Documente Academic
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User's Guide
For Windows
RobertMcNeel&Associates,4/30/2014.
Table of Contents
SectionI:Workingin3-D 1
Chapter1:Introduction 3
TheRhinointerface 3
Rhinocommands 4
Startfromthemenu 4
Startfromatoolbarbutton 6
Startfromthecommandline 8
Undoamistake 9
Thecommandwindow 10
Commandoptions 10
Repeatthelastcommand 10
Gethelpanytime 11
Chapter2:RhinoObjects 13
WhyNURBSmodeling 13
Points 13
Curves 14
Surfaces 14
Closedandopensurfaces 15
Trimmedanduntrimmedsurfaces 15
Surfaceisoparametricandedgecurves 17
Polysurfaces 18
Solids 18
Light-weightextrusionobjects 19
Polygonmeshobjects 19
Chapter3:SelectingObjects 21
Selectobjectswithwindows 22
Otherwaysofselecting 23
Sub-objectselection 25
Chapter4:NavigatingViewports 27
Viewportprojection 27
Viewportnavigation 27
Mousenavigation 28
Viewportdisplaymodes 28
Wireframe 29
Shaded 29
Othershadedmodes 30
Viewporttitle 31
Toactivatetheviewporttitlemenu 31
Chapter5:AccurateModeling 33
TheRhinocursor 33
Snaptotheconstructionplanegrid 33
Constraintheangleofmovement 33
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Table of contents
Snaptoexistingobjects 34
Persistentobjectsnaps 34
Specialcaseobjectsnaps 35
Cursorconstraints 35
Distanceconstraint 35
Angleconstraint 35
Distanceandangletogether 36
Elevatormode 36
SmartTrack 36
Coordinatesystems 37
Cartesiancoordinates 37
Right-handrule 37
Worldcoordinates 37
Constructionplanecoordinates 37
Relativecoordinates 39
Chapter6:CreateSurfacesfromCurves 41
Edgecurves 41
Extrudecurves 42
Loftcurves 44
Revolvecurves 45
Revolvecurveswitharail 47
Sweepalongonerailcurve 49
Sweepalongtworailcurves 51
Chapter7:EditCurvesandSurfaces 53
Join 53
Explode 53
TrimandSplit 53
Control-pointediting 53
Controlpointvisibility 53
Changecontrolpointlocations 54
Add,delete,orredistributecontrolpoints 54
Curveandsurfacedegree 54
Chapter8:Transforms-Move,Copy,Rotate,Scale 57
Move 57
Moveobjectsusingdistancevalues 57
Moveobjectsbydragging 58
Elevatormode 59
Copy 62
Rotate 64
Scale 67
Mirror 69
Array 71
Orient 71
Chapter9:CurveandSurfaceAnalysis 73
Measuredistance,angle,andradius 73
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Table of contents
Curveandsurfacedirection 73
Curvature 74
Visualsurfaceanalysis 74
Environmentmap 74
Curvatureanalysis 75
Zebraanalysis 75
Draftangleanalysis 75
Edgeevaluation 76
Diagnostics 76
Chapter10:OrganizationandAnnotation 77
Layers 77
Groups 78
Blocks 78
Worksessions 78
Dimensions 78
Text 79
Leaders 79
Dots 80
Hiddenlineremoval 80
Notes 80
Chapter11:Render 81
Lights 81
Materials 82
Environment 83
GroundPlane 83
Render 84
SectionII:Tutorials 85
Chapter12:PullToy-SolidsandTransforms 87
Entercoordinates 87
Drawthepulltoybody 87
Drawtheaxlesandwheelhubs 89
Drawthelugnuts 92
Arraythelugnuts 93
Drawthetires 94
Mirrorthewheels 95
Drawtheeyes 97
Makethepullcord 101
Chapter13:Flashlight-RevolveCurves 107
Setupthemodel 107
Drawacenterline 109
Drawthebodyprofilecurve 110
Drawthelensprofilecurve 111
Buildtheflashlightbody 112
Createthelens 113
Chapter14:Headphone-Sweep,Loft,andExtrude 115
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Table of contents
Createthespeakershell 116
Createthepaddingandcover 121
Createthemountingbracket 123
Createtheheadband 127
Roundtheheadbandends 131
Createthespeakerwire 136
Mirrortheheadphoneparts 140
Learnmore 142
Chapter15:Penguin-PointEditingandBlending 143
Thebody 143
Theeyes 150
Thebeak 153
Thefeet 156
Thetail 163
Thewings 166
Finishingtouches 170
Render 171
Chapter16:BoatHull-LoftandSweep 173
Layoutthehullcurves 174
Checkthecurvesforfairness 175
Fixthecurvature 175
Createthe3-Dcurves 176
Revisethecurves 178
Loftthehullsurfaces 180
Trimthebowandbottom 181
Buildthetransom 183
Addthedeck 190
Chapter17:Dragonfly-TraceImages 195
Drawthebody 195
Drawthehead 201
Blendtheheadandbody 204
Drawtheeyes 205
Shapethetail 206
Tracethewings 207
Drawthelegs 209
Finishingtouches 210
Chapter18:WrapText-Flowalongsurface 211
Makeasurface 211
Createtheobjectstowrap 212
Controltheobjectplacement 212
Chapter19:MechanicalPart-Blocks 217
Createsolidshapes 217
Drilltheholes 221
Copytheholes 223
Makea2-Ddrawing 226
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Table of contents
Dimensionthe2-Ddrawing 226
Chapter20:MechanicalPart-Layouts 229
Layoutviewports 230
Insertatitleblock 231
vii
Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section I: Working in 3-D
Chapter 1: Introduction
Modelingin3-Distheprocessofcreatingamathematicalrepresentationofanobject'ssurfaces.Theresulting
modelisdisplayedonyourscreenasatwo-dimensionalimage.Rhinoprovidestoolsforcreating,displaying,
andmanipulatingthesesurfaces.
Menu (1)
ThemenusgroupRhinocommandsbyfunction.
History window (2)
Thecommandhistorywindowdisplaysthepreviouscommandsandprompts.
Command prompt (3)
Thecommandpromptdisplayspromptsforthecurrentcommandactions,optionsforthecommandthat
youcanclick,andallowstypingcommandnamesandoptions.
Toolbars (4)
Toolbarscontaingraphicaliconbuttonsforinitiatingcommands.Manytoolbariconbuttonshaveasecond
commandthatyoucanaccessbyright-clickingthebutton.Thetooltipthatappearswhenyouhoverover
thebuttontellsyouwhattheleftandrightmousebuttondo.
3
Chapter 1: Introduction
Viewports (5)
ViewportsdisplaytheRhinoworkingenvironment.
Panels (6)
Tabbedpanelscontainslayers,properties,andothersettings.
Rhino commands
Rhinoisacommand drivenprogram.Inotherwords,allactionsareactivatedbynamedcommandssuchas
Line,Box,orCurvatureAnalysis.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
Commandsareaccessedthroughthemenus,orthetoolbars,orbytypingthecommandname.Inthenext
sections,youwillexploreusingthesemethods.Youmayfindonemethodeasierthananother.Thechoiceis
yours,andthereisn opreferenceforonemethodoveranother.
Intheexercises,youwilluseRhinoscommands,navigationtools,shadedmodes,render,andusesomebasic
objectmanipulation.
Tip:Tocancelacommandanytime,presstheEsckey.
4
Chapter 1: Introduction
2. AttheRadiusprompt,intheTopviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawtheconesbase.
3. AttheEnd of coneprompt,intheFrontviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawthecones
point.
5
Chapter 1: Introduction
4. WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
6
Chapter 1: Introduction
3. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheFrontviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
4. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheRightviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
7
Chapter 1: Introduction
5. Right-click,pressEnterorpressthespacebartocompletethecurve.
6. CheckoutthePerspectiveviewport.
8
Chapter 1: Introduction
2. AttheRadiusprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,movethemouseawayfromthecenterpoint,
andclickthemousetodrawthesphereandclick.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickthedown-arrowontheviewport title,andonthemenu,click
Shaded.
Undo a mistake
Ifyoudidsomethingyoudidnotwanttodo,youcanundoyouractions.
Undo a command
4 OntheEditmenu,clickUndo,orpresstheCtrl and Zkeys.
Youcanundoaseriesofcommands.
YoucanalsoRedotheUndoifyougotoofar.
Redo commands
4 OntheEditmenu,clickRedo,orpresstheCtrl and Ykeys.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Command options
Commandoptionschangehowacommandacts.Forexample,whenyoudrawacircle,thecircleisnormally
drawnontheactiveconstructionplane.TheCirclecommandhasseveraloptionsincludingVerticaland
AroundCurve.Commandoptionsappearinparenthesesattheprompt.
Touseacommandoption,clicktheoptionname,ortypetheunderlinedletteroftheoptionorthewholeoption
name.
Note:Somecommands,suchasUndoandDeletedonotrepeat.Instead,the
commandpriortothesecommandsisrepeated.Thispreventsyoufromaccidentally
undoingtoomanycommandsordeletingobjectsaccidentally.
Inaddition,youoftenwanttorepeatthecommandyouwereusingbeforeundoinga
mistake.Youcandefinethelistofcommandsthatdonotrepeattosuityourownway
ofworking.
10
Chapter 1: Introduction
Tip:Formoreinformationaboutthemathematicalprinciplesinvolvedin3-Dmodeling,
see:www.mathopenref.com.
11
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
ThefundamentalgeometricobjectsinRhinoarepoints,curves,surfaces,polysurfaces,extrusionobjects,and
polygonmeshobjects.
Points
Pointobjectsmarkasinglepointin3-Dspace.TheyarethesimplestobjectsinRhino.Pointscanbeplaced
anywhereinspace.Pointsaremostoftenusedasplaceholders.
13
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Curves
ARhinocurveissimilartoapieceofwire.Itcanbestraightorwiggled,andcanbeopenorclosed.
Apolycurveisseveralcurvesegmentsjoinedtogetherendtoend.
Rhinoprovidesmanytoolsfordrawingcurves.Youcandrawstraightlines,polylinesthatconsistofconnected
linesegments,arcs,circles,polygons,ellipses,helices,andspirals.
Youcanalsodrawcurvesusingcurvecontrol pointsanddrawcurvesthatpassthroughselectedpoints.
CurvesinRhinoincludelines,arcs,circles,free-formcurves,andcombinationsofthese.Curvescanbeopenor
closed,planarornon-planar.
Surfaces
Asurfaceislikearectangularstretchyrubbersheet.TheNURBSformcanrepresentsimpleshapes,suchas
planesandcylinders,aswellasfree-form,sculpturedsurfaces.
AllsurfacecreationcommandsinRhinoresultinthesameobject:aNURBSsurface.Rhinohasmanytoolsfor
constructingsurfacesdirectlyorfromexistingcurves.
AllNURBSsurfaceshaveaninherentlyrectangularorganization.
14
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Evenaclosedsurfacesuchasacylinderislikearectangularpieceofpaperthathasbeenrolledupsotwo
oppositeedgesaretouching.Theplacewheretheedgescometogetheriscalledtheseam.Ifasurfacedoesnot
havearectangularshape,eitherithasbeentrimmedorthecontrolpointsontheedgeshavebeenmoved.
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Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Theshapeofasurfaceisstilldefinedbyasetofcontrolpointsarrangedinarectangularpattern.
Sinceitcanbeimportantforyoutoknowifasurfaceistrimmed,thePropertiescommandliststhetrimmed
oruntrimmedstateofthesurface.SomeRhinocommandsworkonlywithuntrimmedsurfacesandsome
softwaredoesnotimporttrimmedNURBSsurfaces.
Trimmingcurveslieontheunderlyingsurface.Thissurfacemaybelargerthanthetrimcurves,butyouwill
notseetheunderlyingsurfacebecauseRhinodoesnotdrawthepartofthesurfacethatisoutsidethetrim
curves.Everytrimmedsurfaceretainsinformationaboutitsunderlyingsurfacegeometry.Youcanremovethe
trimmingcurveboundariestomakethesurfaceuntrimmedwiththeUntrimcommand.
Ifyouhaveatrimcurvethatrunsacrossasurface,thetrimcurveitselfdoesnothaveanyrealrelationshipto
thecontrolpointstructureofthesurface.Youcanseethisifyouselectsuchatrimmedsurfaceandturnits
controlpointson.Youwillseethecontrolpointsforthewholeunderlyingsurface.
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Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Ifyoucreateasurfacefromaplanarcurve,itcanbeatrimmedsurface.Theillustratedsurfacewascreated
fromacircle.Thecontrolpointsdisplayshowstherectangularstructureofthesurface.
TheUntrimcommandremovesthetrimmingcurvefromthesurfacetogetbacktotheunderlyinguntrimmed
rectangularsurface.
17
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Polysurfaces
Apolysurfaceconsistsoftwoormoresurfacesthatarejoinedtogether.Apolysurfacethatenclosesavolumeof
spacedefinesasolid.
Solids
Asolidisasurfaceorpolysurfacethatenclosesavolume.Solidsarecreatedanytimeasurfaceorpolysurfaceis
completelyclosed.Rhinocreatessingle-surfacesolids,polysurfacesolids,andextrusionsolids.
Asinglesurfacecanwraparoundandjoinitself.ExamplecommandsincludeSphere,Torus,andEllipsoid.
Controlpointscanbedisplayedonsingle-surfacesolidsandmovedtochangethesurface.
SomeRhinocommandscreatepolysurfacesolids.Pyramid,Cone,andTConeareexamplesofcommands
thatcreatepolysurfacesolids.
TheSolidPtOncommandturnsongrippointsforpolysurfaces,whichactlikecontrolpoints.
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Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Note:ThereisnoeasywaytoconvertameshmodelintoaNURBSmodel.The
informationthatdefinestheobjectsiscompletelydifferent.
However,Rhinohasafewcommandsfordrawingcurvesonmeshesandextracting
vertexpointsandotherinformationfrommeshobjectstoassistinusingmesh
informationtocreateNURBSmodels.
19
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
MostoperationsyouwilldoinRhinorequireyoutoselectoneormoreobjects.Objectscanbeselectedby
clickinganywhereontheobject.Clickawayfromtheobjecttodeselectit.Thismethodletsyouselectone
objectatatime.
3. HoldtheShiftkeyandselectthecylinder.
Thecylinderisaddedtotheselection.
21
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
4. HoldtheCtrlkeyandclickthesphereagain.
Thesphereisremovedfromtheselection.
5. Clickawayfromtheobjects,orpresstheEsckey.
Theselectioniscanceled.
22
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheShiftkeythenclickanddragawindowaroundtheboxand
thecylinder.
Thecylinderandboxareaddedtotheselection.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheCtrlkeythenclickanddragacrossingovertheboxand
cylinder.
Thecylinderandboxareremovedfromtheselection.
23
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
2. TypeSelNone.
Thisclearstheobjectsfromtheselection.
24
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
3. TypeSelSrf.
Thisselectsallsurfaces.Inthiscase,onlythesphereisasurface.
4. TypeSelPolysurface.
Thisaddsallpolysurfacestotheselection.Inthiscase,thecylinderandboxarepolysurfaces.
5. PresstheEsckey.
Thisalsoclearstheselection.
Sub-object selection
Toselectpartsofobjectsforusewithothercommands,pressandholdboththeCtrlandShiftkeysatthe
sametimeandclickanobjectpart.Theavailablepartsincludepolysurfacefaces;surfaceandpolysurfaceedge
curves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;andobjectswithinagroup.Reviewthe
helptopicforSub-object selection.
25
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
2. PresstheDeletekey.
Thefaceoftheboxisseparatedfromtheboxsolidanddeleted.
26
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsformanipulatingtheviewport.
4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
Viewport projection
Viewportscanhaveoneofthreeprojections:parallel,perspectiveortwo-pointperspective.
Rightmousenavigationworksdifferentlyinthetwoviewportstyles.Inparallelviews,rightmousedragging
panstheview.Inperspectiveviews,right-mousedraggingrotatestheview.Intheusualfour-viewportlayout,
therearethreeparallelviewportsandoneperspectiveviewport.
Parallel
Parallelviewsarealsocalledorthogonalviewsinsomesystems.Inaparallelview,allthegridlinesare
paralleltoeachother,andidenticalobjectslookthesamesize,regardlessofwheretheyareinspace.
Perspective
Inaperspectiveview,gridlinesconvergetoavanishingpoint.Thisprovidestheillusionofdepthinthe
viewport.Perspectiveprojectionmakesobjectsfartherawaylooksmaller.
Viewport navigation
Rhinoseasynavigationhelpsyoutovisualizeyourmodel.
Thesimplestwaytochangetheviewistodragthemousewithrightbuttonhelddown.Thispanstheviewin
parallelviewsandrotatestheviewinperspectiveviews.
Youcanchangeyourviewinthemiddleofacommandtoseepreciselywhereyouwanttoselectanobjector
chooseapoint.
Tozoominandout,holddowntheCtrlkeyanddragupanddownwiththerightmousebuttonhelddown.If
youhaveamousewithawheel,usethewheeltozoominandout.
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Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Mouse navigation
Workingin3-Donacomputerrequiresvisualizingthree-dimensionalobjectsdrawnonatwo-dimensional
mediumthecomputerscreen.Rhinoprovidestoolstohelpdothis.
Dragwiththerightmousebuttontoeasilymanipulatetheviewstolookmodelfromvariousangles.Usethe
rightmousebuttonviewmanipulationsinbothwireframeandshadedviews.
To pan in a viewport
4 IntheTopviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntopantheview.
Restore a view
Ifyougetlost,thereareseveralwaystogetyourselfreoriented:
4 PresstheHomekeytostepbackthroughyourviewchanges.
4 PresstheEndkeytostepforwardthroughyourviewchanges.
4 Tosetyourviewsoyouarelookingstraightdownontheconstructionplane,usethePlancommand.
4 Tobringallyourobjectsintoview,usetheZoomcommandExtentsoption.
28
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Wireframe
InWireframemode,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curves
orisocurves.
Isocurvesdonotdefinethesurfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaid.
Shaded
Theshadedmodes,(forexample,Shaded,Rendered,Artistic,andPen)displaysurfacesandsolidswiththe
surfacesshadedusingtheirlayer,object,orcustomcolor.Youcanworkinanyoftheshadedmodes.The
surfacesareopaqueortransparent.
29
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Rotateyourviewbyholdingdowntherightmousebuttonanddraggingfromthebottomoftheview
towardthetop.
Youarenowundertheobjectslookingup.
Theconstructionplanegridhelpsyoustayoriented.Iftheobjectsarebehindthegrid,youarelooking
atthebottomoftheconstructionplane.
2. PresstheHomekeytoundoyourviewchanges.
Rendered
Renderedmodeshowstheobjectswithlightingandrendermaterialsapplied.
30
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Viewport title
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsforviewportcontrol.
4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.
Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Thecursorcanalwaysmovefreelyinspace,butchancesare,youwillwanttorelateyourmodelingelementsto
theconstructionplanegrid,existingobjects,orcoordinatesinspace.Youcanrestrictthecursorsmovementto
thegrid,enterspecificdistancesandanglesfromapoint,snaptospecificlocationsonexistingobjects,and
enterCartesiancoordinatestolocatepointsin2-Dor3-Dspace.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Orthoisactiveafterthefirstpointforacommand.Forexample,afterpickingthefirstpointforaline,the
secondpointisconstrainedtotheorthoangle.
4 Clickacheckboxtoturnonanobjectsnap.
4 Rightclickacheckboxtoturnanobjectsnaponandturnoffallotherobjectsnaps.
4 Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthecursornearaneligiblepointonanobjectcausesthe
markertojumptothatpointandatooltiptoappear.
ThebuttonsontheOsnaptoolbarallowsingle-useoverridesforthepersistentobjectsnaps.
34
Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
To turn on one object snap and turn all others off with one click
4 IntheOsnaptoolbar,right-clicktheobjectsnapyouwanttoturnon.
Cursor constraints
Whenenteringpoints,youcanconstrainthemarkertoadistanceoranglefromthepreviouspoint.Onceyou
havesetthedistance,dragthelinearoundtoanyangle.Youcanalsousefurthersnapstopointthelineina
specificdirection.
Distance constraint
Duringanycommandthatrequirestwopoints,suchastheLinecommand,placethefirstpoint.Thenatthe
nextprompt,typeadistanceandpressEnter.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtothespecifieddistancefromthepreviouspoint.Dragthecursoraroundthe
firstpointandthenpickapoint.
Angle constraint
Angleconstraintissimilartoortho,butyoucansetanyangleanditisaone-timesetting.
The<symbolisusedbecauseitissimilartothesymbolusedingeometrytoindicateanangle.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtolinesradiatingfromthepreviouspointseparatedbythespecifiedangle,
wherethefirstlineisthespecifiedn umberofdegreescounterclockwisefromthex-axis.Ifyouenteranegative
number,theanglewillbeclockwisefromthex-axis.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Elevator mode
Pickasecondpointtospecifythez-coordinateofthedesiredpoint.Itiseasiesttoseethisinadifferent
viewportorusethePerspectiveviewport.Dragthemousecursoraroundtoseethemarkermovevertically
fromthebasepointalongthetrackingline.
Pickthepointwiththemouseortypetheheightabovetheconstructionplane.Positivenumbersareabovethe
constructionplane;negativenumbersarebelowit.Youcanusefurtherconstraintslikecoordinates,object
snapsorgridsnapforthefirstpoint,andyoucanuseobjectsnapsfortheheight.
Tomovethemarkerintheconstructionplanez-direction,holdtheCtrlkeyandclickapointonthe
constructionplane,andthendragverticallyfromtheconstructionplaneandclicktopickapoint.This
constraintiscalledelevatormode.Usingelevatormodetomoveyourpickpointverticallyfromthe
constructionplaneletsyouworkmoreinthePerspectiveviewport.
SmartTrack
SmartTrackisasystemoftemporaryreferencelinesandpointsthatisdrawnintheRhinoviewportusing
implicitrelationshipsamongvarious3-Dpoints,othergeometryinspace,andthecoordinateaxesdirections.
Temporaryinfinitelines(trackinglines)andpoints(smartpoints)areavailabletoobjectsnapsverymuchlike
reallinesandpoints.
36
Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Youcansnaptointersectionsofthetrackinglines,perpendiculars,anddirectlytosmartpointsaswellas
intersectionsoftrackinglinesandrealcurves.Thetrackinglinesandsmartpointsaredisplayedforthe
durationofacommand.
Coordinate systems
Rhinousestwocoordinatesystems:constructionplanecoordinatesandworldcoordinates.Worldcoordinates
arefixedinspace.Constructionplanecoordinatesaredefinedforeachviewport.
Cartesian coordinates
WhenRhinopromptsyouforapoint,ifyoutypexandyCartesiancoordinates,thepointwilllieonthe
constructionplaneofthecurrentviewport.Formoreinformationaboutcoordinatesystemsandnumeric
constraints,seewww.mathopenref.com/coordinates.
Right-hand rule
Rhinofollowswhatiscalledtheright-hand rule.Theright-handrulecanhelpyoudeterminethedirectionof
thez-axis.Formarightanglewiththethumbandforefingerofyourrighthand.Whenyourthumbpointsin
thepositivex-direction,yourforefingerpointsinthepositivey-direction,andthepalmofyourhandfacesin
thepositivez-direction.
World coordinates
Rhinocontainsoneworldcoordinatesystem.Theworldcoordinatesystemcannotbechanged.WhenRhino
promptsyouforapoint,youcantypecoordinatesintheworldcoordinatesystem.
Thearrowiconinthelowerleftcornerofeachviewportdisplaysthedirectionoftheworldx-,y-,andz-axes.
Thearrowsmovetoshowtheorientationoftheworldaxeswhenyourotateaview.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Theconstructionplanerepresentsthelocalcoordinatesystemfortheviewportandcanbedifferentfromthe
worldcoordinatesystem.
Rhinosstandardviewportscomewithconstructionplanesthatcorrespondtotheviewport.Thedefault
Perspectiveviewport,however,usestheworldTopconstructionplane,whichisthesameconstructionplane
thatisusedintheTopviewport.
Thegridliesontheconstructionplane.Thedarkredlinerepresentstheconstructionplanex-axis.Thedark
greenlinerepresentstheconstructionplaney-axis.Theredandgreenlinesmeetattheconstructionplane
origin.
Tochangethedirectionandoriginofaconstructionplane,usetheCPlanecommand.Presetconstruction
planes(WorldTop,Right,andFront)giveyouquickaccesstocommonconstructionplanes.Inaddition,you
cansaveandrestorenamedconstructionplanesandimportnamedconstructionplanesfromanotherRhino
file.
NoteIfyouenteronlyx-andy-coordinates,thepointwilllieontheconstruction
plane.
38
Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Relative coordinates
Rhinoremembersthelastpointused,soyoucanenterthenextpointrelativetoit.Relativecoordinatesare
usefulforenteringalistofpointswheretherelativelocationsinsteadofabsolutelocationsofthepointsare
known.Userelativecoordinatestolocatepointsaccordingtotheirrelationshiptothepreviousactivepoint.
For example
1. StarttheLinecommand.
2. AttheStart of lineprompt,clicktoplacethefirstendoftheline.
3. AttheEnd of lineprompt,typer2,3,andpressEnter.
Thelineisdrawntoapoint2unitsinthex-directionand3unitsinthey-directionfromthelastpoint.
39
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Acommonwayofworkingin3-Distodrawcurvesthatrepresentedges,profiles,cross-sections,orother
surfacefeaturesandthentousesurfacingcommandstocreatesurfacesfromthosecurves.
Edge curves
Youcancreateasurfacefromthreeorfourcurvesthatformthesidesofthesurface.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheEdgeSrf
command.
3. Selectthefourcurves.
Objectschangetoyellowwhenyouselectthem.
Asurfaceiscreatedfromthecurvesthatformitsedges.
41
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Extrude curves
Extrudingcreatessurfacesbytracingthepathofacurveinastraightline.
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
ExtrudeCrvcommand.
3. Selectthecurve(1).
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,dragadistancewithyourmouseandclick.
42
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
43
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Loft curves
Loftingcreatesasmoothsurfacethatblendsbetweenselectedshapecurves.Thissurfacelookssimilartothe
Sweepacurvewithtworailsexample,butiscreatedwithoutrailcurves.Instead,theedgesofthesurfaceare
createdbyfittingsmoothcurvesthroughtheshapecurves.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheLoft
command.
3. Selectthethreecurves(1),(2),and(3),andpressEnter.
4. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.
5. TrysomeoftheStyleoptionsandthenclickPreviewtoseethevariousloftstyles.
44
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Revolve curves
Revolvingacurvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurveaboutanaxis.Thisissometimescalledlathing.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRevolve
command.
5. Selecttheprofile curve(1)andpressEnter.
45
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
8. AttheStart angle...prompt,selecttheFullCircleoption.
46
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
RailRevolvecommand.
3. Selecttheprofilecurve(1).
47
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
48
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
Sweep1command.
3. Selecttherailcurve(1).
49
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
50
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
Sweep2command.
3. Selectthefirstrailcurve(1).
4. AttheSelect second rail...prompt,selectthesecondrailcurve(2).
51
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
52
Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Theeditingoperationsinthissectionbreakobjectsapart,cutholesinthem,andputthembacktogether.
Someofthesecommandsconnectcurvestocurvesorsurfacestosurfacesorpolysurfacesandbreaka
compositecurveorpolysurfaceintoitscomponents.
Thecommands:Join,Explode,Trim,andSplitapplytocurves,surfaces,andpolysurfaces.
TheRebuild,ChangeDegree,andSmoothcommandsaltertheshapeofacurveorsurfacebychangingits
underlyingcontrolpointstructure.
Inaddition,objectshavepropertiesthatareassignedtothemsuchascolor,layer,renderingmaterial,and
otherattributesdependingontheobject.ThePropertiescommandmanagestheseproperties.
Join
TheJoincommandconnectscurvesorsurfacestogetherintooneobject.Forexample,apolycurvecanconsist
ofstraight-linesegments,arcs,polylines,andfree-formcurves.TheJoincommandalsoconnectsadjacent
surfacesintoapolysurface.
Explode
TheExplodecommandremovestheconnectionbetweenjoinedcurvesorsurfaces.Forpolysurfaces,thisis
usefulifyouwanttoediteachindividualsurfacewithcontrolpoints.
Control-point editing
Youcanmakesubtlechangesintheshapeofacurveorsurfacebymovingthelocationofitscontrolpoints.
Rhinooffersmanytoolsforeditingcontrolpoints.SomecommandssuchasRebuild,Fair,andSmoothoffer
someautomatedsolutionsforredistributingcontrolpointsoveracurveorsurface.Othercommands,suchas
controlpointdraggingandnudging,MoveUVN,andHBarletyoumanuallycontrolthelocationofindividualor
groupsofcontrolpoints.
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Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Controlpointsofpolysurfacescannotbeturnedonforediting.Editingthecontrolpointsofpolysurfacescould
separatetheedgesofthejoinedsurfacescreatingleaksinthepolysurface.
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Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Adegree-2curvemusthaveatleastthreecontrolpoints.
Aparabola,hyperbola,arc,andcircle(conicsectioncurves)havedegreelessthan2.Theyhaveonebend.
Adegree-3curvemusthaveatleastfourcontrolpoints.
AcubicBzierhasdegreelessthan3Ifyouarrangeitscontrolpointsinazig-zagshape,youcangettwobends.
55
Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Transformschangethelocation,rotation,numberandshapeofwholeobjectsbymoving,mirroring,arraying,
rotating,scaling,shearing,twisting,bending,andtapering.Thetransformcommandsdonotbreaktheobjects
intopiecesorcutholesinthem.
Note:Forallofthefollowingexercises,theimageswerecapturedusingShadedmode
display.
Move
UsetheMovecommandwhenyouwanttomoveanobjectacertaindistanceorifyouwanttouseobject
snapstoplaceanobjectaccurately.
3. Selectthesphere.
4. StarttheMovecommand.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Tip:Simplytyping0isashortcutforthecoordinates0,0,0.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktheconeatthebottomedgeandpauseuntiltheCenobjectsnap
tooltipdisplays.
4. Dragtheconeuntilthecenterofthecone'sbaselinesupwiththetopsurfaceofthecylinderandthe
Cenobjectsnapforthecylinder'stopfacedisplays.
5. Releasethemousebuttontoplacethecone.
6. IntheFrontviewport,dragtheconetothetopofthecylinder.
WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
Therearemanytimeswhenyouhavetowatchwhatishappeninginotherviewportstoaccurately
placeyourobjects.
Elevator mode
YoucanpresstheCtrlkeytomoveobjectsinthez-direction.Thisiscalledelevator mode.Elevator modeis
likeOrtho,exceptthemovementisverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane.
TopracticeusingtheCtrlkeytomovevertically,youaregoingtomovetheboxtoalocation5unitsabovethe
centerofthesphere.UsingelevatormodetomoveobjectsverticallyletsyouworkmoreinthePerspective
viewport.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
1. TurnOrtho off.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMove.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,rotatetheviewsothesphereistowardthefront,andselectthebox.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
6. ReleasethemousebuttonandtheCtrlkeyandstarttodragthebox.
Theboxcannowmoveonlyupanddowninthez-direction.
7. Atthecommandprompt,type5.
Theboxwillbeplacedwiththeselectedcorner5unitsinthez-directionfromthecenterofthe
sphere.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Copy
TheCopycommandmakescopiesofobjects.
SometransformcommandslikeRotate,Rotate3D,andScalehaveaCopyoption.Thisletsyoucreateacopy
oftheobjectasyourotateorscaleit.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Rotate
TheRotatecommandrotatesanobjectinrelationtotheconstructionplanearoundacenterpoint.
Rotate an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelRotate-Scale.3dm.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickRotate.
3. IntheTopviewport,selectthegreenhalf-cylinderasshownintheillustrationbelow.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
4. AttheCenter of rotation...prompt,withtheEndobjectsnapon,clickthelowerleftcornerofthe
box.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
7. Dragthecursoruptorotatetheboxasshownintheillustrationbelow,andclick.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Scale
TheScalecommandsgiveyoucontroloverthedirectionofthescale.Youcanre-sizeobjectsuniformlyinone,
two,orthreedirections,orscaleanobjectwithadifferentscalefactorineachdirection.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickScale,andthenclickScale 3-D.
3. AttheOrigin point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownintheillustrationbelow.
Theoriginpointisthebasepointfromwhichtheobjectwillbescaled.Itislikeananchorpoint.The
objectwillgroworshrinkaroundthispoint.
Toscaleanobject,youmustfirstshowanoriginalsize,andthenshowanewsize.Dragthecursor
andclickanotherpointontheobjecttoshowtheoriginalsize,andthendragthecursorandclick
againtoshowthenewsize.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Mirror
Inthisexercise,youaregoingtopracticeanotherbasiceditingcommand:Mirror.TheMirrorcommand
makesareverse-imagecopyoftheobject.Objectsaremirroredacrossalinethatyoudrawinaviewport.
Mirror an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelMirror Objects.3dm.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
3. Onthestatusbar,turnOrtho on.
4. Selecttheobject.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Array
TheArraycommandscopyobjectsintoevenlyspacedrowsandcolumnsoraroundacircle.
Orient
TheOrientcommandscombinemoveorcopy,scale,androtateoperationstohelpyoupositionandsize
objectsinonecommand.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
SinceRhinoisamathematicallyaccurateNURBSmodeler,toolsthatprovideaccurateinformationaboutthe
objectsareprovided.
TheDir commandalsodisplayssurfaceu-,v-,andnormaldirection.Surfacenormalsarerepresentedby
arrowsperpendiculartothesurface,andtheu-andv-directionsareindicatedbyarrowspointingalongthe
surface.Closedsurfacesalwayshavethesurfacenormalspointingtotheexterior.
TheDir commandcanchangetheu-,v-,andnormal-directionsofasurface.Thisdirectioncanbeimportantif
youareapplyingtexturestothesurface.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature
Curveanalysistoolsletyouturnonagraphshowingthedirectionperpendiculartothecurveatapointandthe
amountofcurvature,displayacurvaturecircle,testthecontinuitybetweentwocurvesandtheintervalsof
overlapbetweenthetwocurves.
TheCurvatureGraphcommanddisplaysacurvaturegraphoncurvesandsurfaces.Thelinesonthegraph
representadirectionperpendiculartothecurveatthatpoint.Thelengthofthelineindicatesthecurvature.
Environment map
TheEMapcommanddisplaysabitmapontheobjectsoitlookslikeasceneisbeingreflectedbyahighly
polishedmetal.Thistoolhelpsyoufindsurfacedefectsandvalidateyourdesignintent.
Thefluorescenttubeenvironmentmapsimulatestubelightsshiningonareflectivemetalsurface.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature analysis
TheCurvatureAnalysiscommandanalyzessurfacecurvatureusingfalse-colormapping.Itanalyzes
Gaussiancurvature,meancurvature,minimumradiusofcurvature,andmaximumradiusofcurvature.
Zebra analysis
TheZebracommanddisplayssurfaceswithreflectedstripes.Thisisawaytovisuallycheckforsurfacedefects
andfortangencyandcurvaturecontinuityconditionsbetweensurfaces.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Edge evaluation
GeometryproblemssuchasBooleanorjoinfailurescanbecausedbyedgesonsurfacesthathavebecome
brokenoredgesbetweensurfacesthathavebeenmovedthroughpointeditingsotheycreateholes.Anedgeis
aseparateobjectthatispartofthesurfacesboundaryrepresentation.
TheShowEdgescommandhighlightsalltheedgesofthesurface.
Apolysurfacemaylookclosed,butthePropertiescommandmaytellyouthatitisopen.Someoperationsand
exportfeaturesrequireclosedpolysurfaces,andamodelusingclosedpolysurfacesisgenerallyhigherquality
thanonewithsmallcracksandslivers.
Rhinoprovidesatoolforfindingtheunjoinedornakededges.Whenasurfaceisnotjoinedtoanother
surface,ithasnakededges.UsePropertiescommandtoexaminetheobjectdetails.Apolysurfacethathas
nakededgeslistsasanopenpolysurface.UsetheShowEdgescommandtodisplaytheunjoinededges.
Otheredgetoolsletyousplitanedge,mergeedgesthatmeetend-to-end,orforcesurfaceswithnakededges
tojoin.Youcanrebuildedgesbasedoninternaltolerances.Otheredgetoolsinclude:
SplitEdgesplitsanedgeatapoint.
MergeEdgemergesedgesthatmeetendtoend.
JoinEdgeforcesunjoined(naked)edgestojoinnearbysurfaces.
RebuildEdgesredistributesedgecontrolpointsbasedoninternaltolerances.
Diagnostics
Diagnostictoolsreportonanobjectsinternaldatastructureandselectobjectsthatmayneedrepair.The
outputfromtheList,Check,SelBadObjects,andAudit3dmFilecommandsisnormallymostusefultoa
Rhinoprogrammertodiagnoseproblemswithsurfacesthatarecausingerrors.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Rhinooffersaidstoorganizingyourwork:
Layers
Groups
Blocks
Worksessions
Eachmethodoffersadifferentapproachtomodelorganization.Usinglayersletsyouassignalayerdesignation
toobjects.Groupsassociateobjectssotheycanbeselectedasone.Blocksletyoustoreandupdatean
associationofobjects.Worksessionsletyouworkonapartofaprojectwhileusingothermodelsintheproject
asreferences.
Rhinoalsoprovidestheabilitytoaddnotationtoyourmodel.Theseappearasobjectsinthemodel.
Dimensions
Leaders
Textblocks
Adifferentformofnotationalwaysdisplaysfacingtowardstheviewplane.
Annotationdots
Arrowheads
Inaddition,youcanaddNotestothemodel.Notesdonotappearinthemodel,butdisplayinaseparate
window.
Layers
Layersareawayofgroupingobjectsandapplyingcertaincharacteristicstoallobjectsthathavethatlayer
assignment.Therearetwomentalmodelsyoucanusewhenyouthinkoflayerstheycanbethoughtof
eitherasastoragelocationfortheobjectsorasawaytoassignasetofcharacteristicsorpropertiesto
objects.
Layerstatesincludealayername,thecolorusedtodisplaytheobjects,andtheon/offandlocked/unlocked
statusofalltheobjectsonalayer.Objectsonlayersthatareoffarenotvisibleinthemodel.Objectsonlocked
layerscannotbeselectedbutcanbesnappedto.Objectsarealwayscreatedonthecurrentlayer.Thislayer
assignmentcanbechangedlater.
Toaccomplishthemostcommontasksrelatedtolayers,clicktheLayerpaneinthestatusbartodisplaythe
popuplayerlist.Youcansetthecurrentlayer;changetheon/off,locked/unlockedstate;andthelayercolor.In
addition,right-clickthelayernametocreateanewlayer,renamealayer,deletetheselectedlayer,select
objectsontheselectedlayer,changeobjectstotheselectedlayer,andcopyobjectstotheselectedlayer.
AccomplishmoredetailedlayermanagementwiththeLayerspanel.Right-clicktheLayer panetoopenthe
Layerspanel.TheLayerspanelsetsthecurrentlayer,locksandunlockslayers,turnslayersonandoff,
changesthelayercolorandsetsthelayerrendermaterial.Youcancreatenewlayers,deletelayers,move
layersupordowninthelayerlist,filterthelayerlist,setthecurrentlayertomatchanobjectinthemodel,
changeobjectstoaselectedlayer,selectalllayers,andinverttheselection.
TheSelLayercommandselectsallobjectsonalayer.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Groups
Agroupisacollectionofobjectsthatselectasoneformoving,copying,rotating,orothertransformsand
applyingpropertiessuchasobjectcolor.Groupingobjectsassignsagroupnametoeachobjectthatisdisplayed
asapartofitsproperties.Objectswiththesamegroupnamebelongtothesamegroup.
Groupgroupsobjectsforselection.Agroupcancontainoneormoresub-groups.
Ungroupdestroysthegroup.
SetGroupNamechangesthenameassignedbydefault.Namingdifferentgroupstothesamename
combinesthosegroupsintoone.
AddToGroupandRemoveFromGroupaddandremoveobjectsfromgroups.
SelGroupselectsgroupsbyname.
Blocks
Ablockisanotherwayofassociatingobjectstogethertoformasingleobject.TheBlockcommandcreatesa
blockdefinitioninthecurrentmodel.TheInsertcommandplacesinstancesofthisblockdefinitioninyour
model.Youcanscale,copy,rotate,array,andotherwisetransformblockinstancesinthemodel.Ifyoueditthe
blockdefinition,allinstancesoftheblockarechangedtothisnewdefinition.Blockscanstreamlinemodeling,
reducemodelsize,andpromotestandardizationofpartsanddetails.
Multipleinstancesofablockcanbelocated,scaled,androtatedintoamodelwiththeInsertcommand.Block
definitionsarecreatedwiththeBlockorInsertcommand.Materialsandotherobjectpropertiesonblock
instancesaredeterminedbythecomponentobjects.
Explodingablockinstanceplacestheblockgeometryusingtheinstancelocation,scale,androtation.To
redefineablock,usetheBlockEditcommand,toeditthegeometry.
TheBlockManagercommanddisplaysadialogboxthatlistsalltheblockdefinitionsinthemodel.Usethe
Block Managerdialogboxtoviewblockproperties,exportablockdefinitiontoafile,deleteablockdefinition
andallitsinstances,updateablockdefinitionfromafile,findoutwhatblocksarenestedinotherblocks,and
countthenumberofblockinstancesinthemodel.
Worksessions
TheWorksessioncommandletsmanyusersworkonalargeprojectbymanagingmanyfiles.Eachusercan
editadifferentfileintheprojectandatthesametimeseetherelatedportionsoftheproject.Byrefreshingas
needed,eachusercanseethecurrentversionoftherelatedfilesintheprojects.Onlyoneusercanhaveafile
openforediting,butmanyuserscanseeit.
Rhinoworksessionsletyouattachexternalfilestoyourcurrentworkenvironment.Attachedgeometrycannot
beedited(Move,Scale),butitcanbeusedforinputtocreationcommands(Copy,ExtrudeCrv).
Dimensions
Youcandimensionobjectsinyourmodel,withyourchoiceoffont,unitsdisplay,decimalprecision,textand
arrowsize,andtextalignment.Afterdimensionsareplaced,youcanselectalldimensions,editdimensiontext,
turncontrolpointsontomovedimensionelements,anddeletedimensions.Youcanplacehorizontal,vertical,
aligned,rotated,radial,diameter,andangledimensions,textblocks,leaders,andcreatea2-Dhiddenline
drawing.
Dimensionsarenotassociative.Changingyourgeometrywillnotupdatethedimensionunlessthedimension
wasdrawnwithhistoryenabled.Changingthedimensionwillnotupdateyourgeometry.
TheDimcommandplaceshorizontalandverticaldimensionsdependingonthedirectionyoupickthepoints.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Dimensionsarecreatedusingthecurrentdimensionstyle.Createnewdimensionstylestocontroltextsize
andfont,andotherdimensionproperties.UsethesettingsintheDocument Propertieswindowtocreate
newstylesandsetthepropertiesofexistingstyles.
Text
TheTextcommandplacesannotationtextinyourmodel.
Leaders
TheLeadercommanddrawsanarrowleader.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Dots
TheDotcommandplacesatextdot.
Dotsarealwaysparalleltotheview.Dotsaredisplayedinthelayercolor.Dotsizeisconstantonthescreen.As
youzoominandout,thedotdisplaysthesamesize.
Notes
TheNotescommandprovidesameansofstoringtextinformationinyourmodelfile.Youcantypeinformation
directlyintotheNotestextbox.IfyouleavetheNotes boxdisplayedwhenyouclosethemodelfile,itwill
displaythenexttimethefileisopened.
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Chapter 11: Render
Inadditiontoshadedpreviews,Rhinoprovidesfull-colorrenderingwithlights,transparency,shadows,
textures,andbumpmapping.
Objectswillrenderwhiteuntilyouaddrendercolor,highlight,texture,transparency,andbumps.These
attributesarecontrolledthroughthePropertiespanel,Materialpage.
Theprocessneededtorenderscenesconsistsoffourbasicsteps:
Addlighting
Assignmaterials
Setuptheenvironmentandgroundplane
Render
Althoughthestepsdonothavetobedoneinthisorder,usingthismethodseemstomakesettingupascene
moreefficient.Toimprovequality,repeatthesestepsuntiltheimagelooksrighttoyou.
Lights
IneveryRhinorenderingtherearelightsourcesthatRhinousestocalculatehowtheobjectsaretobe
illuminated.Ifyoudonotaddanylightsourcestoyourscene,thedefaultlightisused.Thedefaultlightisa
directionallightwithparallelraysthatactsasthoughyouhavealampshiningoveryourleftshoulder.
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Chapter 11: Render
Materials
Materialsspecifythecolor,finish,transparency,texture,andbumpforusebytherenderer.
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Chapter 11: Render
Environment
Environmentsdescribethespacearoundthemodel.Thisspaceisreflectedinobjectsandcanprovideoverall
lighting.
Ground Plane
Thegroundplaneprovidesaninfinitehorizontalplatformfortheimagethatstretchestothehorizoninall
directionspositionedatadefinedelevation.Agroundplanerendersmuchfasterthanusingasurfaceasa
background.Anymaterialcanbeassignedtothegroundplane.
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Chapter 11: Render
Render
Renderandsaveanimage.
84
Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section II: Tutorials
Thistutorialdemonstratesusingsolidprimitivesandsimpletransforms.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Entercoordinatestoplacepointsexactly.
Drawafree-formcurveandpolygon.
Createapipealongacurve.
Useapolararraytocopyobjectsinacircularpattern.
Extrudeacurvetocreateasurface.
Useplanarmode.
Enter coordinates
Whenyoupickapointwiththemouse,thepointliesontheconstruction planeoftheactiveviewportunless
youuseamodelingaidsuchasobjectsnaporelevator mode.WhenRhinopromptsforapoint,youcanenter
x-,y-,andz-coordinatesinsteadofpickingapoint.Eachviewporthasitsownconstructionplaneonwhichitsx-
andy-coordinateslie.Thez-coordinatefortheactiveviewportisperpendiculartothex-yplane.
Thegridisavisualrepresentationoftheconstructionplane.Theintersectionofthedarkredandgreenlines
showsthelocationoftheoriginpoint(x=0,y=0,z=0)ofthecoordinatesystem.
Note:Paycloseattentiontotheviewportrequiredineachinstruction.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
Draw an ellipsoid
1. TurnonOrtho.
2. OntheSolidmenu,clickEllipsoid > From Center.
3. WiththeTopviewportactive,attheEllipsoid centerprompt,type0,0,11,andpressEnter.
Thisplacesthecenterpointoftheellipsoidatx=0,y=0,andz=11.Lookatthepointinthe
Perspectiveviewport.
4. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type15,andpressEnter.
5. Movethecursortotherighttoshowthedirectionandclick.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
9. Rotatetheperspectiveviewportsoyouarelookingalongthex-axisasillustrated.
TurnonShadeddisplaymodeinthePerspectiveviewport.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type-20,andpressEnter.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type4,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type2,andpressEnter.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
Create a hexagon
1. OntheCurvemenu,clickPolygon > Center, Radius.
2. AttheCenter of inscribed polygon ( NumSides=4 )prompt,type6,andpressEnter.
3. IntheFrontviewport,attheCenter of inscribed polygonprompt,type9,8,12,andpress
Enter.
Thiswillplacethepolygonrightonthesurfaceofthewheelhub.
4. AttheCorner of polygonprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.
5. IntheFrontviewportdragthecursorasillustrated,andclicktopositionthehexagon.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,type-.5(Noticethenegativenumber.Ifyoutypeapositive
numberatthispoint,thenutswillbeburiedinthewheelhub.Youwantthemtostickout.),and
pressEnter.
4. AttheNumber of elementsprompt,type5,andpressEnter.
5. AttheAngle to fill <360>prompt,pressEnter.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type5,andpressEnter.
Thismakestheradiusofthetorustubeoneunitbiggerthanthewheelhub.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. AttheSecond radiusprompt,type1.5,andpressEnter.
Thismakestheinnerdimensionofthetorustube.5unitssmallerthanthewheelhub.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type3andpressEnter.
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type2andpressEnter.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. MovethecursortotheFrontviewport,dragthemarkerneartheendoftheellipsoid,andclick.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. AttheNext pointprompt,clicktotheleftoftheellipsoidintheTopviewport.
Planarmodekeepssuccessivepointsatthesameconstructionplaneelevation.Planarmodecanbe
overriddenwithelevatormodeorobjectsnaps.WatchthecurveintheTopandFrontviewports.
5. AttheNext pointprompt,useelevatormodetoaddanotherpointintheTopviewport.
6. AttheNext pointprompts,turnoffPlanarmodeandclickseveralmorepointsintheTop
viewporttocreateacurvedline.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
NoticethatthepointsareprojectedtotheTopconstructionplane.
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
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Chapter 12: Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
105
Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
Creatingsurfacesfromcurvesandjoiningthesurfacestogetherallowsyoumuchgreaterfreedom.
Thistutorialintroducestheconceptofdrawingcurvesandonemethodofcreatingsurfacesfromthosecurves.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Drawfree-formcurvesbasedonanexistingobject.
Editcontrolpoints.
Revolvesurfacesaroundanaxis.
Revolvingcurvesisagoodmethodforcreatingtubularshapeslikevases,wineglasses,andchairlegs.
Youaregoingtouseabasicflashlightasaguidefordrawingthecurvesyouwillneedforthenewmodel.Using
thebasicflashlightgivesyouaframeofreferencefordecidingaboutthesizeandshapeoftheobject.
To get started
4 OpenthetutorialmodelfileFlashlight.3dm.
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
Draw a centerline
Drawaconstructioncenterlinethroughthecenteroftheoldflashlight.
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
UsetheEndobjectsnaptostartthecurveattheendoftheconstructioncenterline.
UsetheNearobjectsnaptoendthecurveontheconstructioncenterline.
Startingandendingthecurveexactlyonthelineisimportantsothatlaterwhenyourevolvethe
curvetocreateasolid,therewillbenogapsoroverlappingparts.
Whendrawingthecurve,useOrthotocontrolthefirsttwo(1and2)pointsandthelasttwopoints
(3and4)onthecurve.Ifthefirsttwopointsandthelasttwopointsareplacedinastraightline,the
curvewillstartandendtangenttothatline.
4. Whenyouhaveplacedthelastcontrolpoint,pressEntertofinishdrawingthecurve.
Toplacethelasttwopointsinastraightlinewitheachother,useGrid Snap,Ortho,orPerpobject
snap.
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.
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Chapter 13: Flashlight - Revolve Curves
5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.
114
Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
Thistutorialdemonstratescreatingsurfacesfromprofilecurvesusinglofts,sweeps,andextrudes.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Usesub-objectselectiontopre-selectobjectsforacommand.
Createasurfacefromaplanarcurve.
Loft,revolve,sweep,andextrudesurfaces.
Capplanarholestocreateasolid.
Drawahelixaroundacurve.
Matchcurveends.
Createsolidpipes.
Mirrorobjects.
Uselayers.
Useobjectsnaps.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. OntheSurfacemenu,clickLoft.
4. AttheDrag seam point to adjustprompt,notethedisplayofthecurvedirectionarrowsatthe
seampoints,andpressEnter.
Inthismodel,theyarenicelylinedupforyou,soyoudonotneedtoadjustthem.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOKtocreatetheloft.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,type-2(noticethenegativenumber)andpressEnter.
Thismakesasolidcylinderforthemagnethousingthatistwounitsthickandextendsinthenegative
directionfromtheoriginalsurfaceedge.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
4. PresstheDeletekey.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickPlanar Curves.
Aplanarsurfaceiscreatedatthebaseofthepadding.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
1. Selecttheclosedcurve.
2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtrude Planar Curve > Straight.
3. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,type-1andpressEnter.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
4. PressEntertoclosethatedgeselection.
7. PressEntertofinishtheedgeselection.
8. AttheSelect fillet handle to editprompt,pressEnter.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. AttheStarting radiusprompt,type.2,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
4. AttheEllipse centerprompt,snaptoanendpointoftheheadbandcurve.
UsetheEndobjectsnap.
5. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type0.5,andpressEnter.
6. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,dragthecursorinthex-directionandclick.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
1. Selectthecenterellipse.
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Chapter 14: Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.
3. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,snaptotheendoftheellipsehalf.
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5. AttheStart angle...prompt,type0,pressEnter.
6. AttheRevolution angle...prompt,type180,pressEnter.
Aroundedsurfaceiscreatedattheendoftheheadband.
7. Repeatthesestepsfortheothersideoftheheadband.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
3. AttheStart of the mirror planeprompt,type0.
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2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
TheMirrorcommanddependsonwhichviewportisactive.Itusestheconstructionplaneinthe
activeviewporttodefinethemirrorplane.Themirrorplaneisperpendiculartotheconstruction
plane.Twopointsdefinethelineinthisplaneaboutwhichtheselectedobjectsaremirrored.
3. AttheStart of mirror planeprompt,type0,0.
Thisisthefirstpointofthemirrorline.
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Learn more
ForavideotutorialshowingamoresophisticatedmodelingmethodforaheadphonesetusingRhino'sGumball
feature,see:Modeling stereo headphones.
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Chapter 15: Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Thistutorialdemonstratespoint-editingtechniquesincludingmovingandscalingcontrolpointsandadding
knotstosurfacestoincreasecontrol.Inaddition,youwilluseblendstocreatesmoothtransitionsbetween
surfaces.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Rebuildsurfacestoaddadditionalcontrolpoints.
Insertknotsinasurfacetoaddcontrolpointsinaspecificlocation.
Editsurfacecontrolpointstodefineashape.
Scalecontrolpointstochangetheobjectshape.
Useobjectsnapsprojectedtotheconstructionplane.
Orientanobjectonasurface.
Createsmoothblendsbetweensurfaces.
The body
Ifyoulike,opentheexamplemodel,Penguin.3dm,andtrytomatchtheshapesasyouarebuildingthe
model.Experimentwithyourownshapes,too.
Thebodyandheadarecreatedfromonesphere.Theshapeisformedbymovingthecontrolpointsinthe
spheretocreatethehead.
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Draw a sphere
4 IntheTopviewport,usetheSpherecommandtodrawaspherewitharadiusof10units.
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Insert knots
4 UsetheInsertKnotcommandtoinserttwoknotsinthesphereintheareawhereyouwantthe
neck.
Inserttheknotsintheu-directiononlyasillustrated.
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Examinethecontrolpointstructureafterinsertingtheknot.
Repositioncontrolpointstocreatetheindentationfortheneckandtoreformthebodyshape.
UsetheSetPtcommandtomatchthemtothebottompolepointintheworldz-directiononly.
2. IntheSet Pointsdialogbox,checkSet Z,cleartheSet XandSet Ycheckboxes,andclickWorld.
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3. Dragtheselectedcontrolpointsup.
Thiswillalignalloftheselectedcontrolpointstothesamez-value(upinFrontviewport),flattening
thesurface.
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Drag points
4 SelectrowsofcontrolpointswithawindowanddragthemupordownintheFrontviewportto
shapethebody.
UseWireFramedisplaymodeifyoufinditeasiertoselectcontrolpointsinwireframeviews.
Scale points
1. SelectrowsofcontrolpointswithawindowintheFrontviewport.
2. IntheTopviewport,usetheScale2Dcommandtomovethemcloserorfartherawayfromthe
centralpoint.
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TopickthebasepointfortheScale2DcommandusethePointobjectsnapwithProjectturnedon.
Thiswillscalethepointsparalleltotheconstructionplane.WatchtheFrontviewporttoseethe
changesinthebodyshapeasyoumovethecontrolpointsclosertoandfartherfromthecenter.
ExperimentwiththeProjectsettingintheOsnaptoolbartoseehowitworks.Youwillbeabletosee
thetrackinglineprojectedtotheconstructionplaneintheviewports.
Matchtheexamplemodeloruseyourownshape.
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3. Dragindividualgroupsofcontrolpointstomakethebodyslightlyflatterinthefrontneartheneckas
illustrated.
The eyes
Theeyeisanellipsoidshapethatisorientedontothesurface.
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3. AttheBase point...prompt,intheTopviewport,pickthecenteroftheellipsoid.
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The beak
Thebeakisanotherellipsoidthatyoucanedittochangetheshape.
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3. AttheEnd of secondaxisprompt,type2toconstrainthedistance.
Usingtheseconstraintscreatesacircularellipsoidwhenseenfromthetop.
DragthecursorupordownintheTopviewportandpick.
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2. Selecttherowofpointsinthetopcenteranddragthemdowntoshapethebeak.
TryusingtheNudgekeys(Alt+Arrowdirectionkeys)tonudgetheselectedpoints.
The feet
Thefeetarecreatedusinganotherellipsoid.Knotsareaddedtohelpcreatethewebbedtoes.
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3. AttheEnd of secondaxisprompt,type3toconstrainthedistance.
IntheTopviewport,dragthecursorupandpick.
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SettheSymmetrical=On.
InserttheknotsintheV-direction.
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Usewindowandcrossingselectionstoselectthecontrolpointsonboththetopandbottomofthe
ellipsoid.
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2. UsetheScale2Dcommandtoscalethecontrolpointsoutfromthecenterofthefoot.
UsethePointobjectsnaptosetthebasepointofthescaletothecenterpointoftheellipsoid.
Dragthepointstomakethewholefootabouttwicethesizeoftheoriginalellipsoid.
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TheCutPlanecommandmakesaplanethatpassesthroughtheselectedsurfacesalongthelineyou
draw.
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The tail
Thetailisanotherellipsoid.Itisjoinedtothebodywithasmoothblendsurface.
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Tip:Pickontheisocurveoredgethatyoucanseeinsidethepipe.
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Tip:WiththeSetObjectDisplayModecommand,setthepipetoawireframeor
ghosteddisplaymodesoyoucanseetheedgebetweenthebodyandthetail.
Ifyouselectthewrongpart,undowithintheTrimcommandandtryagain.
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The wings
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2. Dragcontrolpointstocreatetheshape.
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2. Iffurtherpositioningisneeded,usetheRotateandMovecommandstoplacethewing.
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Finishing touches
Tofinishthepenguin,splitthefrontpartofthebodysoadifferentmaterialcanbeappliedtoit.
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Thisallowsadifferentcolorforthefrontofthebody.
Render
Renderingcreatesarealisticpictureofyourmodelwithcolorsyouassign.Theserendercolorsaredifferent
fromthelayercolorsyoumightbeusing,whichcontrolthedisplayinwireframeandshadedmodes.
Assign materials
1. Selectthebody.
2. StartthePropertiescommand.
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3. InthePropertieswindow,clicktheMaterialbutton.
4. SetAssign material by,toObject.
5. UnderBasic Settings,clicktheColorswatch.
6. IntheSelect Colordialogbox,selectacolorforthebody.
7. SettheGloss finishtoabout40.
8. Selecttheotherpartsandapplymaterialsinthesameway.
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Chapter 16: Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
Thistutorialdemonstratesclassicboathullloftingtechniquesusingtypicalplanandprofilecurves.Theclassic
hullshapeisbasedonadesignfromanoldBoat Builders Handbookmagazine.Manydesignssimilartothisare
availableovertheInternet.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Create3-Dcurvesfroma2-Dlinesdrawing.
Rebuildandsimplifythecurves.
Useanalyticaltechniquestoensurefairness.
Loftsurfacesfromthecurves.
Rhinoisusedbymarinedesignersinmanysegmentsoftheindustry.Formoretutorialsandinformationabout
marinedesign,seetheRhinowebsiteatwww.rhino3d.com.
Note:Theimagesinthistutorialuseadisplaysettingtochangethecolorofthebackof
thesurfaces.
Front face (1) , backface (2). Yellow arrows indicate surface normal direction, and green
color indicates surface backface.
Thisletsyouseewhichwaythenormaldirectionoftheobjectfaces.SearchtheRhino
HelpforBackface settings.
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Sheer
Thefore-and-aftcurvaturefromthebowtothesternofashipsdeckasshowninsideelevation.
Chine
Theintersectionofthebottomandthesidesofaflatorv-bottomedboat.
Transom
Theplankingformingthesternofasquare-endedboat.
Fair
Themeaningoffairismuchdebatedinthemarineindustry.Noonecandefineit,buttheyknowwhenthey
seeit.Althoughfairingasurfaceistraditionallyassociatedwithhullsurfaces,allvisiblesurfacesonanyobject
canbenefitfromthisprocess.InRhino,thefirstcueforfairnessinasurfaceisthespacingofthesurfacedisplay
isocurves.
Thereareothercharacteristicsoffaircurvesandsurfaces.Althoughacurveorsurfacemaybefairwithout
exhibitingallofthecharacteristics,theytendtohavethesecharacteristics.Ifyoukeeptheseinmindwhile
modeling,youwillendupwithabetterfinalproduct.
Theguidelinesforcreatingafairsurfaceinclude:
Usethefewestpossiblecontrolpointstogetthecurveshape.
Usethefewestpossiblecurvestogetthesurfaceshape.
Thedesignerslinesareillustrated.Thesheerandchinehavebeenextendedattheforwardandaftendsto
accommodatetheloftingprocess.
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Check curvature
1. Selectthecurvesyouwanttocheck.
2. UsetheCurvatureGraphcommandtodisplayitscurvaturegraph.
Theillustrationshowsthecurvaturegraphappliedtothetwo-dimensionalsheerinprofile.
Thecurvaturegraphshouldbecontinuousandexhibitthecharacteristicsdesiredforthecurve.Whenthe
curveisconcavedownward,thegraphwillbeabovethecurve.Conversely,concaveupwardcurveswillhave
theirgraphsbelowthem.Thepointofinflection(wherethecurveisneitherconcaveupwardnordownward)is
indicatedwherethegraphcrossesthecurve.
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3. StarttheCrv2Viewcommand.
Thethree-dimensionalrepresentationofthatcurvewillbecreated.
4. Whenyouaresatisfiedthatthepropercurvewascreated,deleteorHidethetwo-dimensional
representations.
5. RepeattheCrv2Viewcommandforthechinecurve.
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4. AttheEnd of curve...prompt,usingtheMidobjectsnap,clickthemiddleofthecurve.
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Thiscreatesanewbottomcurvetouseforthesurfaceloft.
4. Turnonthecontrolpoints(F10)tocheckthecurve.
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Tip:HoldCtrl+ Shifttoselecttheupperedgeoftheloftsurface.
2. RepeattheLoftforthesidepanel.
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2. IntheTopviewport,offsettheline1/2inchtowardthehullsurfaces.
Thiscreatesacurvethatwillbeusedinthenextstep.Wewantasmallgapdownthecenterofthe
boatbetweenthetwohalvesforakeel.
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Chapter 16: Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
4. AttheEnd of extensionprompt,selectapointabovethecurrenttopofthetransomcenterline.
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2. StarttheTrimcommand.
3. SetUseApparentIntersections=Yes.
4. IntheFrontviewport,attheSelect object to trimprompt,selectthehullsideandbottom
surfacesaftofthetransomcenterline.
5. Jointhehullbottomandside.
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3. RepeattheEdgeSrfcommand.
4. AttheSelect 2, 3, or 4 curvesprompt,selectthetwoinneredgesofthehullsidesalongthekeel
atthebow.
Tip:Theorderyouselectthesurfaceedgesdetermineswhatdirectionthekeel
surfacefaces.
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1. IntheFrontviewport,selecttheextendedtransomcenterline.
2. StarttheExtrudeCrvcommand.
3. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,setthecommand-lineoptionBothSides=Yes.
4. InthePerspective,Top,orRightviewport,dragtheextensionbeyondthehullsurface.
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1. Drawalinebetweenthetwoafthulltopedges.
2. StarttheTrimcommand.
Thetransomisnowcomplete.
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Displaythenakededges.Nakededgesaresurfaceedgesthatarenotjoinedtoothersurfaces.Inthis
case,theonlynakededgesshouldbetheonesyouexpectaroundtheoutsideofthehullsurfaces
notthosebetweenthesurfaces.
Whenyouhaveyoursurfacesbuiltandjoined,andhavenounjoinededges,lookatthesurfacewith
thecurvatureanalysistools.
UsetheProjectcommandtoprojecttheverticallinetothesideofthehull.Thislinewillactasamarkerforthe
endofthecurve.IntheFrontviewport,drawacurvefromtheendofthedeckcenterlinecurvetotheendof
theprojectedcurveononesideofthehull.UsePlanarmodetokeepthecurveplanar.Placethefirstthree
controlpointsusingOrthotokeepthemlinedupatthecenter.
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UsetheEndobjectsnaptoplacethelastpointatthetopoftheprojectedcurveonthehull.
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3. UsetheCurvatureGraphcommandtocheckthecurve.
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Chapter 17: Dragonfly - Trace Images
Thistutorialdemonstrateshowtogetstartedmodelinganobjectusingphotographsasreferencematerial.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Traceanimagetocreateprofilecurves.
Createcross-sectioncurvesforloftingtheprofiles.
Editcontrolpointstochangeasurfaceshape.
Starting images.
Finished model.
Note:Thetopandsideviewsareactuallyofdifferentspecimensofthisdragonfly.Inthe
sideview,thewingsarefoldedup.Wewillbeusingthesideviewimageonlytodrawthe
sideviewcurvesofthebody.
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2. FindtheimagefileDragonFly Side.jpg,andplacetheimageintheFrontviewport.
Usethereferencelinetosetthelengthofthepictureframeimage.
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Drawonlyuptotheneck.Youwillbecreatingtheheadanotherway.
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Note:Drawingtheellipsoidinthisorderandusingtheseviewportsisimportantto
getthepolesoftheellipsoidintherightplaceforthenextstep.
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2. IntheTopviewport,selectanddragpointsonbothsidesoftheellipsoidtowardthebacktodeform
thehead.
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3. IntheRightviewport,dragthemiddletworowsofpointsdown.
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Chapter 17: Dragonfly - Trace Images
Refertothebackgroundpicturetodeterminethestartingandendingdiameterofthepipe.
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Finishing touches
Foraddedrealism,addcolor,reflectivity,andtransparency.
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Chapter 18: Wrap Text - Flow along surface
Thistutorialdemonstrateswrappingtextsolidsandotherobjectsonacylinder.Theseobjectscouldbeusedto
trimholesinthecylinder.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Createtextassolidobjects.
Wraptheobjectstoasurface.
Make a surface
Forthisexample,createasimplecylinder.Onceyouhavelearnedthebasictechnique,youwillbeabletouse
othertypesofsurfaces.Rememberthattrimmedsurfacesmaintaintheirbasicrectangularshape.This
underlyingshapewillaffecttheplacementofthetext.
Create a cylinder
4 InthePerspectiveviewport,usetheCylindercommandwiththeVerticaloptiontocreateasolid
cylinder.
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Chapter 18: Wrap Text - Flow along surface
3. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,setSolid=Yes.
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,type.1.
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5. AttheTarget surfaceprompt,clickthecylinderneartheloweredgeoftheseamasillustrated.
Thetextanddecorationsolidswraparoundthecylinder.
NowyoucanusetheletterstocutthecylinderorBooleantheobjectstogether.
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Chapter 19: Mechanical Part - Blocks
ThisexampleshowshowtouseRhinotomodelasimplemechanicalpart.
Youwilllearnto
Createextrusionobjects.
Booleandifferenceshapes.
Drillholes.
Createa2-Dlinedrawingfromthe3-Dshapes.
Dimensionthe2-Dlinedrawingandmodifydimensiontext.
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4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,setthecommand-lineSolidandtheDeleteInputoptionsto
Yes.
5. Clicktheendofthemagentaconstructionline.
Theextrudedshapeisasolidbecauseitformsaclosedvolumeinspace.
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ThesolidappearsonthecurrentredlayerProfile-02.
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5. PickapointinFrontview.
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Note:Copy HolesisactuallytheMoveHolecommandwiththecommand-line
CopyoptionsettoYes.
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6. Repeatthisforthetwoholesthatareontheothersideofthepart.
Note:Donotusethepointinthecenterofthepart.
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4. Clickthepointobjectinthemiddleofthebluesolidtofinishcreatingthehole.
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Chapter 19: Mechanical Part - Blocks
6. Repeattogenerateaverticaldimensionontherightsideofthepart.
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4. Doubleclicktheradialdimensiontext,andinthetexteditbox,addthetextTyp. 5 Places.
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Chapter 20: Mechanical Part - Layouts
ThisexampleshowshowtouseRhinotomodelasimplemechanicalpart.
Youwilllearntocreatealayoutwithatitleblockforprinting.
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Layout viewports
Usealayouttoarrangethe2-Dlinesforprinter.
3. IntheNew Layoutwindow,selectthefollowing:
Orientation=Landscape
Width=11 inches
Height=8.5 inches
InitialDetailCount= 1
Page1willappearintheviewporttabs.
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Note:Clickonthedetailedgetoselectit.Makesurethedetailisnotactive.
6. Dragthecontrolpointinthelowerleftcornertore-sizethedetailtofitinthetitleblock.
7. PresstheEsckeytoturnoffthecontrolpoints.
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Thelayoutviewdisplaysapreviewoftheprintwidthsastheywillappearontheprintedpage.
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