Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Declaration
My name is Temesgen Ermias. I am fifth year Electrical and Computer engineering student, I
have undertaken my internship experience in Hawassa textile share company, from a period of Commented [T1]: Check spelling & grammer
2016 Nov to Feb 2017 under the guidance of Tibebu (Academic Supervisor) and Girma
(company advisor).
I certify that my work is original and compiled according to the internship report writing
guideline given by the Institute-Industry Linkage office of the Institute.
As the students academic supervisor, I certify that the internship report written by the student is
his original work and compiled according to the guideline provided by the institutes UIL office
as far as my knowledge is concerned.
Tibebu
Girma
Signature Date
Temesgen Ermias
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take this opportunity to our profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped us
throughout this internship period. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Tebebu. For
guidance and support throughout this internship period. He has been a constant source of
inspiration for me throughout the period of the work. I also want to give gratitude for my
mentors in the company, I consider my selves extremely fortunate for having an opportunity to
learn and work under the supervision of Mr. Abera and Mr. Engda the head of spinning and
substation department respectively in the HTSC.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
My final report included brief history of the company, organizational structure, work flow, row
materials, suppliers and customers, products, mission, vision, objectives of the company, project
tasks and overall sections: - spinning section, weaving section and finishing section. From the
report I have also included different types of machines such as:-Bale Plucker, Auto Mixer, Six
step Pitter, Horizontal opener, Card machine, Drawing Frame, Roving Frame, Ring frame, Open
End machine, Winding machine, Twister and Doubler machine, Warping and Sizing machines,
Looming machine, Drafting machine and Inspection machine including their operation and
function.
Lastly, I also describe overall control plant of the company, which includes PLC (programmable
logic control) & relay logic system and some basic electrical devices such as-, sensor, contactor,
relay, rectifier, inverter and fuses are briefly discussed. This internship experience helps me to
improve lot of skills like practical, communication and team playing skills, also to understand
some work ethics.
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OFFIGURE
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................. i
2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 39
Waste water treatment based on PLC ........................................................................................... 39
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 49
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 50
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 52
List of Abbreviations
EEPCO Ethiopia electric light and power corporation
HTSC Hawassa textile share company
WWPTs Wastewater treatment plants
AWWA American Water Works Association
CAD Computer added design
MCB Main circuit breaker
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
NO Normally open
NC Normally close
I/O Input Out
exempted of duty tax and free from all quota restrictions, the textile and clothing industry in the
country has very good potential for export.
D. Opportunities
Cotton growth potential.
Increase in demand for cloth make of cotton in Europe and America.
Huge export market free of quota restriction and duty.
High domestic economic growth implying increase in disposable income.
Development of infrastructure facilities.
Political stability and liberation of economy.
E. Core Competence to Attract Partners
Majority of the machinerys reasonable new.
Has already developed export market and actively trying to develop others.
Better product quality and design.
Customer service.
Ideal location for expansion program.
Relatively skilled manpower and average age group.
F. Business Environment
General
Since 1993, the country has taken significant measures to revitalize the domestic economy and
create an environment conductive to the proper utilization of the countrys resources. The textile
sub-sector is one of the strategic sectors, which has being given due attention because of its back
and front linkage of its employment opportunity and its potential business environment both in
domestic and export market.
Social Environment
Ethiopia is one of the populous countries in the region and third in Africa with a population size
of 63 million. The annual growth rate is 2.9%.The high population size combined with the
growth of disposable income due to the economic development the country creates high potential
demand of clothing that has a wide gap between current production and demand. Above 50% of
the production is under the age of 20 that creates opportunity for reasonable cheap labor force
and at the same time high consumption of basic needs among which clothing is one.
Technological Environment
Even though the technology in textile is under continuous development to automation and
computer aided design (CAD) the textile industry is still grouped under the labor intensive
manufacturing. As the standard product or commodities of the industry still do not require highly
flexible equipments, the sector in Ethiopia can easily compete in both export and domestic
markets.
Economic Environment
In wide context, the world economy has being globalized and in order to participate in the
market, the country is making every preparation by due to the continuous reform measures taken.
The economy is growing at an average rate of 7.2% that contributes to growth in the disposable
income of the population. As all the micro economic indicators show this trend is expected to
continue in the coming years. A port from policy adjustments to improve the economy efforts
have being made in developing the infrastructure that is essential for creating new investment
opportunities.
General manager
Purchasing Sales
division division
General Personal Production and
Account administration technical dept
division
weaving
General division
service
Finishing
Clinic division
Knitting
Figure 1.1 Overall organization and structure of the company division
In addition mercerizing rotary screen-printing and shrink proofing are among some of facilities
available.
Other utilities
The factory is equipped with air conditioning water supply and treatment, steam generation,
diathermic oil heaters waste water treatment and physical and chemical quality control facilities.
Facilities
Electric power is supplied from the national grid of the Ethiopia electric light and Power
Corporation (EEPCO). The total installed capacity is 10,000KVA.
Water is supplied from its own deep well and from city water supply source.
Fuel fired boilers and diathermic oil are the source of steam and heating system.
Well-equipped mechanical and electrical work shop for maintenance service.
Communication services of telephone, telex, fax, p.o.box and email are available.
20 duplex staff canteen and a cafeteria with assembly hall.
Suppliers of main inputs and distance from the factory
Table 1.1Supplier of main inputs and distances from factory
2. INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Getting and Visiting the Company
Before I admitted in to Hawassa Textile factory I have been told by students of
Electromechanical engineering as they were overviewed by the school of Electromechanical that
attached students shall be abided by principles and procedures of the hosting. During the
entrance time the companies training center officers also advised us how I manage our time and
use it effectively. Furthermore, they show us overview of company as well as ethics of
companies.
2.2 Working Sections
Overall System Components and Operations of the Company
Hawassa textile Share Company is integrated company which processes 100% of cotton from
spinning up to finishing in their respective section and also garment processing will be done by
some machine followed by kittening. The main work flow is spinning section, weaving section
and substation department.
Spinning Department
Spinning is the first step in the textile industry after ginning. It is the process of changing lint
fiber to the weave able or knittable yarn. Spinning department includes all the activities required
to convert cotton in to yarn. The major raw material for spinning is cotton and polyester.
Contribution of spinning operations makes to the overhead of the company at the planned cost of
low materials consumable & personnel. There are two types of yarn are produced those are long
fiber and short fiber yarn those has different quality which means the one which have long fiber
has high quality & the one which have short fiber has low quality.
The department contains machines like Mixing Bale Plucker, Metal detector, Six-step cleaner,
Two-Pitter, Auto-Mixer, Horizontal Opener, Carding, Drawing (primary and secondary passage),
Roving, Ring frame, Open-end, Winding, Twister and Doubler.
This Spinning department has five sections and two production lines.
1. The five sections are:
Blower room
Open end
Roving frame
Ring frame
Yarn store
2. The two production lines are:
Open end line
Ring frame line
The spinning department process of flow line order are described in Figure below
Bale
pluckier
Opener Carding
Metal Six step Mixer
detector cleaner
Open-end
Yarn
machine
store
Even feed of the material: -to produce a lap of uniform weight per unit length or to
Process the maximum quality which is suitable for carding.
5. Ring Frame
Ring frame which is the process in carded yarn production eighth process in combed yarn production
roving bobbins are reeled over hangers & roving is passed through guide bars, drafting to draft for
required yarn count & through ring & ring traveler for the formation of yarn which is wound on cops
fitted over roving spindles.
It has unique advantage over spinning technology:
It is universally applied in most of the textile fiber can be spun to required fineness.
The yarn spun from this machine demonstrates excellent quality feature uniform structure
and good strength.
It is easy to operate as compared to other spinning machines
Disadvantages:
More process stage, roving stage exist as extra process compare the other system
The high speed of the traveler damages the fibers capacity of the crop is limited
Energy cost is very high
Low production rate
Objectives of ring frame are to:
Drafting the roving until the required fineness is achieved
Winding the twisted strand (yarn) in a form suitable for storage, transportation and
further processing.
6. Winding
Winding which seventh process in carded yarn production & ninth process is in combed yarn
production ring laps are passed through User yarn cleaner & upgrade the yarn marketing or
weaving purpose (for next process).
Weaving Department
Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of yarns, i.e. warp and weft yarns at right angle to each
other. In HTSC weaving section includes warping up to inspection machines. The flow chart
described in the Figure below.
Warping process
This is the process of changing the winding yarn from small size of individual cones to the
bigger cylindrical size roller. This makes suitable for looming and sizing up purpose.
Objectives of warp winding processes are:-
Formation of suitable package for warping
Checking and clearing the yarn from spinning defects
1. Sizing process
It is the process of improving the strength of the yarn by passing through hot solution of starch.
This provides suitable for looming machine.
Objectives of sizing processes are:
To increase the smoothness of warp yarn by gluing the protrude fibers to the core by
means of size;
To apply a protective coating to the yarn to enable it so as to with stand complex stress
in weaving machines mean while maintaining or enhancing its strength and elasticity;
To improve the weave ability of warp by reducing warp breakages;
2. Looming process
After the required number of warp yarns in the fabrics wound onto the weavers beam, the warp
beam ends are then passed through the drop wires, the heddles of the harness frames and the dent
of the reed. This achieved by drawing in and/or tying in (the choice depending up on whether or
not the new warp is different and from the warp already on the loom).
3. Fabric inspection and rejection
The inspection process might start with 100% inspection; check of every items or random sample
based on statistical calculations as a norm one would expect 100% examination for the first
customer order and there after random sampling based on the quantities to be produced.
Machine Description of Weaving Section
A. Warping Machine
Warping machines have a very simple design, which results in higher speed & consequently in
output increase. This machine is shown in the Figure below.
C. Brushing Machine
step dawn transformers which convert the 15kv to 0.4kv or 380v. This is given to the low voltage
control board. Within the medium voltage control board there are different types of switch like
motorized and earthling and it has also fuse disconnections which are responsible for protect
overload.
The medium voltage control board used for two purposes:
as switch during maintenance
as a protection (automatically) during fault
From the low voltage control boards the motors and electrical outlets of different department are
connected.
Power Factor Correction
The ratio of real power to apparent power is called power factor. Inductive loads cause current to
lag behind voltage while capacitive loads causes current to lead voltage. Also the presence of
harmonics current decreases the power factor. The power factor uses the total rms, this including
all harmonics. .
Active power (watt):-is that portion of electrical power that is real, it includes heat loss utility
charge are based on watts.
Apparent power (VA):-is the product of rms voltage and current which relates to the effective
load seen by transformer and current conductors.
Reactive power (VAR):-is the reactive component of the apparent power causes by a phase shift
between a current and voltage in inductors (coils) and capacitors. VARS are present in a
distribution system.
To avoid unnecessary losses, or to meet the acceptable load requirements of the energy supply
utility, power factor correction is often required with induction motors, particularly for large
machines or in installations running many machines.
The most common power factor correction is by means of added capacitors however, under
certain circumstances the motor controller can also be used for this purpose. In Hawassa textile
S.C there is a capacitor bank with a four stage power factor correction capability in which each
stage provide increased power factor correction capability.
Protection and Control Devices
When motors are used, there should be the right controlling system as well as protective devices.
The power flow can be seen below.
3- supply
Bus bar
Fuse
Contactor
Overload relay / Thermal switch
Motor/ Load
All these are connected in series and have their own rating for different KW motors. Electric
circuit should have the following main parts. These are;
Source of energy The control device
The conductor The load
Function
Circuit breakers as switch: - A breaker is a control device, or a controller. A circuit breaker can
control and protect an electrical circuit and people operating the utilization equipment. Circuit
breakers are not designed as replacements for operating controls such as relays, contactors, or
motor starters.
As current levels to be broken:-In current quantity breaker must be able to open overload level
currents.
As over current protection:-Any current in excess of the rated current of the equipment or the
capacity of a conductor. Circuit breakers provide a level of safety against over current
conditions in electrical circuits.
Short Circuits:-A short circuit is an unintended path through which current can flow. Any time
current flows in a path that is not the normal path, we say that the circuit is shorted. A circuit
breaker must be able to respond to a short circuit, which can present a large current flow in a
short period of time.
Generally circuit breakers have the following main advantages:
Sense the current flowing in the circuit
Measure the current flowing in the circuit
Compare the measured current level to its pre-set trip point
Act within a predetermined time period by opening the circuit as quickly as possible to
Limit the amount of energy that is allowed to flow after the trip point has been reached.
2. Contactors
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a
relay except with higher current ratings. A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a much
lower power level than the switched circuit. Contactors come in many forms with varying
capacities and features Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor
banks, thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads. Contactor does not provide overload
protection. When the coil is energized, the moveable contacts are closed against the stationary
contacts. Figure shows parts of contactor.
Relays tend to be of lower capacity and are usually designed for both normally closed and
normally open applications.
Operation principle of a Relay
It consists of an operating coil wound around an electromagnet pole piece, a moving armature
and one or more sets of contacts. When a voltage of the correct value is applied across the coil
terminals, the resulting current flow through the coil produces a magnetic field similar to a bar
magnet. The armature is attracted by the magnetic field and so moves a small distance. This
movement operates the contact.
INTERNSHIP REPORT BY TEMESEGEN ERMIAS P a g e | 23
DTU/FOT/ECE- ICS/2009 EC
4. Electrical Fuses
In electronics fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide
over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. It is Over current protection devices
are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property damage. Figure 2.9
shows a typical fuse parts.
The controlling system for three phase motors is most of the time in star or delta. However,
sometimes both connections star and delta are used to control a motor at a time. A motor ready
for work can be checked whether right to work or not by using the following methods using
digital multi meter.
Phase to ground should read nothing or should read in Mega ohm.
Phase to phase reading between the three phases should be equal.
Starting and ending terminals of the conductor in the winding should be continuous
In the industry, motor problem is the following is the main point is show below.
Loose connection
Over loading
Over heating
Insulation defect
To avoid this problem we have used different mechanisms.
These mechanisms are:-
Main power checked
Controlling power checked
Fuse checked
Checked motor starting star or delta
Inverters
An inverter is a motor control element that adjusts the speed of an AC induction motor. It does
this by varying the frequency of the AC power to the motor. An inverter also adjusts the voltage
to the motor.
In HTSC inverter is used to control the speed of motors in drawing frame machine. The
controlling is done by using frequency variation of the supplied voltage. For simplicity
potentiometer is used for adjustment of the frequency.
Operation principle of inverter
Most inverters are of the variable voltage, variable frequency design. The converter section uses
semiconductor devices to rectify (convert) the incoming fixed voltage, fixed frequency 3-phase
AC power to DC voltage which is stored in the bus capacitor bank. Then it becomes a steady
source of current for the power devices which are located in what is known as the inverting
section. The inverting section absorbs power from the DC bus capacitor bank, inverts it back to
simulated 3-Phase AC sine waves of varying voltage and varying frequency that are typically
used to vary the speed of a 3-phase induction motor.
Rectifier (converter)
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. Rectifiers are used
in various devices, including:-DC power supplies, a source of power instead of generating
current and High-voltage direct current power transmission systems.
HTSC use converter at warping machine for controlling the speed of the DC motor.
Potentiometer is used for adjustment the armature voltage which is the main parameter in
controlling speed of DC motor.
Steam boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically a closed vessel into which water is heated until the
water is converted into steam at required pressure. This is most basic definition of boiler.
Working Principle of Boiler
The basic working principle of boiler is very simple and easy to understand. The boiler is
essentially a closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel in our case wood or coffee husk
briquettes is bunt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced. These hot gasses come in contact
with water vessel where the heat of these hot gases transfer to the water and consequently steam
is produced in the boiler. Then this steam is piped to the turbine of thermal power plant. There
are many different types of boiler utilized for different purposes like running a production unit,
sanitizing some area, sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings etc.
The boiler in the HTSC uses wood or coffee husk briquettes as a fuel and it generate up to 10.33
bar steam and evaporation rate 1500 kg/hr. The steam generated is supplied to the sizing or
weaving preparatory room.
Types of sensors used for controlling the operation of the HTSC steam boiler are:-
Water level sensor
Pressure senor
Temperature sensor
A. Water level sensor:-this level sensor is used to measure the level water in the boiler. If the
level is below minimum allowed water level it will send signal for the alarm and for FD
Fan (water feeding motor) and if the water level reaches the required level this sensor send
signal for FD Fan to stop feeding water.
B. Pressure sensor: - the pressure sensor is used to control the pressure level of the steam.
The maximum allowed pressure is up to 8 bar sine the company is not working at its full
capacity it is sated at 5 bar at this time.
C. Temperature sensor: - the temperature sensor used for controlling the level of
temperature in furnace.
2.3 Tasks Performed During the Internship Period
During this third month internship period with the support of our mentors and their assignment
and supervision we were doing different tasks among them some are on board connecting and
testing different motor controlling circuits:
Direct on-line starting method
Forward reverse method
Star delta starting method
Sequential starting method
Dynamic break method
1. Direct on-line Motor Starting Method
The simplest form of motor starting for the induction motor is the direct online starter consist
MCB or circuit breaker, contactor, and an over load relay for protection. Electromagnetic
contactor which can be opened by the thermal overload relay under fault condition. In this motor
starting mode we made the connection.
Different equipments needed for the direct on line starting method:-
Three phase induction motor
One overload relay
One contactor
the star and stop push buttons
Cable
The procedures that we followed when we constructing the circuit were: first we recognized both
the normal open and normally closed self-hold (auxiliary) of the contactor by measuring their
continuity with a multi meter. Then we checked the fuses and overload relay continuity lastly we
constructed the following circuit as follows:
In HTSC, bell plucker and open-end machines are used this type of starting.
is applied the DC current from rectifier will create a stationary flux across the rotor this will stop
the motor from rotating.
the knowledge about certain subject we read manuals which concern about it. We always ask
questions which are not clear for us and ask the experienced person to show us which we want to
know. Especially working with skillful operators has a great advantage to get more information
have performed whole internship work task with all workers in passion and friendly.
Personally I think friendship make all things right and help someone to achieve his goal. In short
I have used the following procedures:
Asking people who know
Reading manuals
Statement of Problem
Hawassa textile factory do not have automatic waste water treatment process and these
initiate my to design waste water treatment based on Semitic (PLCs7-300).
The existing waste water treatment in Hawassa textile factory is based on chemical
treatment ; as a result its running cost is so high .Hence I decided to design the waste
water treatment based biological based treatment .In addition reducing cost is powerful in
providing treated waste water and clean surrounding environment.
4.2 Objective
4.2.1 General objective
Waste water treatment based on PLC.
4.2.2 Specific objective
To reduce human power.
To protect environmental pollution that by waste water.
To minimize the running cost of the company.
Significance of the project
The design of PLC based on waste water treatment plant controlling system has enormous
advantages for the Hawassa textile share company. This project has great advantage to the
company. Using PLC based automatic controller enables to have reliable system
performance.
4.3 Feasibility
Industry has wide number of sub-sectors, from the production of raw material to finished
product, and water management is part of whole environmental policy of emission
minimization. This project is not there in Hawassa textile share company but I design project
based on biological treatment .The project is not functioned as a result its running cost is so
high .
The existing waste water is based on chemical treatment mechanism and its control system is
manually not automatic.
Controller
Simple closed loop control system:
Sensor
Timer number
Timer type
S Q
TV BI
R BCD
Programming devices
Input and output module
In wastewater applications, a Master Logic PLC can be installed on treatment units and
networked with computer. Honeywells ML server interface software allows the Experian HS
supervisory software to have direct access to all memory locations in the Master Logic PLC for
use in operator displays, trends, reports, etc.
Manual switching
Figure4. 29 General block diagram of the controller and input output interface
The proposed system will control and monitor the liquid level of the tank, temperature of the
wastewater, flow rate, pressure, odor, PH value, color, conductivity and other parameters
continuously and will ensure that a sufficient level of water is maintained. It can be used to
prevent industrial accident by overfilling of any open container, to prevent overfilling of any
closed container there by creating overpressure condition. The high number of the input output
port of the PLC will enable this single system to control large number of tanks single handedly.
Alarm Systems
Alarm systems should be provided for pump stations. The alarm should be activated in cases of
power failure, sump pump failure, pump failure, unauthorized entry, or any cause of pump
station malfunction, minimum level and maximum level of wastewater, open or close failure in
the valves. Pumping station alarms should be telemetered to a textile facility that is manned 24
hours a day. If such a facility is not available and a 24-hour holding capacity is not provided, the
alarm should be telemetered to central control room during normal working hours and
responsible person(s) in charge of the lift station during to the home of the off-duty hours.
4.4 Methodology
In every industry there is wastewater treatment. But the difference is on running cost and the
effectiveness of the work. Hawassa also it has wastewater treatment mechanism but it has some
problems; as I observed in the internship program. First I asked the current problem with it to the
manager. After I gained some information I went to the place or section in which the waste water
treatment is found. Then I observed all over the flow process of the waste water and I understand
where it comes from. From my observation the main problem is in the control system and the
type of treatment mechanism. Then finally I have selected the PLC S7-300 control system and
Algae based treatment. But in order to fulfill all these things I have used some materials
Sensor input
Liquid level sensor
PH sensor (output also PH meter)
Oxygen sensor (output also oxygen)
Valves
Water inlet valve purge valve
Controller
PLC S7-300 module/software
The overall waste water treatment process:-
Environment
last part (AWWA, 1970) summarized research needs, engineering needs, plant operation needs,
and regulatory needs. [9]
4.5.3 Sources and Types of Waste
A water treatment plant not only produces drinking water but is also a Solids generator. The
residues (solids or wastes) come principally from clarifier basins and filter back washes. These
residues contain solids which are derived from suspended and dissolved solids in the raw water,
the addition of chemicals, and chemical reactions.[7] Depending on the treatment process
employed, wastes from water treatment plants can be classified as alum, iron, or polymer sludge
from coagulation and sedimentation; lime sludge and brine wastes from softening. [10]
4.5.4 Waste water characteristics
The amount and composition of waste produced through each treatment Process are
unpredictable. Because of the wide variation in raw water quality and treatment operations,
sledges are different in their characteristics and quantities from time to time with in the same
treatment plant, and from plant to plant. [11] Russelmann (1968) discussed general
characteristics of water plant wastes. In addition, he addressed special characteristics of
coagulation wastes, filter back washes, ion-exchange brines, and screenings from a few water
suppliers. He concluded that it is impossible to make generalizations concerning sludge
production in terms of millions of gallons of water treated because sludge production is entirely
dependent on raw water quality, the method of treatment, and efficiencies of the treatment
processes. [12]
Textile industry includes a wide number of sub-sectors, from the production of raw material to
the finished product, and water management is part of the whole environmental policy for
emission minimization. Other issues being air and solid management with the aim of their 7
minimization and or reuse the output parameters responsible for degradation of the environment
include solids and hazardous wastes, sludge, low grade large measure of heat, wastewater
discharges and contaminated atmospheric air and flue gases. [2] This project is there in Hawassa,
but not functions well, and it is manually control and chemical based treatment, as a result its
running cost is so high.
4.6 The existing wastewater treatment with comparison the modified wastewater treatment
The existing waste water treatment is based on the chemical treatment mechanism and its control
system is manually not automatic. So, as a result the chemical based wastewater
The modified wastewater treatment would design based on the algae (biological) treatment. In
this project as explained in the above table, the great modification is based on the biological
(algae) treatment and its controller is PLC s7-300.
5.2 Recommendation
Recommendation for the company
Concerning on whole internship program I recommended the following in Host
Company.
The money that earn for workers are low with respect to others. So the company accepts
the question of the worker to increase the money before the worker left the company.
In the time of production some workers not do well, so supervisors should manage the
activity of workers continuously as well as fulfill his/her responsibility.
Medical facilities are given in small considerations but such facilities should be given in
good way.
There are also problems in workers regarding to respecting of work time or on
punctuality. Therefore, it should be proper.
The company should plant good air conditioning system for worker in order to get
refreshed air during working time. It should help workers to fulfill their responsibilities
effectively.
They should write their vision, mission and values of company in front of entrance,
instead of put document in the training office.
Provide enough manuals for interns including 3D view for the example sometimes they
place form works in inappropriate area.
They should provide office for interns and pay pocket money.
Recommendation for university
Universities are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But I
would like to recommend my University to do the following during the whole academic
session.
The university should have sent the students to different company in order to
finish their internship program timely.
The university should strive more on quality of education by preparing good
facilities like laboratory, library, work shop and others.
The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for
that to make the students full confident and good expert in the field of study.
The existing wastewater treatment has no well design in automatic. And its running cost is so
high so due to this we recommended them to design this based on the following key points:
1. The existing chemical based wastewater treatment should replace by biological wastewater
treatment.
2. In the thickening tank there is no ultrasonic sensor to detect the presence of sludge, so they
should add this one.
3. In the presence of the wastewater treatment, the controller is in manual, so it should be in
automatic (sematic PLC S7-300 based).
Finally what we conclude to all who have well interested to do on this project, they can
improve this project by adding some software such as Wincc and Human machine interface
(HMI). This project also can extend and implement in different textile factory and leather
factory.
Reference
[1]. Trading as Enviroflow, Enviroflow Biofilter Wastewater Treatment Plant Brochure.
[2] Del Porto D., SPC Workshop on The Soltran II Non Polluting Biological Toilet and
Wastewater garden, Suva, Fiji, 25 November 1996.
[3]. Environ-Technology Inc., 1998. Cromaglass Wastewater Treatment Systems
[4]. Environment Equipment Pty Ltd. Rota-Loo Composting Toilet Brochure.
[5]. Environment Equipment Pty Ltd. Biolet Composting Toilet Brochure.
[6]. Gough I., Langford M., and Gough A. 1999. The Hybrid Toilet System: General Principles
and System Design Drivers. Published by Lanfax Laboratories, Armidale NSW.
[7]. Gough Plastics Australia, the Hybrid Toilet System Brochure.
[8]. Khan, A.R. 1995. Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Processes for N-WFP, Pakistan,
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