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.

I
40

. v
F : 2014
CK
Of
I
1848/8,

- 600 040
C: 044-2618 2447
C: 90948 69175
e-mail: onkrishnan@yahoo.com
F
F
600 040
: F.
: J.M. Process, - 600 005
M : .115.00

BUDDHAM SARANAM
(Seeking Refuge in Buddha)
A. Marx
Second Edition June 2014
Author Q
Published by F
Tamil Nadu Bouddha Sangam
1848/8, 6th Avenue
Anna Nagar West
Chennai 600 040
e-mail: onkrishnan@yahoo.com
Typeset : Thiru Sambandam Sankar
Price : Rs.115.00
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124 . v 125
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130 . v 131
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134 . v 135
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136 . v 137
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138 . v 139
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140 . v 141
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A . 55, 59, 61, 104 . 29, 64, 76, 89, 105, 114
: K - F HO UE : A L JO
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F - K A YO . 25, 117
- P O M: - F Q . 41
PH. 104, 115
M: F - A M -
142 . v 143
JC. 126 vA: P MK
MN: G P w P. 21
- F UF: .
PL O q: CP - . 23, 24, 114,
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115
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: A.. 1500 A.. 500 -
. 33-37
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(): K H
. 50, 59
p (p HF):
F - HH F H
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(): Q PO -
A Y K Q N -
F A vA Q
. 25, 74, 116-119

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3. O How To See Yourself As You Relly
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2. A , K !
P P - ... Aw (
- ... Aw ( , 2007)
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3. - ... Aw ( 4. F O The Tibetan Book of the
, 2008)
Dead- FF - ... Aw (
4. F - ... Aw ( F,
F, 2010)
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5. ? - ... Aw (
5. F N - ... Aw
F 2013)
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6. O N - ...
6. - ...
Aw ( F 2014)
Aw ( F, 2009)
6. ..h. O Anyone can to Heaven, Just Be Good!and
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O P:

150 . v 151
152

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