8/9/17

OBJECTIVES
Review of:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy
OF THE EYE Embryology
Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Founda9on Physiology of the eye
Department of Ophthalmology

THE EYEBALL CONJUNCTIVA

Thin transparent mucous membrane which

covers the posterior surface of the eyelid
(palpebral conjunc-va) and the anterior
surface of the sclera (bulbar conjunc-va)
Composed of two to ve layers of straGed
columnar epithelial cells
Contains glands which help in ocular
lubricaGon

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TENONS CAPSULE SCLERA

A brous membrane that envelopes the globe Fibrous outer protective covering of the eye
It is strong, opaque, inelastic
from the limbus to the opGc nerve Serves to maintain the form of the eye
1 mm thick
ConGnuous with the EOMs Posteriorly, it is pierced b the optic nerve and that part is
Thickens to form check ligaments known as the LAMINA CRIBROSA
The sclera per se has scanty vascular supply, but
the episcleral tissue contains numerous vessels
Layers of the sclera:
Episclera
Sclera proper
Lamina fusca

CORNEA THE UVEAL TRACT

Transparent Gssue which accounts for most of the
refracGve power of the eye
Thicker at the limbus, and thinner at the center
Devoid of blood vessels
Gets nutriGon from vessels of the limbus, aqueous and
tears
Transparency of the cornea is due to its uniform
structure, avascularity and deturgescence.
5 layers of the Cornea:
Epithelium
Bowmans layer
Corneal stroma
Descemets layer
Endothelium

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IRIS CILIARY BODY

Flat anterior extension of the ciliary body Extends from the choroid Composed of two parts:
has a central round aperture known as the to the iris a. Ciliary muscle (muscle of
pupil It is triangular in shape accommodation)
with a narrow base b. Ciliary process (secrete
Divides the anterior from the posterior directed forward giving aqueous humor)
chamber origin to the iris
Muscle of the iris Divided into the pars
Sphincter pupillae muscle -1mm wide plicata and pars plana
Dilator pupillae muscle Point of suspension of the
Blood supply lens
Major circle of the iris Produces aqueous humor

CHOROID CHOROID
Posterior segment of the Layers of the choroid:
uveal tract in between the a. Suprachoroid
reGna and sclera b. Layer of large vessels (hallers)
Joins the ciliary body c. Layer of medium sized vessels (satlers)
anteriorly d. Layer of choriocapillaries
e. Lamina vitrea (bruchs membrane)
Consists mainly of blood
vessels united by
connective tissue with Functions of the choroid is chiefly as nutrient organ for
the:
numerous pigmented
a. Retina
cells b. Vitreous
Choroidal blood vessels c. Lens
nourish outer porGon of the
reGna

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LENS RETINA
Biconvex, avascular, colorless Thin, semitransparent,
mulGlayered sheet of neural
and transparent structure Gssue
Second most powerful Lines the inner aspect of the
refracGve Gssue posterior two thirds of the globe
Held in place by suspensory Terminates anteriorly as the ora
ligaments known as zonules serrata
Accommodates to facilitate Blood supply of the reGna:
near vision Choriocapillaries (outer third of
the reGna)
Central ReGnal Artery (inner two
thirds of the reGna)

LAYERS OF THE RETINA MACULA

1. Internal limiGng membrane Center of the posterior reGna
2. Nerve ber layer
3. Ganglion cell layer Responsible for ne central
4. Inner plexiform layer vision
5. Inner nuclear layer
Has yellow pigment (xantophyll)
6. Outer plexiform layer
7. Outer nuclear layer Histologically empty space tends
8. External limiGng membrane to the accumulaGon of
9. Photoreceptor layer (rods extracellular material that cause
and cones)
10. ReGnal pigment epithelium thickening

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VITREOUS
OPTIC NERVE

Clear, avascular, gelaGnous body Trunk of the opGc nerve consist

Comprises 2/3 of the volume of the eye of about 1.2 million axons from
the ganglion cells of the reGna
99% water ; 1% hyaluronic acid and collagen
Firmly abached to the pars plana and ora 4 parts of the op9c nerve:
serrata a. Intraocular 1 mm
b. Intraorbital 25 to 30 mm
c. Intracanalicular 4 to 9 mm
d. Intracranial 10 mm

PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

Rectus Muscles
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
Oblique Muscles
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

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PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
RODS VS. CONES
rhodopsin or visual purple (rods)
CONES RODS
Outer Segment Cone shaped Rod shaped
pre-lumirhodopsin
Inner Segment Thick Thin
LocaGon Foveal/Central Region Parafoveal/Extrafoveal
lumirhodopsin
Number 6,000,000 (6M) 120,000,000 (120M)
SensiGvity Low High
Threshold High Low metarhodopsin

FuncGon Day/ Greater color Vision Night/ Scotopic Vision

Acuity Higher Lower (Lesser) re9nene
PhotosensiGve Segment Iodopsin/ Color Pigments Rhodopsin
vitamin A

vitamin esters

Rods and cones(terminal visual organ) receives waves of light falling

upon the re9na and convert these vibra9ons into

nerve impulse

bipolar cells

op9c nerve

op9c tract
THANK YOU
brain where the
sensa9on of sight is
produced