Project Report

for

THERMOFLUIDS (UES-011)
By

Name of student Roll number

Annwesh Das 101604029
Apoorv Sharma 101604032
Apoorva Garg 101604034
Arnav Mukherjee 101604037
Ashish Jain 101604039

Submitted to
Dr. HARIPADA BHUNIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THAPAR UNIVERSITY, PATIALA-147004, PUNJAB
INDIA
July-December 2017
Objective: To determine the various coefficients of a sharp edge
circular orifice and to determine the time taken for emptying a tank
through the orifice.

Sub-objectives:
1. Determine the coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity,
coefficient of discharge for a given sharp edge circular orifice.

2. Derive the equation to determine the time taken for emptying a

tank through the circular orifice.

3. Calculate the required head over the orifice so that the time
taken for emptying a tank through the orifice will be equal to the
assigned time.

4. Calculate the error if any between the time taken for emptying a
tank through the orifice and the assigned time.

Theory: An orifice is an opening provided either in one of the walls

or the bottom of the tank for discharging liquid from tank. Generally,
orifices are circular and have sharp or a beveled surface.
The discharging liquid emerges in the form of a jet which continues
to converge till the minimum area of jet is achieved. This section of
minimum area is called vena contracta. Beyond the vena contracta,
the jet expands and diverges. Generally, vena contracta occurs at a
distance of d/2 from the outer surface of the orifice. At the vena
contracta, streamlines are straight and parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of the orifice.
The contraction and expansion of the jet results in loss of energy.
Therefore it is important to know the hydraulic coefficients of the
orifice.
()
Coefficient of discharge, =
()

()
Coefficient of velocity, =
()

()
Coefficient of contraction, =
()

The three coefficients are related to each other by the following

relationship:
=
Observations :
Diameter of orifice= 1.5cm
Area of orifice= 1.767cm2
Area of discharge measuring tank = 39.7*39.7=1576.09cm2
Coordinates at origin i.e. vena contracta (Xo, Yo)= (1.4, 27)
Discharge (Q) measurement Coordinates of
P(X1,Y1)
Run Initial Final Rise, Time, Head,H
no. level level h t Q=Amh/t X1 Y1
1 3 8.5 5.5 60 144.474 19.6 15.5 8.5
2 2 8.3 6.3 60 165.4884 21 18.7 13.8
3 6 13.6 7.6 60 199.6368 29.8 17.4 24.2
4 2 10.5 8.5 60 223.278 37.9 17.1 37.8
5 4 14 10 60 262.68 45.3 6 48.6

Sample Calculation:

Calculation Table:
Run
no. H X Y Q Qth Cd Cv Cc
1 8.5 18.2 11.5 144.474 228.1727 0.633178 0.920468 0.687888
2 13.8 19.6 8.3 165.4884 290.7422 0.569193 0.915704 0.62159
3 24.2 28.4 9.6 199.6368 385.0116 0.518521 0.931663 0.556555
4 37.8 36.5 9.9 223.278 481.1894 0.464013 0.943412 0.491845
5 48.6 43.9 21 262.68 545.6319 0.481423 0.687069 0.700692
Average Cd= 0.533266
Average Cv= 0.879663
Average Cc= 0.611714

GRAPHS:
1. Head vs hydraulic coefficients
1.2

1
Hydraulic coefficients

0.8

0.6 Cd
Cv
0.4
Cc

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Head, H

2. Head vs time
160

140
0, 133.7
120

100
Time

80

60 Series1

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Head
Derivation of equation to determine the time taken for emptying
through circular orifice:
Consider a square, rectangular or circular tank of uniform cross-sectional area,
containing some liquid and having an orifice at its bottom.

Let, A = Surface area of the tank

= Initial height of the liquid

= Final height of the liquid
a = Area of the orifice

At some instant, let the height of the liquid be h above the orifice. We know that
the theoretical velocity of the liquid at this instant,
After a small interval of time dt, let the liquid level fall down by the amount dh
Therefore volume of the liquid that has passed in time dt

The value of dh is taken as negative as its value will decrease with the increase
in discharge. We know that the volume of liquid that has passed through the
orifice in time dt,
= Coefficient of discharge Area Theoretical velocity Time

Equating equations:
Now the total time t required to bring the liquid level from to may be
found out by integrating the equation between the limits H1 toH2i.e.,

Taking minus out from the bracket (as H1 is greater than H2)

If the tank is to completely emptied, then putting H2= 0 in this equation, we get:

This is the required derivation of the equation to determine the time taken for
emptying through circular orifice.

Calculation of required Head so that Time assigned is equal to Time taken

to empty the tank:

Tassigned = 7min 30sec = 450 sec

A = (39.7* 39.7) cm2 =1576.09 cm2

Cd = 0.533
(1.5)2
a= 2 = 1.767 cm2
4

H1 = 60 cm
Using the formula, we get:

H2 =1.245

Required Head= (60-1.245) cm =58.755 cm

Error between time taken and time assigned to empty the tank
through orifice:
T assigned = 7 min 30 sec = 450 sec

T actual = 7 min 36.3 sec = 456.3 sec

() ()
Error = X 100 %
()

(456.3450)
= X 100 %
456.3

= 0.013 %

Error = 0.013%

Result:
1. All the hydraulic coefficients of orifice are almost in the prescribed
ranges. The average values of coefficients are:
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.533

Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.879

Coefficient of contraction, Cc = 0.611

2. The time to empty the tank depends on various factors like area of orifice,
area of the tank, Coefficient of Discharge, initial height of water.

3. The required Head for time assigned and actual time to be the same is
58.755 cm.
4. The error between actual time and the time assigned to empty the tank is
0.013 %