Bones & Skeletal Tissues (Ch.

6)

I. Cartilage
6-1 - review 3 types & locations (Ch. 4)
- growth:
appositional growth - adding new cartilage (or bone) at
periphery
interstitial growth - chondrocytes in __________ divide and
new matrix added from within

II. Functions of Bones

- ________________
- protection (e.g., skull)
- anchorage (for movement)
- mineral & growth factor storage (e.g., ______ & PO43-)
- ___________ cell formation
- triglyceride storage
- hormone production (osteocalcin)

III. Classification of Bone

location:
axial skeleton long axis of body
- protect, support, carry other body parts
- bones of - _____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
appendicular skeleton
- used for locomotion and to manipulate environment
- bones of - ____________________
- girdles = shoulder & hip bones
 2

shape:
long bones = _____ + 2 ends
- includes finger bones
6-2 short bones - ________-shaped
sesamoid bone - bone within tendon (e.g.,
patella=___________)

flat bones - sternum (______________)

- scapulae (shoulder blades)
- ribs
- most ______ bones
irregular bones - vertebrae & hip

IV. Bone Structure

A. GROSS ANATOMY
1. Bone Markings
Table 6.1 - has useful terms that you will want to know
for lab.
2. Bone Texture
compact bone - dense _________ layer of every bone
spongy bone inner trabeculae = honeycomb
- ______ or red marrow between trabeculae
6-4
3. Structure of Long Bones
diaphysis = _________
- centre = medullary cavity = yellow bone marrow
cavity (fat in adults)
epiphyses - ________
- outer compact & inner spongy bone
- joint surface covered by articular
(_____________) cartilage
epiphyseal line - between diaphysis & epiphysis in adults
- remnant of epiphyseal plate (= _______ plate)
 3

periosteum covers bone except joint surface

- inner layer consists of osteo_________&
osteoclasts (= "bone ___________")
6-5 - supplied by nerves and blood vessels (b.v.)
enter bone _____via nutrient foramen
endosteum - lines internal bone cavities
- also has osteo________ & osteoclasts

4. Structure of Flat Bones

- 2 thin plates of _________ bone
enclosing spongy bone layer
6-3
5. Hematopoietic Tissue (= Red Marrow)
= _____ cell forming
adults: - ____ bones, some irregular bones
- some epiphyses of long bones (heads of
femur, humerus)
infants: also in medullary cavity

B. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
6-5 1. 4 Types of Cells
osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
_____ cells divide & give rise to other osteoblasts
- found in periosteum & endosteum
osteo______
osteo______
osteo______
 4

2. Compact Bone
osteon = Haversian system
- ____________
- composed of lamellae - concentric cylinders
- "matrix __________"
- collagen runs in opposite
directions in adjacent lamellae
- "twister resister"
- central (Haversian) canal
- core of __________
- contains blood vessels & nerve fibers

- perforating (Volkmann's) canal

- canals at _________ angles to osteon
6-6, 6-7 - osteocytes in lacunae
- spider-shaped, connected to each other by
_______ junctions
- maintain bone matrix
- canaliculi connect lacunae to each other & central
________
3. Spongy Bone
- irregular lamellae, no osteons

V. Chemical Composition
organic components:
________ & osteoid
- ________ part of matrix (about 1/3)
- ground substance & collagen
______ strength (resists stretch & twist)
inorganic components:
- hydroxyapatites = __________ salts
- mostly calcium phosphates
- crystals
resist compression
 5

VI. Development
osteogenesis = ossification

A. FORMATION OF BONY SKELETON

1. Intramembranous Ossification
6-9 - bone development from fibrous __________
- most ________ bones & clavicles (flat)
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into _________
and secrete osteoid
2. Endochondral Ossification
- bone formation by replacing hyaline cartilage
- all bones below skull except _____________
6-8 - when complete, hyaline cartilage only at:
1)_____________cartilage
2) ____________ plate
B. POSTNATAL BONE GROWTH
6-10 - length of long bones
**6-11 - interstitial growth of __________ plate cartilage
- replacement of cartilage by ______

- in thickness - ________________ growth

- hormonal control:
- _________ hormone* (most N.B. during childhood)
- _________ hormones (essential for effects of growth H.
- sex hormones (estrogens & testosterone)
 6

VII. Homeostasis: Remodeling & Repair

A. BONE REMODELING
- bone _________ & bone resorption
- in response to - hormonal factors
- mechanical factors
1. bone deposit - osteo_________
2. bone resorption - osteo_________
- giant, multinucleate cells
- lysosomal enzymes, digest osteoid matrix
- ____ - convert Ca2+ salts into soluble form
3. hormonal factors
6-12 - aim to maintain _____ homeostasis
- blood Ca2+ parathyroid hormone (PTH) release
stimulate osteo_________ ___ blood Ca2+
- blood Ca2+ calcitonin release
*** PTH is much more NB than calcitonin in humans, where
calcitonin at physiological levels has no effect
(but is used as a drug b/c it has a pharmacological effect:
high calcitonin ____ bone deposit ___ blood Ca2+)

4. Mechanical Stress/ Gravity

6-13 - help maintain skeletal ___________
- stress results in bones with - thickness
- heavier ______________
- rearranged trabeculae
B. FRACTURE REPAIR (4 STAGES)
*6-14 1. hematoma formation
- mass of clotted _____
2. fibrocartilaginous callus - _______ broken bone
- capillaries, _______(some develop into chondroblasts)
and osteoblasts invade the fracture site
3. bony (hard) callus - 1 week later, forms ______bone
4. bone remodeling includes laying down of compact bone