that implements
electrical resistance
An electrical
connector where a
Terminal Block wire is held by the
tightening of the
screw
An electronic
component allowing
Diodes
current to flow in
one direction only
An electronic
Integrated Circuit IC: component that
MOSFET (top) and function as an
Optocoupler (bottom) amplifier, oscillator,
timer,
63
microprocessor or
even computer
memory
Jumper Wires
An electrical wire
F/M(top) and M/M(bottom) interconnecting
components without
soldering
A plastic tube that

shrinks when
Heat Shrink
heated and used to
insulate wires
Used for
Universal PCB construction of
circuits
Light Bulbs
64
Used to connect to
C7 and C8 Shotgun
the AC mains,
connector (Male mounted
opted for
on the box)
convenience of use
65
APPENDIX B
Complete Arduino Source Code
This section provides the complete Arduino Sketch of CentraLight. This is
into five (5) subsections: (1) CentraLight.ino, (2) LightBulb.h, (3) LightBulb.cpp, (4)
DimmerLight.h, and (5) DimmerLight.cpp. CentraLight.ino is the main file and
LightBulb and DimmerLight are the classes the proponents made and then
imported to the main file.
B.1 CentraLight.ino
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DimmerLight.h"
#include "LightBulb.h"
SoftwareSerial ControlL(1, 0); //change to (2,3) to see Serial Monitor
LightBulb lamp1(6, A0);
DimmerLight dimmer(9, 10, A3);
int connectedId, lampNumber, lampState, dimming;
String receivedVal, feedback;
String ssid = "HUAWEI-E5330-AE51";
String PASSWORD = "rg0at5r8";
void setup() {
ControlL.begin(115200);
sendATtoSetup();
setupPins();
}
void loop() {
if (ControlL.available()) {
if (ControlL.find("+IPD,")) {
connectedId = ControlL.read() - 48;
delay(10);
ControlL.find(":");
delay(10);
lampNumber = ControlL.read() - 48;
delay(10);
lampState = ControlL.read() - 48;
delay(10);
if (lampNumber == 4) {
int temp = ControlL.read() - 48;
lampState = (10 * lampState) + temp;
delay(10);
}
66
feedback = "";
executeCommand(lampNumber, lampState);
lampNumber = 0;
lampState = 0;
}
}
}
void executeCommand(int lampNum, int lampSta) {
switch (lampNum) {
case 1:
lamp1.toggleLight(lampSta);
feedback += lampNum;
feedback += lamp1.readState();
delay(100);
sendCIPData(connectedId, feedback);
break;
case 2:
delay(100);
break;
case 3:
delay(100);
break;
case 4:
dimmer.setDimLevel(lampSta);
feedback += dimmer.readState();
delay(100);
break;
case 8:
actionOnNewConnection(connectedId);
break;
}
}
int checkState(int lampNum) {
switch (lampNum) {
case 1:
feedback += lamp1.readRelayState();
initialCIPData(connectedId, feedback);
delay(100);
break;
case 2:
delay(100);
break;
case 3:
67
delay(100);
break;
case 4:
feedback += dimmer.readRelayState();
delay(100);
break;
}
}
void actionOnNewConnection(int connectedId) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
checkState(i);
feedback = "";
delay(100);
}
}
void sendCIPData(int connection, String message) {
message += ">";
String cipSend = "AT+CIPSEND=";
cipSend += connection;
cipSend += ",";
cipSend += message.length();
cipSend += "\r\n";
sendCommand(cipSend, 150);
sendCommand(message, 100);
}
void initialCIPData(int connectedId, String message) {
message += ">";
cipSend += connectedId;
cipSend += ",";
cipSend += "\r\n";
sendCommand(message, 400);
}
void sendATtoSetup() {
sendCommand("AT+RST\r\n", 2000);
sendCommand("AT+CWMODE=2\r\n", 1000);
sendCommand("AT+CIFSR\r\n", 1000);
sendCommand("AT+CIPMUX=1\r\n", 1000);
sendCommand("AT+CIPSERVER=1,1221\r\n", 1000);
}
void sendATtoSetupViaRouter() {
sendCommand("AT+CWJAP=\"" + ssid + "\",\"" + PASSWORD + "\"\r\n",
8000);
sendCommand("AT+CIFSR\r\n", 1000);
}
void sendCommand(String command, const int timeout) {
68
ControlL.print(command);
delay(timeout);
}
void setupPins() {
lamp1.initialize();
lamp2.initialize();
lamp3.initialize();
dimmer.initialize();
}
B.2 LightBulb.h
#ifndef LightBulb_h
#define LightBulb_h
#include "Arduino.h"
class LightBulb {
private:
int relay, analog, lampNumber, lampState;
//variables below are for current sensing
long sampleTime, numSamples, sampleInterval;
int adc_zero;
public:
LightBulb();
LightBulb(int relayArdPort, int analogArdPort);
float current;
void initialize();
void CurrentSense();
void toggleLight(int lampState_);
int readState();
int readRelayState();
};
#endif
B.3 LightBulb.cpp
#include "LightBulb.h"
LightBulb::LightBulb();
LightBulb::LightBulb(int relayArdPort, int analogArdPort) {
relay = relayArdPort;
receivedVal = "";
feedback = "";
lampState = HIGH;
analog = analogArdPort;
current = 0;
sampleTime = 100000UL;
numSamples = 250UL;
sampleInterval = sampleTime / numSamples;
adc_zero = 512;
69
}
void LightBulb::initialize() {
pinMode(relay, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
pinMode(analog, INPUT);
}
void LightBulb::toggleLight(int lampState_) {

lampState = lampState_;
digitalWrite(relay, !lampState);
}
void LightBulb::CurrentSense() {
{
{
++count;
}
}
float rms = sqrt((float)currentAcc / (float)numSamples) * (75.8 /

1024.0);
rms = rms - 0.05;
if (rms <= 0.2)
{
rms = 0;
}
current = 10*rms;
}
int LightBulb::readState() {
CurrentSense();
if (current == 0 && lampState == 1) {
feedback = 9;
}
else {
feedback = lampState;
}
return feedback.toInt();
}
int LightBulb::readRelayState() {
int state = !(digitalRead(relay));
CurrentSense();
if (lampState == 1) {
if (current == 0) {
state = 9;
}
}
70
else state = !lampState;
return state;
}
B.4 DimmerLight.h
#ifndef DimmerLight_h
#define DimmerLight_h
class DimmerLight {
private:
int relay, analog, dimmerPin, dimming, lampNumber, lampState;
//variables below are for current sensing
long sampleTime, numSamples, sampleInterval;
int adc_zero;
public:
DimmerLight();
DimmerLight(int relayArdPort, int dimmerArdPort, int
analogArdPort);
int dimmerLevel;
void initialize();
void setDimLevel(int lampState_);
float current;
void CurrentSense();
int readRelayState();
int readState();
};
#endif
B.5 DimmerLight.cpp
#include "DimmerLight.h"
DimmerLight::DimmerLight() {}
DimmerLight::DimmerLight(int relayArdPort, int dimmerArdPort, int
analogArdPort) {
relay = relayArdPort;
dimmerPin = dimmerArdPort;
receivedVal = "";
feedback = "";
lampState = HIGH;
dimmerLevel = 1;
analog = analogArdPort;
current = 0;
sampleTime = 100000UL;
numSamples = 250UL;
sampleInterval = sampleTime / numSamples;
adc_zero = 512;
71
}
void DimmerLight::initialize() {
pinMode(relay, OUTPUT);
pinMode(dimmerPin, OUTPUT);
analogWrite(dimmerPin, 0);
pinMode(analog, INPUT);
}
void DimmerLight::setDimLevel(int lampState_) {

lampState = lampState_;
//ON
if (lampState >= 1 && lampState <= 85) {
digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
delay(10);
dimming = (255 -(3 * lampState));
analogWrite(dimmerPin, dimming);
dimmerLevel = lampState;
feedback = receivedVal;
}
//OFF
else if (lampState == 0) {
delay(10);
if (digitalRead(relay == !lampState)) {
delay(10);
dimmerLevel = lampState;
}
}
}
void DimmerLight::CurrentSense() {
{
{
++count;
}
}
float rms = sqrt((float)currentAcc / (float)numSamples) * (75.8 /

1024.0);
rms = rms - .05;
if (rms < 0.18)
{
rms = 0;
}
current = rms;
72
}
int DimmerLight::readState() {
CurrentSense();
if (current > 1) {
feedback = lampState;
}
else if (current == 0) {
feedback = 9;
}
return feedback.toInt();
}
int DimmerLight::readRelayState() {
return dimmerLevel;
}
73
APPENDIX C
Other Arduino Source Codes
This section provides the complete source codes of the various sketches
we studied and adopted into the final complete Arduino Source Code. This section
includes (1) ControlL Complete Arduino Source Code and (2) Current Sensing
Code.
C.1 ControlL Complete Arduino Source Code
This is the complete Arduino Source Code for ControlL by Rojo,
Samaranos, and Tuban.
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial wifi(0, 1); //change to (2,3) to see Serial Monitor
int relay[5];
int analog[5] = {A0, A1, A2, A3, A4};
int dimLevel;
int dimmerPin;
void setup() {
//put your setup code here, to run once:
wifi.begin(115200);
//configure wifishield
initializePins();
}
void loop() {
if (wifi.available()) {
if (wifi.find("+IPD,")) {
int connectedId = wifi.read() - 48;
delay(10);
wifi.find(":");
delay(10);
int lampNumber = wifi.read() - 48;
delay(10);
int lampState = wifi.read() - 48;
delay(10);
String receivedVal = "";
receivedVal += lampNumber;
receivedVal += lampState;
74
String feedback = "";
if (receivedVal == "88") {
actionOnNewConnection(connectedId, receivedVal);
} else if (receivedVal == "99") {
} else if (lampNumber >= 1 && lampNumber <= 3) {
digitalWrite(relay[lampNumber], !lampState);
delay(30);
if (digitalRead(relay[lampNumber] == !lampState)) {
delay(30);
}
else {
feedback += lampNumber;
feedback += 9;
}
} else if (lampNumber == 4) {
int dimming;
if (lampState >= 1 && lampState <= 5) {
digitalWrite(relay[lampNumber], LOW);
delay(10);
dimming = 255 - (51 * lampState);
analogWrite(dimmerPin, dimming);
dimLevel = lampState;
} else if (lampState == 0) {
digitalWrite(relay[lampNumber], HIGH);
delay(10);
if (digitalRead(relay[lampNumber] == !lampState)) {
delay(10);
dimLevel = lampState;
}
}
else {
feedback += lampNumber;
feedback += 9;
}
}
if (feedback != "") {
}
lampNumber = 0;
lampState = 0;
}
}
}
void sendCommand(String command, const int timeout) {
wifi.print(command);
delay(timeout);
}
void actionOnNewConnection(int connectedId, String receivedVal) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
String s = "";
s += readLightStates(i);
initialCIPData(connectedId, s);
}
75
initialCIPData(connectedId, receivedVal);
}
String readLightStates(int pinNumber) {
String currentState = "";
if (pinNumber >= 0 && pinNumber <= 3) {
int state = !(digitalRead(relay[pinNumber]));
currentState += pinNumber;
currentState += state;
}
else if (pinNumber == 4) {
currentState += pinNumber;
currentState += dimLevel;
}
return currentState;
}
void initializePins() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
relay[i] = i + 9;
pinMode(relay[i], OUTPUT);
pinMode(analog[i], INPUT);
}
dimmerPin = 9;
dimLevel = 5;
pinMode(dimmerPin, OUTPUT);
analogWrite(dimmerPin, 0);
}
void sendCIPData(int connection, String message) {
message += ">";
cipSend += connection;
cipSend += ",";
cipSend += "\r\n";
sendData(message, 150);
}
void initialCIPData(int connectedId, String message) {
message += ">";
cipSend += connectedId;
cipSend += ",";
cipSend += "\r\n";
sendData(message, 100);
}
void sendData(String message, const int timeout) {
wifi.print(message);
delay(timeout);
}
76
C.2 Current Sensing Code
This source code is gotten directly from a link provided by the YouTube
channel Electrical World in his video AC current Sensing Using ACS 712 Current
Sensor. The program samples voltage levels of the OUT pin of the ACS712 read
through analogRead and a root mean square is calculated. From here the current
is solved.
float current = 0;
const int currentPin = A0;
const unsigned long sampleTime = 100000UL;
const unsigned long numSamples = 250UL;
const unsigned long sampleInterval = sampleTime / numSamples; const int
adc_zero = 510;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
CurrentSense();
Serial.println(current);
delay(1000);
void CurrentSense()
{
{
{
int adc_raw = analogRead(currentPin) - adc_zero;
++count;
}
}
float rms = sqrt((float)currentAcc / (float)numSamples) * (50 /

1024.0);
rms = rms - 0.10;
77
if (rms < 0.20)
{
rms = 0;
}
current = rms;
}
78
APPENDIX D
This section is intended for the internet resource sample codes used in
implementing the circuit reference and a schematic diagram of the dimmer circuit
was also provided.
The PWM diagram depicted below is from Instructables AC PWM dimmer
for Arduino file (http://www.instructables.com/id/AC-PWM-Dimmer-for-Arduino/).
Sample code:
Based on the circuit, the brightness of the lamp is controlled using the PWM pins
on the Arduino. In the example below, pin 9 is used.
int led = 9; // the PWM pin the LED is attached to
int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is
79
int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// declare pin 9 to be an output:
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// set the brightness of pin 9:
analogWrite(led, brightness);
// change the brightness for next time through the loop:
brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;
// reverse the direction of the fading at the ends of the fade:
if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255) {
fadeAmount = -fadeAmount ;
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
As a result, from this code, the lamp fades from OFF to its maximum state
and vice-versa. The code was retrieved from the basic example codes of Arduino
IDE.
80
Appendix E
This section includes a table of AT Commands that are used when

using ESP8266.
Function AT Command Response
Working AT OK
Restart AT+RST OK [System Ready, Vendor:www.ai-thinker.com]
Firmware AT+GMR AT+GMR 0018000902 OK

version
List Access AT+CWLAP AT+CWLAP

Points +CWLAP:(4,"RochefortSurLac",38,"70:62:b8:6f:6d:58",1)
+CWLAP:(4,"LiliPad2.4",-83,"f8:7b:8c:1e:7c:6d",1)
OK
Join Access AT+CWJAP? Query AT+CWJAP? +CWJAP:"RochefortSurLac" OK

Point
AT+CWJAP="SSID","Password"
Quit Access AT+CWQAP=? Query OK

Point
AT+CWQAP
Get IP AT+CIFSR AT+CIFSR 192.168.0.105

Address OK
Set AT+ CWSAP? Query ssid,

Parameters pwd
of Access AT+ CWSAP=
<ssid>,<pwd>,<chl>, <ecn> chl = channel, ecn = encryption
Point
WiFi Mode AT+CWMODE? Query
AT+CWMODE=1 STA
AT+CWMODE=2 AP
AT+CWMODE=3 BOTH
81
Set up TCP AT+CIPSTART=? Query
or UDP
connection (CIPMUX=0) AT+CIPSTART = id = 0-4, type = TCP/UDP, addr = IP address, port= port
<type>,<addr>,<port>
(CIPMUX=1) AT+CIPSTART=
<id><type>,<addr>, <port>
TCP/UDP AT+ CIPMUX? Query
Connections AT+ CIPMUX=0 Single
AT+ CIPMUX=1 Multiple
Check join AT+CWLIF

devices' IP
TCP/IP AT+CIPSTATUS AT+CIPSTATUS? no this fun

Connection
Status
Send TCP/IP (CIPMUX=0)

data AT+CIPSEND=<length>;
(CIPMUX=1) AT+CIPSEND=
<id>,<length>
Close TCP / AT+CIPCLOSE=<id> or

UDP AT+CIPCLOSE
connection
Set as server AT+ CIPSERVER= mode 0 to close server mode; mode 1 to open; port =
<mode>[,<port>] port
Set the AT+CIPSTO? Query

server
timeout AT+CIPSTO=<time> <time>0~28800 in seconds
Baud Rate* AT+CIOBAUD? Query AT+CIOBAUD? +CIOBAUD:9600 OK
Supported: 9600, 19200, 38400,

74880,
115200, 230400, 460800,

921600
Check IP AT+CIFSR AT+CIFSR 192.168.0.106

address OK
82
Firmware AT+CIUPDATE 1. +CIPUPDATE:1 found server
Upgrade 2. +CIPUPDATE:2 connect server
(from Cloud) 3. +CIPUPDATE:3 got edition
4. +CIPUPDATE:4 start update
Received +IPD (CIPMUX=0): + IPD, <len>:
data
(CIPMUX=1): + IPD, <id>, <len>: <data>
Watchdog AT+CSYSWDTENABLE Watchdog, auto restart when program errors occur:

Enable* enable
Watchdog AT+CSYSWDTDISABLE Watchdog, auto restart when program errors occur:

Disable* disable
Retrieved from: http://www.pridopia.co.uk/pi-doc/ESP8266ATCommandsSet.pdf
83
CURRICULUM VITAE
84
DAVID JAYSON B. OQUENDO
Address: Anastacio Subdivision, Polomolok,
South Cotabato
Mobile Number: +639082960062
Email Address: davidjaysonoquendo@gmail.com
Personal Information:
Gender : Male
Date of Birth : June 20, 1996
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Languages Known : Bisaya, Tagalog, and English
Mothers Name : Belinda B. Oquendo
Occupation : Government Employee
Fathers Name : Jacob Neptali J. Oquendo
Occupation : Employee
Educational Background:
Secondary: San Lorenzo Ruiz Academy of Polomolok

Polomolok, South Cotabato 2008-2012
Elementary: Mt. Matutum Christian School
Polomolok, South Cotabato 2002-2008
85
Affiliations:
Engineering Students Organization (ESO)
Member, 2012- 2017
Organization of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students (OEECES)

Member, 2012- 2017
2nd Year Representative, 2013
Institute of Integrated Electrical EngineersCouncil of Student Chapters

Mindanao State University General Santos City Chapter (IIEE CSCMSU
GSC)
Member, 2014- 2017
BAGWIS-The Official Student Publication of MSU-GSC

Staff Writer, 2012-2013
Editor-in-Chief, 2013-2017
MSU-GSC Debate Society

Member, 2014-2015
Achievements:
1st place - 29th Regional EE Quiz Show

11th IIEE CSC Regional Student Conference
September 2015
Participant - 29th National EE Quiz Show

16th IIEE National Student Conference
February 18, 2017
1st place - 30th Regional EE Quiz Show

12th IIEE CSC Regional Student Conference
September 16, 2016
Participant - 30th National EE Quiz Show

17th IIEE National Student Conference
February 18, 2017
Participant - Research Poster Presentation

3rd Mindanao State University GSC In-house Review
May 9-10, 2017
2nd Place - Research Paper Presentation

May 9-10, 2017
86
Recipient - Journalist of the Year Award
16th Kabantugan Awards
May 13, 2017
Recipient - Best Public Speaker Award

16th Kabantugan Awards
May 13, 2017
87
JER-MICHAEL F. GIMPAYAN
Address: 095 Romana Cahilsot St. Brgy West,

G.S.C.
Mobile Number: +639085591688
Email Address: gimpayanjermichael@gmail.com
Personal Information:
Gender : Male
Date of Birth : APRIL 10, 1996
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Languages Known : Bisaya, Tagalog, and English
Mothers Name : Florence F. Gimpayan
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Jeremias F. Gimpayan
Occupation : Seaman
Educational Background:
Secondary: General Santos City National High School

Brgy. Calumpang, General Santos City
2008-2012
Elementary: Dadiangas West Central Elementary School
Magsaysay Ave. Brgy. West G.S.C
2002-2008
88
Affiliations:
Engineering Students Organization (ESO)
Member, 2012- 2017
Organization of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students (OEECES)

Member, 2012- 2017
Fourth Year Representative, 2015-2016
Institute of Integrated Electrical EngineersCouncil of Student Chapters

Mindanao State University General Santos City Chapter (IIEE CSCMSU
GSC)
Member, 2014- 2017
Vice President Internal, 2016-2017
Achievements:
2nd Place - Research Paper Presentation

May 9-10, 2017
1st Place - Folk Dance (Lowland)

53rd Mindanao State University Intramurals
1st Place - Folk Dance (Lowland)

55th Mindanao State University Intramurals
89

CentraLight &amp; WiLight

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CENTRALIGHT: AN ARDUINO-BASED WIFI-ENABLED

CENTRALIZED LIGHTING SYSTEM

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

Mindanao State University

General Santos City

of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

David Jayson B. Oquendo

NOEL S. GUNAY, Ph. D

Presented in this paper is CentraLight, one of two studies on a lighting system

Fi. CentraLight focuses on the development of a box-type command center

equipped with an ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, which shall be in charge of

communications, a 4-Channel Solid-State Relay, which shall be in charge of

switching, a Dimmer Module, which shall be in charge of enabling dimming

the system to detect malfunctions caused by loss of electrical connection, and

finally, an Arduino Uno, to serve as the prime mover of all aforementioned

modules. Through a three-phase experimentation process, Unit, Integration, and

As a result, a box-type device was developed that is capable of establishing

communication, switching, dimming, and current detection. However, there were

the data exchange.

Keywords: Wireless Control, Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, 4-Channel

To be able to endure such a gargantuan task as research and product

assistance and moral support.

during the conduct of our study.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge that scientific research and discovery

much left there is to find out.

This study is dedicated to this eternal pursuit of knowledge, to the people

who believe in itto the people who believe in us.

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xiii

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study 2

1.3 Significance of the Study 3

1.4 Scope and Delimitation 4

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

2.1 Related Researches 6

2.1.1 ControlL: A Wireless Android to Arduino

Lighting Control System via Wi-Fi

2.2 Related Online Literature 7

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY 8

3.1 Research Design 8

3.1.1 Data Gathering 9

3.1.1 Deconstructing the ControlL Trainer 9

3.1.2 Testing ControlL 9

3.1.2 System Design 9

3.1.3.1 Arduino Uno 12

3.1.3.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 12

3.1.3.3 Relay Module 12

3.1.3.4 Dimmer Module 13

3.3.3.5 ACS712 Hall-Effect Current Sensor 14

3.3.3.6 Power Circuit 15

3.1.4.1 Arduino Programming 16

3.2 Research Methods 17

3.2.1 Accessing the Wi-Fi Shield 17

3.2.1.1 Android Codes 17

3.2.2 Modifying and Testing of the Codes 17

3.2.2.1 Arduino Codes 17

3.2.3 Testing Communication 18

3.2.4 Constructing the Dimmer, Relay, and ACS712 Modules 18

3.2.5 Constructing the Package 18

3.3 Test Methods 19

3.3.1 Unit Test Phase 19

CentraLight & WiLight

CentraLight & WiLight