Whats Love Got To Do With It by Meredith Small 4.

Sex is free
a. Females cannot be forced into sex
Sex may be reproductive or nonreproductive b. Among sex-age individuals, sex is free regardless of
o Nonreproductive: blockage such as contraceptives, non- gender
penetrative, homosexual Implications
Species able to reproduce fertile offspring 1. Versatility
o Total separation a. E.g. wide-ranging sexual activity, sisterhood, same-sex
o Subspecies if reproduction of fertile offspring occurs even b. May point up to how ancestral humans behaved (e.g.
without total separation Australopithecines) Adrianne Zihlman
Sex for social cohesion is adaptive 2. Cultural bias
Evidence from Bonobos a. Emphasis on sex for reproduction
Bonobos chimps whose anatomy and sexual behavior resemble b. This denies sexs connection with social cohesion
closest to mans 3. Family
E.g. loss of estrus (seasonal sexual receptivity), face-to-face a. Sex for reproduction is concomitant with the evolution of
copulation family (Franz de Waal)
4 types of apes: gorilla, bonobos, orangutan, chimpanzees b. Sex establishes links between sex and paternity
Only culture limits a persons sexual behavior 4. Love
Homology a. Our heritage may very well include a primordial urge to
make love not war (Meredith Small)
Bonobos and humans
o Zaire, Central Africa
What Are Friends For by Barbara Smuts
o Assumption: inference for Bonobos also apply to humans
1. Sex is nonreproductive (Amy Parish)
Baboons in Kenya
a. Sex is pleasurable
b. Not linked to ovulation Assumptions: baboons as sentient with feelings and goals not
c. Across genders and ages homosexuality and pedophilia unlike our own in similar circumstances
d. Ancestral humans Friendship criteria:
e. Sex is fun. Sex makes them feel good and keeps the o Grooming
group together Frances White o Closeness
2. Sex is a social glue Advantages of friendship:
a. Makes or breaks all sorts of relations 1. Protection of females from aggressive males, juveniles, and other
b. Builds alliances females
c. Determines pecking order for 2. Protection of infants from predators
i. Resource sharing a. Caregiving males care for orphans
ii. Group protection from aggressive males b. Improved nutrition males allow infant to feed in their
3. Sex decreases tension feeding sites
a. Lower competition over food (Nancy Thomson-Handler) Contrary evidence: other study sites show infanticide by incoming males
Disadvantages of friendship: b. Clues
1. Manipulation baby for shield i. Personality characteristics indicate upward
2. Redirected aggression females suffer from males who lose in a mobility
fight ii. Physical athletic ability, health
Insights iii. Reputational information esteem among peers
Long term male-female relationships rest on exchange of social not iv. Economic resrouces
economic benefits 2. Social Status
Emotionally intense male-female relationships can occur without a. Advantages
sexual exclusivity i. Better food
Males ii. Superior health care
Get sex in return iii. Territory
Male care is unlinked to paternity; exchange for acceptance of iv. Opportunities for children
males in the group and increased mating opportunities b. Clues
Sex and friendship precedented the nuclear family. i. In simple societies: terms such as headmen, big
Male-female relationship is not necessarily sexual. men suggest social status; politicians
Sex in the family exclusive 3. Age
Sex in friendship non-exclusive a. Advantages
i. Prestige
ii. Control of many system through alliances
iii. Physical strength hunting prowess
The Evolution of Desire: What Women Want by David Buss iv. Patience
Bases v. Skills
Ethology animal behavior vi. Wisdom
Primatology primate behavior b. Clues
Ethnography culture as behavior i. Good hunting skills
Indices ii. Good fighting skills
iii. Ambition for power and influence
Preferences
c. For young men: promise
o Advantages
4. Size and strength
o Clues
a. Advantage
Preferences
i. Defense / protection of self
1. Economic capacity
ii. Defense of children from aggression
a. Advantages:
b. Clues
i. Acquirable, defensible, and controllable
i. Height
ii. Willingness to invest on wife and children
ii. Physical strength
iii. Athletic ability
5. Good health
 a. Advantages Cognitive impairment especially progressive
i. Mate survival energy deficit
ii. Delivery of resources Aphasia
iii. Work to support family Language pathology
b. Clues Behavioral change
i. Robustness / good health lively mood, gaudy Lost or wandering
gait, high energy level Irritability
ii. Ill health open sores, lesions, pallor Loss of vision
c. Risks for poor health o Types
i. Contamination Nonmutagenic affect elderly (65+)
ii. Lower performance for benefit of children food, Mutagenic affect young (30+)
protection, health care, child rearing o Common symptoms
iii. If disease is heritable, poor genes Asking questions repeatedly
6. Love and commitment Misplacing things
a. Advantage Wandering
i. Willingness to give Getting lost
b. Clues o Cure: none
i. Love o Medication: cholinesterase (erases plaques but causes
ii. Kindness inflammation of brain)
c. Risks o Relapse: after two years of medication
i. Abuse physical and verbal; neglect o Speed of disease:
ii. Extramarital affairs; selfishness Early onset: 10 years to live
Monogamy is preferred Late onset: 15 years
Choice of mate is an adaptive behavior for higher survival rate Mutagenic AD
It is a problem-solving activity Study site: Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
It is affected by womans condition and desires From the study of Francisco Lopera
Requires judgment, prudence, and discrimination Genealogies: mutagenic AD affects 12 related families
Local beliefs: causes
The Fortune Teller by Kenneth Kosik Touching a tree
Ethnic disease Inbreeding, endogamy, marrying ones first cousin
Alzheimers Disease (AD) Families with few affected must be grateful to those with many
o Named after Alois Alzheimer, a German physician affected
o Neurological disorder characterized by accumulation of Autosomal dominance
beta-amyloid Genetic explanation
o Symptoms: Mutation of presenilin 1
50 different mutations may occur in the gene
 2 other genes or more are known to cause the disease o Drool
Gerald Schellenberg and Peter St George-Hyslop o Convulsive
Identified chromosome 14 as site of mutation o Uncontrollable language
Kenneth Kosik and Alison Goate o Abnormally big brain
Identified specific mutation in Antioquia o Blindness
Origin of AD in Antioquia o Yellow skin
Founder effect a common ancestor o Pudgy hands
Genetic drift Expected life span: less than 4 years
Delaying the onset of AD Explanation:
Identify the modifier / risk factor gene o Genetic drift founder effect
Delaying the onset of AD (10 to 15 years) is as good as a cure o Originated in ghettos (small congested towns) in Jewish
Lifestyle modification part of settlement in Eastern Europe (Lithuania, Poland,
- Healthy diet, low-fat and low-salt (80%) Ukraine)
- No smoking and vices o Natural selection: theoretically, linked with resistance with
- Exercise (20%) tuberculosis
Epidemiology
Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto by Jared Diamond o Incidence of distribution of disease
Tay-Sachs Disease Affects 1/3,600 Ashkenazim Jews against
Named after W. Tay (British ophthalmologist) and B. Sachs 1/400,000 in others
(American neurologist) Ashkenazis: Jews from the Jewish population
1/10 diseases that affect Jews settlement who have returned from France and
o Gauchers or Niemann-Pick Disease Germany
o Idiopathic Torsion Dystopia (ITD
Examples of ethnic diseases
o Colombian mutagenic AD
o Sickle cell anemia in African Blacks
o Cystic fibrosis in Europeans
o Hypertension in Afro-Americans
o Diabetes in Pacific Islanders
Etiology
o Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside on the nerve cells;
unbroken due to lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase that
lysosomes manufacture
Recessive
Symptoms
o Startle reaction