1. The development of culture through time is
called? cultural evolution
2. What are the three goals of socialization
according to Jeffrey J. Arnett. Give one-
teaches impulse control and helps individual
develop a conscience, teaches individuals
how to prepare for and perform social roles,
cultivates shared sources of meaning and
value
3. Identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on
the basis of a presumed common genealogy or
ancestry- ethnic identity
4. Culturally defined standards that people use to
decide what is desirable, good and beautiful that
serve broad guidelines for social living- Values
5. An American sociologist that argued that human
society undergoes transformation and evolution
and in the process, develops technological
advancement- Gerhard Lenski
6. What are the four categories of hominids based
on the age of artifacts discovered? Give one-
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus,
Australopithecus, Homo
7. The process by which people learn the
requirements of their surrounding culture and
acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or
necessary in that culture- enculturation
8. A rule that guides behavior of members of a
society of group- norm
9. Refer to norms that are widely observed and
have great moral significance-mores
10. Refer to norms for routine and casual
interaction- folkways
11. What are the three goals of socialization
according to Jeffrey J. Arnett. Give one-
teaches impulse control and helps individual
develop a conscience, teaches individuals
how to prepare for and perform social roles,
cultivates shared sources of meaning and
value
12. What are the three goals of socialization
according to Jeffrey J. Arnett. Give one-
teaches impulse control and helps individual
develop a conscience, teaches individuals
how to prepare for and perform social roles,
cultivates shared sources of meaning and
value
13. Two species under the Ardipithecus family.
Give one- Ardipithecus Kadabba,
Ardipithecus Ramidus
14. This is the basic unit of the hunting and
gathering societies- family
15. Refers to a lifelong social experience by which
people develop their human potential and learn
culture- socialization
16. During this level of development people
produced and used simple forms of hand tools
to plant crops- horticultural and pastoral
societies
17. The first fossil of the homo erectus was found
where? - Longgupo Cave in China
18. What are the four categories of hominids based
on the age of artifacts discovered? Give one-
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus,
Australopithecus, Homo
19. This term means root- Ramidus
20. During this revolution, agricultural societies
developed and their population increased into
millions- Neolithic Revolution
21. According to this sociologist, Self develops
through social interactions where individuals
learn to assume roles and meet the increasing
level of complexity of each situation- George
Herbert Mead
22. Ones feeling of identity or affiliation with a
group or culture- Culture identity
23. Homo species that made sophisticated and
smoothened tools and had move developed
shelters- Homo Sapiens
24. This is considered as the oldest population of
homo sapiens in Europe- Cro-Magnon
25. Level of development where money became a
form of exchange replacing the barter system-
Agricultural and Neolithic Revolution
26. During this level of development, machineries
were invented- industrial societies
27. According to Charles Darwin, this is the reason
of evolution- Natural Selection
28. Level of development where people produce
simple tools used for plants and hunting
animals- hunting and gathering societies.
29. What are the three important principles of
natural selection? Give one- variation,
heritability and different reproductive
success
30. This term means ape on the ground-
Ardipithecus
31. What are the three important principles of
natural selection? Give one- variation,
heritability and different reproductive
success
32. What are the four categories of hominids based
on the age of artifacts discovered? Give one-
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus,
Homo
33. This term means southern ape -
Australopithecus
34. The general term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans and other
human like creatures that can walk during the4
prehistoric times- hominid
35. What are the three important principles of
natural selection? Give one- variation, heritability
and different reproductive success
36. What are the two major categories
autralopithecus- gracile and robust
37. What are the four categories of hominids
based on the age of artifacts discovered? Give
one- Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus,
Australopithecus, Homo
38. Based on fossil evidence, the first hominid
came from the lineage of? - Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
39. Two species under the Ardipithecus family.
Give one- Ardipithecus Kadabba,
Ardipithecus Ramidus
40. What are the two major categories
autralopithecus- gracile and robust
41. This fossil was considered as one of the
modern humans earliest ancestors and remains
as the most famous hominid fossil discovered-
Lucy
42. Where and when was the famous hominid
fossil discovered? Hadar, Ethiopia/ November
1974
43. Homo species that is described as handy man
Homo habilis
44. Homo species that is described as the upright
man- Homo erectus
45. These are people who believe in the
established goals of the society as well as the
normative means for attaining those goals-
conformists
46. Individuals who reject both the cultural goals
and the accepted means of attaining those
goals- retreatists
47. Homo species that is described as the Wise
man Homo sapiens
48. According to this sociologist, before we can
deal with anyone, we need to know who the
person person is- Georg Simmel
49. Theory that suggests that deviance occurs
when a persons or groups attachment to social
bonds is weakened- social control theory
50. A social position a person receives at birth or
takes on involuntary later in life- Ascribed
status
51. Who discovered the famous hominid fossil? -
Dr. Donald Johanson
52. This theory traces the origins of deviance to the
tensions that are caused by the gap between
cultural goals and the means people have
available to achieve those goals- Structural
Strain Theory
53. First homo species to use fire and to live in
caves- Homo erectus
54. First homo to use spoken language- Homo
erectus
55. Behavior that violates expected rules and
norms- Deviance
56. Refers to a social position a person takes on
voluntarily that reflects personal identity and
effort- achieved status
57. Refers to a set of behavior expected of
someone who holds a particular status- Role
58. This outlines the entitlements of all individuals
to human dignity and the rights we possess that
are important elements in pursuing the common
good- United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
59. The act of abiding by the rules of the society-
normal
60. Set of beliefs and practices generally held by
an individual involving adherence to codified
beliefs and rituals and the study of ancestral or
cultural traditions as well as faith and mystic
experience. - Religious identity
Vianca STEM 5
SOC SCI (Midterms)
CHAPTER III
LESSON 1
o Biological Evolution explains the physical
transformation of modern humans from hominids
into thinking modern humans or Homo sapiens
sapiens
o 4 million years ago the appearance of the first
humanlike beings
o 100 years ago the development of the first
modern-looking humans
o Biological and Cultural Evolutions key concepts
in the study of the origins of modern humans.
o Biological Evolution refers to the changes ,
modifications, and variations in the genetics and
inherited traits of biological populations from one
generation to another. It is based on the Theory of
Evolution that was introduced by the famous
English naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin.
o Evolution it is diverse and it occurs in different
levels of the biological population.
o Cultural or Sociocultural Evolution - refers to the
changes or development in cultures from a simple
form to a more complex form of human culture.
o Sociocultural Evolution happens as a result of
human adaptation to different factors like
climatic changes and population increase.
o On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859) published work of Charles
Darwin where he introduced the concept of
evolution.
o Natural Selection according to Darwin, it was
the reason for the occurrence of evolution
o 3 Important Principles of Natural Selection:
Variation, Heritability, and Differential
Reproductive Success
o Evolutionary Ladder illustrates the apelike
ancestors of modern humans at the base and at
the top
o Fossils refer to the human, plant and animal
remains that have been preserved through time
o Artifacts refer to objects that were made and
used by humans.
o Hominid is the general term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans and other
humanlike creatures that can walk erect during
the prehistoric times.
o 4 Categories of Hominids: Sahelanthropus,
Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo
o Australopithecus and Homo had the most
number of species based on the fossils and
artifacts that were excavated.
o Many scholars consider the Australopithecus as
the first stage of human evolution and the Homo
as the last stage.
o Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus, and
Ardipithecus are considered as the prehuman
stage of evolution which had both apelike and
humanlike characteristics. Their fossils were all
excavated in the African continent.
o Homo is part of the human stage of evolution
which had biological and cultural characteristics
of modern human.
o Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7 million years ago)
the first hominid based on fossil evidences. It
had both apelike and humanlike characteristics:
a skull similar to Australopithecus and modern
human, height almost like a chimpanzee, etc.
o Orrorin tugenesis (5-6 million years ago)
o 2 Species of Ardipithecus Family:
1. Ardipithecus kadabba (5.6 million years ago)
2. Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 million years ago)
o Ardipithecus means ape on the ground
o Ramidus means root
o Australopithecus southern ape They lived on
the African jungle from 5 million to 1 million years
ago. There are six species which are divided into
two major categories: the gracile and the robust.
o Gracile Australopithecine had small teeth and
jaw. Included in this group are the:
Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus
afarensis (common ancestor of the
Australopithecus species), and the
Australopithecus africanus.
o Robust Australopithecus include the
Australopithecus aethiopicus, Australopithecus
robustus, and the Australopithecus boisei (had
large teeth and jaws and muscular built)
o Lucy - 3.2 million-year old Australopithecus
afarensis fossil, and was considered as one of
modern humans earliest ancestors. It was
discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia in November 1974
by paleoanthropologists led by Dr. Donald
Johanson.
o Homo classified as humans and not humanlike
creatures because they had bigger brains and
were bipedal. According to fossil records, they
first lived in Africa about 2.4 million years ago. The
Homo species included: the Homo habilis (handy
man), Homo erectus (upright man), and the
Homo sapiens (wise man).
o Homo ergaster (1.8 million years ago) was the
next Homo species to flourish. It is where Homo
erectus came from.
o Homo erectus believed to be more intelligent
and more adaptable. They are considered as
skillful hunters. They were the first Homo to use fire
and to live in caves and small houses. It was also
believed that they were the first Homo to use
spoken language. They were the first Homo to
leave Africa. The first Homo erectus fossil in Asia
was found in Longgupo Cave in China, another
was excavated in Trinil, Java, Indonesia in 1811 by
Eugene Dubois, a Dutch anatomist and geologist.
Another skull was excavated in a cave in
Zhoukoudian, China in 1920 and was known as
the Peking Man.
o Homo Sapiens (thinking man) last genus in the
evolution of the Homo family. They are
considered as modern humans. Included in this
species are the: archaic Homo sapiens of Africa,
Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis,
and the Homo sapiens sapiens (wise man). They
made sophisticated and smoothened tools and
had more developed shelters and advanced
technology.
o Cro-Magnon considered as the oldest
population of Homo sapiens in Europe. The name
was taken from a shelter in France where the fossil
excavated in 1868. Its fossils were first found in
Europe but is believed that it first appeared in
north Africa.
 LESSON 2
o Cultural Evolution the development of culture
through time
o Sociopolitical Evolution transformation of
different societies and political systems.
o Sociocultural Evolution - process where societies
produce new forms of subsistence, acquire more
knowledge, develop different levels of innovation,
and apply new forms of technology as a response
to the challenges posed by the environment.
o Gerhard Lenski American sociologist, argued
that human society undergoes transformation
and evolution and in the process develop
technological advancement.
o Societies are of different types and their types
depend on their level of development, These
include the following:
1. Hunting and gathering
2. Horticultural
3. Pastoral
4. Agricultural
5. Industrial
6. Post-industrial
o Hunting and gathering societies oldest and most
basic way of economic subsistence. They are
nomadic societies. Family is the basic unit of
hunting and gathering society. They usually have
a priest or a shaman who acts as a leader.
o Horticultural Societies developed around 10000
years ago, described as semisedentary societies.
They subsists through small-scale farming. There is
a surplus of food.
o Pastoral Societies developed around 10000
years ago. Animal domestication is the principal
means of subsistence of pastoralists. These
societies developed in dry regions of the world.
They are classified as animal herders.
o Horticultural and Pastoral Societies both are
described as having unequal social relations
because some members act as the ruling elite.
o Agricultural Societies began 5000 years ago
during Neolithic Period (8000-4000 BCE). Neolithic
Evolution occurred which transformed societies
into agricultural societies.
o Industrial Societies began when the Industrial
Revolution swept through Europe. New sources of
energy were harnessed, advanced form of
technology were applied, and machineries were
invented. These changes led to Industrialization or
the transformation of an agricultural society into a
production and manufacturing-based one.
o Post-Industrial Societies focused on the use and
application of new information technology.
Centers on computers and other electronic
devices (Daniel Bell)
o Political Evolution development of the early
civilizations.
CHAPTER IV
LESSON 1
o Self product of social processes, it emerges from
social interactions, is a sociological concept.
o Socialization refers to a lifelong social
experience by which people develop their
human potential and learn culture, deliberate
shaping of the individual
o Enculturation is the process by which people
learn the requirements of their surrounding culture
and acquire the values and behaviors
appropriate in that culture.
o 3 Goals of Socialization Jeffrey J. Arnett 1995
1. It teaches impulse control and helps
individuals develop conscience.
2. It teaches individuals how to prepare for
and perform certain social roles.
3. It cultivates shared sources of meaning
and value.
o Feral Children children raised by animals and
lived in extreme social isolation.
o George Herbert Mead assertion of self as
emerging from the matrix of interactions and not
from biological evolution. His I/Me duality
reinforces the purely sociological facets of the
self.
o Identity Formation is the development of an
individuals distinct personality. This process
defines individuals to others and themselves.
o Self-concept sum of a beings knowledge and
understanding of his or herself.
o Cultural Identity ones feeling of identity or
affiliation with a group or culture.
o Ethnic Identity identification with a certain
ethnicity
o National Identity an ethnical or philosophical
concept whereby all humans are divided into
groups called nation
o Religious Identity set of beliefs and practices
o Master Identity gives order to the operation of
other identities, individually or collectively.
o Norm is a rule that guides the behavior of
members of a society or group.
o Emile Durkheim considered norms to be social
facts
o Normal refers to that which conforms to norms
o Normative refers to what we perceive as
normal, refers to beliefs that are expressed as
directives or value judgements.
o Values culturally defined standards that people
used to decide what is desirable, good, or
beautiful, and that serve as broad guidelines for
social living.
o Status part of our social identity and helps
define our relationship with others.
o Georg Simmel one of the founders of sociology,
before we can deal with anyone, we need to
know who the person is.
o Linton American sociologist who defined status
as a position in a social system.
o Ascribed Status - social position a person receives
at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
o Achieved Status social position a person takes
on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and
effort.
o Role refers to the behavior expected of
someone who holds a particular status
o Role Strain conflict among the roles connected
to two or more statuses.
o Erving Goffman first articulated the idea of
impression management.
o Role Manipulation through impression
management has bearing on the formation of a
persons self-identity.
LESSON 2
o Conformity and Deviance twin processes that
flow from the enculturation and socialization
processes.
o Deviance behavior that violates expected rules
and norms; violation of the norms
o Cesare Lombroso Italian criminologist on 1870s
went in arguing that criminal types could be
identified by a collection of anatomical features.
o Critical Interpretivism gazes at the influence of
certain individuals or institutions to deviantize and
criminalize any person, action, and situation.
o Robert Merton 1957, offered a side-by-side
formulation of conformity and deviance.
o Structural strain theory developed by Merton;
traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that
are caused by the gap between cultural goals
and the means people have available to
achieve those goals
o Goals economic success
o Means opportunities

o 5 General Categories of People (Merton) :

1. Conformists people who believe in both the
established cultural goals of society and
normative means; follow the rules of society
2. Ritualists individuals who do not believe in
the established cultural goals of the society,
but do believe in the means for attaining
those goals
3. Innovators individuals that accept the
cultural goals of society but reject the
conventional methods of attaining those
goals; generally those we regard as criminals
4. Retreatists individuals who reject both the
cultural goals and the accepted means of
attaining those goals
5. Rebels reject both and also substitute new
means of attaining these goals

o Labeling Theory focuses on a different set of

postulations about deviance
o Social Control Theory developed by Travis
Hirschi; is a type of functionalist theory that
suggests that deviance occurs when a persons
or groups attachment to social bonds is
weakened.
o UDHR United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
o