FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Example No. 1

The steel jointed building frame show in the figure carry the lateral load as shown.
Analyse the frame and draw the bending moment diagram using the cantilever
method.

10 kN

1.5 m
10 kN

2.0 m

2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m

Solution

Step # 1 : Locate point of inflection

X = 3.5 m
10 kN
A C E G
1.5 m
10 kN

2.0 m

2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m

Step # 2 : Locate the centre of gravity

X= A(0) A(2) A( 4.5) A(7.5)

= 3.5m
4A

- Cantilever Method
Page 1
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Step # 3 : Determine the axial force in each column

10 kN

P P1 P2 P3

Since any column stress, , is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis, NA,
we can relate the column stress by proportional triangles.
P3

P2

P1
P

P P1
, P1 = 0.429P = 0.429x0.833=0.357kN
3.5 1.5

P P2
, P2 = 0.286P = 0.238kN
3.5 1

P P3
, P3 = 1.143P = 0.952kN
3.5 4

Calculate the value of P using equation of equilibrium

Mh +=0
10 (0.75) + P1 (2) - P2 (4.5) - P3 (7.5) = 0
10 (0.75) + (0.429P)(2) (0.286P)(4.5) (1.143P)(7.5) = 0
P = 0.833 kN

- Cantilever Method
Page 2
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Step # 4 : Determine Shear forces of each part of frame and determine member
end moments

At Point a
Vb
10 kN FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0
Mb +=0
Hb -P + VAB = 0 10 Hb - Hh = 0
Hh (0.75) = 0.833(1)
Vb = P Hb = 10 - Hh
Hh = 1.111 kN #
Hh Vb = 0.833 kN # Hb = 8.889 kN #

P = 0.833 kN

Vb
Ma +=0 Ma +=0 (down)
Ma = Vb(1) Ma=0.75(1.111)
Ma Hb
Ma = (0.833)(1) Ma=0.833kNm(column)
Ma = 0.833 kNm (beam)

At Point c
Vb = 0.833 kN Vd

Md +=0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0

Hi(0.75)-0.833(2.25) Vd-0.357-0.833=0 8.889-3.094-Hd
Hb = 8.889 kN Hd Vd = 1.19kN # =0
-0.357(1.25)=0
Hi = 3.094kN # Hd = 5.795kN #
Hi

P1 =0.357kN
Mc
Vd
Mi +=0
Mc=3.094(0.75)
Mc Hd
Hi Mc = 2.321kNm (column)
Md +=0
P1
Mc=1.19(1.25)kNm
Mc = 1.488kNm (beam)

- Cantilever Method
Page 3
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

At Point e

Vd = 1.19 kN Vf

Mf +=0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0

Hj(0.75)-1.19(2.75) Vf-1.19-0.238=0 -Hf+5.79-4.84
Hd = 5.79 kN Hf
-0.238(1.5)=0 Vf = 1.428kN # =0
Hj Hj = 4.84kN # Hf = 0.96 kN #

P2 =0.238kN
Me

Vf Mj +=0
Me=4.84(0.75)
Me Hf Me = 3.63kNm (column)
Hj

Mf +=0 P2
Me=1.428(1.5)
Me = 2.142kNm (beam)

At Point g
Vf
Hf Vf
FX+ = 0 Mg

Hk=Hf
Hf
Hk Hk = 0.96kN #

Mf +=0

P3 = 0.952 kN Mg=1.428(1.5)
Mg = 2.142kNm (beam)

Mf +=0
Mg=0.75(0.96)
Mg=0.72kNm(column)

- Cantilever Method
Page 4
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Step # 5 : Draw bending moment diagram (Beam ACEG)

1.488kNm 2.14kNm
0.833kNm

0.833kNm 1.488kNm 2.14kNm 1.5 m

2.0 m

2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m

1.5 m

2.0 m

2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m

- Cantilever Method
Page 5
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Example No. 2

The building frame in figure below is subjected to horizontal forces of 100 kN, 80 kN
and 50 kN at node D, H and L, respectively, and all columns has a dimension of 250
mm x 250 mm. Using the cantilever method;

i. establish the location of the centroidal axis of the frame

ii. calculate the axial forces for columns EI, FJ, GK and HL
iii. draw the bending moment diagram for beam ABCD

A B C D 100 kN

3.2 m

E F G H
80 kN

3.2 m

I J K L
50 kN

4.0 m

M N O P

4.0 m 6.0 m 8.0 m

- Cantilever Method
Page 6
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

Solution

i. Establish the location of the centroidal axis of the frame

X= A(0) A(4) A(10) A(18)

= 8m
4A

8m

4.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m 8.0 m

ii. calculate the axial forces for columns EI, FJ, GK and HL

From the distribution diagram shown calculate the value of P1, P2 and P3 in
term of P

P
P1

P2

P3
P P1
, P1 = 0.5 P
8 4

P P2 8m P
, P2 = 0.25
8 2
100 kN
P P3
, P3 = 1.25P
8 10
3.2 m

80 kN
1.6 m

4.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m 8.0 m

- Cantilever Method
Page 7
P P1 P2 P3
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

By taking Moment at mid point of column EI, calculate the value of P

MEI +=0
P2 (10) + P3 (18) P1 (4) 80 (1.6) 100 (4.8) = 0
(0.25P)(10) + (1.25P)(18) (0.5P)(4) (80)(1.6) (100)(4.8) =0
2.5P + 22.5P 2P 128 480 = 0
P = 26.435 kN

Therefore the value of axial forces for columns EI, FJ, GK and HL are as follows;

EI = P = 26.435 kN

FJ = P1 = 0.5P = (0.5)( 26.435) = 13.218 kN

GK = P2 = 0.25P = (0.25)(26.435) = 6.609 kN

HL = P3 = 1.25P = (1.25)(26.435) = 33.044 kN

iii. draw the bending moment diagram for beam ABCD

- Cantilever Method
Page 8
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

8m

100 kN
1.6 m

4.0 m 4.0 m 2.0 m 8.0 m

P P1 P2 P3

By taking Moment at mid point of column AE, calculate the value of P

MAE +=0
P2 (10) + P3 (18) P1 (4) 100 (1.6) = 0
(0.25P)(10) + 1.25P(18) (0.5P)(4) (100)(1.6) =0
2.5P + 22.5P 2P 160 = 0
P = 6.957 kN

Therefore the value of axial forces for columns AE, BF, CG and DH are as follows;

AE = P = 6.957 kN
BF = P1 = 0.5P = (0.5)( 6.957) = 3.479 kN
CG = P2 = 0.25P = (0.25)( 6.957) = 1.739 kN
DH = P3 = 1.25P = (1.25)(6.957) = 8.697 kN

Determine shear force and moment for beam ABCD

- Cantilever Method
Page 9
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

At Point A
VAB
FY+ = 0
P + VAB = 0
VAB = - P
VAB = - 6.957 kN #

P = 6.957 kN

VAB = - 6.957 kN MA +=0

MA - VAB(2) = 0
MA MA (-6.957)(2) = 0
MA = - 13.914 kNm #

At Point B

VAB = - 6.957 kN VBC

FY+ = 0
- VAB + VBC + P1 = 0
VBC = - 6.957 - 3.479
VBC = - 10.436 kN #

P1 = 3.479 kN

VBC = - 10.436 kN MB +=0

MB - VBC (3) = 0
MB MB (-10.436)(3) = 0
MB = - 31.308 kNm #

- Cantilever Method
Page 10
 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Tel:(+603) 5543 6189 Fax: (+603) 5543 5275

At Point C

VBC = - 10.436 kN VCD

FY+ = 0
- VBC + VCD - P2 = 0
VCD = - 10.436 + 1.739
VCD = - 8.697 kN #

P2 = 1.739 kN

VCD = - 8.697 kN MC +=0

MC - VCD (4) = 0
MC MC (-8.697)(4) = 0
MC = - 34.788 kNm #

Bending moment diagram for beam ABCD

34.788 kNm
31.308 kNm
13.914 kNm

13.914 kNm

31.308 kNm 34.788 kNm

4.0 m 6.0 m 8.0 m

- Cantilever Method
Page 11