Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades

William James Hamblin
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Cilician Campaign 2
Tarsus, pt 2
AD 1097/10 early
Philippopolis
Varna
Strategic Situation: Cilician Campaign 1097/09-11
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur
Primary Sources: Cilician Expedition
Adrianople
Western
Albert 3.10-16
Constantinople
Rodosto William 3.19-25
Trebizond
Caffaro
is
Nicomedia Canso ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Ekkehard Ac
Neocaesarea

San
Y
Fulcher 1.14.3 h Aras
us Amasya e s ilirm Coru
c Cyzicus Nicaea ak
Sebenkarahisar Bartolf 9
ani
Abydos Gr Tokat Malmesbury Theodosopolis
Teleboas
Sank 1 Gesta 2/10d-e =24-25

dacus
arya

u)
Erzincan

S
Sebastea )Baldric 2.4c=35-36

at
a Su

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra ar
Divrigi(K Orderic 9.8i-=65-67

(M
Dorylaeum Guibert 3.13b=69-70
Peter 4.2c-f=39-40
k
Pergamum Amorium i rma Robertnias 3.20-23=116-117 Akhlat
Ha zi l Ars a
lys i
diz K Gilo
He Ge
rm
us Philomelium Melitene Letters
Smyrna Ralph 33-44
Comana
Antioch Caesarea Raymond
William 3.19-25
k
yu

Meander Iconium
Bu

han
Coxon Diyarbakir
Eastern Christian
1 n

Sey
Laodicea y ha Anna

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Marash Mathew 2.113=166-167
Heraclea Michael

s
Saru
Adana s
mu Bar Hebraeus
yr2a
P Edessa
1 Syriac
Attalia
Goksu Tarsis
Mosul
Rhodes Cal
yca
Belen Pass Muslim
dnu
s Antioch AHC
Studies (Cilician Armenia) Ibn al-Athir
Seleucia Eupal-Qalanisi
Boase, T. The History of the Kingdom The Cilician St Simeon Aleppo Ibn hrates {a490}

Zab
Kingdom of Armenia, ed. T. Boase (1978), 1-33. Studies Kamal al-Din

ater
Raqqa
Asbridge 140-147 Maqrizi {a490}
Charanis, P. The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire.

Gre
Latakia Sibt {a490} Rahba
(1963). France 193-195
Forse, J. Armenians and the First Crusade Journal of Frankopan 149-151 Nicosia
Hama
Medieval History 17 (1991): 13-22 Rubenstein 135-140
Ghazarian, J. The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During Runciman 1:195-202
Paphos Homs
the Crusades. (2015) Smail Tripoli
 Vahka
0 10 20 km Tancred Marches to Adana 1097/09/late
Anti-
Tauru
Rupenids s Mts
Constantine I
{1095-1103} Pardzerpert
Heraclea Marash
Cilician Gates
Thoros
ai ns Sis
n t
ou Kogh
sM 1- {9/late} The Armenian Christians of Adana appear to Vasil
uru have been linked to Oshin [Ralph 40a].. A mercenary Frank
Ta
Oshin named Welf is command of a garrison, probably as a
{1072-1097?} mercenary for the Armenians. He likely had only a few
hundred men. The Armenians sent messengers to Tancred
Lampron asking him to come to help support their city.

1
No Aintab

Adana
Mamistra
We
Ba
3
Tarsus Ravendel
3- {9/late} A Turkish garrison of 500 2
remains in the citadel until the arrival of Ta
Godfrey to accept the surrender of the 2- {1097/09/late}
city. [Albert 3.12] [Albert 3.10a; +Ralph 37b]
Although Tancred was sad when he saw Baldwin's
standard put up and his own taken away and thrown
down, he bore it patiently. He realized dissension was
mounting between his and Baldwin's followers because Alexandretta
of this exchange of flags, and because his own side was
weaker in numbers and in weapons he did not want to Belen Pass
waste any more time in this disagreement, but went
across to a neighboring town, called Adana.
Antioch
Sources Aleppo
Seleucia
Albert 3.9-10 (Yaghi-Siyan)
(Ridwan)
Fulcher 1.14.3 {1086-1098}
William 3.20c
{1095-1113}
Antioch
Aleppo
 Vahka
0 10 20 km Turkish ambush at Tarsus 1097/09/late
Anti-
Tauru
Rupenids s Mts
Constantine I
{1095-1103} Pardzerpert
Heraclea Marash
Cilician Gates
Thoros
ains Sis
n t
ou Kogh
sM Vasil
uru 1- {9/late} A group of 300 starving Normans,
Ta sent by Bohemond to reinforce Tancred arrives
Oshin
at Tarsus. Baldwin refuses them both entrance
{1072-1097?}
to Tarsus and supplies. They are secretly fed by
Lampron the townspeople. [Albert 3.11-12]

1
No Aintab

Adana
Mamistra
2 We
Ta
2- {9/late} 300 Turks from the Tu Ba
Tarsus Ravendel
garrison at the citadel sneak out of
the city and massacre the Normans 3
camped outside. The Turks plunder
their camp, and flee. [Albert 3.12] 3- {9/late} The people of Tarsus riot against
Baldwin, blaming him for the death of the
Normans. Baldwin retreats to a tower, but
reconciles with the people. He then captures
the citadel and massacres the surviving 200
Turks in revenge. [Albert 3.12] Alexandretta

Belen Pass

Antioch
Sources Aleppo
Seleucia
Albert 3.11-13 (Yaghi-Siyan)
(Ridwan)
Ralph {1086-1098}
William 3.22
{1095-1113}
Antioch
Aleppo
 Vahka
0 10 20 km Winemers Pirates 1097/09/late
Anti-
Tauru
Rupenids s Mts
Constantine I
{1095-1103} Pardzerpert
Heraclea Marash
Cilician Gates
Thoros
ains Sis
n t
ou Kogh
sM Vasil
uru
Ta
Oshin
{1072-1097?}
Lampron

Aintab

Adana
Mamistra
We
Ta
Ba
1a- {1097/09/late} Tarsus Ravendel
[Albert 3.14a]
There arrived a great number of ships [under
command of a pirate named Winemer = Guinemer]
of different kinds and workmanship [meaning they
came from several different countries = captured
vessels]. And they saw men disembarking from 1b- {1097/09/late}
those same ships onto the seashore and dividing among [Albert 3.14b]
themselves a great deal of booty [to sell to the Turks The men replied that they were Alexandretta
or Armenians?], which they had brought together over a soldiers of the Christian faith,
long period of time, nearly eight years. 1 acknowledging that they had come
Belen Pass
from Flanders and from Antwerp
Gu in Latin (and Romance) pronunciation
and Frisia and the other parts of
Latin has no W in its original alphabet. The letter originated
Gaul, and that they had been
Wi from VV/UU to represent theAntioch
Germanic phoneme W.
Sources pirates for eight years until this Aleppo
Seleucia Medieval Latin and Latin based languages used Gu for the
(Yaghi-Siyan)
Albert 3.14 day. In this naval association
Germanic W phoneme. Hence Guelf in Latin, and Welf in (Ridwan)
William 3.23 there was a certain man called {1086-1098}
Winemer, the chief and master of Germanic spellings. {1095-1113}
Here Guinemer is simply the Latin spelling of Winemer.
all the sworn brothers Antioch
Aleppo
 Vahka
0 10 20 km Winemers Pirates 1097/09/late
Anti-
Tauru
Rupenids s Mts
Constantine I
{1095-1103} Pardzerpert
Heraclea Marash
Cilician Gates
Thoros
ains Sis
n t
o u Kogh
3- {1097/10/early}
sM Vasil
uru [Albert 3.14c]
Ta three hundred were chosen
Oshin from the naval force [of
{1072-1097?} Winemer] to guard and
defend the city. Two hundred
Lampron more were appointed from
Baldwin's troops.
Aintab

3 Adana
Mamistra
We
Ta
2- {9/late} Ba
Baldwin welcomes Winemers pirates. The Tarsus Ravendel
pirates agree to ally with the cursaders and make 2
Wi
the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. [Albert 3.14c]

Alexandretta
2b- Some things to note:
1- Winemer commanded a multi-national pirate band. They had left Europe
four years before the call to the crusades, and had not heard of it. Belen Pass

2- Albert calls Winemer a piratas = pirate. They were sailing the eastern
Mediterranean, probably plundering Greek, Italian and Muslim shipping. When
it suited their interests they would also act as merchants, usually to sell their Antioch
Sources Aleppo
Seleucia
Albert 3.14 booty and slaves. Captured ships would also be added to their fleet. (Yaghi-Siyan)
(Ridwan)
Ralph 3- It is clear there were small Frankish fleets operating along the Levant {1086-1098}
during the First Crusade. We dont have any detailed narratives of these fleets, {1095-1113}
but they are mentioned occasionally in the main narratives of the First Crusade. Antioch
As we shall see, they were important to the success of the crusaders. Aleppo
 Vahka
0 10 20 km Winemers Pirates 1097/09/late
Anti-
Tauru
Rupenids s Mts
Constantine I
{1095-1103} Pardzerpert
Heraclea Marash
Cilician Gates
Thoros
ains Sis
n t
ou Kogh
sM Vasil
uru
Ta
Oshin
{1072-1097?}
Lampron

Aintab

Adana
Mamistra
We
Ta
Tarsus Ba Ravendel

Alexandretta

Belen Pass
Wi
1
??
Antioch
Sources 1- {10/early} Aleppo
Albert
Seleucia
Most of Winemers pirates depart by sea; their (Yaghi-Siyan)
(Ridwan)
Ralph exact itinerary is unknown. They probably assist {1086-1098}
William
{1095-1113}
during the siege of Antioch at the ports of
Alexandretta and St. Simeon and Lattekieh. Antioch
Aleppo
 Crusading Warfare
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