PHYSICS.
SEMIS
LESSON 4.2 FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
Newtons law of inertia defines equilibrium.
EQUILIBRIUM a condition where there is no change
in the state of motion of a body.
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM the body in equilibrium is
at rest
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM object is moving with
constant velocity.
The net force acting on an object at equilibrium is
zero. This is true for all objects in equilibrium.
In equation form,
= 0 (Eq. 4.3) The second law may be stated in terms of the concept of
In component form,
= 0
= 0
= 0
This requirement is known as the first condition of
equilibrium.
To solve an equilibrium problem, we need to
draw a free-body diagram of the particle
representation of the object or system we are
interested in.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM diagram of the object
separated from its surroundings showing the
magnitude and direction of all forces acting on it.
- It does not show the forces exerted by the object.
- Vectors are represented by arrows.
LESSON 4.3 ACCELERATING SYSTEM OF
MASSES
Newtons second law of motion
Important to know that = may be applied Impulse-momentum theorem Equation 4.4 tells us
to an entire system or a part of a system.
When applied to the entire system,
m mass
a acceleration
- resultant force acting on the whole system
When applied to a part of the system,
m mass
a acceleration
resultant force acting on that portion of
the system.
bles and ropes efficient ways to transmit
force from one part of the system (mass) to
another.
- Often used with a pulley which can redirect this
force.
Such is the idea behind the Atwood machine.
Atwood machine the first laboratory apparatus that
provided experimental verification of Newtons laws
of motion.
- Designed by: George Atwood in 1784
- The machine consisted of two different masses
connected by a string that run over a low-friction
pulley.
LESSON 4.4 THE IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
momentum. Recall that F=ma.
Substituting Eq. (3.2) gives
= ( )
0
=
= 0
Therefore,
= 0 (Eq. 4.4)
Impulse the product of the force and the time interval
on which the force acts on an object.
- Vector quantity with the same direction as the
force
- Newton-second
Momentum product of mass and velocity
- Represented by small letter p
- Vector quantity, having the same direction as
velocity
If v is the final velocity, then mv is the final
momentum. If 0 is the initial velocity, 0 is the
initial momentum.
that when net force F acts on a body, the impulse of that
force is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
- An alternative statement to the Newtons second
law of motion.
Change in momentum of an object depends on
the magnitude of the force and the time the force
acts.
A given change in momentum may be achieved
by changing the force of impact and the time of
impact.
Large force acting for a short time or small force
acting for a long time brings about the same
change in momentum.
 APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF
SMALLER FORCE AND LONGER TIME OF
IMPACT:
1. Padded dashboards
2. Helmets
3. Bumpers
4. Fenders
5. Air bags
- Designed to lessen injury to passengers by
increasing the time needed to bring them to a halt
during collision
PROUDLY FILIPINO
Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao, Manny Pacquiao or
Pacman, has been rated as one of the best pound-
for-pound boxers of all time and is the only fighter
who have won world titles in eight different
divisions. He delivers punches at great speeds. From
a physics point of view, his winning formula in the
ring is in accordance with the impulse-momentum
theorem wherein impact force is greater when
delivered in a short time or a at greater speed or both
LESSON 4.5 FRICTION
Friction refers to a force that resists motion between
in contact.
1. Static friction occurs in cases where friction is
sufficient to prevent relative motion between the
surfaces.
2. Kinetic friction or sliding friction present
where there is a relative motion between the
surfaces contact.
3. Rolling friction occurs when one surface
rotates as it moves over another without sliding
nor slipping at the point or area of contact
Fluid liquid or gas
Fluid friction or drag force
- Refers to the forces that resist relative motion of
an object through a fluid or of a fluid through
another fluid.
Aside from the unevenness or roughness of the
surfaces in contact researches have shown that
friction arises because of the molecular attraction
or local adhesion between materials, local
deformation on the contact region, and fluid
viscosity.
LAWS OF FRICTION
1. Static friction is greater in magnitude than kinetic
friction. Experience tells us that we need to exert
a greater force to start than to maintain motion.
2. Friction acts parallel to the surfaces in contact and
in a direction so as to oppose motion. Friction
cannot produce motion. Its main role is to oppose
motion.
3. Friction is independent of the area of contact and
speed of sliding.
4. Friction is proportional to the normal force
5. Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in
contact and condition of surfaces, that is, whether
the surfaces are rough, smooth, polished or wet.
Rolling friction treated in the same way as sliding
friction
- Proportional to the normal force and its
magnitude is less than that of the sliding friction
The laws of viscous friction are totally different from
those of sliding and rolling friction.
Viscous friction depends on the area of contact and
relative speed of fluid and body.
- Air resistance encountered in falling body
(example)
SCIENCE CONNECTIONS
Two types of friction occur in the atmosphere:
1. Friction between air molecules (viscosity)
2. Friction between air and land
Between the two, the latter has a more significant
effect.
Friction slows down surface winds at areas with winds
of different speeds. It also disrupts the wind flow,
which creates turbulence. Turbulence causes eddies,
which are responsible for wind gust and mixing of air
in the atmosphere. This is evident on leaves swirling
around following the direction of the wind.
Air friction is dependent on altitude. At higher
altitudes, there are no longer trees and buildings to
slow down the wind. Thus, upper-level winds are
stronger than surface winds. The amount of air friction
also depends on the surface of Earth just above it. A
calm ocean may be considered smooth and offers less
friction. Thus, winds above it are more uniform and
smooth flowing, while hills and forests force the wind
to slow down and change directions.
STATIC FRICTION AND KINETIC FRICTION
Consider an object, resting on a horizontal
surface, upon which a horizontal force F is
applied. Let us further assume that the value of F
may be gradually increased. At all times that the
object remains at rest, the applied force F is
balanced by the static friction
Increasing F also increased Friction
Static friction has maximum value
- if the applied force exceeds the maximum value
of friction, then the object will start to slide and
accelerate in the direction of the applied force.
BUT WHEN IS STATIC FRICTION
MAXIMUM?
STATIC FRICTION is maximum when motion is
about to begin or when motion is impending.
- Maximum value of friction is found to be
proportional to the perpendicular or normal force
pressing the surfaces together.
 Representing maximum static friction as and
normal force as , we have
of repose. It follows that >
We change the proportionality relation to an equation by
introducing a constant of proportionality . This constant
is called coefficient of static friction and is a property of
the materials in contact with each other.
= (EQ. 4.5 )
Once the two surfaces begin to slide over another, static
friction is replaced by kinetic friction.
KINETIC FRICTION -
- Found to be proportional to the normal force.
Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Proportionality constant
ANGLE OF REPOSE AND ANGLE OF
UNIFORM SLIP
Consider an object resting on a horizontal surface. Then,
slowly incline the plane until the object is in impending
motion down the plane. This particular inclination is
called the Limitation of angle of repose ( )
Since motion tends to be downward, static friction must
be acting upward and parallel to the inclined plane. Since
the object is at rest, follows that the sum of the forces
parallel to the plane must be equal to zero, that is,
= 0 the curve. Moving at most in this designed speed reduces
But static friction is at maximum, that is,
=
Therefore,
= 0
= (1)
Similarly, all forces acting perpendicular to the plane
must add up to zero.
= 0
= (2)
Substituting (2) to (1) and solving for
= resistance.
= 1 (eq. 4.7)
Suppose we incline the plane a little more. Then the
object will accelerate down the plane. To keep the object
moving down the plane at constant velocity, the
inclination of the plane must be lowered to less than
.We call this angle the angle of uniform slip ()
Using the same reasoning as in the angle of repose, it
can be shown that
=
= 1 (eq. 4.8)
Note that the angle of uniform slip is less than the angle
FRICTION AND BANKING CURVES
For an object to go around in a circular path, centripetal
force must be present.
For a car rounding a level curve, the centripetal force is
provided by the friction between the tires and the road.
However, highway curves are often banked at a certain
angle so that the road tilts inward. In this way, we do
not have to rely only on friction for the required
centripetal force. This is supplied by the horizontal
component of the normal force exerted by the road on the
tires.
From figure 4-10, = 2 / And =
Getting the ratio of ,
2
=
2
= (Eq. 4.9)
Where v is the designed speed for which the curve is
ideally banked and R is the radius of the curve. The angle
of banking is directly proportional to the square of the
designed speed and inversely proportional to the radius of
the chances of skidding.
MOTION IN A VISCOUS FLUID
Drag force object falling through air encounters a
resistive force as it collides with the fluid molecules.
The larger the object is and the faster it moves,
the more collisions there will be.
Drag force depends on the objects speed, size,
and shape.
Increased speed and greater surface are in contact
with air results in a greater drag force.
Experimentally, a small object moving through air at
a speed less than or equal to 25 m/s experiences an
approximate drag force which varies linearly with
its speed. This is known as the Stokes law of
= (eq. 4.10)
Where B is the Stokes drag coefficient
For speeds within the range of 25 m/s to 325 m/s,
the drag force is proportional to the square of the
speed. This is known as the Newtons law of
resistance.
= (Eq. 4.11)
 Where C is the Newtons drag coefficient. When = 90
A falling object accelerates under the influence of No work is done since cosine of 90 is 0
gravity until the drag force equals the weight of the
object. The object stops accelerating and falls with a When is greater than 90
constant velocity. This velocity is called the terminal the computed work will be negative because the
velocity. cosine of an angle between 90 and 180 is
= negative.

= (Eq. 4.12) Negative work the force is acting in a direction opposite

that of motion. In other words, the force retards the
motion.
SCI BIT Example: work done by friction and by the pull of gravity
when one is going upstairs.
Parachute helps a person attain a safe landing
velocity. Louis-Sebastien Lenormand was often Work scalar quantity. There is no direction associated
credited for having invented the parachute in 1783. with work.
But do you know that Leonardo da Vinci had SI UNIT NEWTON-METER ( ) or Joule
sketched and imagined a parachute (which he (J) in honor of James Prescott Joule.
imagined to be a tent roof) in the fifteenth century? 1J=1
His sketch depicted a four sided framework 1 erg = 1
covered with cloth. In each side was long
1 J = 107 ergs
suspension lines tied together.
erg a smaller unit of work which is derived
from ergon (Greek word for work)
MY FUTURE IN SCIENCE
PILLAR OF SCIENCE

Are you interested in aerodynamics? Then you

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis was a French
can be an aerospace engineer. Your main job
mathematician, physicist, and mechanical
would be to design, to construct, and to test
engineer. He coined the term work as the
rockets and aircraft. Yu may also be involved in
product of force and displacement. He also
research to evaluate the suitability of new
derived the formula for kinetic energy. He is
materials being introduced in the market and
best known for introducing Coriolis force in a
technology on aircraft design and manufacture. A
rotating frame of reference. This force accounts
bachelors degree in mechanical engineering is
for the deflection of objects moving in the
usually required prior to specialization in
rotating frame of reference and for the formation
aerodynamics.
of cyclonic weather system. His name is among
the 72 names of French scientists, engineers, and
CHAPTER 5 THREE IN A ROW mathematicians engraved on the sides of the
LESSON 5.1 WORK Eiffel Tower under the first balcony.

WORK AS A DOT PRODUCT WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE

The product of A and B, written as , is defined as So far, we have assumed that the force that does the work
= is constant. But this assumption rarely applies to real-life
situations. Most often than not, the force is varying. The
Where A and B are their magnitudes and is the angle total amount of work done by a varying force may be
between them. The dot product may be interpreted as the solved graphically or analytically by calculus. Given a
product of magnitude of vector A and the component of graph of force versus displacement along the direction of
vector B along A. force, the work done is the area bounded by the graph and
the x-axis.
Work- defined as the dot product of force F and
displacement d in the direction of the force. WORK DONE ON A SPRING
= = Equation 5.1 Example of work done by a variable force is the work
done in compressing or stretching a spring from its
Cosine of an angle has a maximum value of 1
unstretched or normal length L. This force is found to be
Cosine of 0 = 1 proportional to the change in length of the spring, .

THUS THE MAXIMUM WORK IS DONE BY = Eq. (5.2)

A FORCE WHEN IS 0; it has the same
is the elongation or compression of the spring
direction with the displacement.
K is its force constant
Force constant the force needed to produce a unit - Expressed in Joules (J) or in ergs
elongation of the spring. Its SI unit is N/m. - Scalar quantity
- Measure of the stiffness of the spring. POTENTIAL ENERGY
Greater force constant means that the spring is not
- Represent by U
easily elongated or compressed.
- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
= position or configuration.

NOTE: THE CHANGE IN LENGTH OF THE SPRING Gravitational potential energy
IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ITS STRETCHED - Energy due to its position of an object relative to
OR COMPRESSED LENGTH X AND ITS NORMAL Earths ground.
LENGTH 0
A raised object possesses gravitational potential
= 0 energy. If it falls back to tits original level, it can do
The reaction force tends to restore the spring to its work.
normal length. Formula:
The force needed to compress a spring varied from at = Eq. (5.4)
to F at x
m is the mass of the object
to get the work done in compressing (or stretching) a
spring: g is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity

+ 0 h is the height where the object is located.

=
2 Elastic potential energy energy due to
Assuming that the spring is initially unstretched, that configuration and is common in elastic materials such
is, = as springs.
- stored in rubber bands, bow strings, slingshots,
=
2 and even in clocks or watches that operate from a
wound-up spring.
The work done W in compressing or stretching the
-
spring will be
FORMULA:

= = =
2 2 = () Eq. (5.5)


= () Where

Robert Hooke KINETIC ENERGY

- Force is directly proportional to the elongation - Represented by K, is the energy possessed by a

body because of its motion.
PROUDLY FILIPINO
= Eq. (5.6)

m is the mass
Jayme Navarro developed a pyrolysis technology
that converted trash plastic bags and similar materials v is the speed
into diesel, gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG). It involves environment-friendly technology
where the different stages of conversion are done in a
vacuum. Thus, no harmful chemicals are released in the
environment. The technology can produce 400 L of
gasoline and diesel fuel oil out of 5000 kilos of plastic
bags. The process was automated needing only three
people to man it. The invention was pantented in
November 2008

LESSON 5.2 MECHANICAL ENERGY

Energy defined as the capacity to do work. A system
that possesses energy has the capability to do work on
another.
SCI BIT
Energy from wind has been utilized since 2000
BC in Persia and China. Today, wind energy is
considered an alternative source to fossil fuels. It
involves converting kinetic energy possessed by
the wind into electricity. In the Philippines, a wind
energy source, the Bangui Wind Farm in Ilocos
Norte, was established in 2008. It consists of 20
units of 70 m tall wind turbines. Each turbine is
capable of generating 1.65 megawatts of power,
therefore totaling to 33 megawatts. The Bangui
wind farm is considered the first generating
windmill farm in Southeast Asia. As of 2014,
China is the worlds largest producer of wind
power with 75 Gigawatts. By 2020, China aims to
produce 200 Gigawatts.
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
Recall that when a constant horizontal force F displaces a
body of mass m through a horizontal distance x, the work
that this force does on the body is
= (1)
From Newtons second law, = , therefore, (1)
becomes
= max (2)
The kinematic equation of motion tells us that
2 02
= (3)
2
Substituting (3) to (2)
( 2 0 2 )
= -(average) essential fat is 3% ad 12%
2
Simplifying,
1 1
= 2 0 2
2 2
1 1
But 2 is the final kinetic energy K and 0 2 is the
2 2
initial kinetic energy 0 of the body. Therefore,
= 0 . 5.7
Work done on a body changes its motion. Eq. (5.8) tells
us that the work done on a body by the net force acting
on it is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. This
relation is an evidence of work done on a system to its
energy. This is called the work-energy theorem.
POWER
To express how fast work is done, we use the concept of
power.
Power (P) rate of doing work.
= = . (5.8)
But = , where is the average speed. Therefore,
=
SI unit : watt (W) named after James Watt who improved
the steam engine.
One watt = One joule per second
Another unit of power is the horsepower (hp) , which is
commonly used to rate motors and engines. One
horsepower is equal to 746 watts.
METABOLIC RATE
- Refers to how fast the body converts energy from
food into energy for the body to perform different
functions.
- (everyday language) how fast the body burn
calories.
- Affected by ones weight, age, gender, and
physical activity.
- Even when the body is at rest, it consumes energy
to maintain functions such as breathing, repairing
and growing cells and circulating blood. How fast
the body consumes this energy is called basal
metabolic rate
Calories the energy content of a food sample
- Written as capital C
NOTE: 1 Calorie = 1000 calories or 4186 J.
PRACTICAL SCIENCE
Body fat is divided into two categories:
essential fat and storage fat.
a. Essential fat needed for normal
and healthy functioning of the body.
of the bodys weight for male and
female, respectively.
b. Storage fat fat accumulation in
the adipose tissue.
- Used to protect our internal
organs from injury.
- Increases when a person gains
weight.
- The fat that a person wanted to
lose when he intends to lose
weight.
Food - our main source of energy. If we
take in more energy than we expend, the
energy will be stored as fat. If, on the other
hand, we take in less energy than we
expend, then we create caloric deficit.
To offset this deficit, energy must
be supplied by storage fat. Hence,
our storage fast decreases.
 The time acts on A is equal to the time acts on B.
Hence, both sides can be multiplied by time t.
MY FUTURE IN SCIENCE
( ) = ( )
A good background on calorie content of food,
metabolic rates, and work- energy relations is But according to the impulse-momentum theorem,
essential for would-be nutritionists or dietitians. ( ) =
Nutritionist or dietitian advices clients on what And
to eat in order to lose weight or to manage a chronic
condition such as diabetes. ( ) =

- Advises sports professionals on how to Where the subscripts 2 and 1 mean after and before
optimize their performance and achieve interaction
appropriate body size and built
Therefore,
- Majority are employed in hospitals to
oversee food service to patients. = ( )
- May also work in educational and research
institutions. Rearranging terms:

Bachelors degree in nutritional science, dietetics, = +

or food science, and passing the licensure
examination for nutritionists and dietitians are
basic requirements in seeking employment in the
field of nutrition.
FOR AN ISOLATED SYSTEM,
Total momentum before interaction equals the
total momentum after interaction. This statement
is called the conservation of momentum

LESSON 6.2 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM Thrust upward force that the exhaust gases exert
on the rocket
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM - considered as
an alternative statement of Newtons second law of - can be obtained using the impulse-momentum
motion, states that the rate of change of momentum of a theorem.
body is equal to the force applied on it.
= . (. )

= . .

Where is the rate at which fuel is consumed.
The impulse of the net force acting on a body

during a given time interval is equal to the PILLAR OF SCIENCE

change in the momentum of the body during
the time interval.
AMELIE EMMY NOETHER - graduated as
MOMENTUM
summa cum laude for her doctorate degree in
Linear momentum simply momentum mathematics from Erlangen University in 1907.

- The product of mass m of the object and its - Formulated Noethers theorem, which
velocity v. Using p as the symbol for momentum, relates conservation laws in physics to
= . . symmetries in nature.
- Time translation symmetry gives
Momentum vector quantity, with the same conservation of energy; space translation,
direction as the direction of velocity. conservation of momentum; rotation
- SI unit is symmetry, conservation of angular
momentum, and so on.
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM - Her theorem is considered as the backbone
Internal forces forces that the particles of a system of modern physics, particle physics.
exert on one another. - Some scientists considered her theorem at
par with the Pythagorean Theorem in
External forces forces exerted on any part of the system trigonometry. Albert Einstein considered
by other objects outside the system her as the most significant creative
mathematical genius thus far produced her
Isolated no external forces acting on a system
as the most significant creative
From the third law of motion: mathematical genius thus far produced
since the higher education of women in
Body A will exert a force on body B and in turn, body B Germany began
will exert an equal but oppositely directed force on body
A.

=
PROUDLY FILIPINO

FIREWORKS AND FIRECRACKERS

cause a lot of damage to life and properties.
Luckily, in 2014 , Francisco Pagayon invented
an electric firecracker that is called Elektro
firecracker. Elektro firecracker consisted of a
PVC pipe bomb with protruding small tubes that
serve as speakers for the blast. One has to light it
up to produce the blast similar to a piccolo

a.