Problem 17-17

Solution:

A 1.5m 2m 3.0m 2
1 1

C
Rinside Rconv,1


h1 A 10W
m C
2 3.0m
0.0333
2 W

L 0.006m
R glass 0.00256 C

k1 A 0.78W
mC

3.0m 2
W

1 1
Routside Rconv, 2

h2 A 25W 2
m C
3.0m 2

0.0133 C
W
RTotal Rconv,1 R glass Rconv, 2 0.0333 0.00256 0.0133C
W
RTotal 0.0492 C
W
The steady rate of heat transfer through the window glass is

T T 2 24 5C
Q 1 589W
RTotal 0.0492 C
W
The inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from

T T
Q 1 1 T1 T1 Q Rconv,1 24C 589W 0.0333 C
Rconv,1 W

4.38C
Problem 17-18
Solution:

There are five separate resistances in the equivalent thermal circuit for this problem: two
convection resistances, one on each side of the double pane window, and three conduction
resistances in the two glass panes plus the air gap. A diagram of the double-pane window and
the equivalent thermal circuit are shown below.
 The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by the following
equation.

T1 T 2 T1 T 2
Q
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 1 L L L 1
1 2 3
h1 A k1 A k 2 A k 3 A h2 A

Using the data given we can find the resistances as follows.

1 m 2 o C 1 0.0277 oC
R1
h1 A 10 W 2.4 m 2 W
L1 L4 m C 0.003 m 0.0016 oC
o
R2 R4
k1 A k 4 A 0.078 W 3.6 m 2 W
L m C 0.012 m 0.1923 C
o o
R3 3
k 3 A 0.026 W 3.6 m 2 W
1 m C 1
2 o
0.0164 oC
R5
h2 A 10 W 3.6 m 2 W

We can now find the overall heat transfer.

Q
T1 T 2

24 o C 5o C
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 0.0417 oC 0.0016 oC 0.1923 oC 0.0016 oC 0.0167 oC

W W W W W

Q 154 W

T T 0.0277 oC
Q 1 1 T1 T1 R1Q 24oC 154 W = 16.4oC
R1 W
 Problem 17-28
Solution:

There are three separate thermal resistances in the equivalent thermal circuit for this problem.
A real wall would have convection, but we are only considering th4e equivalent resistance of the
insulation. No area is given so we will compute the resistance for a unit area (A = 1 ft2.): The
thickness of the sheetrock layers and their thermal conductivities are the same so we have

L1 1 h ft o F 0.6 in 0.583 ft 2 ho F
R1 R3
k1 A h1 A 0.10 Btu 12 in ft Btu
L 1 h ft F
o
7 in 29.17 ft 2 ho F
R2 1
k1 A h1 A 0.020 Btu 12 in ft Btu

The total resistance is 30.34 ft2hoF/Btu, which corresponds to R-30 insulation.

Problem 17-29
Solution:

In this problem we have convection from the inside air at 20oC (293.15 K) radiation from the
inside walls, also at 20oC to the roof. This combined inside heat transfer is than transferred
through the roof by conduction and the heat leaving the roof is then transferred by convection to
air at 10oC (283.15 K) and radiation to 100 K. The unknowns in this problem are the inner and
outer surface temperatures of the roof, Ts,i, and Ts,o. Because of the radiation equations we will
use the temperatures in kelvins.
For these calculations we will assume that the radiation heat transfer for both the inside and the
outside of the house can be modeled as a small object in a large enclosure. The area of the
roof is actually (15 m)(20 m) = 300 m2, but it is certainly smaller than the night sky and it is
reasonable to assume that is small compared to the area of all the walls and floors in the house.
The insider heat transfer is

Q A hT,i Ts ,i T4,i Ts4,i

8
300 m2 52Wo 293.15 K Ts ,i 0.9 5.6702x10 4 W 293.15 K 4 Ts4,i
m C m K
This same heat transfer is maintained by conduction through the roof.
kATs,i Ts,o 2 W 300 m 2
Q
L mo C 0.15 m
Finally, this same heat is transferred to the air and sky by convection and radiation.

Q A hTs,o T,i Ts4,oi Tsky
4

Ts,o 283.15 K 0.9 5.6702x10 4 W Ts4,i 100 K 4
8
300 m2 122 W
m C o
m K
We now have three equations with two unknown temperatures and an unknown heat flux. We
have to solve by iteration or calculator/computer approach. Using the goal seek tool of Excel, I
found the following results.

Q 3.754 x10 4 W Ts ,i 280.40 K 7.25o C Ts ,o 271.05 K 2.10 o C

Note that the very cold sky temperature leaves the outer wall temperature less than the air
temperature. The convection heat transfer on the outside is actually going into the roof.
Problem 17-37
Solution:
 Problem 17-46
Solution:

Analysis The thermal resistances of different layers for unit surface area
of 1 m2 are Coppe
1 1 r
Rcontact 0.00017 C/W Epoxy Epoxy
hc Ac (6000 W/m2 .C)(1 m 2 )

5 mm 5 mm
 L 0.001 m
Rplate 2.6 106 C / W
kA (386 W / m. C)(1 m2 )

L 0.005 m
Repoxy 0.01923 C / W
kA (0.26 W / m. C)(1 m2 )

The total thermal resistance is

Rtotal 2Rcontact Rplate 2Repoxy
2 0.00017 2.6 10 6 2 0.01923 0.03914 C/W
Then the percent error involved in the total thermal resistance of the plate if the thermal
contact resistances are ignored is determined to be
2 Rcontact 2 0.00017
%Error 100 100 0.87%
Rtotal 0.03914

which is negligible.

Problem 17-59
Solution:
 Problem 17-66
Solution:

The inner and outer surface areas of the sphere are:

Ainner Dinner 8m 201.1m 2

2 2

Aouter Douter 8.03m 202.57m 2

2 2

We assume the outer surface temperature T2 to be 4 C after comparing convection heat transfer
coefficients at the inner and outer surfaces of the tank. With this assumption, the radiation heat
transfer coefficient can be determined from:

hrad T22 Tsurr
2

T2 Tsurr

hrad 1 5.67 10 8 W
m2 K 4
273 4K 273 20K 273 20K 273 4K
2 2

hrad 5.25W
m2 K

The individual thermal resistances are

 1 1
80W m C 113.1m 0.000110
Rconv,inside C
hinside A 2 W
2

R1 Rsphere
r2 r1

3.015 3m 0.0000088 C
4kr1 r2 4 15W
mC

3.015m 3.0m W

1 1
0.000876 C
Routside
houtsideA 10W 2
m C
114.2m 2
W

1 1
Rrad

hrad A 5.25W 2
m C
114.2m 2 0.00167 C
W

1 1 1 1 1
0.000575 C
R R R 0.000876 0.00167 W
eqv conv,outside rad

RTotal Rconv,inside R1 Reqv 0.000110 0.0000088 0.000575C

W
RTotal 0.000694 C
W

(a) Then the steady rate of heat transfer to the iced water becomes

T T 2
Q 1
20 0C 28,818W
RTotal 0.000694 C
W

(b) The total amount of heat transfer during a 24 hr period and the amount of ice which will melt during
this period are

Q Q t 28.818 kJ
s

24 3600s 2,489,900kJ
Q 2,489,900kJ
mice 7461kg
hif 333.7 kJ kg
 Problem 17-70
Solution:
 Problem 17-89
Solution:
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer from the ball is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat
transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint. 3 Thermal properties are constant.
4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of plastic cover is given to be k = 0.13 W/mC. Insulation
Analysis The critical radius of plastic insulation for the spherical ball is
. W / m. C)
2k 2(013
rcr 0.013 m 13 mm r2 ( 7 mm)
h 20 W / m2 . C
Since the outer temperature of the ball with insulation is smaller than critical radius of
insulation, plastic insulation will increase heat transfer from the wire.
 Problem 17-111
Solution:
 Problem 17-113
Solution: