2017 3rd International Conference on Biosignals, images and instrumentation (ICBSII), 16-18 March 2017, Chennai.
Feature Extraction and Analysis of Renal
Abnormalities using Fuzzy Clustering
Segmentation and SIFT Method
Aadhirai. S
IEEE student member(ID-9402439)
PG student: EIE department
B.S.A. Crescent University
Chennai, India
aadhiraieie@gmail.com
AbstractUltrasound Imaging is one of the most widely
used technique to provide information about renal diseases
in kidney such as cyst, tumor and calculi. This paper aims to
extract features from the different renal abnormalities to
discriminate between the normal and abnormal conditions.
Two filters, median and wiener filter are used to remove the
speckle noise in US (ultrasound) images. A picture quality
performance technique is implemented to identify the
quality of the images. Peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR) and
Mean squared error (MSR) is used to verify the enhanced
images. The preprocessed images are then segmented using
FCM (fuzzy c-means clustering technique) which yields
better results to find Region of interest (ROI). The statistical
features along with scale invariant feature transform (SIFT)
features and Texture features are extracted and analyzed. It
is found that features like Energy, Variance and kurtosis are
seen to be higher in the normal kidney images than the renal
abnormalities. The features can be used to discriminate
between normal and abnormal renal conditions. The
developed system is expected to provide support for the
medical practitioners for decision making to provide an
enhanced health care.
Keywords Kidney abnormalities, preprocessing
technique, Peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR) and Mean
squared error (MSE), Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) and
scale invariant feature transform (SIFT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Since ancient times, formation of kidney stone in
humans became an unsolved problem and a wide research
in this area has to be conducted [1]. A renal abnormality is
one of the major risks in life and sometimes will lead to
death if the disease is not diagnosed properly. There are
many diagnostic techniques to identify the renal tumor,
renal cyst and renal calculi. They are ultrasound, computer
tomography (CT), and Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). Ultrasound is the cheapest scanning technique
when compared to above said techniques. Bharathi and
Amirthaveni (2008) conducted a comparative study on 24
hour urinary composition between urinary stone formers
and healthy volunteers from five cities of Tamil Nadu
namely Coimbatore, Vellore, Madurai, Nagercoil and
Tirunelveli. It was reported that there was a considerable
increase in incidence of kidney stone cases year by year
(from 1869 to 3084) in Coimbatore while other admission
centres of other cities showed marginal increase in
admission rates [3]. Tamiselvi et.al detected renal calculi
from images and developed a semiautomatic region
978-1-5090-4980-6/17/$31.00 @ 2017 IEEE
Najumnissa Jamal.D
Professor: EIE department
B.S.A. Crescent University
Chennai, India
najumnissa.d@bsauniv.ac.in
growing algorithm using ultrasound kidney images [4].
K.Viswanath et.al used level set segmentation and ANN
classification to detect kidney stone from ultrasound
images [5]. Komal Sharma [6] proposed a computer
assisted classification for classification of renal ultrasound
images into a) normal b) medical renal disease
(MRD),cyst, and the region of interest is cropped from the
cortex region of the kidney and from regions inside renal
cyst. [7] Detected the abnormalities in the kidney of renal
calculi using a preprocessing method CANR
(combinational approach of noise removing) for removal
of noise in the US images and GLCM for the extraction of
features. T. Mangayarkarasi et.al, developed a patient
assistive Tool for detection of Abnormalities in kidney [9].
In this paper Ultrasound images for renal abnormalities is
taken and filters like Median and Wiener filters are applied
as a preprocessing tool to enhance the quality of the image.
Then Fuzzy C means clustering is applied to the
segmented region of Interest and statistical features,
texture features using GLCM and SIFT features are
extracted. These features are further analyzed for variation
in the abnormalities and reported whether the image is
normal or has renal abnormalities. The flow diagram of the
work is shown in figure 1.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Ultrasound images
7 normal and 21 abnormal ultrasound kidney images
for each type were obtained with the help of medical
doctor. The real time ultrasound kidney images for normal
and with tumor, calculi and cyst were obtained from Sri
Chakra scans, Chennai. All images with 512 x 512 pixels
in size were acquired using Voluson ultrasound machine
with 3.5MHz curved array transducer.
B. Preprocessing
In this work we have implemented two filters for
removing the speckle noise for smoothing the images so
that the clarity of the image is good. The performance
metrics used to know about the quality of the images are
peak to signal to noise ratio(PSNR) and mean squared
error (MSE). PSNR is the quality measurement between
the original image and denoised image. Peak to signal
noise ratio (PSNR) is the ratio between
 2017 3rd International Conference on Biosignals, images and instrumentation (ICBSII), 16-18 March 2017, Chennai.
Fig 1. Flow diagram of the feature extraction method.
the maximum possible power and corrupting noise that
affect representation of image. It is expressed as decibel
scale.
The PSNR is used as measure of quality
reconstruction of image. In Mean squared error if the
value is low then the image quality is high and is also
used to measure the degree of image distortion because
they can represent the overall gray-value error contained
in the image. With MSE or PSNR, only gray value
differences between corresponding pixels of the original
and distorted version are considered. MSE works well
when the distortion is mainly caused by the contamination
of additive noise. The higher the PSNR the quality of the
image is good. Similarly the MSE value should be low so
that it represents the quality of the image is enhanced[
19,20].
III. SEGMENTATION
After the preprocessing technique segmentation is
carried out to find the region of interest in the images the
features are extracted from the segmented images.
Segmentation is the process of partitioning an image into
multiple segments, i.e. set of pixels, pixels in a region are
similar according to homogeneity criteria such as color,
intensity or texture, so as to locate and identify objects in
an image. FCM is an iterative, unsupervised clustering
algorithm and has been applied for medical images for
segmentation. It involves number of clustering and
subtractive clustering algorithm is used it is used to iterate
by initialising optimizationbased FCM algorithm. FCM
is based on minimizing an objective function as shown in
equation (1), with respect to fuzzy membership U, and set
of cluster cancroids.
Where uij represents the membership of pixel xj in the
ith cluster, vi is the ith cluster center, is a norm
metric, and m is a constant. Clustering based
segmentation is implemented in our work which segments
the image into clusters having pixels with similar
characteristics [15, 16].
(1 )
(2 )
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(3 )
Where uij represents the membership of pixel xj in
the ith cluster, vi is the ith cluster center, is a norm
metric, and m is a constant. Clustering based
segmentation is implemented in our work which
segments the image into clusters having pixels with
similar characteristics [15].
IV. FEATURE EXTRACTION
A. Statistical Features
a) Mean: Mean is most basic of all statistical
measure. Means are often used in geometry and analysis;
a wide range of means have been developed for these
purposes. In contest of image processing filtering using
mean is classified as spatial filtering and used for noise
reduction
b) Skewness: The Skewness characterizes the
degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean.
While the mean, standard deviation, and average deviation
are dimensional quantities, that is, have the same units as
the measured quantities xj , the skewness is
conventionally defined in such a way as to make it no
dimensional. It is a pure number that characterizes only
the shape of the distribution.
c) Kurtosis: The kurtosis is also a no dimensional
quantity. It measures the relative peakedness or flatness of
a distribution.
d) Variance: Variance finds the feature values are
relatively high.
B. GLCM features
The gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is also
known as the gray-level spatial dependence matrix. It uses
a statistical method for examining the texture, considering
the spatial relationship of pixels. The GLCM functions are
used for finding texture properties of an image by
calculating the frequency of occurrence of pixel pairs with
specific values and in a specified spatial relationship. The
GLCM can be calculated on square matrix of relative
frequencies in which two neighbouring pixels separated
by distance d at orientation q occur in the image, at two
different gray levels. This results into a square matrix
having the size of the largest pixel value in the image. It
enables the representation of the relative frequency
distributions of gray levels and describes the frequency of
how often one gray level will appear in a specified spatial.
The GLCM features contrast, correlation, energy and
homogeneity are calculated [7]. The contrast measures the
intensity contrast between a pixel and its neighbour on the
entire image. The correlation is used to find a measure of
how a pixel is correlated to its neighbour over the whole
image [12]. The energy is using the homogeneous region
from non-homogeneous regions. It is expected to be high
if the frequency of repeated pixel pairs is high. The
normalized co-occurrence matrix is denoted by total
2017 3rd International Conference on Biosignals, images and instrumentation (ICBSII), 16-18 March 2017, Chennai.

number of the occurrence of two neighbouring pixels

between gray-intensity at vertical direction and angle. The
homogeneity measures the closeness of the distribution of
elements in the GLCM to the GLCM diagonal.

C. SIFT features
When all images are similar in nature (same scale,
orientation, etc) simple corner detectors can work. But
when images are of different scales and rotations, the
Scale Invariant Feature Transform is used [13]. For any (a) (b)
object there are many features, interesting points on the
object that can be extracted to provide a "feature"
description of the object. This description can then be
used when attempting to locate the object in an image
containing many other objects. SIFT image features
provide a set of features of an object that are not affected
by many of the complications experienced in other
methods, such as object scaling and rotation. [17] While
allowing for an object to be recognized in a larger image
SIFT image features also allow for objects in multiple
images of the same location, taken from different
positions within the environment, to be recognized. SIFT
features are also very resilient to the effects of "noise" in (c) (d)
the image. The SIFT approach, for image feature
generation, takes an image and transforms it into a "large Fig. 3. Filter applied images a) Normal kidney
b) Cyst c) Calculi d) Tumor
collection of local feature vectors. Each of these feature
vectors is invariant to any scaling, rotation or translation
TABLE.1. COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE METRICS
of the image.
Image Median Filter Wiener Filter
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PSNR (dB) MSE PSNR(dB) MSE

The images acquired from the clinics were resized to Normal 147.92 0.02 159.78 0.01
Tumor 104.60 1.86 134.74 0.09
256 X 256 pixels and one acquired sample image for cyst, Calculi 64.72 1.00 68.89 0.98
calculi, tumor and normal kidney is shown in figure 2. Cyst 75.39 0.34 79.23 0.24

Then the denoised images are subjected to FCM

clustering for segmentation for extracting the features.
Figure.4 shows the clustered images to select the region
of Interest to extract the necessary features [15]. The
statistical features were extracted for the segmented
images along with the GLCM features and SIFT
Fig. 2. Sample images of cyst, calculi, tumor and normal kidney
features which are shown in Table 2 - 9.

Then the image is subjected to preprocessing

technique. Figure.3 shows median filter and wiener filter
applied to the ultrasound renal images. From the figure 3,
we can see that Wiener filter images are better than the
Median filter as wiener filter carries out an optimal
tradeoff between inverse filtering and noise smoothing. It (a) (b) (c)
removes additive noise and de-blurring concurrently [10].
Fig: 4 FCM segmented images for a) Calculi b) Cyst c) Tumor
The PSNR and MSE values from table.1, shows that the
wiener filter has good noise smoothing than the median
filter. Hence wiener filter is used in this study for
denoising the images.

(a) (b)

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2017 3rd International Conference on Biosignals, images and instrumentation (ICBSII), 16-18 March 2017, Chennai.

TABLE 6. SIFT AND STATISTICAL FEATURES FOR RENAL CYST

Cyst F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Img1 0.068 161.48 19.71 -1.90 254.85 4.56E+03
Img2 0.067 161.19 20.99 -1.09 254.85 4.68E+03
Img3 0.065 163.96 19.44 -1.86 254.85 4.18E+03
Img4 0.072 166.33 19.69 -1.95 254.85 4.21E+03
Img5 0.062 163.08 21.02 -1.95 254.85 4.40E+03
(c) (d) Img6 0.067 171.70 20.04 -1.96 254.85 4.60E+03
Fig. 5. SIFT key point extraction images of a) Normal Kidney b) Img7 0.074 164.43 20.07 -1.93 254.85 4.26E+03
Calculi
c) Cyst d) Tumor F1) SIFT F2) Mean F3) Kurtosis F4) Skewness F5) Maximum probability F6) Variance

TABLE 7. GLCM FEATURES FOR RENAL CYST

Cyst F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13

Img1 35.98 0.964 0.976 0.47 0.27 1.80E+03 29.22
Table 2. SIFT and Statistical features for Renal Tumor
Img2 44.42 0.971 0.978 0.48 0.35 2.11E+03 29.81
Tumor F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Img3 79.46 0.969 0.977 0.45 0.29 1.98E+03 27.46
Img1 0.074 175.35 19.26 -2.09 254.851 4.03E+03 Img4 -19.99 0.960 0.974 0.43 0.26 1.43E+03 33.44
Img2 0.074 165.86 17.80 -1.65 254.851 4.42E+03 Img5 -58.95 0.966 0.981 0.34 0.35 1.51E+03 36.97
Img3 0.070 177.76 19.71 -2.10 254.851 3.65E+03 Img6 -67.19 0.968 0.978 0.40 0.36 1.65E+03 37.07
Img4 0.074 152.07 17.15 -1.51 254.828 5.22E+03 Img7 -47.11 0.963 0.979 0.34 0.33 1.27E+03 37.04
Img5 0.075 152.27 17.30 -1.47 254.828 5.29E+03 F7) Cluster shade F8) Homogeneity F9) Correlation F10) Contrast F11) Energy F12)
Img6 0.066 179.79 13.64 -0.64 254.835 4.82E+03 Cluster prominence F13) Auto correlation
Img7 0.069 136.42 13.58 -0.66 254.835 4.45E+03
TABLE 8. SIFT AND STATISTICAL FEATURES FOR NORMAL IMAGES
F1) SIFT F2) Mean F3) Kurtosis F4) Skewness F5) Maximum probability F6) Variance.
Normal F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
TABLE 3.GLCM FEATURES FOR RENAL TUMOR Img1 0.074 161.84 20.86 -1.95 254.85 4.48E+03
Img2 0.066 155.34 20.93 -1.91 254.85 5.02E+03
Tumor F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12` F13
Img3 0.071 161.71 20.87 -1.95 254.85 4.47E+03
Img1 -65.16 0.95 0.972 0.36 0.30 1.07E+03 39.56 Img4 0.066 156.70 21.24 -1.99 254.85 5.08E+03
Img2 -45.62 0.94 0.974 0.38 0.29 1.16E+03 36.98 Img5 0.073 161.79 20.83 -1.94 254.85 4.43E+03
Img3 -57.43 0.94 0.972 0.34 0.31 9.60E+02 38.89 Img6 0.064 156.91 21.39 -2.01 254.85 5.00E+03
Img7 0.069 156.28 20.25 -1.85 254.84 4.84E+03
Img4 -34.42 0.95 0.973 0.48 0.28 1.54E+03 34.42
Img5 -42.21 0.95 0.976 0.43 0.29 1.63E+03 34.68 F1) SIFT F2) Mean F3) Kurtosis F4) Skewness F5) Maximum probability F6) Variance
Img6 -61.21 0.95 0.977 0.28 0.34 9.30E+02 40.93
Img7 -44.71 0.94 0.974 0.45 0.21 1.57E+03 27.91 TABLE 9. GLCM FEATURES FOR NORMAL IMAGES
F7) Cluster shade F8) Homogeneity F9) Correlation F10) Contrast F11) Energy F12) Normal F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13
Cluster prominence F13) Auto correlation Img1 - 0.964 0.977 0.407 0.344 1.50E+03 36.89
56.74
TABLE 4. SIFT AND STATISTICAL FEATURES FOR RENAL CALCULI Img2 - 0.970 0.981 0.377 0.359 1.83E+03 36.21
62.78
Calculi F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Img3 - 0.964 0.977 0.411 0.343 1.50E+03 36.88
56.97
Img1 0.070 162.29 20.87 -1.93 254.85 4.77E+03
Img4 - 0.971 0.981 0.383 0.368 1.84E+03 36.58
Img2 0.071 158.91 18.09 -1.92 254.85 4.56E+03 67.79
Img3 0.066 159.16 18.92 -1.96 254.85 4.88E+03 Img5 - 0.962 0.978 0.388 0.340 1.49E+03 36.88
Img4 0.073 156.72 20.13 -1.81 254.85 4.85E+03 56.71
Img5 0.064 159.23 19.12 -1.76 254.83 4.64E+03 Img6 - 0.970 0.982 0.362 0.367 1.83E+03 36.60
Img6 0.068 161.69 19.84 -1.91 254.85 4.55E+03 67.90
Img7 - 0.967 0.979 0.382 0.345 1.57E+03 36.65
Img7 0.072 162.46 20.58 -1.09 254.84 4.54E+03 59.63
F1) SIFT F2) Mean F3) Kurtosis F4) Skewness F5) Maximum probability F6) Variance F7) Cluster shade F8) Homogeneity F9) Correlation F10) Contrast F11) Energy F12)
Cluster prominence F13) Auto correlation
TABLE 5. GLCM FEATURES FOR RENAL CALCULI
TABLE 10. FEATURES FOR NORMAL AND ABNORMAL IMAGES
Calculi F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13

Img1 -52.88 0.96 0.97 0.39 0.33 1.52E+03 35.47 Features Normal Renal Renal Renal
Img2 -57.86 0.96 0.97 0.42 0.35 1.66E+03 35.41 Tumor Calculi Cyst
Img3 -50.51 0.96 0.98 0.31 0.34 1.54E+03 36.36 F1 0.069 0.072 0.069 0.070
F2 158.43 162.79 160.07 167.13
Img4 -66.97 0.97 0.97 0.40 0.36 1.56E+03 34.75 F3 20.97 16.92 19.65 19.86
Img5 -63.61 0.96 0.97 0.39 0.35 1.69E+03 36.71 F4 -1.94 -1.45 -1.77 -1.70
Img6 -47.03 0.96 0.97 0.39 0.34 1.55E+03 35.98 F5 254.85 254.84 254.84 254.85
Img7 -47.85 0.96 0.97 0.40 0.34 1.58E+03 35.95 F6 4746.66 4553.7 4683.9 4175.3
F7 -60.23 -48.16 -56.91 -31.39
F7) Cluster shade F8) Homogeneity F9) Correlation F10) Contrast F11) Energy F12) F8 0.967 0.951 0.966 0.964
Cluster prominence F13) Auto correlation
F9 0.979 0.974 0.978 0.978
F10 0.381 0.391 0.398 0.380

978-1-5090-4980-6/17/$31.00 @ 2017 IEEE

2017 3rd International Conference on Biosignals, images and instrumentation (ICBSII), 16-18 March 2017, Chennai.
F11 0.351 0.281 0.349
F12 1605.72 1318.02 1589.68
F13 36.77 35.28 35.730
F1) SIFT F2) Mean F3) Kurtosis F4) Skewness F5) Maximum probability F6) Variance
F7) Cluster shade F8) Homogeneity F9) Correlation F10) Contrast F11) Energy F12)
Cluster prominence F13) Auto correlation
From the features extracted the average values are
calculated for each feature and tabulated in table. 10.
From table.10, it is observed that the features for renal
abnormalities are lesser than the normal kidney images.
It is seen that the features SIFT, Mean and skewness is
lower in normal images than for renal abnormal images.
Similarly Kurtosis, Variance, correlation, energy,
cluster prominence and autocorrelation values of the
features of normal kidney images are seen to be higher
than renal abnormalities. Energy and Cluster
prominence is seen lower in renal tumor than other
abnormalities and Mean, Variance and cluster shade
features are lower in renal cyst than the other
abnormalities. Maximum probability, Homogeneity and
contrast have not many differences in the images used.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this work ultrasound images from 28 subjects is
collected, the normal and abnormal of US kidney images
are obtained and pre processed using wiener and median
filter to remove the speckle noise in the US images. After
the pre processing technique segmentation process was
done to find the ROI in the US Images and to reduce the
complex time to extract the features. Quality measure
performance is done to know the quality of image, quality
performance PSNR and MSE was calculated. It measures
the quality of image between the original image and the
reconstructed image of filter used to remove the noise and
how much the noise is removed in the image is known
with the help of quality performance analysis. Features are
extracted from the segmented images, for future
extraction statistical features, GLCM features techniques.
An attempt has been made to apply SIFT algorithm to the
normal and kidney images. SIFT feature seems to
discriminate the normal and kidney images. Certain
features discriminate normal images from renal tumor,
renal calculi and renal cyst. The results obtained show that
the SIFT features and texture features could be used to
classify renal abnormalities. The results obtained further
show that classification of kidney stones by texture
analysis method and SIFT method can be done. The future
scope is to extract the features using SURF technique and
the extracted key points are given as inputs to the
classifier for classification.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Sri Chakra Scan centre for
providing the kidney images and professors of EIE
department to carry out the research work.
978-1-5090-4980-6/17/$31.00 @ 2017 IEEE
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