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CONSTRNGERI I
PERSPECTIVE
Jelev Viorica
Facultatea de Marketing i Afaceri Economice Internaionale
Rezumat
n dezvoltarea durabil, turismului i revine un rol esenial contribuind cu o pondere
ridicat la relansarea i rederesarea economic a Romniei. Ridicarea produsului
turistic de la valorile consacrate la cele corespunztoare standardelor i preferinelor
turitilor strini presupune iniierea i promovarea unor aciuni care s includ, pe
de o parte, derularea proceselor de educare i formare a unei mentaliti adecvate
actualului tip de dezvoltare, iar pe de alt parte, accentuarea dezvoltrii durabile n
regiunile de recepie turistic.
Pornind de la aceste considerente, lucrarea de fa i propune s determine
modul n care trebuie concepute produsele turistice, din punct de vedere al
marketingului, pentru a respecta principiile sustenabilitii. n acest scop am
analizat o cercetare privind consumul de servicii turistice in Romania, realizata de
INSOMAR in 2009, dar si o analiza a turismului romanesc vazut de straini.
Cuvinte cheie:
Dezvoltare durabila, brand de tara, produs turistic, cercetare, turist strin, circuit
turistic
JEL Clasification: L83, M31
Introducere
1.Materialul acoper aspectele teoretice i practice ale problematicii turismului
romnesc
2.Importana studiului rezult din implicaiile pe care le are cercetarea de pia n
rezolvarea problemelor turismului romnesc i pentru fundamentarea strategiei de
marketing a ministerului de resort.
3.Materialul analizeaz o cercetare de marketing realizat de INSOMAR privind
consumul de servicii turistice n Romnia, n 2009 i analizeaz viziunile turitilor
strini privind potenialul turistic romnesc.
4.Pentru realizarea articolului am consultat literatura de specialitate romneasc dar i
cea strin, la care s-au adugat informaiile din buletinele de specialitate interne i
internaionale.
Literatura consultat
Lucrrile consultate sunt variate, de la studii romneti efectuate de specialiti n
turism, cum sunt Strategia Naional de Dezvoltare Regional, elabort de Centrul Naional
pentru Dezvoltare Durabil, 20 mai, 2008 i Programul Operational Regional 2007 - 2013
(REGIO) realizat deMinisterul Dezvoltrii Regionale i Turismului, la studii strine ale
Organizaiei Mondiale a Turismului ntlnite n revistele de specialitate-Tourism
Vision 2020.Apoi, am consultat literatura de specialitate romneasc (
Stnciulescu,G.,Managementul turismului durabil n centrele urbane, Ed.Economica, 2004,
Ispas, A. (2007), Imaginea Romniei ca destinaie turistic, n Revista Convorbiri
Economice, nr. 4/aprilie 2007, p.48-53), literatura strin (Eagles, P.F.J., McCool, S.F.,
Haynes C.D., Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas Guidelines for Planning and
Management, World Commission on Protected Areas , IUCN, 2002, Sundseth Kerstin,
Using natural and cultural heritage to develop sustainable tourism in nontraditional tourist
destinations, European Commission Study, Ecosystems LTD) i un studiu realizat de
INSOMAR cu privire la consumul de servicii turistice n Romnia, n 2009.
Cltoriile lungi la nivel mondial vor crete mai repede (5,4% )pe an n perioada
1995-2020, dect cltoriile intraregionale ( 3,8 %).
fig.4-Modaliti de achiziie
sursa: INSOMAR
5. Evaluarea post - cumprare, adic evaluarea modului n care produsul/serviciul
raspunde ateptrilor.
Modelele privitoare la comportamentul consumatorului n turism se refer la:
abordarea raional, n care decizia de cumprare este rezultatul unor evaluri
raionale i contient economice;
abordarea comportamental, n care comportamenul consumatorului se supune
legii condiionrii;
abordarea psihologic care are la baz analiza tranzacional n care
personalitatea cunoate 3 stri de spirit:
1.Parinte (grijuliu/autoritar): individul adopt un comportament normativ,
reproduce scheme anterior nvate
2. Copil (liber/adaptat/creator): individul acioneaz conform propriei plceri
3.Adult (pozitiv/negativ): individul adopt un comportament bazat pe logic,
analiz,raiune.
- abordarea psiho-social are la baz teoria consumului ostentativ = mediul
socio-cultural influeneaz comportamentul, indivizii raportandu-se la grupul
din care fac parte sau la care aspir (apartenena la grup).fig.5
Cunoasterea tipologiei personalitii turistului ne ajut s identificm activitile
turistice la care acetia ar participa.
fig.5 .Modaliti de achiziie a pachetului turistic
Concluzii i propuneri
Un produs turistic bine realizat, pe baz de cercetari, poate influena dezvoltarea
unei zone defavorizate prin:
- atragerea unui flux de turiti strini n zon;
- modernizarea i extinderea infrastructurilor: cazare, alimentaie, transport astfel
nct s nu afecteze mediul natural existent;
- crearea de noi locuri de munc i dezvoltarea resurselor umane locale prin
perfecionarea angajailor;
- pstrarea continuitii tradiiilor, obiceiurilor i valorilor spirituale din zon.
Produsele turistice ce se creeaza de catre ofertantii nationali trebuie sa se bazeze pe
preferinele turitilor strini si nationali, aflate din cercetari de piata. Acest lucru ar
duce la asigurarea fluxului turistic n zonele promovate de produsele respective i un
nalt grad de satisfacie al turistului.
Calitatea i competitivitatea produselor turistice romanesti pot contribui la
dezvoltarea i meninerea unui turism durabil, mai ales daca se tine seama si de
tendintele turismului mondial care se manifesta spre:
1.Cautarea radacinilor culturale, a specificului local autentic: arhitectura,
obiceiurile, arta, traditiile etc.
2) Cautarea echilibrului personal, fizic si mental, prin practicarea activitatilor fizice
care nu presupun spiritul de competitie.
3) Practicarea de catre o anumita categorie de turisti a sporturilor extreme.
4) Intoarcerea la natura in zonele rurale: agroturismul, turismul ecologic, verde.
5) Dorinta de a avea o a doua resedinta.
6) Petrecerea concediului intr-un mediu natural nepoluat
Dintre propunerile acestei teme vom meniona urmtoarele:
-informarea i contientizarea ageniilor de turism i touroperatorilor privind
importana crerii unor produse turistice competitive care s determine realizarea unui
turism durabil n zona turistica promovata;
-implicarea statului prin acordarea unor faciliti ageniilor de turism care promoveaz
astfel de produse turistice romneti n zone defavorizate din punct de vedere
economic;
-angajarea de ctre touroperatori i ageniile de turism a personalului specializat, care
s aib studii superioare n domeniu.
REFERINE BIBLIOGRAFICE
-Eagles, P.F.J., McCool, S.F., Haynes C.D., Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas
Guidelines for Planning and Management, World Commission on Protected Areas , IUCN,
2002
-Ispas, A. (2007), Imaginea Romniei ca destinaie turistic, n Revista Convorbiri
Economice, nr. 4/aprilie 2007, p.48-53.
-Jelev, V.-Marketingul serviciilor, vol.2, editura Fundaia Romania de Mine, 2008
-Jelev I. i Jelev V.-Rolul i prioritile Comitetului Naional Romn Omul i
Biosfera al UNESCO cu aplicaie la Parcul Naional Munii Rodnei, rezervaie a biosferei -
Festivalul European de Jurnalism, Tg. Jiu, 2010
- Stnciulescu,G.,Managementul turismului durabil n centrele urbane,
Ed.Economica, 2004
-Sundseth Kerstin, Using natural and cultural heritage to develop sustainable tourism
in nontraditional tourist destinations, European Commission Study, Ecosystems LTD
-xxx-Strategia Naional de Dezvoltare Regional-Centrul Naional pentru Dezvoltare
Durabil, 20 mai, 2008
-xxx-Programul Operational Regional 2007 - 2013 (REGIO)-Ministerul Dezvoltrii
Regionale i Turismului
-Revista Vacante si calatorii
-INSOMAR-studiu: Consumul de servicii turistice in Romania,2009
- www.wto, Tourism Vision 2020
-www.mturism.ro/studii/studii internaionale
MARKETING BETWEEN SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
PhD. Lala Alina Gianina
Associated Frame
University of Re i a Eftimie Murgu
0740801986
gianina.lala@gmail.com
PhD. Aneta Tuta Ani
Associated Frame
University of Re i a Eftimie Murgu
0722300074
aneta.tuta@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Marketing and innovation are seen, more than ever, as a stimulus for economic
growth and an important component of competitive advantage. Both theorists and
practitioners now appreciate that marketing can not be regarded as voluntary option, it has
become crucial to success in any field of human activity, indispensable for economic and
social development of each organization, the basic instrument in achieving performance and
avoiding risk.
The interest in marketing, both in theory and practice has led many experts to worry
about deciphering the content, the essence of this concept, components and forms of
manifestation of the consequences they induce effects which causes.
Through innovation can be identified new ways of efficiency, no matter if it is about
marketing, business, technological processes or products. Thus, in the marketing literature
there are two major controversies: (1) is marketing a science? or (2) marketing is an
innovation? This article attempts to discuss this issue, while providing an overview of existing
definitions in the literature towards the term of marketing and innovation.
Key words: innovation, science, process, new product, marketing, risk takers.
JEL Classification: M30, M39
Introduction
A famous contemporary economist, professor Peter Drucker said that .because
its purpose is to create customers, the company will have two - only two basic functions
marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results. The rest are just
costs.. This statement is truer today than ever. Contemporary business environment has
changed visibly in the sense of engagement of some very aggressive competitive factors for
any organization involved in production processes. Thus the only real weapon with a real
efficiency that can help the organization achieve its strategic objectives is the innovation,
application of this concept in extenso in the marketing strategy.
Enigma is that marketing is one of the oldest human activities and yet it is regarded as one of
the most recent economic disciplines. Marketing, in its triple aspect of optical design and
economic, practice, concrete and science and art, appears and develops in the context
of competitive economy, a necessary condition of success of the company in relation to the
environment in which they operate. Through the optic and content that promotes, marketing
requires a new way to conduct businesses involving both, responsiveness to societal demands,
high capacity to adapt to changing requirements and market requirements, innovative spirit,
flexibility in the mechanism of economic units, unified view on the activities and maximum
efficiency, obtained as a result of the actual orientation of economic activities by real
consumer needs, to market requirements.
The main role of marketing is to develop and deliver better value proposals for customers
(Keefe, 2004; Payne & Holt, 2001; Woodruff, 1997). However, the meaning of this purpose has
significantly changed in the last century. The 21st Century markets are characterised by dynamism,
unpredictability, intense competition and increased consumer power, evolving towards and
increased fragmentation of targeted segments.
As regarding innovation, it is considered to be the main engine of economic growth in
today's global economy. By introducing innovations into practice to obtain products with
improved quality characteristics, service quality, improved models of business management
systems, modern management methods of employment. There are many reasons for
businesses and organizations to innovate, including: increasing market share, the conquest of
new markets, improving product quality, product range extension, replacement of obsolete
products, reducing environmental impact.
Defining marketing
What is marketing? What kinds of phenomena are appropriately termed marketing
phenomena? How do marketing activities differ from nonmarketing activities? What is a
marketing system? These are just some questions that have been found or have been trying to
find the answer. Assiduous concern, both in theory and in practice has resulted in the
emergence of numerous views on content marketing. Although a century after the
appearance of marketing, there is no universally accepted definition, every great work
starts with a new definition (Michael J. Bacher). A summary of views expressed by
experts in the postwar period, allows us to appreciate that they reflect the evolution of
marketing, in which J. Arndt, one of the first theoreticians of marketing distinguis his
three main steps related to the concept of marketing namely:
marketing concept;
broadened concept of marketing;
institutionalized concept.
Marketing has arisen in terms of several factors: (1) the emergence of the state of
abundance; (2) the emergence of mass production; (3) social processes (urbanization,
increased risk); (4) contemporary social and economic dynamism. Marketing first appeared in
practice and then began its theorizing.
A definition of what was widely imposed in the last decades belongs to Ph. Kotler
who believe that the most general way, marketing must be viewed as human activity geared
towards meeting the needs and wants through exchange processes, stressing that Marketing
is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups of individuals
obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products that are
valuable. Michael Baker continued Kotler's idea so the concept of marketing is both a
managerial and economic function. He also introduced the term of real marketing that
has four features: (1) it starts from the consumer; (2) has a perspective vision; (3) makes full
use of all necessary company resources; (4) involves continuous innovation efforts.
The first definition of the marketing term belongs to the American Marketing
Association (AMA) which defines marketing as the performance of business activities which
direct the flow of goods and products from producer to consumer. The definition was
regarded as too restrictive by some journals. Specialists in marketing from Ohio State
University, believed that marketing is the process by which early society enlarged or
satisfied by designing the structure of demand, promotion, exchange and physical
distribution of goods and services. It establishes that the phrase business activities (which
appears in the definition of AMA), being replaced by social process.
In 1969, while Kotler and Levy have proposed a definition for marketing, they
suggested that the marketing concept should be expanded through including nonbusiness
organizations.They noted that churches, police departments, public schools have products and
customers using the tools of marketing mix. Unlike Kotler and Levy, Luck (1969) believe that
marketing should be limited to those business processes resulting in a market transaction.
Other theorists have continued Kotler's ideas, as Levy and Luck where (1) marketing should
be broadened to include nonbusiness organizations and (2) societal dimensions of marketing
requires attention. Thus, Robert Ferber (1970) proposed that marketing should be diversified
in social, political and public fields.
In 1971, Kotler and Zaltman propose that the term of social marketing which they
defined as social marketing is designing, implementing and controlling marketing programs
relating to the acceptance of social ideas. Subsequently, Philip Kotler recasts this definition
considering that social marketing is a technical understanding of social exchange
management design, implementation and control of programs aimed at increasing social
acceptability of ideas or actions by the target groups.
Particularly important for understanding the concept of social marketing content are
its features compared to traditional marketing. Manfred Bruhn identifies four different aspects
of the classic social marketing:
organizations which practice social marketing aim, the main goal, unlike
business, promote the interests of groups or society as a whole. If, as a rule, the
main purpose of a business is profit, a social organization, to obtain maximum
income may be an ancillary goal, subordinate to achieve the main goal;
the products offered by social organizations, often, are not the same products
made by firms. Along with traditional products and services, there are ideas
and other intangible assets. Typically, they are even the main object of activity
of social organizations;
social marketing organizations that practice marketing do not seek to increase
demand for their products among certain target groups of consumers, as
companies proceed. In most cases, they try to influence the image and behavior
of target groups, sometimes even against their will. Out of habit or
convenience, people do not adopt a new behavior (eg, quitting smoking or
making regular medical checks) than with some reluctance, even if this
behavior corresponds to their interests;
heterogeneity of existing types of social organizations. If concerning the profit-
making organizations may only be used several criteria to identify the main
types of existing, concerning the non-profit organizations that can be used and
types of results there are much more numerous criteria, making very difficult
the classification of these organizations.
Another comparison between social marketing and classic marketing belongs to J.R.
Evans and B. Berman, whose view is presented in the table below:
Table no. 1. The main differences between traditional marketing and social
marketing
Source: Adapted from Evans Joel R., Berman Barry Essentials of Marketing, Macmillan Inc., New
York, 1984, p. 465
Defining innovation
As a marketing concept, innovation can be defined in several ways, namely:
firm innovativeness or creation of newness, depicts a firms ability to
develop and launch new products at a fast rate (Hurley and Hult (1998)).
product innovativeness or possession of newness, is the degree of newness
of a product (Daneels and Kleinsmith (2001)).
consumer innovativeness or consumption of newness, is the tendency to buy
new products more often and more quickly than other people (Midgley and
Dowling (1978)).
Innovation has been defined in many ways by different specialists, but there is no
generally accepted definition. The best known definition is that of Engel, Blackwell and
Miniard (1990) in which innovation can be any idea or product, seen as potential new
customers. Hurt, Joseph and Cook (1977) described innovation as a personality trait that
reflects a desire for change. Other researchers considered innovation as an opening in the
processing of information, specifically how an individual is receptive to new experiences and
to stimulate new (Goldsmith (1984), Leavitt and Walton (1975)). Midgley and Dowling
(1978) suggested that the concept of innovation implies independence in communication,
given the extent to which the consumer decision process is independent of the social influence
of others. Hirschman (1980) and Manning et al. (1995) equals innovations with the
consumers novelty seeking, which is defined as an inherent desire to seek novelty and
creativity.
Nohra and Gulati (1996) defined innovation as any policy, structure, method, process
or market opportunity that the manager perceives as a new firm. Covina and Slevin (1991),
Lumpkin and Dessi (1996), Knox (2002) defined innovation as a process that provides a new
degree of organization, suppliers and customers, develop new procedures, solutions, products
and services and new ways for marketing products. According to Luecke and Katz (2003)
innovation is the embodiment, combination or synthesis of relevant knowledge, evaluating
new products, processes or services. Evangelista's R. conception and Baregheh (2009)
innovation is multi-stage process by which organizations turn ideas into new improved
products, services or processes, in order to move forward, successfully compete and
differentiate their market.
In Hirschman (1981) conception there are two dimensions of innovation: a symbolic
one and technological one. The first dimension, the symbolic meanings of social concerns that
have not existed before. The second dimension, the technological has tangible characteristics
that were not previously identified. The advantage is that symbolic innovation depends on the
willingness of consumers to spread a new image in their social environment, while
technological innovation is a discontinuous innovation, which is unlikely to meet consumer
habits.
In marketing literature we meet several types of innovations. Thus, the Oslo Manual
innovation proposed the classification into four categories:
product innovation is introducing a good or service that are new or
significantly improved in terms of their characteristics or intended uses;
process innovation is implementing new or significantly improved methods of
production (for example, new manufacturing processes or technological flows)
or a new method of delivery;
marketing innovation is implementing a new marketing method involving
significant changes in product design or packaging, new sales methods,
product placement, product promotion or pricing on the policy;
organizational innovation is implementing a new way of organizing the
company's business practices in employment organization or external relations
firm.
Another classification of innovation was made by austrian economist Joseph Alois
Schumpeter between 1883-1950 which distinguishes five types of innovations:
creating new or improved product quality;
new production methods based on new scientific discoveries;
new sources of supply with raw materials and semiproducts;
creation of new markets;
emergence of new forms of industrial organization that would lead to the
creation of a monopolistic position.
Conclusions
Making a summary of the many views of our century we can conclude that marketing
is a complex multifaceted concept that can be understood and applied, leading to results. In
other words, marketing is a triple dimension: philosophical, procedural and methodological.
Philosophical dimension of marketing though is expressed in the manner of its
organization and customer-oriented attitude. Marketing must ensure focus on the consumers
to know and understand the needs and desires of the customer as its starting point in
marketing actions. Marketing is the science and art to persuade the customer to buy,
essentially free marketing, without customer loses its reason to be.
Another dimension of marketing, the procedural actions are expressed in all groups
and individuals that satisfy their desires through the exchange of goods and services with
other groups or individuals. Marketing is not a theory but also practice a complex task
that is done to obtain maximum efficiency.
Last dimension of marketing, the methodology that reflects the thinking and practical
action involving the use of marketing tools, a set of methods, procedures, techniques,
and action research, analysis, forecasting, organization and control to ensure that adequate
information you need to reach timely information obtained by studying the market. Based on
this information processed and interpreted using a whole arsenal of methods and techniques
for preparing decisions for current and future work.
Marketing itself is not an art nor a mystery. In reality, marketing is more science than
art, and any marketer who wants to succeed in the future will address marketing in a logical
and systematic way.
Regarding the term innovation, it is important in the differentiation of firms, consumer
products and services in order to maintain competitive advantages in the market. The most
spectacular result is the emergence of new technologies and products that revolutionize the
industry and lead to new ones.
REFERENCES:
Daghfous N., Petrof J. V. & Pons F. (1999) Values and Adoption of innovations: a
cross cultural study, Journal of Consumer Marketing, no. 6
Dwyer, S., Mesak H., Hsu M. (1999) An Exploratory Examination of the Influence of
National Culture on Cross National Product Diffusion, Journal of International Marketing,
no. 13: 7
Everett, M. Rogers & F. Floyd Shoemaker (1971) Communication of Innovations, 2nd
ed., New York: Free Press, 32-33
Irving D. Canton (1973) A Functional Definition of Marketing, Marketing News, vol.
15
Paul D. Converse (1945) The Development of a Science of Marketing, Journal of
Marketing, vol. 10: 14-23
Philip Kotler & Sidney J. Levy (1969) Broadening the Concept of Marketing, Journal
of Marketing, vol. 33: 15
Philip Kotler & Gerald Zaltman (1971) Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned
Social Change, Journal of Marketing, vol. 35: 5
Philip Kotler (1972) A Generic Concept of Marketing, Journal of Marketing, vol. 36:
49
Philip Kotler & Kevin Lane Keller (2008) Managementul Marketingului, 5 edition,
Ed. Teora
Paradigmele managementului marketingului modern -
componente eseniale n economia, organizaia i
managementul bazat pe cunotine
Abstract
Ca urmare, pentru reuita schimbrii, activitile de management al
marketingului trebuie dezvoltate avndu-se n vedere, n permanen, cultura
organizaional. Pe termen scurt sau mediu este mai puin probabil s se poat modifica
cultura organizaional, pentru a accepta abordarea modern a marketingului. Totui,
pe termen lung, managementul marketingului poate constitui o modalitate de a schimba
cultura organizaional. Dei conservatoare prin excelen, cultura organizaional
constituie instrumentul fundamental care poate facilita schimbarea organizaional.
n viziunea lui Manfred Bruhn, orientarea spre clieni nseamn identificarea i
analiza continu i cuprinztoare a ateptrilor clienilor, transpunerea acestora n
realizarea produselor i serviciilor, n modul de desfurare a interaciunii cu clienii, cu
scopul dezvoltrii i meninerii unor relaii pe termen lung i economic avantajoase cu
clienii.
Abstract
As a result, for the success of change, the management of marketing
activities should be developed taking into account at all times the
organizational culture. On short or medium term is unlikely to be able to
change the organizational culture to accept the modern approach of
marketing. However, on long term, the marketing management may be a
way to change organizational culture. Although conservative through
1
excellence, the organizational culture is the fundamental tool that can
facilitate organizational change.
In Manfred Bruhns vision, customer orientation means continuous
and comprehensive identification and analysis of customer expectations,
translate them into manufacturing of products and services, the pattern of
interaction with customers, to develop and maintain long term relationships
and economic beneficial relationships with customers.
2
managerilor. Schimbarea culturii organizaionale poate fi comparat cu schimbarea
personalitii individuale.
Stilul de management adoptat poate fi la fel de important precum competenele
manageriale. Mutaia general ctre structuri organizatorice aplatizate, ctre timpul de
munc flexibil i ctre o mai mare implicare angajailor n organizaie plaseaz accentul
dinspre stilurile tradiionale de management bazat pe control ctre stilurile de
management integrate.
Toate organizaiile sunt preocupate de ceea ce trebuie fcut pentru a obine nivele
ale performanei nalte i durabile prin oameni. Aceasta nseamn acordarea unei atenii
sporite modului n care indivizii pot fi cel mai bine motivai prin recompense, leadership
i, extrem de important, prin munca pe care o fac i prin contextul organizaional n care
activeaz. Scopul, desigur, este dezvoltarea unor procese motivaionale i a unui mediu
de lucru care s asigure c indivizii obin asemenea rezultate n acord cu ateptrile
managementului.
n literatura de specialitate regsim o serie de exemple relevante pentru ideea c
numai culturile care ajut organizaiile s anticipeze i s se adapteze la schimbrile
mediului pot fi asociate cu succesul pe termen lung.
Promovarea i consolidarea schimbrilor culturale reprezint un proces ndelungat
i dificil mai ales datorit faptului c vizeaz acel sentiment de siguran al factorului
uman dat de credine, tradiii i experien, avnd ca scop realizarea unei concordane
ntre perspectivele individuale i cele ale organizaiei.
Organizaiile i managerii care le conduc ar trebui s neleag c, n condiiile
schimbrilor deosebit de complexe care au loc n mediul ambiant i n condiiile
dezvoltrii fr precedent a noii tehnologii informaionale, sistemele informaionale sunt
inta unei noi provocri aceea de a dezvolta, ntreine i coordona efortul a patru resurse
de o importan vital pentru organizaie, resurse aflate ntr-o strns interdependen:
informaia, cunoaterea, tehnologia informaional i oamenii.
Atunci cnd se dorete schimbarea organizaional este vital s se in seama i de
cultura organizaional; aceasta constituie o parte integrant a succesului. De regul,
schimbarea cuprinde ntreg personalul i toate nivelurile ierarhice. Indivizii au anumite
3
obiceiuri i un anumit confort, care vin din obinuin i adesea este dificil s renune la
ele. Ca urmare, procesul de schimbarea nu este simplu.
ntr-un sistem informaional performant, care s sprijine schimbarea
organizaional i obinerea unor performane sporite, oamenii nzestrai cu cunoatere,
experien, creativitate constituie liantul care leag informaia i cunoaterea de
tehnologia informaional. Cultura organizaional are un impact puternic asupra
schimbrii, n general, i asupra schimbrii implicate de noua tehnologie informaional,
n special. Implementarea i utilizarea facilitilor i provocrilor, dar i abordarea
managementului ntr-o viziune de marketing constituie un element esenial. n secolul
XXI, organizaiile trebuie s fac fa unor schimbri majore, n cadrul crora noua
viziunea de marketing constituie o condiie esenial pentru obinerea i meninerea
avantajelor competitive.
Ca urmare, pentru reuita schimbrii, activitile de management al marketingului
trebuie dezvoltate avndu-se n vedere, n permanen, cultura organizaional. Pe termen
scurt sau mediu este mai puin probabil s se poat modifica cultura organizaional,
pentru a accepta abordarea modern a marketingului. Totui, pe termen lung,
managementul marketingului poate constitui o modalitate de a schimba cultura
organizaional. Dei conservatoare prin excelen, cultura organizaional constituie
instrumentul fundamental care poate facilita schimbarea organizaional.
Utilizarea eficient a noii tehnici de management al marketingului implic un
proces de integrare i adaptare, se bazeaz pe comunicare ntre sursa deintoare a
tehnologiei i beneficiar (receptor), pe creativitate i inovare.
Un rol important n implementarea i utilizarea unor sisteme informaionale
performante l deine leadership-ul transformaional. Schimbarea constituie cel mai
valoros talent al unui lider. Categoriile de leadership precum cel transformaional,
carismatic i vizionar devin din ce n ce mai importante pentru organizaii, aa cum
tehnologia informaional susine competiia internaional. Leaderii transformaionali se
angajeaz n procese care includ recunoaterea necesitii de schimbare, crearea unei noi
viziuni i apoi instituionalizarea schimbrii. Astfel, prin crearea unei noi viziuni i printr-
o comunicare adecvat a sistemului de obiective, leaderii eficieni pot schimba valorile de
baz, credinele i atitudinile angajailor astfel nct acetia devin dornici de performane
4
superioare. Leadership-ul transformaional element vital pentru culturile adaptabile
urmrete satisfacerea tuturor stakeholderilor (prilor interesate).
5
final, adic prin prisma clientului. Succesul unei afaceri nu este determinat de productor,
ci de client. Conceptul de marketing cere ca managerii s observe totul din punctul de
vedere al consumatorului, s ia n calcul necesitile i aspiraiile acestuia.
Baza de clieni este cel mai important activ al firmei. Sarcina principal a
ntreprinderii este de a ctiga i de a pstra clientul. Pstrarea lor se realizeaz prin
satisfacerea nevoilor. Satisfacerea clienilor depinde de calitatea activitilor celorlalte
compartimente. Marketingul trebuie s determine celelalte compartimente s coopereze
n scopul satisfacerii clienilor. Fiecare organizaie trebuie s vad n client un activ care
trebuie gestionat i maximizat la fel ca i orice alt activ. Marea provocare pentru o
organizaie este s-i pstreze clienii mai mult timp dect reuete s-i pstreze
produsele. Astfel, organizaiile trebuie s in sub observaie ciclul de via al pieei i
ciclul de via al clienilor. ns, studiile arat c organizaiile de astzi fac nc mari
eforturi pentru a dobndi noi clieni n loc s i pstreze pe cei existeni i s sporeasc
numrul tranzaciilor cu acetia.
Bazat pe orientarea spre client, gndirea de marketing a nceput s se ndeprteze
de optica maximizrii profitului organizaiei din fiecare tranzacie efectuat, apropiindu-
se de cea a maximizrii profitului din fiecare relaie.
Avnd in vedere c relaiile de afaceri sunt, n primul rnd, relaii interumane,
orientarea ctre rezolvarea problemelor clienilor reprezint soluia desfurarii unei
activiti profitabile. n acest sens, important este ca nu numai departamentul de
marketing al companiei, ci ntregul personal al firmei s aib o mentalitate, o cultur de
marketing al crei sens este satisfacerea consumatorului.
Satisfacia este rezultatul resimit de un cumprtor n urma relaiei sale cu o
firm ale crei performane s-au ridicat la nivelul ateptrilor. Cumprtorii sunt
satisfcui atunci cnd ateptrile lor sunt mplinite i sunt ncntai atunci cnd acestea
sunt depite. Clienii satisfcui rmn fideli mai mult timp, cumpr n cantitate mai
mare, sunt mai puin influenai de pre i prezint altor persoane firma ntr-o lumin
favorabil. n marketing, se consider c este mai costisitor s atragi noi cumprtori
dect s reii clienii existeni. Satisfacerea consumatorilor are efecte benefice att pentru
acetia, ct i pentru ofertant.
6
Un consumator satisfcut:
- va repeta actul de cumprare transformndu-se n client;
- va transmite sentimentul post-cumprare de satisfacie i altora (prieteni, rude,
colegi) punnd ntr-o lumin favorabil firma ofertant;
- i crete ncrederea n sine privind alegerea fcut;
- acord o mai mic atenie produselor concurente i publicitii acestora.
Pentru ofertant, satisfacerea unui consumator are drept efecte:
- ctigarea i transformarea acestuia n client;
- sporirea volumului de vnzri (i implicit a profitului) prin lrgirea pieei
(cumprtorilor) ca urmare a aciunilor promoionale realizate de ctre consumatorul
satisfcut;
- crearea unei imagini favorabile i notorieti, a prestigiului pe pia.
Multe produse au aprut pe pia ca simplu efect al orientrii firmelor spre
satisfacerea nevoilor consumatorilor.
Procesul general al orientrii spre clieni se mparte n patru faze.
Prima faz este cea de analiz n care se culeg informaiile referitoare la
ateptrile, dorinele i nevoile clienilor prin diferite tipuri de anchet.
Cea de-a doua faz a orientrii spre clieni se refer la planificarea acestui proces,
faz care conine o serie ntreag de componente ce urmresc identificarea domeniilor de
aciune existente sau de dezvoltat cu scopul unei mai bune orientri spre clieni:
- managementul calitii;
- managementul serviciilor;
- managementul fidelizrii clienilor;
- managementul reclamaiilor;
- managementul inovrii;
- marketingul intern;
- comunicarea integrat.
Pentru o acordare de succes a orientrii spre clieni, toate aceste componente
trebuie privite n ansamblu, trebuie integrate n procesul managerial al organizaiei.
Cea de-a treia faz a procesului orientrii spre clieni se refer la implementare,
respectiv la transpunerea elementelor teoretice n aciuni practice, concrete. Pentru
7
realizarea cu succes a implementrii conceptului de orientare spre clieni trebuie ca toate
subsistemele sistemului managerial, inclusiv cultura organizatoric s adopte o viziune
integratoare a acestui concept, s se adapteze schimbrilor, dac nu chiar s le provoace.
Ultima faz a acestui proces presupune realizarea controlului, a msurrii gradului
de implementare cu succes a aciunilor concrete.
Conceptul orientrii spre clieni este un demers ce presupune un efort pe termen
lung al ntregii organizaii, n care fiecare angajat trebuie s neleag c obiectivul unei
firme de succes trebuie s depeasc simpla satisfacere a nevoilor clienilor. Companiile
trebuie s ncnte consumatorii. Un client ncntat de produs reprezint un mijloc de
promovare mult mai eficient dect oricare alt instrument promoional.
8
manier personalizat. Marketingul one-to-one se concentreaz mai degrab asupra
cotei de consum pentru fiecare client n parte dect asupra cotei de pia.
Interesant este opinia lui Stan Rapp i Tom Collins (n The Great Marketing
Turnaround), care consider marketingul relaional ca pe un maxi-marketing, care are
ca scop maximizarea vnzrilor i realizarea unor relaii pe termen lung prin selectarea,
contractarea, activizarea i meninerea consumatorilor i a celor mai buni clieni ai
ntreprinderii.
Principalul factor care permite practicarea marketingului relaional este
managementul relaiilor cu clienii (Customer Relationship Management).
Definit de unii specialiti ca o aplicaie a tehnologiei, de alii ca o rezolvare
uman a marketingului relaional, managementul relaiilor cu clienii este, de fapt, o
strategie de afaceri care urmrete sporirea performanelor ntreprinderii pe baza creterii
satisfaciei clienilor. Problema central a managementulul relaiilor cu clienii este
trecerea de la orientarea ntreprinderii spre produs, la orientarea ntreprinderii spre client,
respectiv focusarea pe necesitile i dorinele acestuia. Cu alte cuvinte, CRM este
procesul de achiziie, retenie i meninere profitabil a fiecrui client. CRM nseamn
viziune, proces, strategie i informaii valorificate. CRM este un proces interactiv de
transformare a informaiei despre clieni n relaii avantajoase cu acetia. CRM este o
ncercare de a influena comportamentul clienilor n timp i de a ntri legtura dintre
acetia i companie. CRM permite companiilor s cldeasc fidelitate, s vnd i alte
produse sau servicii, s dobndeasc noi clieni i s-i pastreze pe cei existeni. CRM este
interaciunea cu clienii care completeaz cu informaii relevante ceea ce cunoate o
companie despre dorinele i ateptrile clienilor.
Relaiile cu clienii se structureaz pe cinci niveluri diferite:
- elementar: comerciantul vinde produsul fr a mai lua apoi legtura cu clientul;
- de reacie: comerciantul vinde produsul i l ncurajeaz pe client s ia legtura
cu el dac are neclariti sau nemulumiri;
- de rspunsuri: comerciantul telefoneaz clientului la scurt timp dup vnzare
pentru a verifica dac produsul corespunde ateptrilor. n plus, el solicit clientului s-i
exprime sugestiile pentru mbuntirea produsului i orice nemulumire legat de acesta.
Informaiile vor ajuta firma s-i mbunteasc oferta.
9
- ofensiv: comerciantul telefoneaz periodic clientului, oferindu-i sugestii n
legtur cu noi modaliti de utilizare a produsului sau informaii despre produsele noi
aprute;
- de cooperare: firma colaboreaz permanent cu clientul pentru a gsi ci de
economisire sau de servire mai eficient a acestuia.
Consumatorii sunt astfel considerai ca centre de profit pe via care pot aduce
venituri uriae pe durata vieii, i nu ca surse de profituri rapide rezultate n urma unor
tranzacii singulare. n concluzie, firmele urmresc stabilirea unor relaii ct mai
ndelungate cu consumatorii pentru a se asigura de fidelitatea acestora.
Marketingul relaional accentueaz componentele mixului de marketing
tradiional printr-o mai bun adaptare a variabilelor sale la nevoile consumatorilor.
Produsele sunt mai bine gestionate i organizaia raionalizeaz portofoliul de activitate
eliminnd produsele care se vnd greu sau deloc. Prioritile ofertantului sunt dictate de
ateptrile clienilor. Preurile de vnzare sunt mai bine adaptate pieei, erorile de
poziionare sunt mai rare, mai previzibile i mai uor de corectat. Distribuia este mai
bine poziionat (localizare, tip manageri etc.) n cazul distribuiei clasice sau
ntreprinderea poate opta pentru comerul electronic. Comunicarea este direct,
interactiv i permite eficientizarea mesajelor vehiculate (dinspre i spre ntreprindere).
Marketing relaional nseamn maximizarea valorii clientului prin iniierea,
construirea i prelungirea relaiei cu acesta n scopul de a crete volumul vnzrilor, de a
extinde oportunitile de vnzare a altor produse sau servicii i de a pstra clientul pe
termen lung. El creeaz legturi strnse cu clientul prin stabilirea unui dialog menit s
evidenieze dorinele i nevoile acestuia, precum i modul n care poi veni n
ntmpinarea cerinelor lui.
Managementul relaiilor cu clienii presupune coordonarea relaiilor cu clienii n
fiecare moment de contact al acestora cu marca pentru a maximiza potenialul acestei
experiene. CRM i propune s v ofere informaii cu valoare unic despre client,
elaborate pe baza informaiei primite chiar de la acesta. CRM este o extensie a celebrului
principiu clientul nostru, stpnul nostru, avnd de data aceasta atuul tehnologiei.
n practic, managementul relaiilor cu clienii presupune achiziionarea unui
sistem informaic care s i permit organizaiei s capteze informaii detaliate despre
10
clienii individuali cu scopul de a le utiliza pentru aplicarea mai bun a marketingului
one-to-one.
Conceptul de management al relaiilor cu clienii permite:
- examinarea achiziiilor din trecut ale fiecrui client;
- cunoaterea profilului demografic i a caracteristicilor psihografice ale unui
client;
- estimarea a ceea ce ar putea s l intereseze pe client;
- trimiterea de oferte specifice numai clienilor cu grad maxim de interes i
dispoziie spre cumprare;
- mbuntirea rezultatelor n materie de dobndire a clienilor;
- realizarea vnzrii ncruciate.
Marketingul relaional i managementul relaiilor cu clienii au aprut pentru a
umple un gol. Ambele au ca scop crearea unor relaii profitabile i de durat cu clieni
individuali, ca alternativ viabil la mesajele mult prea generale trimise unei audiene de
mas. Ambele sunt modaliti prin care companiile i pot restructura strategia pentru a
dobndi un avantaj competitiv substanial.
Dac este aplicat corect, managementul relaiilor cu clienii genereaz o serie
important de beneficii precum:
- promoveaz relaii cu clienii privii individual, n locul adresrii ctre segmente
largi;
- mbuntete selectarea publicului-int;
- permite evaluarea profitabilitii clienilor ca indivizi i ca segmente de
consumatori;
- ngduie companiilor s concureze prin serviciu, nu prin pre;
- permite msurarea n detaliu a eficienei campaniilor;
- previne supraevaluarea clienilor fr perspectiv i subestimarea clienilor cu
potenial mare;
- prin mai buna comunicare cu clienii, crete gradul de loialitate al acestora.
Din fericire, dezvoltarea tehnologiei a pus la dispoziie sisteme integrate prin care
cantiti nsemnate de date pot fi colectate i procesate, iar acele companii dispuse s
11
investeasc n tehnologie pot din nou s trateze cu clienii la nivel individual, i nu cu
segmente de mas ale consumatorilor.
Managementul relaiilor cu clienii se dezvolt ca un element al strategiei
corporatiste pentru cele mai multe organizaii. CRM, relaiile individualizate cu pieele
int se concentraz n jurul crerii, dezvoltrii i integrrii.
Secretul const n crearea unor mrci care s asculte i s nvee de la
consumatori. Este acela de a ncerca s construieti relaii, nu s nchei tranzacii.
nseamn s oferi informaii care au valoare unic pentru clienii ti, pe baza informaiilor
pe care ei i le-au transmis la rndul lor. Aceasta este esena managementului relaiilor cu
clienii.
Fr ndoial c orientarea spre client, ca deziderat major al firmelor secolului
XXI, va trece obligatoriu prin marketingul relaional.
BIBLIOGRAFIE:
12
NATIONAL BRAND
Abstract
The oppinion of Simon Anholt about the nation brand is that, it represents the sum of
peoples perceptions reffering to a country based on six competence areas: tourism, exports,
investments, population, culture and internal politics. These elements are self dependent, the loss
of one, bringing the loss of the other, ones development influencing the development of the
others.
The steps a nation has to do to the actual building of the nations brand that will be
stable and time lasting are made by a varied group with different responsabilities and need a
periodical re-evaluation of the results, and, if needed, the change ar adjust of the strategy
Introduction
A complex effort from the point of view of marketing comunication at this time is
represented by the dynamics of the tasks the organisations deal with. Building a comunicational
strategy, permissive for the extension of the global view of the organisation is the most important
aspect of the actual market tasks. So that, speciffic elements of the mondial business
relationships come to enrich the marketing comunication.
Aplying its principles from the perspective of building a comunication strategy to the
level of distinct national entity (country, nation), through the brand, represents a chalenge and a
necessity in the conditions which the image of the country, of a national economy represents in
the international concurential environment, an element of the macro-environment for the
organisation. This image might be a value capital, or a handicap, in the case they are associated
with a chain of unpleasant attributes.
Nation brand is a global marketing area that comes to build and manage the image of the
countries. Some approachings of this, such as the simbolic values importance, lead to the
emphasis of distinctive characteristics of a nation.
From the perspective of globalisation, the nation brand is a very important concept. The
countries will compete for the trust, attention and respect of possible investors, tourists or
imigrants, consumers, sponsors and, in the end, the market, and other gouvernments, which leads
to the conclusion that a national brand represents a crucial advantage in the competition.
1
Extremely important for every distinct national entity is to understand the way and the
motivation behind the built image, how is it seen from the international audience, how its
realisations and drawbacks are reflected in its brand image, the values and resources too, and the
effects of their promovation at the international level, how are the human capital and exported
product seen.
The present article has as a basis the analysis of the results of three questionaries about
the national brands image at a global level, made in May 2005, August 2005 (on a sample of 10
countries) and 2008 (on a sample of 20 countries) and consulting of the specialty literature,
coming with a realising concept for national brand researches, from the component elements to
the followed paces for their creation.
Consulting the literature reffering to the effectued researchs in the area of the national
brand, its importance, the paces followed in realiseing a strong and lasting brand, meant an
important point for approaching this thematic. The most relevant contribution for this article is
represented by Simon Anholt, thanks to the tops for the national brands, made by him, that allow
the analysing of the evolution or involution of a nation through the studied amount of time. For
obtaining a better information we did consult foreign authors publications, these being written in
the bibliography.
Content
The national brand id registered for many brands, such as Canada, United States of
America, United Kingdom ( where is reffered to as public diplomacy), Japan, China, South
Koreea, South Africa, New Zeeland, and a great part of the weastern Europe. The interest of
weak states in the national brand, an a modality of promoting increases, because a positive image
woult attract favorable conditions for direct investments from abroad, tourism, commerce, and
even political relationships with other states.
The oppion of Simon Anholt about the national brand is that this represents the sum of
the peoples perceptions reffering to a country, based on six competence areas at national lavel.
These expertise areas build the nation brand hexagon.
2
Figure 1. The hexagon of national brand
Source: customising after Anholt Nations Brand Index, Third Quarter Report, 2005, pag. 1.
The tourism, as a first area is the most visible promoted aspect of a national brand,
because it allows the access of the public behind the brand, and of course promotes in the same
time the national culture, the human capital, which is extremely important in what about future
imigrants waves, and possible investitions.
The most recent top of tourism as an element of the national brand, realised in 2008 on a
sample of 20,157 interviews, has as a headline Italy, followed by France, Spain, United Kingdom
and Australia. In what about a negative image of the national brand from the point of view of
tourism , the same top has a bottom line formed from Brasil (13), Sweden (14) and Austria (15).
The exported products are the second area of development for the national brand. It is
sain that The succesful transfer of the country image in the exports is as important as the
production and the effective sales of the state. The exports are very important because they give
an exact idea about the industry, the effective production and development of the state, they give
a projection of the brand abroad.
The top of exports 2008, has Japan, United States of America, Germany and the United
Kingdom as headliners, when the last ones on the list are Norway, Denmark and South Koreea.
The internal politics is another element, more or less remarkable of the hexagon, because
it give a vague idea over the elements that compose the nation brand, being relevant for pure
organisational aspects, but it might inflence the imigration wave and the finances.
The top we named before, on the crytheria of internal politics, highlights Switzerland,
Canada, Sweden and Germany as the most developed, and well-seen by the mondial audience in
this domain, and Austria, Chile and Belgium as being the less developed in the political domain.
The foreign investors interest is the practical part of the hexagon, because this interest is
influenced by all the promoting factors of the brand. In the same area is written the imigration
wave, less relevant for nations brand practical purposes than actual investitions for
development.
3
The same top realised in 2008, has Canada, United Kingdom, United States of America
and Switzerland as first options for investors and imigrants, and Denmark, Norway and New
Zeeland as the national brands with the lowest interest for investors and imigrants.
The culture and history of a nation is extremely important for the external image of the
turism, because a big touristic potential is represented by areas history.
The countries that positively promoted their culture and history, reaching the peak of the
top are France, Italy and the United Kingdom, and those with the lowest promoting in the
domain are Sweden, Holland and Austria.
The human capital, the final area of the hexagon, is extremely important, in what about
turism, but for the imigrant waves, where it might be named as a deciding factor. It is given by
the hospitality of the people, but for the tolerance and the knowledges for the tourist spoken
language, or other modial circulation language.
On the peak of the top for the human capital realised in 2008, is Canada, followed by
Australia and Italy, and the last countries in this domain and the United States of America,
Norway and Scotland.
All the elements of Simon Anholts hexagon and strongly linked between, any of them
influencing another area. Creating the identity for the national brand has multiple aspects and
lasts a longer period of time.
Many states are engaged in building an own brand, and not only for tourism. A nation
without a proactive attitude for its own brand, risks to be posted in disadvantage to the other
countries, as in the case of products and services.
More gouvernments start to understand the importance of the way a strong brand is seen,
it is perceived as a very important national good.
The nation brand must be different from a nation to another, depending on people,
temper, education and the efforts made in the building of the brand.
The paces done by a country for building the brand vary from case to case. Anyway, one
of the biggest global branding agencies, Interbrand, synthetised the whole process in some steps:
It is made of preliminary discussions between the president of the country that wants to
create a brand and a group of experts in building and developing brands (eventually experts that
created brands for other countries). The discutions must include: explaining, and complete
understanding of the beneficiary over the process, length, the offered posibilities; the president
must give information about his plans and vision in the social economy and culture; the
armonisation between presidents vision and the efective process of creation; estimation of the
neccesary costs for brand creation; explaining the expected results and the modality of measuring
the performances.
This must include, except for the ministry representants and representants of other state
4
institutions, the liders of private companies, profesional and industrial asociations too and the
consultants in the domain of foreign nation brands. Experts from all the domains, maybe from all
the social enviroments too, might be needed, but a great amount of experts would lead to a miss
of coordination. After building the group, this must be trained by the team of experts, and, of
course, the sincronisation of the groups activities is needed. After the training, the group makes
in a short amount of time an action plan and assigns the necessary resources (competence and
money) for the activities that will follow for building the nation brand.
3. Brand examination
Defying the country at the moment, its inhabitants realizes through a chain of
sociological or anthropological researches. After, the image of the country abroad must be
observed. It is a must, to know the image of the country, as much in the inside, as in the outside.
The external researches will focus over the relevant foreign segments, not over the foreign
countries. The people are another decisive element for the life of the brand. Simon Anholt says:
The brand is not invented: it is discovered. The national brand is the concretized, tangible,
communicable, strong and useful identity. After all the researches are done, we pass to the
analysis of the results and comparing them with the vision of the most important opinion leaders
in the country and abroad. Following these analyses, the essence of the nation brand is formed to
clear conceptualize from other brands, universal accepted from the inhabitants the brand
addresses to, and capable to action as an umbrella brand for domains and applying circumstances
that are extremely different. The results are communicated.
The defying activity domains for the analyzed nation brand will be chosen. The essence
of the brand will be translated and given in all the chosen domains.
Implementing the created strategy is made through concrete programs and objectives in
each interest district. The verbal and visual identity is built, so are its standards of use. A general
communication of the brand strategy is redacted, with objectives, messages and clear defied
channels.
The national image is managed by all those who represent a contact point with the
exterior (through themselves, through their products, services or activities). These must insert in
the business strategies of their companies the key elements for the national brand strategy.
Building and managing a brand is a permanent process doesnt end once with following
the steps. Short term results must not be an option, or those similar with other known nation
brands. A nation brand is built on big amounts of time. Thats why the effort for creating a
national brand will be efficient only if its results are regulated evaluated, and its strategy will the
permanently adapted to lifes realities. Creating a positive brand is in the responsibility of all the
citizens of one country.
5
The nation brands top
The idea of building a national brands top belonged to Simon Anholt, which used in his
researches, specific instruments of Global Market Inc. (GMI). The first top was available to
audience in May 2005. For this first research being taken into consideration only 11 countries,
but the project was completed and developed in the following months.
Practically, the panel he had couldnt override 11 countries from technical purposes.
Anholt chose the countries as nine to have important and evident nation brands, and two to be
nation brands that will become important (Russia and Turkey).
People that responded were from 10 major economies, including China and Japan. Anholt
motivates his choice through the intention of questioning people with money and education,
potential tourists, product buyers and possible investors in the countries mentioned. From each
country he questioned 1000. The margin of error for the representatives of this questionnaire was
considered 3%.
1. Sweden
2. United Kingdom
3. Italy
4. Germany
5. U.S.A.
6. Japan
7. China
8. India
9. South Koreea
10. Russia
11. Turkey
Sweden had the first place in the top made in 2005. Even if it might seem surprising,
Americas brand was on the fourth place (with Germany). This fact might be explained through
the external politic that is not popular, that negatively influences the perception over the
commerce, exports, investments and culture.
United Kingdom, was on the second place as researchers say. Even if it wasnt very well
seen as goods producer, obtained more points for destination and culture, and the most valuable
capital the United Kingdom had was people.
Despite the controversial figure of the prime-minister Berlusconi and of the presence of
many negative elements inside the nation brand: corruption, organized crime and disorganization
of the society, Italy has the third place in the top. The idea of an ideal country for vacations
linked to the national brand is very strong for Italy.
6
The brands that occupy the last places in the top according to the research were Russia
and Turkey. Turkey was on the last place because the respondents seem to have no opinions
about it (because of the loss of direct contact with the country, the people or the products). In
what about Russia, everyone has an opinion, but it tends to be negative.
The nations brands top realized in 2008, in 20 countries (such as U.S.A., Canada, United
Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Turkey, Japan, India, South Korea,
Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, South Africa), with approximately 1000 interviews
per country (20.157 total interviews) and targeted people around 17 years old, contains 49
countries and places Germany on the first place, followed by France, U.K. and Canada.
Sweden is falling on the place 10, Italy on the sixth place, followed by the U.S.A. on the
seventh. Japan is on the fifth place (as in 2005), when China failed to the 27th place, India being
on the 26th. Responsible for Indias evolution in the top might be the tourism.
South Korea is on the 32nd place, Russia increased, thanks to the tourism too, and is on
the 21st place, and Turkey failed to the 35th.
The last countries in the top are Saudi Arabia (47th), Nigeria (48th) and Iran (49th).
Conclusions
The nation brand, extremely important for nations evolution is a total, made by many
expertise areas. Simon Anholt defies them as being six big areas of the nations brand hexagon:
tourism, exported product, interest for investments and immigrants, human capital, culture and
history and internal politics.
All the elements of Anholts hexagon are strongly linked between, one influencing the
other and being existential conditions one to another, in any value.
In the building process for the nation brand, it is very important, if not decisive for its
evolution, the knowledge of the nations image, as inside, as the way it is seen from the other
states.
Realizing a nation brand is a detailed and long term process. To this, contribute a work
group formed from the ministry representants and representants of other state institutions, the
liders of private companies, profesional and industrial asociations too and the consultants in the
domain of foreign nation brands, and the full process is formed from six paces: the preliminary
fases that means disucssions between the president and a group of experts in building and
developing a brand, making the work group and fixing the atributes of each member, brand
evaluation, which represents a chain of researches for easing the understanding the external and
internal image of the country, creating the brand strategy, choosing the activity domains that defy
the nation brand, implement the nation brand strategy realised through programs and concrete
objectives in each interest district and evaluating and periodically adjusting the results of the
strategy.
A top realised in May 2005, about 11 nation brands, places Sweden on the first place,
followed by United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, U.S.A., Japan, China, India, South Korea, Russia
and Turkey.
Actualisation of the top, in August 2005, realise for 25 nation brands on a sample of
10.000 people from 10 countries, had as headliner Australia, Canada and Switzerland, followed
by the United Kingdom and Sweden.
7
Table 2 General nation brands top in August 2005
We observe that Sweden fails for the United Kingdom, China for India and South Korea
and Russia and Turkey are still the last ones globaly.
In 2008, another top containing 49 states, has for the first places Germany, France,
United Kingdom and Canada. Japan has an intense evolution, being on the fifth place of the top.
Italy stais on the sixth, followed by U.S.A., Switzerland that has a fail for 2005, so does
Australia on the ninth place.
Sweden is in a continuos fail, being on the first place in May 2005, on the fifth in August
and on the 10th in 2008. Spain grows, being on the 11th, followed by Holland on the 12th.
New Zeeland fails six places (16th), and Ireland with 5, (18th place).
Brazil fails with 5 places, reaching the 20th place, followed by Russia on the 21, which
represents a spectaculous increasing. Mexico fails 9 places, being on the 25th place in the 2008
top, followed by India on the 26th and China on the 27th. On the 29th place is Poland, followed
by the Czech Repubil on the 30th, Egypt on the 31 and South Korea on the 32nd.
Turkey has an evolution for South Africa, thanks to the tourism, being on the 35th place.
The lowest developing rate countries are Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Iran.
REFERENCES
1. Anholt, S., Anholt Nations Brands Index, Third Quarter Report, 2005;
2. Bogdan, A., Brand sau Marc?, Capital, nr. 38, 19 September 2002;
3. erbulescu, L., Bondrea, A., Grdan, D., Geangu, P., Managementul Mrcii i al
Imaginii de Marc, Romania de Mine Fundation House, 2007;
4. Todoran, A., Brandingul de naiune, pas cu pas, 16 June 2005,
http://brandingromania.com/?p=23;
5. Ursache, M., Brand sau Marc?, 27 June 2005, http://brandingromania.com/?p=36;
6. www.interbrand.com
8
7. www.nationalbrandindex.com
8. www.nationalbrandindex.com/nbi_q2-uk-press-release.phtml;
9. www.placebrands.com S. Anholt Nation as a Brand;
10. http://www.galtglobalreview.com/world/nation_brands.htm;
11. http://www.gmi-mr.com/gmipoll
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_branding
9
THE POWER OF THE MESSAGE THE KEY TO SUCCES IN SOCIAL
MARKETING CAMPAIGN
AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MARKETING IN ROMANIA
Abstract
The success of a social marketing campaign does not depend mainly on its budget but
rather on the message that is sent. This article emphasize the importance of the message for
successful social marketing campaigns and makes an analysis of the messages type/structure
leading social marketing campaigns in Romania, as a defining element contributing to the
success of social marketing campaigns
Being aware of the importance of the message for a successful social marketing
campaign, we propose, in this article, some ideas for improving the messages structure
transmitted in social marketing campaigns.
Although, social marketing campaigns are run with significant funds, small
importance is being given to evaluating campaigns effectiveness and the extent to which the
social behavior of the targeted segments is truly changed. A research was conducted in order
to identify the ways in which the use of other types of messages would increase the impact of
social marketing campaigns.
Introduction
The term social marketing was first introduced by Philip Kotler and Gerald
Zaltman, in the Journal of marketing, to describe the use of marketing principles and
techniques to advance a social cause, idea or behavior (Kotler, P. and Zaltman G.,1971),
launching the discipline formally in 1971.
Social marketing is the use of marketing principles and techniques to influence a
target audience to voluntarily accept, reject, modify or abandon a behavior for the benefit of
individuals, groups or society as a whole (improving health, preventing injuries, protecting
the environment or contributing to the community). In fact, social marketing has been viewed
by a significant number of practitioners as a systematic application of marketing alongside
other concepts and techniques to achieve specific behavioral goals, for a social or public good
(Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova E, 2009). It aims to achieve a measurable impact on what
people actually do. It doesnt just focus on achieving changes in behavior, but takes a much
wider approach to focus on how to promote, establish and sustain changes over time
Social marketers utilize in selling behavior change the same techniques that
commercial sector marketers use to sell products or services: a focus on its consumers,
market research, and a systematic process for developing a marketing program. The key
characteristic that distinguishes social marketing from commercial marketing is its purpose
(Weinreich NK, 1999); that is, the benefits accrue to the individual or society rather than to
the marketers organizations. Usually, social marketers cannot promise a direct benefit or
immediate payback in return for a proposed behavior change.
It must be applied a variety of methods for each of these behaviors, which in turn
would have to prove their effectiveness. If social marketing has failed to make certain
methods to be efficient, one may adapt methods from other fields such as education.
Ultimately, the purpose of the social marketing campaigns is to develop specific types of
behavior, to teach and to train individuals to accept these behavioral changes. In fact, the
behavior is the result of a learning process.
Analyzing several campaigns, we can conclude that the most common method used
for learning or changing a certain type of behavior is providing information. In almost all
spots or posters it can be found sentences like: Stop human trafficking, Violence against
children must stop, Listen to their rights and defend them, Donate blood, Vote!, etc..
How effective do you think these slogans are? Did the messages really change their
behavior? If anyone says to you "smoking kills" or "do not smoke!", tomorrow will you quit
smoking? It seems that if the people continue to smoke (and the number of smokers is
increasing) these campaigns clearly had no effect at large scale. Simple assertion of desire or
need do not make the individual to change their behavior. We can also provide examples of
campaigns that are use messages like "do not drive drunk," do not beat your child. The
reality of live shows us that none of these messages are successful. Why is this happening? A
first explanation which psychology gives us is that information alone does not change the
behavior. No matter how much we would tell someone what to do or what not to do, we
realize that it will continue to behave in the same way. What can we do about it?
A very simple method that we think would be successful is asking discipline or
rather teaching it ( Petrovai D, Cum ii invatam pe copii comportamente pozitive?, Ghid pentru
parinti, www.savethechildren.net/.../violenta_Comportamente_pozitive.pdf, p.2). Discipline
teaches children to be responsible for their own behavior, to have self-control and self-
discipline, to prevent the development or maintenance of the behavioral problems. Teaching
discipline can be done at any age. After all, the behavioral problems that social marketing is
trying to solve are due to ignorance, to lack of information or either due to lack of
responsibility. The behavioral problems are those which are not occurring only in the
childhood but also at adulthood age. Perhaps problems, such as obesity or drug use, are the
result of the individuals lack of discipline in the childhood age. Discipline is a learning
method not a punitive one! (( Petrovai D, Cum ii invatam pe copii comportamente pozitive?, Ghid
pentru parinti, www.savethechildren.net/.../violenta_Comportamente_pozitive.pdf).
Psychologists say that the individuals self-confidence development is the
background of any particular learning process and learned behaviors. Then, we suggest that
messages used in social marketing campaigns should promote or sustain the idea of trust (and
not to condemn or punish, as it often happens).
It provides individuals, whose campaign is addressing, the opportunity to choose
between two or more options. This can be a very useful and efficient way to learn the
decision taking process. Instead of saying "NO" (not X or not Y) it will be more useful to
provide an alternative: Say him what to do! When you tell someone what NOT to do, it
becomes difficult for him to search and to choose a better behavioral alternative.
So instead of saying "no smoking", "stop drug" we can rephrase the messages
content as follows: "it is better to be healthy and to enjoy life: do sports, play music, make
friends, etc., found the activity you enjoy and that keeps you healthy. Discover your inner
potential and enjoy the results!.We believe that is more important to transmit positive
messages in the sense that any behavioral problem is just an opportunity for the individuals to
explore themselves and to learn new behaviors, the positive ones. A mistake is just an
opportunity to learn. Instead putting drug addicts on to the wall and blame them, it is
desirable to send messages in the sense that mistake is an opportunity to learn and to grow as
a person, to identify at least one alternative to solve the drug problem without hiding the
problem or blaming others for that. "What options do I have to solve my problem?".
The marketing manager should pay particular attention to coding and decoding the
advert. The importance of these actions comes out from the risk of not being correctly
understood. An error sample is: "Your money enriches the organized crime! Your Money kills
souls! This message wants to convey that it should not be encouraged the human trafficking.
The target group of this social marketing campaign consists of customers of any kind,
especially men, who use sexual services of women who may be the victims of trafficking. The
customers who undertake work without contract, cheap labor, those who give money to
beggars which may be required to do so." (anitp.mai.gov.ro/ro/campanii/banii_tai.php)
According to the information posted on the agencys website, one of the strategies discussed
was to inform students about human trafficking, to raise awareness of the phenomenon and
also to be sure that the members of high risk groups(such as families with low living
standards, children at risk of dropping out of school, young people coming from orphanages)
have access at these information. The message might be misunderstood by people who
received him. In addition, can we not talk about "your money" when we are addressing to
children? People who hear the slogan for the first time may even feel attacked or offended.
Indeed the message is a very important element of the marketing strategy when it
has to persuade individuals to adopt a certain behaviour, no matter kind: consumers
behaviour or a social behaviour. Words help us to identify a product and a certain brand and
even to learn wright from wrong.
To answer the question: " what to communicate? " the advertiser must know and
understand the group target composition and to fiind to right way to address them. The
message cannot concentrate only on the objectives of the social campaign it must be based on
understanding the reasons of the real individuals motivation, to reveal the real drivers of
social behaviour. Knowing the problems, preferences and expectations of the target group is
essential for selecting the correct message.
Conclusion
References:
iliesmn@gmail.com
Tel:o744535333
Rezumat:
Scopul acestei comunicari este de a analiza stadiul adoptarii euro prevazut pentru 2014 in Programul
National. Pe baza analizei criteriilor de convergen in conditiile concrete din Romania vom ncerca s
avansam o alta dat pentru integrarea monetar.
2. Evolutia inflatiei
Am ales inflaiei, deoarece acesta este principalul obiectiv al BNR. n august 2005, BNR a adoptat o
nou strategie monetar -. intirea directa a inflaiei.Principala provocare pentru Banca Central n
aplicarea acestei politici a fost aceea de a anticipa o tinta realista de inflaie, de a ancorara
comunitatea de afaceri i populaia la inta de inflaie anunata si de a mentine credibilitatea. Mai mult
dect att, o comunicare eficient i de colaborare cu guvernul (bugetul i politica fiscal, politica
veniturilor, politica comercial), este necesar, n scopul ajungerii la un mix de politic eficient.
1
Privind la instrumentele monetare, BNR a crescut treptat rata dobnzii de politic monetara de la 7%
n luna octombrie 2007 la 9,5% n mai 2008, ncearcand s controleze creterea inflaiei de la
nceputul anului 2008.
n cazul n care sentimentele pieelor financiare fa de Romnia se deterioreaz, ratele dobnzilor n
Romnia vor fi mai mari dect cele din UE, (toate coreciile fcut), reflectnd nu numai un decalaj de
transmitere, dar, de asemenea, prima de risc a rii. Asa se si explica mentinerea unei rate de politica
monetara relativ inlta in comparatie cu alte tari europene
Prin urmare, este foarte dificil pentru BNR sa stabileasca rata dobnzii de politica monetara astfel
incat s conduc exact la inta de inflaie. Ce poate face BNR n cazul unor devieri prea mari de la
tinta de inflatie este sa manevreze politica monetara pentru o revenire rapid a inflaiei pn la int.
Msurat decembrie / decembrie, rata inflaiei a cobort de la 40,7% n 2000 la 9,3% n 2004, primul
an cu o inflaie cu o singur cifr, i la 8,6% n 2005. Desigur, un pre a fost pltit pentru acesta
aterizare dura; creterea real a PIB-ului a ncetinit de la 8,5% n 2004 la 4,2% n 2005. In 2006
inflaia a sczut la 4,87%, dar n 2007, tendin a fost inversat, iar inflaia a ajuns la 6,57%, (tinta a
fost de 4%), ceea ce nseamn 2.57 puncte procentuale (pp) peste tinta de 4%. Pentru 2008 tinta a
fost stabilita la 3,8%, pentru 2009 de 3,5%, pentru 2010 de 3,5%, pentru 2011 si 2012 de 3%, pentru
2013 de 2,5%, umand ca in continuare sa fie mentinut aceasta tinta. Ce frumos sir descrescator! Nu
mai dam cifrele reale ale inflatiei; este sufficient sa mentionam doar cifra de cca 8% pentru 2010.
Experienta arata ca efortul de dezinflaie facut cu precadere printr-o politica monatara restrictiva are
costul su reflectat n ncetinirea creterii economice, probabil cu pn la 1-2 puncte procentuale. In
plus, daca eforturile din politica monetara nu sunt insotite de evolutii congruente din economia reala,
inflatia comprimata artificial se va mari din nou.
Au fost oare politicile guvernamentale de natura sa conduc la o politic prudent i durabil, fiscala i
bugetara, precum i la o politica de venituri corespunzatoare pentru a susine inta de inflaie stabilit
de BNR?
Privind pe datele disponibile din 2004, pana in 2009 avem impresia unei politici de relaxare fiscal i
de venituri, mai ales ca 2008 i 2009 au fost anii electorali.
Ca o consecinta deficit bugetar a crescut in 2009 pana la 7,2%, cu tendinta de scadere la 5,9% in
2010 si sub 3% in 2012.
Ca i n alte ri, n general, politicienii nu au o strategie pe termen lung, piaa politic este o pia pe
termen scurt, dac putem spune aa. n plus, predictibilitatea n acest domeniu nu este foarte clara,
iar un buget multianual este nc prea devreme s fie luat n considerare. Putinul pe care-l putem
spune este c nu este uor sa se atinga tinta de inflatie stabilita de BNR in conditiile unei politici
guvernamentale nefavoraba unei rapide dezinflaiii semnificative n Romnia. n aceste condiii apare
riscul ca BNR sa urmeze o politica monetara si mai restrictiva, avand ca rezultat probabil, o incetinire
si mai accentuata a cresterii economice.
Un exemplu semnificativ a fost elaborarea bugetului de stat pentru anul 2008. Guvernul a anunat
intenia de a reduce cu 10% numrul de angajai din administraia public central i local, care n
total reprezinta aproximativ 25% din numrul total de angajai pentru ntreaga Romnie. Scopul a fost
de a diminua presiunea pe partea de cheltuieli, dar sindicatele au amenintat cu proteste.
Numrul de posturi finanate de la bugetele locale n 2007, a fost de aproximativ 700 mii (cu 10% mai
mult dect n 2005), iar posturile finanate de la bugetul de stat au ajuns la aproximativ 400.000 (cu
20% mai mult dect n 2005).
In 2010 salariile bugetarilor s-au redus cu 25%, concomitent cu un inceput de reducere a posturilor;
procesul este in derulare.
Pensiile, indemnizatiile, ajutoarele,etc., sunt in atentia autoritatilor pentru a le reduce.
2
dezorientata, i, prin urmare nu va acorda atenia cuvenit intei de inflaie anunata de BNR, crezand
n ea i acionind pentru atingerea acesteia.
n acelai timp, consumatorii, care au avut veniturile reduse in 2010, ca urmare a unei politici fiscale i
bugetare restrictive, vor actiona pentru recuperarea pierderilor banesti, nefiind dornici de a vedea o
dezinflaie rapid.
In plus, atat comunitatea de afaceri cat si consumatorii pot avea teama c o dezinflatie rigida si rapida
poate avea un cost important reflectat ntr-o cretere economic lent, urmat de pierderea de locuri
de munc i, n consecin, veniturile sa scada. (experienta din unele ri comparabile cu Romnia
arat c, pentru a reduce inflaia cu aproximativ 0,5 puncte procentuale, au trebuit sa accepte o
reducere de aproximativ 1punct procentual din producia real).
Pe de alt parte, majoritatea economitilor consider c, nu exist dovezi puternice c reducerea ratei
inflaiei de la 5%, de exemplu, la 2%, va contribui la creterea produciei pe termen mediu i lung.
Probabil chiar criteriul de la Maastricht privind inflaia, pentru noile ri ce urmeaza sa adopte moneda
euro este prea ingust (numai 1,5 puncte procentuale peste media ratei inflaiei n primele trei ri cu
cea mai sczut rat). Probabil aceast limit ar trebui crescuta la 3 puncte de procent, pentru a oferi
mai mult spaiu de manevra rilor emergente, inclusiv Romniei.
Este semnificativ faptul ca toate tarile emergente au depasit termenul anuntat de adoptare a euro;
Ungaria a prelungit de 3 ori termenul anuntat pentru adoptarea euro, iar Polonia a anuntat recent ca
data probabila de adoptare a euro anul 2015.
Desigur, n aceste condiii, BNR poate nc fora lucrurile pentru atingerea intei de inflaie ntr-o
perioad scurt de timp, dar costul va fi ridicat.
Cine poate ajuta, n continuare, eforturile BNR? Ei bine, autoritile continu s flexibilizeze piaa
muncii propunand un nou Cod al muncii, ncurajeaza schema de pensii private obligatorii ,
eficientizeaza sectorul public, modernizeaza sectoarele de educaie i sntate, continua privatizarea.
Progrese importante au fost fcute pentru a mbunti mediul de afaceri prin modernizarea
procedurilor de acordare a licenelor de afaceri, a sistemului de nregistrare, a platii impozitelor.
Totusi, deschiderea totala a comerului i a tranzaciilor de cont de capital, mpreun cu ateptrile
prea optimiste provenind de la aderarea la UE, au condus la o cretere a deficitului de cont curent ca
procent din Produsul Intern Brut (PIB).
Dei acest deficit a fost finanat n principal de intrri substaniale de investiii strine directe i de
ctre remitenele lucrtorilor din strintate, datoria privata pe termen scurt a crescut, n special n
2007-2009, ducand la creterea vulnerabilitii la ocurile externe.
Pe termen mediu i lung, este nevoie de a stabili o prioritate corect a proiectelor i o direcionare a
cheltuielilor pentru dezvoltarea infrastructurii romneti, pentru a crete comerul i competitivitatea, i,
desigur, pentru a crete productivitatea.
Toate acestea vor ajuta la mbuntirea sentimentelor piaelor financiare fa de Romnia si vor
sprijini cresterea investitiilor de capital.
ntre timp, fluxurile financiare nete de la UE, cum ar fi fondurile structurale pentru finanarea
proiectelor, fonduri provenite prin politica agricol comun, pli compensatorii, vor stimula agenii
economici.
Revenind la politica fiscal i avnd n vedere concluziile Conferintei asupra populaiei de la Sibiu
(2007, toamna), prudena fiscal este eseniala, n special avand n vedere ritmul rapid de scdere a
populaiei din Romnia i impactul fiscal semnificativ al mbtrnirii populaiei.
n cazul n care convergen nominal ar trebui s aiba semnificatie cu adevarat n viitor, n scopul de
a adopta euro, i preurile in Romania ar trebui s convearg spre nivelul din UE, in cadrul unei piete
unice. Acest lucru trebuie fcut n tandem cu o convergen a veniturilor reale.
Cat de mult ar trebui sa se apropie Romania de media UE in aceasta privinta, ca procesul de
convrgenta sa aiba sens, avand in vedere ca in prezent decalajul este de 1 la 3?
n opinia noastr, diferena ar trebui s fie de 1 la 2 (aproape de 50%), i pn atunci rata inflaiei n
Romnia este posibil s rmn mai mare dect n zona euro.
Fr a intra n detalii despre diferenele de venituri reale, datele statistice arata ca aceste reprezinta
doar 30% din media europeana.
3
Datele de mai jos se refera la perioada de dinaintea crizei, dar le consider relevante pentru prezenta
analiza.
n 2006, salariul minim lunar reglementat de ctre Guvernul romn a fost de aproximativ 94 EUR,
Romnia fiind pe ultimul loc in UE
Potrivit datelor Eurostat, n 2006, salariul minim din Romnia a fost de 14,4 ori mai mic, n comparaie
cu Irlanda; de 5.7 ori mai mic dect n Slovacia, de 3,1 ori mai mic dect n Estonia, de 2,9 ori mai mic
dect n Republica Ceh i 2.6 la 2.7 ori mai mic dect n Polonia i Ungaria.
Mai mult dect att, n perioada 2003-2006, salariul minim, exprimat n euro, a crescut cu 39% n
Estonia, 38% n Slovacia, 31% n Cehia, 23% n Romnia i 20% n Spania.
n deceniu (1996-2006) nivelul de productivitate anuala pe lucrtor, exprimat n euro, a crescut de 5
ori, n timp ce salariul nominal net minim lunar a crescut de aproximativ 3,5 ori. n 2007, salariul minim
n Romnia a crescut la 114 de euro, iar pentru anul 2008 un nivelul a fost de 140 euro. Drumul este
lung pentru o convergenta reala fata de media UE.
Poate fi insa scurtat cu o buna alegere facuta de Romnia: creterea productivitii, o mai bun
educaie, cercetare i dezvoltare, congruena tehnologic, inovare, capital intelectual, piee eficiente,
modernizarea instituiilor. Toate acestea sunt obiective pe termen mediu si lung, dar trebuie
perseverat zi de zi.
8. Propunerea noastr
In 2008, bazat pe ipoteza unei creteri reale a PIB, pe an, n Romnia, de aproximativ 6% si in UE de
aproximativ 1,5%, pentru urmtorul deceniu, am calculat ca venitul real n Romnia va ajunge la
aproximativ 50% din venitul real mediu n UE, prin 2016
n consecin, am propus ca Romnia s adopte, moneda euro n 2016, cu intrare n ERM II n 2014.
In present, criza ma obliga sa corectez ipoteza de lucru si sa consider pentru Romania o rata medie
de crestere de numai 4%. De altfel, pentru acest an este prevazuta o crestere de numai 1,3% si de
3,7% pentru 2012, rate de crestere prea optimiste, dupa parerea mea.
In conditiile celui de-al doilea scenariu, data adoptarii euro in Romania ar fi 2019, cu intrare in ERMII
in 2017.In cazul n care aceast strategie ar avea sens, n conformitate cu propunerea noastr, numai
pe la sfritul anului 2016, inflaia ar trebui s ajunga la 2-3%. In perioada premergatoare, 2011-2015,
ca orientare, inflaia ar trebui s fie lasata sa flucuteze ntre 4 i 6 la sut pe an. Aceast politic ar
permite, n special, ntreprinderilor mici i mijlocii din Romnia, patru anii in plus s se adapteze mai
bine la concurenta si la mediul economic din UE.
5. Bibliografie selectiva
Isarescu M (2008): Evoluii macroeconomice recente, prezentarea la mic dejun de afaceri organizat de
Romanian British Camera de Comer, 09/04.2008
4
C. Popa (2000), Obiective Alternative n configuraia de politic monetar, BNR, "Caiete de Studii" nr.9
/ 2000
BNR: intirea direct a inflaiei: o nou strategie de politic monetar pentru Romnia
"Lucrri ocazionale" No.1/2002
BNR: intirea direct a inflaiei n Republica Ceh, Polonia i Ungaria: implementare i performane
(2004)
Listen
5
Competitive identity and welfare, responding to challenges and constraints
Abstract
This paper argues that Romania is confronted simultaneously with a lack of understanding of
these concepts. Secondly, it still has a limited capacity to prioritize and coordinate efforts at
national level toward increased competitiveness through creation, addition and capture of
value in the national value chain, based on durable advantages. Thirdly, has a limited capacity
to communicate or to sell abroad its newly built identity.
Key words: Competitive identity, strategic response, competitiveness, branding, brand management,
country branding, national value chains
Brands are, in a holistic approach, interactions and perceptions in human mind triggered by images
messages and symbols about identity of commercial or non commercial goods,
individuals,companiees and places. In a simple manner, this mind interaction is between images of
the products, as pe the scheme below
Symbols, material ,
audio-visual forms of
Image of a product as representation of the
mind perception of the product
management of the (Sp1 sau Ss1)
company (Imp1 )
Spontanoues
process
Brand perpception at
Product the consumer level
P1 Bp1=Ip1+ Io+Isp1+ Iso
Strategic
process
1.1. Simple interaction in consumer mind with one single product, and one organization
Brand as total consumer experience or perception is a mind synopsis based both on spontaneous,
un guided perceptions (Ip1 and Io) and conducted ones by the branding strategies of the organization
(Isp1,Iso). Final formula of the brand perception is
n Bp1=Ip1+ Io+Isp1+Iso
We may deduct form this that a manager of an organization has 2 options
1) Laisser faire, or in other words to leave consumers to experience spontaneously the product,
with no interfernceo abordare n care las ca imaginile i percepiile despre produs s se formeze.
2) Branding, or the strategic process through which a brand is managed and the consumer
influenced.
Obviously for companies the second option is the best one, with the only condition to develop the
right and most efficient branding strategy.
Brand is continuous flow of perception, controlable or uncontrolable by managers int the minds of
many consumers. From this angle, it is a competition between images, or a struggle to occupy
collective minds with positive perceptions. Brands are setting the scene even before we are
experiencing product.Brand identity may be seens as a competitive identity based on a sum of
perceptions about
1. Attributes of the product
2. Symbols and communicated attributes or performances of the product an its organization
(corporate identity)
Composit and collective brands in the world of competitive identities
What is valid for a single product and or services is also valid for groups of products and services,
for individuals, territorial groups of companies,regions or even countries. Individual, regions and
countries has their own brands and ,at corporate level one may trace families of brands within brand
portfolio. If two companies decide promote together thei brand or brand portfolio they are co-
branding. From here composition starts ,as pe figure below, where the composit brand of two brands
creates a positive association effect which is more then the summ of the market influence of each
brand. A new competitive identity is born.
Brand 1 Brand 2
Ip1 + Isp1 Ip2 + Isp2
Association
effect
Among composit brands collective brands of concentration of companies (clusters) regions or
countries are emerging. Clusters and regions are shaping communicating and promoting their
competitive identity for the benefit of its members.
Collective efforts of small producers in a cluster can get their return promoting a common image as
per figure below where collective brand (Bcc) is formed by a summ of individual products and
brands, events and activities.
Collective
branding Spontaneous
process influences
Bp1..Bpn through
Bs1..Bsn creation of
a common Bp1..Bpn
symbol Pb1..Pbn
(Sc ) + Sc + SM
i
Pb1..Pbn and
common
message
Collective
(MC) brand
Events Authorities
(Bcc)
re
Individuals
Business
environment
Country branding, the most powerful expression of the competitive identity of a country
In country branding all brands of a nation are melting into one as per figure below:
Spontaneous
influences
Bp1..Bpn
Pb1...Pbn
Country
Bc1..Bcn
Bcc1...Bccn branding
process
Mesaje Country
naionale
Events MN brand
Culture BT
Individual
brands National
Mass media
symbols
SN
Institutions, organizatons
Spontaneous
influences
The interaction in consumers mind is not a simple sum of all brands of a country but
collective, country symbols (SN) and communication strategies (M) are also important as per
the formula below.
BT = Bp1..Bpn + Pb1...Pbn + Bc1...Bcn + Bcc1...Bccn + M + SN
Again, what is valid for corporate brands is also valid for individuals, countries and regions. The
final determinant of the positive effect of the brand ,its sustainability lies not in communication and
symbols but in the performances, in the capacity to overcome competitiveness contraints and to
create competitive identity, based on competitive advantages. If you really want to change the image
of one country or of one region you have to think more than about communication and symbols
creation to the factors which should contribute to value addition and value creation.
Romania will engage in an international trade that is ever more diversified both in the aspect of
material products as well as of services, wherein global production chains, globalization and
information technology radically alter the manner in which international trade is conducted. The
economic crisis has shown that, under any circumstances, the ones to better hold up have been the
innovative companies or regional concentration of innovative companies , those that have based
themselves on sustainable competitive advantages and on a supportive national and regional
environment. Human and social capital, the ability to cooperate in a territorial or national network,
human factor training, new management abilities nad skills, and a favorable business environment
will continue to represent critical success factors.
Starting from a vision centered on building new competitive identity Romania should first focus on a
larger value chain as is projected by the National Export Strategy. The vision within the strategy is
National economic Wellbeing through Export Competitiveness based on Quality , Innovation and
Sustaianble development.
Based on value chain analyses, the vision is visualized as pe figure below.
Romania: strategy value chain for 2014
Value
R&D IT&C
Sinergies High value added
between VCs and Sector level export externalization
sector chains - clusters at sector for international
support services level in function clients
R&D Retail
Processing/
producer Packing Transport Main trade Adjustme Exporter Sales 7Recicling
Trans
point for nts port
international
7Supplier
Supplier
New sector VC
Design Consumer
Eco agriculture
Professional services
Improving the quality of export support services with the coordination of the Export Council
What has been decribed above are only elements for a country branding and building competitive
identity. Good practices suggests that institutional approach is essential in country branding and
building competitive identity. What Romania needs is a powerful institution created in
partnership to manage such a national process like competitive identity building. One institution
or another of the society, like te Export Council for example, may contribute decisively to it but
it has to have a political power and a legal mandate to conduct this process in cycles of 45
years each. National Export Strategy is an important part for country branding but not the only
one. The exercise is broader and has to attract more resources and consensus. Building
competitive identity may be a process of generations but it has to start with the first steps, a team
leagally empowered to manage such a process.
8
Bibliografie
1. Hotararea de Guvern nr. 1828 din 22.12.2005 publicata n Bucuresti n M.O. nr. 65/24 ianuarie
2006 privind Strategia naionala de Export 2005-2009;
2. x x x Meassuring the Impact of naional Export Strategy, ITC Geneva, Montreux, Septembrie
2004, acesibila electronic www.intracen.org.
3. x x x Export Strategy Desing, Guidelines for Strategy Makers, ITC Geneva,
www.intracen.org
4. David Aaker, Strategia portofoliului de brand, Brandbuilders Grup, Bucuresti, 2006;
5. Jim Aitchison, Inovaie n advertising, Brandbuilders Grup, Bucuresti, 2006;
6. Simon Anholt, Brand new justice,Linacre House, Oxford 2003;
7. Peter Cheverton, Understanding brands, Kogan Page, London 2006;
8. Stefan Coco 7 pai pentru depunerea cererii de nregistrare a mrcii
comunitare,EdituraOSIM,Bucureti 2008;
9. Rita Clifton/ John Simmons i colectiv de autori Brands and Branding, Profile Books Ltd,
The Economist Newspaper Ltd, London 2003;
10. Matt Haig, Brand Royalty, Kogan Page, London 2006;
11. Philip Kotler, Managementul marketingului ,Editura Teora, Bucuresti 2002;
12. Philip Kotler, Marketingul de la A la Z ,Editura Codecs, Bucuresti 2004;
13. Philip Kotler, Donald Haider, Irving Rein, Marketingul locurilor ,Editura Teora 2, Bucureti
2001;
14. Thomas L.Friedman Pamntul este plat-Scurt istorie a secolului XXI,Editura Polirom,
Bucuresti 2007;
15. Costin Lianu Brandul de ar,brandurile pieei i avantajele competitive, cap 10 n
lucrarea Imaginea Romaniei sub lup, Editura ASE, 2008, Bucureti ;
16. Olins W Branding the nation-the historilca context, Journal of Brand Management, vol
9, 4-5 aprilie 2002;
17. J Ridderstrale, K Nordstrom, Funky Business, Bucuresti. Editura Publica, 2007 ;
18. J Ridderstrale, K Nordstrom, Karaoke Capitalism , Bucuresti. Editura Publica, 2008;
19. Al Ries & Jack Trout, Cele 22 de legi imuabile ale marketingului, , Brandbuilders Grup,
Bucuresti, 2004;
20. Al Ries & Laura Ries, Cele 22 de legi imuabile ale brandingului, , Brandbuilders Grup,
Bucuresti, 2003;
21. Peter Fisk, Geniu n marketing, Bucuresti, Meteor Press 2008;
22. Zaltman G, Zaltman L.- Marketing Metaphori: What deep metaphors reveal
about the minds of consumers, Harvard Business Press, 2008;
20. Zaltman, G- How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the
21.Market, 2003;
22.International Marketing and the trading System, ITC Geneva 2005;
23.site www.dce.gov.ro, Departmentului de Comert Exterior;
9
24.www.portaldecomert.ro;
10
FRAUD, CORRUPTION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND
INTERNAL CONTROL QUALITY
Luminia Ionescu
Spiru Haret University
e-mail: luminita.ionescu@spiruharet.com
phone: 0744.864.700
ABSTRACT:
The global economic crunch had a big impact on the private sector all over the
world. Media and controllers presented cases of corruption in business and identified
special areas where companies, governments, investors, consumers and stakeholders can
contribute to stop fraud and corruption. Controllers and auditors are rebuilding public
trust in the accounting profession, in order to provide high-quality training, regulation,
specialist knowledge and professional advice.
Fraud and corruption are strong connected in the private sector and the level of
corruption in the last few years remains very high, despite the efforts of governments to
reduce it. It is well known that local and multinational companies are paying bribes in
order to win public contracts or benefits. Frauds level became very high during the
economic crunch, due to the globalization and expanding the computer systems. All the
data is on line on the computer systems and became very vulnerable. Thus, the
governments will become more interested in secure the computer information and financial
data.
KEYWORDS:
Fraud, Corruption, Internal Control, Business Risks, Control Framework
1
Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. (2009), Corporate Resiliency. Managing the Growing Risk of Fraud
and Corruption , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 21
The aim of this paper is to present haw fraud was growing in the last few years and how the
economic crunch was facilitated the fraud context. Corruption is related to the fraud and
more people are involved in scams and fraud techniques. With respect to fraud and
corruption, we believe resiliency means a combination of avoiding problems through
appropriate planning and risk management, reducing vulnerabilities such as by using early
warning systems, and limiting impact by establishing processes that help effect a quick
return to business.2
2. Literature Review:
The paper has based its conclusions on the researches of the most recent papers in this area:
Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. (2009), Corporate Resiliency. Managing the Growing Risk of
Fraud and Corruption , who presented the fraud and corruption consequences and a chain
reaction resulting in serious corporate harm or failure. They explained how in addition to
reducing profits, fraud can lead to a host of other negative consequences, including losses
of reputation, customer support, access to capital, brand power, market position,
competitive advantage, momentum, innovation, and talent. The same consequences could
be found discussing corruption.
Bryan, K et al. (2009) in Cyber Fraud. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, presented
the Cyber Fraud: principles, trends, and mitigation techniques, with an extensive survey of
the structure and dynamics of both the practice of cyber fraud and the underground
community that commits it. They explained the Russian and Brazilian cyber threat
environments, with care taken to balance the comparative power of apt generalizations with
the specific familiarity available only in an abundance of rich detail. Within the past 4
years, cyber crime has evolved from a minor nuisance to a major concern involving well-
organized actors and highly sophisticated organizations. Simplifying the operations of the
cyber criminal helps provide perspective into the general incentives and risks the fraudsters
face and, therefore, into their behavioral patterns. Moreover, such understanding is also
helpful in determining expenditure on countermeasures and crafting tactics to disrupt the
fraud underground.3
COSO(2006), Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Guidance for Smaller Public
Companies, is an important study to understand internal control. Thus, the characteristics of
smaller companies provide significant challenges for cost-effective internal control.
Among the challenges are: obtaining sufficient resources to achieve adequate segregation
of duties; managements ability to dominate activities, with significant opportunities for
management override of control; recruiting individuals with requisite financial reporting
and other expertise to serve effectively on the board of directors and audit committee;
recruiting and retaining personnel with sufficient experience and skill in accounting and
financial reporting; taking management attention from running the business in order to
provide sufficient focus on accounting and financial reporting.
2
Individuals are likely to participate in corrupt behavior or turn a blind eye towards it in
order to fit into or belong to the organization, and if they strongly identify with the
organization. Organizations with a short-term financial emphasis were more likely to
exhibit corrupt behaviors, and in particular, pay and incentive systems were more likely to
foster corrupt practices.
Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. empirically examined the fraud considering it as the tip of the
iceberg. Since the Crash of 2008 led to economic conditions softening dramatically
around the globe, fraud risks for businesses appear to be on the rise. A slowing economy
may increase pressure on corporate executives to meet performance goals set in rosier
times, or to demonstrate that the current executive team should be retained by shareholders.
Individual managers may feel a much greater risk of job loss than usual, potentially making
them eager to avoid having to report a performance shortfall in their operating unit.
At the same time, employees may be under greater personal financial pressure, whether due
to potential foreclosure on their home, the loss of a spouse s income due to layoffs, or
other impacts of the economic downturn. 1
In early 2008, the UK s Financial Services Authority published its annual Financial Risk
Outlook in which it stated that, Tighter economic conditions could increase the incidence
or discovery of some types of financial crime or lead to firms resources being diverted
away from tackling financial crime.
Bishop and Hydoski explained how managing the risk of fraud and corruption became very
important for any organization: Managing the risk of fraud and corruption requires an
ongoing commitment to acquiring fresh knowledge and putting it to work. Quite often this
fresh knowledge must be obtained from outside your company. Organized criminal groups
constantly evolve new fraud schemes to part companies from their money. Customer and
vendor frauds develop new twists, taking advantage of new technologies. They suggested
that the danger of fraud has been amplified by the ability of fraudsters to leverage modern
technologies such as computers and the Internet. Conversely, the ability of companies to
monitor business processes for potential fraud and to respond quickly when fraud events
occur has been greatly enhanced by the availability of technologies such as anti - money
laundering (AML) software, advanced analytics, and enterprise financial management
systems. 2
Bryan, K et al. presented the most common fraud in the economic crunch: the cyber fraud.
Because cyber criminals find easy success in targeting consumers and retail banks, they,
until quite recently, have had few incentives to expand their activities; this is changing.
Stock manipulation through compromised accounts is gaining in popularity, indicating that
the more competent fraudsters are becoming more capable and knowledgeable. Others are
finding ways to cash out accounts that would previously have been too large (therefore
salient) to use once stolen. As a result, brokerage and retirement accounts are new favorites
in the fraud underground. Trojan toolkits are rapidly outstripping phishing, and the
relatively new threat of pharming is maturing into an almost invincible attack vector. 3
Bryan, K et al. developed a model of fraud. Like any other market, the carding
underground consists of some resource input (here, account credentials) that is extracted
and processed by suppliers (usually phishers), brought to market and retailed by middlemen
(carding forum leaders), and finally purchased and consumed by the demand pool (end-user
carders). Also reflected in the model shown in Figure 1 are the economic categories of
3
wholesalers, retailers, and independent contractors who provide specialized services to
create additional value. In fact, the only serious departure of this model from traditional
economic models is the fact that incurring risk (through possession or transmission of
illegally held data) is a pervasive source of value. 4 The model of fraud explains the
process by which criminals are able to translate the stolen credentials into valid currency, or
in some cases merchandise, is illustrated in Figure 1.
Bryan, K et al. presented some variants of cashing out, but the two most prominent
utilize either a money mule or a reshipper. In many instances, individuals recruited as
reshippers act as money mules after establishing trust, but before the reshipper or mule
becomes a victim him- or herself. They explained the steps to perform a scam like that:
1. The fraudster contracts a cashier to perform the financial transaction. The cashier or
merchant receives the stolen account credential, the fraudsters account information, and
instructions regarding the amount to transfer.
2. The cashier uses the stolen account to perform a financial transaction with the accounts
4
bank or the merchant uses the account to purchase goods through a retailer.
3. The bank transfers the funds to the mules account, supplied by the cashier, or the retailer
sends the merchandise to the reshippers address, which may be nothing more than a drop
site.
4. The mule then transfers funds to the cashiers account or to another mule to further
disguise the transaction chain. When dealing with merchandise, the reshipper forwards the
goods to another address, possibly that of another reshipper or that of the merchant.
5. The cashier or merchant then delivers the funds or merchandise to the fraudster, keeping
a certain portion as compensation for his or her service.
In order to prevent any kind of fraud we need to respect the internal control over financial
reporting. Thus, management control became important to stop the fraud and corruption.
Internal control quality could be relevant to any organization. Thus, over the past decade,
organizations have invested heavily in improving the quality of their internal control
systems. They have made the investment for a number of reasons, notably: (1) good
internal control is good business it helps organizations ensure that operating, financial
and compliance objectives are met, and (2) many organizations are required to report on the
quality of internal control over financial reporting, compelling them to develop specific
support for their certifications and assertions. 5
Fraud is strong connected with corruption and the economic crunch accelerated the rhythm
of corruption and opportunities. Corruption it means violating the public norms and trust.
Burke and Cooper presented how people are exposed to corruption and temptation. For
decades, many studies have investigated the effects of corruption and the unethical acts of
government and big business. People around the world, in small and large countries alike,
have been exposed to a barrage of examples of corruption and unethical acts. Research has
attempted to understand these acts by examining such topics as ethical decision making and
by considering possible antecedents of corruption. Here we address related issues by way
of a dual focus: (a) by considering ethics perceptions as a key antecedent of corruption
(namely, because corruption can spread if unethical acts come to be perceived as
acceptable), and (b) by presenting a statistically efficient way of investigating perceptions
of ethical misbehaviors. 6
Only a strong internal control could prevent any form of corruption and fraud. Olsen
explains how a recent survey performed by a global business consulting firm discovered
that only 50 percent of senior corporate executives are highly confident that business
control systems are managing their organizations business risks effectively. The survey
also revealed that fewer than 10 percent of these senior executives rated their control
systems as excellent in providing early warning signs to catastrophic risks. In an
increasingly competitive global marketplace, this could mean trouble for U.S. businesses
competing on an uneven international playing field, where foreign competition does not
have to adhere to such laws as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). 7
Olsen thinks that an effective anti-corruption program must have the foundation of a strong
code of conduct that communicates the organizations position on conflicts of interest,
bribery, kickbacks, confidentiality of proprietary information, and compliance with all
applicable laws and regulations. To be effective, the program must have the support and
oversight of top management. The communication of the organizations policies and
procedures is also critical in this type of program. Employees need to be constantly
apprised of industry trends and new regulations through ongoing training programs. 8
5
4. Conclusion:
The fraud and corruption has new techniques since the computer development and Internet.
Also, the economic crunch presented a new context for the fraud and corruption.
Corruption has a corrosive impact on both overseas market opportunities and the broader
business climate. It also deters foreign investment, stifles economic growth and sustainable
development, distorts prices, and undermines legal and judicial systems. More specifically,
corruption is a problem in international business transactions, economic development
projects, and government procurement activities. 9
The globalization and Europeanization created new opportunities for scammers and
fraudsters. Thanks to the rapid emergence of global markets, the rise of high - speed digital
information technologies, and the development of the Internet, fraud can now evolve,
mutate, and spread with mind - numbing speed. A special cause could be the free
circulation of the people inside European Union and overseas, as well. New young
researchers are trying to develop new Internet techniques to improve the fast growing
transactions and businesses all over the world.
Bishop and Hydoski explained how managing the risk of fraud and corruption requires an
ongoing commitment to acquiring fresh knowledge and putting it to work. They highlighted
how quite often this fresh knowledge must be obtained from outside your company.
Usually, organized criminal groups constantly evolve new fraud schemes to part companies
from their money. Thus, customer and vendor frauds develop new twists, taking advantage
of new technologies. Entering new markets creates new business opportunities, but also
new risks that may be outside your previous experience. You will need a proactive strategy
for staying abreast of new fraud risks as they emerge, and a process for sharing critical
knowledge across the company as it becomes available. Ignorance, whether accidental or
willful, will not help your company manage the risks of fraud and corruption. 10
In order to stop the growing fraud and corruption we need to enforce internal control and to
develop auditing procedures. Internal control is one of the most important sources of audit
evidence.
References:
[1]. Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. (2009), Corporate Resiliency. Managing the Growing Risk of
Fraud and Corruption , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
[2]. Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. (2009), Corporate Resiliency. Managing the Growing Risk of
Fraud and Corruption , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 25
[3]. Bryan, K et al. (2009), Cyber Fraud. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, CRC Press,
Taylor&Francis Group, p. 21
[4]. Bryan, K et al. (2009), Cyber Fraud. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, CRC Press,
Taylor&Francis Group, p. 23
[5]. COSO, Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Guidance for Smaller Public Companies,
Vol. 1, 2006
[6]. Ronald J. Burke and Cary L. Cooper (2009), Research Companion to Corruption in
Organization, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, The Lypiatts, Cheltenham, UK
[7]. Olsen, W. P. (2010), The Anti-Corruption Handbook. How to Protect Your Business in the Global
Market Place, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p.2
[8]. Ibid, p. 3
[9]. Ibid, p. 5
[10]. Bishop, T. and Hydoski, F. (2009), Corporate Resiliency. Managing the Growing Risk of
Fraud and Corruption , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 23
6
POLITICA DE DEZVOLTARE REGIONALA SI MANAGEMENTUL
RELATIILOR DE PARTENERIAT
MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL
TRADITIONAL MODERN
SCHIMBARI IN VALORILE UMANE
toi sunt la fel fiecare este diferit
individualism participativ
nevoia de performan auto-realizare
Ignoranta educaie continua
SCHIMBARI IN VALORILE
SOCIALE
Proprietate Echipa
Orientare pe produs Orientare spre comunitate
Guvernare limitata
Guverare prin reglementari
SHIMBARI IN FILOZOFIA
GUVERNAMENTALA
A. Transformarea Europei i a regiunilor sale ntr-un loc mai atractiv pentru investiii i
munc;
B. mbuntirea cunotinelor i inovrii pentru cretere economic;
C. Locuri de munc mai multe i mai bune;
D. Coeziune teritorial si cooperare
In vederea implementarii acestor strategii la nivelul UE au fost infiintate instrumente
structurale financiare specifice:
Fondul European de Dezvoltare Regional (FEDR)
Fondul Social European (FSE)
Fondul de Coeziune Economico-Social (FC)
Fondul European de Orientare i Garantare pentru Agricultur (FEOGA)
Aciune complementar:
Fondul European pentru Agricultur i Dezvoltare Rural (FEADR)
Fondul European pentru Pescuit (FEP)
Romnia a fost invitat de ctre Comisia European, chiar din anul premergtor
aderrii - 2006, s elaboreze Programul Naional de Reforme pentru Strategia
Lisabona Relansat, care abordeaz problematica reformelor structurale i
instituionale pe trei obiective:
1. Nivelul macroeconomic - stabilitate economic i sustenabilitatea finanelor
publice
2. Nivelul microeconomic - mbuntirea competitivitii i productivitii
economice
3. Piaa muncii - calitatea ocuprii pentru toate categoriile de vrst
Pentru fiecare nivel se pot crea parteneriate pentru investitii comune,transfer de know-
how si tehnologii sub diferite forme de asociere si reletii parteneriale si contractuale
TIPURLE DE PARTENERIATE practicate in mediul de afaceri international si
agreate de UE sant:
Dupa tipul de asociere- asocieri de persoane, capital,active, activitati in societati
comerciale(private limited companies),fundatii,ONG.etc-cooperari in productie,
stiinta, etc
-Asocierea de persoane fizice cu persoane juridice colaborari
-Asocierea de capital privat cu capital public-societati mixte,public limited
companies
-Asocierrea intra administratia locala ,organizatii guvernamentale si
neguvernamentale pe principiul responsabilitatii sociale corporatiste
-Crearea unui activ prin cumpararea de actiuni-sharing
-Asocierea de capital national cu capital strain joint venture,investitii straine
directe, investitii de portofoliu
Dupa tehnica de asociere- cesionarea dreptului de folosinta-leasing
-cesionatra dreptului de folosire a marcii- franchising
-Cesionarea dreptului de productie-lohn
-Concesionarea din patrimoniu public a dreptului de proprietate, constructie,
operare,etc pe o perioada limitata pentru realizarea unui obiectiv de interes public-
parteneriat public privat
Parteneriatele pot fi inventariate n funcie de alte diverse criterii, ce pot fi
considerate simultan sau independent, genernd o tipologie relativ complex.
Astfel, considernd existena personalitii juridice, parteneriatele pot avea un
character
- formal sau
- informal. Parteneriatul informal se poate stabili atunci cnd scopul este suficient
de specific, iar atingerea sa nu este o problem, prile fiind structuri de tip
similar, cunoscndu-se i, eventual, lucrnd deja mpreuna anterior. n cazul
unor sarcini mai complexe sau de termen lung, ori cnd partenerii sunt structuri
de tip diferit (ONG-uri i structuri ale administraiei publice, ONG-uri de
nationaliti diferite de exemplu), parteneriatul tinde s fie formalizat.
Un alt criteriu pentru clasificarea parteneriatelor ar fi tipul obiectivului urmrit.
Astfel pot fi ntlnite parteneriate de reprezentare:
- federaii, uniuni, consilii, aliane, forumuri, coaliii, etc. respectiv, parteneriate
operaionale ce presupun existena unor proiecte concrete ca motiv al asocierii.
Atingerea unui scop comun, ca rezultat al unui set de activiti derulate n cadrul
unei perioade de timp, n conformitate cu un plan iniial, vine s fac diferena ntre
conceptul de colaborare i cel de parteneriat, atta vreme ct, din punct de vedere
semantic, diferenele dintre cele doua cuvinte sunt greu sesizabile.
Parteneriatele se pot constitui pe termen lung sau scurt, cu sau fr finanare.
Dupa tipul obiectivului urmrit, pot fi ntlnite
- parteneriate de reprezentare, cum sunt: federaiile, uniunile, consiliile, alianele,
forumurile, coaliiile, etc., respectiv,
- parteneriate operaionale ce presupun existena unor proiecte concrete ca motiv
al asocierii
- parteneriate institutionale-infratiri
ntr-o relaie de parteneriat, prile nu trebuie neaparat s fie considerate ca fiind
egale, ci este important ca ele s fie tratate ca fiind pe poziii egale, deoarece
parteneriatul nu poate fi construit pe o relaie de subordonare. Altfel spus, ntr-o
relaie de parteneriat, puterea de decizie poate sa fie mprit ntre pri n mod egal
sau proporional cu contribuia adus de fiecare parte
In Romania tipurile de parteneriate, posibil de practicat, sant pevazute de LEGEA
ACHIZITIILOR PUBLICE,astfel:
1. Contractul de achizitie publica propriu-zis-acordul intervenit intre una sau mai
multe autoritati contractante, pe de o parte si unul sau mai multi operatori
economici pe de alta parte, in legatura cu o achizitie publica
2. Contract de furnizare- furnizarea prin cumpararea de produse.inclusiv pe
credit,inchiriere ,leasing,etc
3. Contract de prestatri servicii-altul decat executari lucrari,daca valoarea
serviciilor convenite,depaseste valoarea produseleor din contract
4. Contract de executie lucrari
5. Contract de concesiune de lucrari publice
6. Contract de concesiune de servicii
7. Acordul cadru
8. Contract complex
- libera concurenta
- recunoasterea mutuala
- tratament egal si nediscriminare
- proprtionalitate
- transparenta
- confidentialitate
- eficienta utilizarii fondurilor
- asumarea raspunderii
Aceste principii stau la baza functionarii unor institutii publice care gestioneaza
implementarea acestei legi,cum ar fi:
-Agenti naionala de reglementare si monitorizare a achizitiilor publice.-ANRMAP-
organ de monitorizare si conceptie legislativa,de instruire si consultanta
- Consiliul National. de Solutionare a Contestatiilor -CNSC -organ administrativ
jurisdictional
- Ministerul Finantelo Publice.-MFB-organ de control ex ante
1. Dezvoltare durabil
a. Competitivitate pentru cretere i ocupare
b. Coeziune pentru pentru cretere i ocupare (Fonduri structurale - FSE, FEDR,
FEOGA, Fonduri de coeziune economico-social)
2. Management durabil i protecia resurselor naturale
3. Cetenie, libertate, securitate i justiie
4. UE ca partener global
5. Administraie - cheltuieli instituionale, sociale i educaionale
Aceste formatiuni se pot realiza prin parteneriate intre actorii locali si cei europeni
PPP este o modalitate de realizare a unor obiective sau servicii complexe de interes
public national sau international ,pe termen mediu sau lung,prin asocierea pe baza
unui contract specific intre un operator privat si o autoritate publica
PPP este o intelegere,cooperare, conlucrare,transparenta,asociere in vederea
atragerii de resurse publice ,private,nationale, internationale pentru realizarea unor
investitii de inters public,stabilirea unor raporturi contractuale intre administratia
centrala sau locala si mediul privat in interes local,national,regional
Tipuri de proiecte PPP-folosite la realizare de obiective complexe
(hidroenergetice,amenajare ape, infrastructura etc) unde Autoritaea publica
concesioneaza terenuri,cladiri,bunuri si obtine un bun public realizat printr-un
model PPP:
1.PROIECTARE-CONSTRUCTIE-OPERARE(DBO-design-built operate)-
investitorul asigura proiectare,constructie,exploatare,finantare ,servicii
2. CONSTRUCTIE-OPERARE-REINNOIRE(BOR-built-operate-renewal of
concession)-investitorul asigura finantare,constructie,operare si intretinerea bunului
,cu drept de renegociere a nivelului de tarifare la contracte cu perioade mai mici de
5o ani, dar perioada cumulata sa nu depaseasca 50 ani
3.CONSTRUCTIE-OPERARE-TRANSFER(BOT-BUILT-OPERATE-
TRANSFER)-investitorul asigura constructia
,finantarea,exploatarea,intretinerea,putand percepe tarife de exploatare
4. CONSTRUCTIE-OPERARE-PROPRIETATE TRANSFER(BOOT-built-
operate-owner-transfer)-pe perioada constructiei si recuperarii investitiei este
proprietar urmand ca autoritatea sa-si rascumpere bunul la finele perioadei
convenite
5. LEASING-DEZVOLTARE-OPERARE(LDO-lease-develop-operate)-investitorul
preia in leasing un bun public,cu drept de obtinere venituri din furnizarea de
servicii,fara obligatia de a investi in bunul public
6. REABILITARE-OPERARE-TRANSFER(ROT-reabilitate-operate-transfer)-
investitorul asigura finantarea,reabilitarea,operarea,intretinerea bunului public
Abstract
Potenialul turistic balnear formeaz o categorie aparte de resurse turistice, care au
generat, nc din antichitate, cea mai veche form de turism practicat n Romnia
balneoturismul. Potenialul balnear al Romniei este ntregit de lacurile terapeutice, care
prin calitile lor fizico-chimice, dar i, prin nmolurile sapropelice prezint un interes
terapeutic deosebit, iar apa Mrii Negre, aciunea nisipului de pe plaj sau a valurilor,
associate cu helioterapia au i ele valoroase caliti balneomedicale.
Tendinele manifestate pe plan mondial evideniaz o evoluie pozitiv a cererii pentru
componenta ,,wellness crearea unei stri generale de bine n turismul de sntate la
nivel mondial, motiv pentru care, lucrarea i propune s prezinte i s localizeze sursele de
avantaj competitiv strategic(ACS) pentru turismul balnear din Romnia, care s furnizeze
valoare&satisfacie purttorilor de cerere de pe piaa turistic internaional determinnd,
astfel, o cretere a performanei acestei formei de turism i, n consecin, a competitivitii
turismului romnesc la nivel mondial.
Key words: turism balnear , avantaj competitiv strategic, portofoliul surselor ACS n
turismul balnear romnesc, competivitate internaional, performana firmei, master plan al
turismului din Romnia, strategii de marketing competitiv
JEL Classification: L16; L21; L25; M10; M25; R11.
Introduction
Turismul balnear se detaeaz de celorlalte forme de turism datorit multiplelor
beneficii sociale i economice pe care le aduce, dat fiind efectele pozitive pe care le induce
asupra strii de sntate fizic i psihic a oamenilor. n condiiile actuale, cnd pe plan
mondial se manifest tendna de nlocuire treptat a tratamentelor alopate, cu unele mai
blnde, mai puin toxice, cum sunt cele bazate pe factorii naturali de cur n paralel cu
deplasarea centrului de greutate spre prevenire i educaie sanitar, rolul i importana
turismului balnear s-au apreciat.
Potrivit normelor balneologice internaionale, potenialul turistic balnear include ape
minerale i termale, nmolurile i gazele terapeutice, lacurile i sarea terapeutic.
Romnia dispune de o mare bogie de factori naturali de cur, rspndii pe aproape
ntreaga suprafa a rii, de la litoralul romnesc pn n Munii Carpai.
Dezvoltarea pe care a cunoscut curelor balneare, datorit diverselor nevoi de
tratament ale purttorilor de cerere, ct i datorit diversificrii ofertei pentru turismul balnear
a fcut ca, aceast form de turism s se detaeze cu forme bine definite, reunite sub umbrela
unui concept mai amplu de turism de sntate.
Evoluia curelor balneare a fost nsoit, de-a lungul timpului, de mbogirea continu
a coninutului acestora, att sub aspectul utilizrii factorilor naturali utilizai, ct i sub cel al
procedurilor folosite, ceea ce a condus la apariia unei multitudini de concepte de cur, care au
la baz, att factorii naturali utilizai, ct i procedurile folosite: termalism, crenoterapie,
talasoterapie, balneoterapie, turism balnear, balneo-climatoterapie i mai nou spa, wellness,
etc.
Cu toat bogia, varietatea i valoarea terapeutic a factorilor din Romnia, a cror
eficien este incontestabil i unanim recunoscut pe plan intenaional, valorificarea acestora
n balneoturismul romnesc este sub posibiliti.
*
de la cuvntul grecesc pelos = ml
n localitile: Covasna -cea mai mare i cea mai pur (98% CO2) emanaie mofetic din
Europa cu amenajri moderne pentru tratament; Bile Sntimbru, Bile Harghita ( peste
94%); Tunad Bi cu mofete utilizate rudimentar n ncperi improvizate.
Mofeta natural (numai emanaia de CO2 gaz uscat), utilizat n scop terapeutic n
Romnia, este un fenomen unic n lume, aplicarea tratamentului realizndu-se colectiv, n
ncperi amenajata n forma unui ,,circ roman.
Lacurile terapeutice
Datorit funciilor multiple pe care le ndeplinete n actul turistic, prin caracteristicile
calitative i modalitile de existen pe tritorul Romniei, apa a generat aici turismul balnear,
turismul de recreere, turismul sportiv i de sfrit de sptmn, dar i un turism profesional.
Indiferent de formele de stocare a apei, componena hidtografic exercit o putere de
polarizare deosebit asupra turitilor, ocupnd un loc binemeritat n cadrul patrimoniului
turistic al rii.
Lacurile srate (terapeutice) prin calitile fizico-chimice ale apelor lor au o
importan terapeutic deosebit, fiind cele mai ,,folosite resurse naturale n domeniul
turistic, genernd turismul balnear sau/i turismul recreativ. O putere de polarizare deosebit o
prezint lacurile srate formate pe masivele de sare, cele din estul Cmpiei Romne sau de pe
litoralul Mrii Negre, unde bioclimatul excitant-solicitant, bile de soare i de aer sporesc
efectul therapeutic al bilor n lac. Lacurile srate a cror genez este legat de masivele de
sare se concentreaz n zona dealurilor subcarpatice sau de podi (Podiul Transilvaniei) dar
sunt prezente i n depresiunea Maramure. n zona Transilvaniei, lacuri srate de natur
antropic accumulate n vechile exploatri de sare prsite: Ocna Mure, Ocna Sibiului etc. La
acestea se adaug lacurile srate din zona subcarpatic de la curbur: Baia Baciului (aproape
6100 metrii, 32 metri adncime); Grota Miresei (1300 m. suprafa i o adncime maxim de
32 m) format ntr-o veche exploatare de sare de tip clopot, situat n ,,Muntele de Sare i
unic la noi n ar pn n 1999, cnd n urma proceselor de eroziune i dizolvare lateral,
lacul s-a scurs, disprnd; Telega, Govora.
Multe din lacurile menionate au dus la amenajri de stabilimente, bi calde
imprimnd noifuncionaliti aezrilor omeneti din vecintate, acestea devenind aezri
balneare de interes local, regional i chiar naional.
O alt categorie de lacuri srate, considerate reale ,,resurse turistice pentru
turismul de litoral sunt lacurile de tip liman maritime bine coordinate i separate de mare
prin cordoane de nisip de diferite limi, cu o minerelizare considerabil: lacul Techirghiol
cu o salinitate de 4 ori mai mare dect cea a Mrii Negre, care s-a redus considerabil n
ultimii ani din cauza aportului considerabil de ap dulce provenit din sistemele de irigaii,
care au fcut a cnivelul lacului s se ridice considerabil, inundnd parial o serie de amenajri,
instalaii balneare existente pe malul lacului. Nmolul este folosit n staiunile Eforie Sud,
Eforie Nord i Techirghiol; Lacul Costineti cu ap relative srat i nmol curativ,lacurile de
la Mangalia, Agigea, Nuntai.
Salinele terapeutice
Salinele prin microclimatul ,,de salin devin un element important al potenialului
balnear. Recunoaterea i utilizarea acestuia s-a realizat mai ales n a doua jumatate a
secolului XX i, n special n ultimele trei decenii, cnd au fost introduce n circuitul turistic
salinele Slnic Prahova, Praid, Trgu Ocna, la care se adaug Ocna Dej i Cacica cu
posibiliti multiple i reale de utilizare.
Potenialul climatic turistic
Clima alturi de relief constituie un factor la fel de important cu influien asupra
potenialului turistic natural al Romniei, care poate s favorizeze sau dimpotriv s inhibe
organizarea i desfurarea activitilor turistice. Impactul elementelor climatice i a climei n
ansamblu, se manifest foarte difereniat asupra organismului persoanelor participante la
fenomenul turistic, introducnd chiar o selecie a categoriilor de persoane ce pot beneficia din
punct de vedere fiziologic, de un sejur n ambiana zonei montane, a litoralului Mrii Negre
sau lacurilor din estul Cmpiei Romne.
ntr-un sens sau altul, factorii climatici creaz, fie o stare de comfort i relaxare, fie o
stare de suprasolicitare, puternic stimulativ sau chiar de stres. n funcie de aceste situaii, pe
tritoriul Romniei sunt prezentate: bioclimatul excitant-solicitant, bioclimatul sedative-
inalferent (de cruare), bioclimatul tonic- stimulant de munte, climaul de adpost i
bioclimatul de salin i al golurilor subterane.
Statiuni balneoclimaterice in Romania
Staiunea A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Amara x x x - x - - - - - x - - -
Bazna x x x - x - - - - - - - - -
Bile Felix x x x - x - x - - - - - - -
Bile Govora x x x - - x x - - - - - - x
Bile Herculane x x x - - - x - - - x - - x
Bile Olanesti - - - - - x - x - - - - - -
Bile Tunad - - - x - - - - x - - - - -
Balvanyos - - - x - - - - x - - - - -
Borsec - - - x - - - x x - - - x -
Buzia - - - x - - x - x - - - - -
Climneti - Cciulata x x x - - - - x - x - x - x
Covasna - - - x - - - x x - - - - -
Eforie Nord x x x - x x - - - - x - - x
Eforie Sud x x x - x x - - - - x - - x
Geogiu Bi x x x - x - x - - - - - - -
Lacul Srat x x x - x - - - - - x - x -
Mangalia x x x - x x - - - - x - - x
Moneasa x x x - x - - - x - - - - -
Ocna Sibiului x x x - x - - - - - - - - -
Pucioasa x x x - x x x x - - - - - -
Sngeorz Bi - - - - - - - x - - - x - x
Slnic Prahova x x x - - x - - - - x - - x
Slnic Moldova x x x - - x - x - x - x - x
Sovata x x x - x - - - - - - - - -
Techirghiol x x x - x - - - - - x - - -
Vatra Dornei x x x x x - x x - - - - x -
Sursa: www.oniro.ro
Legend :A-afeciuni ale aparatului locomotor; B - afeciuni reumatismal; C- afeciuni neurologice periferic;
D- afeciuni ale aparatului cardiovascular; E- afeciuni ginecologice; F- afeciuni respiratorii; G-afeciuni ale
sistemului nervos central/periferic; H- afeciuni ale aparatului digestiv i glandelor anexe; I-nevroz; J-afeciuni
ale rinichilor; K afeciuni dermatologice; L- boli de nutriie; M afeciuni endocrine; N- afeciuni ORL;
Cele mai importante statiuni (vezi tabel 1) asigur tratarea afeciunilor reumatice, cardio-
vasculare, respiratorii, precum i a numeroase tulburri ale sistemelor digestiv si nervos. Mai
trebuie s menionam aici si tratarea unor probleme dermatologice si ginecologice. Toate
tratamentele se desfaoara sub stricta supraveghere a Institutului oficial de medicin general,
balneologie i recuperare. Durata normal a unui sejur intr-o astfel de staiune este de dou
sau trei sptmni. La sfaritul acestei perioade se poate primi un buletin medical complet
incluznd diagnosticul dumneavoastr, rezultatele testelor precum i recomandari.
Pentru numeroase persoane vacanele n staiunile de recreere constituie o plcut i
luxoas relaxare n timp ce, curele de ape minerale, mofetele (surse naturale de dioxid de
carbon) precum i bile de noroi constituie componentele unui tratament complex al
diverselor afeciuni. Pentru ambele tipuri de vizitatori Romania poate fi un adevarat miracol.
Preurile sunt foarte rezonabile. Exist nu mai putin de 3000 de izvoare termale aflate aici.
ara noastra are 70 de staiuni i localiti balneoclimaterice dintre care unele au fost fondate
de ctre vechii romani.
Astzi pacienii vin de pe tot cuprinsul Europei pentru a primi ngrijirile unor specialiti
foarte competeni n clinicile bine dotate din staiunile cele mai bune. n paralel cu aceste
ngrijiri ei se pot bucura de minunatele priveliti oferite de aceste locuri de vacant.
Cea mai renumit staiune balneoclimateric este Bile Herculane, un ora mic situat
pe cursul rului Cerna n zona Valea Cernei cu izvoare cu ap fierbinte, cu numeroase
proprietai curative, descoperite nc de pe vremea romanilor. Cele 15 izvoare cu ape minerale
i termale existente aici sunt folosite n tratarea afeciunilor reumatice, nervoase si
nutriionale.
Bile Felix este cea mai mare staiune din Romnia, situat n apropierea oraului
Oradea, spre nord-vest, care se bucur, chiar i n timpul iernii, de avantajele unui
"microclimat". Virtuile apelor termale, foarte bogate n oligominerale sunt completate de
virtuile nmolului sapropelic care sunt folosite n tratarea artritei reumatice, a lumbagoului,
precum i a afeciunilor ginecologice i nervoase.
Sovata, situat la 490 de metri (1600 picioare) deasupra nivelului mrii n zona
impresionantelor pduri transilvnene, are unul dintre cele mai extraordinare lacuri
heliotermale, numit Ursu. Apa acestuia nu este mai rece la adncime dect la suprafa,
aa cum se ntmpl n cazul lacurilor obinuite. Temperatura apei crete odat cu
adncimea, astfel ncat, apa din adnc este mai cald dect cea de la suprafat! Apa lacului
este srata i mpreuna cu nmolul sapropelic este deosebit de eficient n tratarea
afeciunilor ginecologice, a reumatismului i a afeciunilor nervoase periferice. Datorit
hotelurilor moderne i echipamentelor de ultima or precum i datorit stimulatorului climat
subalpin uscat, un sejur la Sovata va fi extrem de plcut.
Alte statiuni din muntii Carpati
n muni exist numeroase staiuni: Sinaia, lng Braov, este o staiune foarte
cautata pentru petrecerea vacanelor. Tunad, situat la nord de oraul Brasov, este o
statiune important datorit apelor minerale carbonatatei gazoase precum i datorit
mofetelor folosite pentru tratarea bolilor cardio-vasculare. Chiar i mpratul francez
Napoleon III-lea primea ap de pe valea Oltului.
Astzi n cele dou staiuni gemene - Calimnesti i Cciulata - sunt vindecate
diferite afeciuni ale tubului digestiv i ale rinichilor. Aceste dou staiuni sunt dotate att cu
pavilioane balneare elegante, n stilul Belle Epoque ct i cu centre de tratament prevzute cu
echipamente de ultim or.
n apropiere de Climaneti i de Cciulata se afl o alt staiune mai mic Bile
Olnesti, unde se trateaz afeciuni digestive i ale rinichilor, guta, obezitatea i diabetul
ntr-un peisaj montan de o rar frumusee.
Pe litoral, pe marile plaje de nisip ale Mrii Negre se afl staiunile Eforie Nord, Eforie
Sud, Neptun si Mangalia unde se trateaz afeciuni ale pielii, afeciuni reumatice/ post
traumatice i probleme ginecologice, iar turitii aflai la tratament pot face i talazoterapie.
Datorit faptului c centrele de tratament sunt dotate cu ncalzire centrala staiunile rmn
deschise tot timpul anului.
Mangalia este renumit pentru curele terapeutice. Colonia greceasca fortificat
Callatis, construit in secolul al VI-lea i.Hr., a devenit staiunea balnear Mangalia, unde se
afla un hotel specializat n astfel de tratamente. La fel ca i n staiunile Eforie Nord, Eforie
Sud i Neptun turitii pot profita de o mare varietate de tratamente, inclusiv de bi de nmol
bogate n minerale, talazoterapie i de faimoasa cur romaneasc cu Gerovital mbinnd un
tratament executat de profesioniti cu toate plcerile unei vacane la malul mrii.
390
385
380 377
375 372
369 Structuri de primire
370
365
360
355
2006 2007 2008 2009
Grafi
c 1: Evoluia structurilor de cazare cu funciuni de primire ntre 2006-2009 (Sursa: Institutul
National de Statistic din Romnia)
Camere existente
17400 17380
17350 17311
17300
17250
17200
17150 17138
17126
17100 Series1
17050
17000
16950
2006 S1
2007
2008
2009
Grafic 2: Evoluia numrului de camere din structurile de cazare din staiunile balneare din
Romnia n perioada 2006-2009
Sursa : Anuar Statistic al Romniei ,2009
Durata medie a sejurului n anul 2009 a fost de 3 zile i cea mai mare durat s-a
nregistrat n staiunile balneare - 7,1 zile n medie, urmat de staiunile de litoral cu o medie
de 4,8 zile. Pentru turitii romni cea mai mare durat medie a ederii s-a nregistrat tot n
staiuni balneare 7,2 zile, iar pentru turiti strini durata medie a sejurului a fost de 3,9
zile.(tabel 2)
Tabel 2: Structura capacitii de cazare turistic n funciune a sosirilor i noptrilor
pe zone turistice din Romnia n anul 2009
Anii
2006 (%) 2007 (%) 2008 (%) 2009 (%)
Sosiri 11,4 11,3 10,7 10
noptri 28,9 28,7 26,4 24
Capacitate de cazare n funciune 18,9 18,9 18,4 16,9
Sursa: Institutul Naional de Statistic
O explicaie pentru faptul c durata medie a sejurului este cea mai mare n staiunile
balneare ar fi aceea c, n aceste staiuni, biletele de odihna i tratament includ un numr
minim de proceduri efectuate, de obicei, ntre 6-18 zile n funcie de afeciune i de gravitatea
acesteia.
*
BtoB= business to business
**
B2C/ BtoC= business to consumer
actualului proces de reaprovizionare; introducerea EDI i promovarea strategiilor de baz
ECR la nivelului lanului de distribuie. (Ristea, A.L.&al., 2005, p. 156)
Calitate total este un nou concept, care plaseaz, deopotriv, vectorul client i
vectorul calitate n centrul preocuprilor companiei, dobndind dimensiune strategic.
n organizaiile orientate spre marketing i axate pe calitate, clientul devine
productor de SATISFACIE. Opiunea strategic de a implementa T.Q.M.(Total Quality
Management) la nivelul companiei i permite formularea unei politici a calitii, care va
asigura, att n interiorul organizaiei, ct i pe piaa-int orientarea spre client a
companiei(Constantinescu, L.M., 2007, p. 23).
Avnd ca obiectiv - satisfacerea grupurilor-client, organizaiile care implementeaz
TQM n activitatea lor i dovedesc abilitatea combinrii celor ase dimensiuni Q.V.T.L.R.A1
considerate decisive pentru satisfacerea clientului.
Calitatea Total implic o stare de spirit i reguli de comportament care i sunt
specifice. Este considerat o filosofie nou de afaceri, o strategie global, o politic, un
ansamblu de procedee i metode care antreneaz toi salariaii ntreprinderii pentru
satisfacerea nevoilor clienilor i chiar depirea ateptrilor acestora. Implementarea
conceptului Calitate Total pe specificul organizaiei genereaz efecte pozitive, deopotriv,
pentru (Constantinescu, L.M., 2006, p. 185-189):
clieni - se apreciaz gradul de loialitate / fidelitate fa de oferta firmei;
organizaie se mrete valoarea adugat i diminueaz costurile noncalitii, se
apreciaz notorietatea i imaginea de marc a ntreprinderii;
management se mrete prevenirea i se diminueaz dezorganizarea.
Calitatea total se focalizeaz i implementeaz drept principii de management la
nivel de organizaie :
orientare spre client - ntreprinderea concepe un sistem al calitii n care
integreaz att furnizorii i clienii (interni i externi);
leadership - capacitatea managerilor de a folosi toate sursele de putere
existente pentru transformarea n realitate a unei viziuni concepute pentru alii;
abordarea procesual a activitilor firmei;
abordarea sistemic a managementului;
luarea deciziilor pe baza faptelor;
mbuntirea continu a tuturor proceselor din fiecare etap a ciclului PEVA;
relaii reciproc avantajoase cu furnizorii care mresc capabilitatea organizaiei
de crea valoare pentru client.
Fidelizarea clienilor ca o component a sistemului de obiective al ntreprinderii se
obine printr-o ofert orientat spre client i focalizat spre satisfacia clientului fa de
performana ofertantului.
Relaia cauz - efect dintre un Sistem de Management al Calitii orientat spre
client i satisfacia clientului, dac este pozitiv i ateptrile clientului sunt depite, poate s
dezvolte loialitatea acestuia fa de serviciile oferite de firm. Clientul loial dovedete
predispoziie sczut la schimbare atunci cnd intenioneaz s aleag din nou, n urmtoarea
situaie de cumprare, aceeai marc de magazin / de produs. Fidelizarea se desvrete
atunci cnd, clientul transform convingerea sa n cumprare repetat sau recomand produsul
/ marca de magazin i altor clieni poteniali. Lanul cauz - efect se nchide cu performana
de pia a ntreprinderii.
O strategie de marketing performant pentru fidelizarea clienilor determin efecte
pozitive asupra costurilor ntreprinderii. Se optimizeaz efortul organizaiei de a reduce
costurile legate de derularea relaiilor cu clienii prin focalizarea aciunilor de marketing ale
1
Q = calitatea serviciului; V = la livrarea cantitii cerute; T = la momentul dorit; L = la locul cerut; R = n condiiile unor relaii agreabile i
eficiente; A = un sistem administrativ fr erori, ncepnd cu elaborarea comenzii pn la plata facturii.(Stanciu,I.,2003,p.175)
firmei, n principal, asupra clienilor fideli. Se reduc, astfel, costurile noncalitii prin
implicarea clienilor n procesul de creaie i dezvoltare a produselor. Se poate obine i o
reducere a costurilor de tranzacie prin noi soluii de interaciune cu clienii i ali actori ai
pieei.
Procesul schimbrii prin implementarea Calitii Totale la nivelul firmei integreaz
dou dimensiuni: dimensiunea produciei/prestaiei cea a performanei firmei i
dimensiunea marketing cea a satisfaciei clientului (Constantinescu, L.M., 2007, p. 145-
147).
Concluzie
Dupa cum observa Hamel si Pralahad mentinerea avantajelor competitive
existente, nu este acelasi lucru cu crearea altora noi. Esena strategiei de meninere
const n capacitatea unei organizaii de a-i mbunti standardele de calitate detinute
si de a obtine altele noi, abordare, care se fondeaz pe principiile enuntate de W. E.
Denning, care a insistat asupra necesitii ca o firma s aduc permanent mbuntiri pentru a
rmne ctigtoare n lupta concurential. (V. Danciu, 2004, p.23)
Mentinerii competitivitii unei companii, ca de altfel i a unui domeniu de activitatea
impune implementarea de strategii pentru perfectionarea avantajelor existente si crearea
altora noi prin inovare competitiv.
Modalitatile principale de realizare a inovatiei competitive sunt: planificarea
avantajului competitiv strategic, cautarea si valorificarea crmizilor pierdute ale
concurenilor (utilizarea punctelor slabe ale acestora), schimbarea regulilor jocului competitiv
i colaborarea/parteneriatul. (V. Danciu, 2004, p. 50)
Bibliografie
1. Lucreia, Mariana, Constantinescu, Managementul calitii totale, editura
Bibliotheca, Trgovite, 2006
2. Melinda, Cndea, Potentialul turistic al Romaniei, editura Uranus, Bucureti
2006
3. Victor, Danciu, Marketing strategic competitiv.O abordare internaional ,
editura Economic, Bucureti, 2004
4. Mihai, Ielenicz, Laura, Comnescu, Romnia.Potenial turistic, editura
Universitar, Bucureti, 2006
5. Pop, Al. Nicolae, Dumitru, Ionel, Marketing strategic internaional, editura
Uranus, Bucureti,2004
6. Ristea, Ana, Lucia, Valeriu, Ioan-Franc, Theodor, Purcrea, Economia
distribuiei, editura Expert, Bucureti, 2006
7. Felicia, Stncioiu, Marketing turistic, Editura SITECH, Bucureti, 2003
8. Voiculescu, Dan, Competiie i competitivitate, ed. Economic, Bucureti,
2001
INFLUENELE MARKETINGULUI ASUPRA MANAGEMENTUL
WEB-ULUI SEMANTIC
Cosmin Ioan Mihlan, Emil M. Popa
Universitatea Spiru Haret Bucureti Facultatea de tiine Economice Blaj
Abstract
Aceast lucrare are ca scop definirea web-ului semantic i a managementului
aplicat, precum i influenele marketingului, prezentarea principalelor caracteristici ale
acestuia.La ora actual internetul a devenit o adevrat putere, avnd posibilitatea de a
decide soarta unei afaceri sau a unei piee de desfacere. Acordarea unei atenii sporite
acestuia poate crea avantajele necesare supravieuirii pe o pia mereu n schimbare.
Cuvinte cheie: World Wide Web, Informaii, Semantic, Tehnologii, Marketing
Introduction
Plecnd de la faptul c la ora actual World Wide Web-ul reprezint cea mai
important surs de promovare i totodat cea mai ieftin i uor de accesat, aplicarea
unor strategii de marketing corecte conduce la realizarea obiectivelor propuse prin
asocierea acestor dou curente, cel de marketing i cel al web-ului. La ora actual
majoritatea companiilor prefer promovarea cu ajutorul internetului, att a companiilor
ct i a produselor, datorit eficienei de care acesta a dat dovad in ultimul timp.
Conform unui studiu publicat de firma american Forrest Research, locuitorii europeni
din statele cele mai dezvoltate petrec n medie 14,3 ore pe sptamn navignd pe
internet, iar timpul alocat orelor petrecute n faa televizorului fiind de doar 11,3 ore.
Totodat 36% dintre internai au declarat faptul c petrec mai putin timp n faa
televizorului tocmai pentru c aloc mai mult timp internetului. Principale argumente
care fac ca majoritatea firmelor s prefere un astfel de mod de promovare ar fi:
1. Rapiditatea. Aceast modalitate de comunicare prin intermediul internetului este
net superioar comunicrii prin pot.
2. Rezultate superioare. Dac este adoptat strategia de marketing optim aceasta
poate aduce rezultate la care nici nu ne-am fi ateptat, cumprarea uni anumit
produs se poate efectua doar printr-un click sau trimind un sms.
3. Cercetare de marketing eficient. Se poate aduna mult mai multe informaii
despre utilizator utiliznd anumite procedee tehnice ca de exemplu: logo+uri din
baza de date, cookie-uri, spyware.
4. Flexibilitate i disponibilitate maxim. Schimbarea unui anumit logo sau mesaj
se execut mult mai repede si cu un cost mult mai mic dect n alte cazuri, iar
acesta in legatur permanent cu consumatorul.
5. Crearea unui brand. Dezvoltarea unui brand este mult mai simplu de efectuat in
acest mediu virtual datorit faptului ca orice poate avea acces, iar o campanie
bine pus la punct poate crea un brand.
Revenind asupra termenului de web semantic, acesta este o reea de informaii
corelate ntre ele astfel nct s poat fi uor procesate de maini, la scar global,
universal. Poate fi vzut ca un mod eficient de a reprezenta datele pe World Wide Web,
sau ca o baz de date uria, corelat global.
Webul Semantic a fost conceput de Tim Berners Lee , inventatorul WWW, URI,
HTTP, HTML. Exist o echip dedicat de profesioniti n consoriul World Wide Web
(W3C) care lucreaz pentru a mbunti, extinde i standardiza sistemul , n acest scop
fiind deja dezvoltate multe limbaje, instrumente i publicaii. Oricum , tehnologiile
Webului Semantic sunt nc la nceput , i cu toate c viitorul acestui proiect pare foarte
important , nu exist un consens general despre direcia i caracteristicile Webului
Semantic.
WWW este posibil deoarece un set de standarde stabilite la nivel global garanteaz
interoperabilitatea pe diferite niveluri. Pn acum, webul a fost proiectat pentru procesare
uman direct, dar webul urmtoarei generaii, pe care Tim Berners Lee i alii l numesc
webul semantic, intete ctre informaii procesabile de ctre maini. Webul Semantic va
activa servicii inteligente, cum ar fi brokeri de informaii, ageni soft de cutare i filtre
de informaii, care ofer funcionalitate i iteroperabilitate mai mare dect serviciile
curente. Webul Semantic va fi posibil complet odat cu stabilirea unor noi nivele de
iteroperabilitate. Standarde trebuie definite nu doar pentru formele sintactice ale
documentelor, dar i pentru coninutul lor semantic.
Pentru a putea defini mai bine web-ul semantic,v prezint urmtoarele principii
care au rolul de a fixa mai bine termenul de web semantic:
1. fiecare relaie are un grad de ncredere asociat.
2. oricine poate spune orice despre orice.
3. informaia parial este tolerat.
4. oricine poate fi identificat prin URI.
5. resursele i legturile pot avea tipuri.
6. evoluia este ajutat (sprijinit).
7. resursele i legturile pot avea tipuri.
8. proiectare/standardizare minimal.
Web-ul semantic nu este un nou tip de web, el doar vine sa completeze i s
mbunteasc tocmai ceea ce avem la ora actual, respectiv tehnologia i structura pe
care o folosete Web 2.0. Venind ca i o noua versiune web-ul semantic este cunoscut i
sub denumirea Web 3.0. Acesta ne va oferi posibilitatea de a localiza informaii i de a le
accesa printr-o multitudine de de dispozitive. O mare parte din informaiile care se
regsesc pe internet necesit anumite funcii pentru a le putea accesa, deoarece acestea nu
sunt standardizate i necesit o anumit cutare i anumii parametri, tocmai pentru a
prevenii automatizarea i a nu ntoarce acelai rezultat. Unii pai au fost deja fcui
referitor la aceast problem n timpul revoluiei Web-ului 2.0 , ca de exemplu utilizarea
de tag-uri la bloguri i reele sociale.
n cazul n care web-ul semantic poate fi valorificat pentru a crete cifrele de
afaceri ale firmelor n mod concret crearea unor canale de pia- atunci departamentul
de marketing nu ar avea altceva de fcut dect s adopte i s implementeze acest model.
Astfel folosind la maxim capacitatea care ne este pus la dispoziie de ctre web-ul
semantic, acesta poate ajunge s fie folosit la potenialul su maxim.
Este clar totui c marketingul n web-ul semnatic este diferit fa de marketingul
n web-ul vizual. Brandingul i publicitatea nu vor mai exista n forma actual. Desigur,
marketingul i va pstra traiectoria sa actual n web-ul vizual, existnd anumite
influene de acelerare induse de web-ul semantic n anumite domenii, cum ar fi acela ale
motoarelor de cutare.
Motoarele de cutare sunt depite, deoarece ele citesc site-urile n totalitate i
ncearc s ghiceasc ce conine i informaiile ce se regsesc n acea pagin pagin.
Dac o pagin, are de exemplu 20 de produse n coninutul su, motorul de cutare nu
face diferena ntre aceste produse toate fac parte din aceea pagin. Aici intervine web-
ul semantic care n loc sa ghiceasc ceea ce este, acesta citeste informaii despre
informaii, numite metadate i clasific fiecare bucat n funcie de anumite criterii pe
care le-am selectat cnd am efectuat cutarea.
Iat cteva dintre caracteristicile marketingului n web-ul semantic:
1. Marketingul devine un campion al datelor datorit informaiilor care stau
la baz: informaii corecte, coninut precis i detaliat - toate actualizate.
2. Clasificarea tuturor datelor, ncadrarea cu metadate, sprijinirea
microformatelor relevante. Aceasta include totodat munca proactiv cu
partenerii, clienii i grupurile industriale pentru a putea forma metadatele
specifice domeniului. Aceasta constituie un nou tip de poziionare pe
pia i plasarea prin intermediul web-ului semantic ntr-o nou er a
tehnologiei. n consecin, rolul cheie n departamentul de marketing i
revine directorului de branding semantic.
3. Distribuia i promovarea de date prin intermediul reelelor formale i
informale de toate tipurile, analog cu ceea ce este astzi optimizarea
motoarelor de cutare (SEO) sau optimizare cu ajutorul web-ului
semantic (SWO) pentru a extinde cutarea ct mai mult posibil.
Marketingul va dori s sponsorizeze sau s creeze noi reele semantice,
care s contribuie la atragerea publicului int, pornind de la aceleai care
sunt utilizate n marketingul din mass-media, iar in web-ul semantic va
conducela crearea propilui brand semantic.
4. Urmrirea i atribuirea de date distruite n web-ul semantic, msurarea
impactului pe care diferite elemente de coninut le are asupra contruirii
relaiilor cu partenerii i clienii. Natura web-ului semantic ncurajeaz
reutilizarea larg de date, n mare parte culese de software-uri care stau la
baza acesteia, care contravine arhitecturilor sistemelor actuale ale web-
ului analitic.
5. Folosind informaii obinute de alte persoane. Pentru un client care se
confrunt cu aplicaii, aici intervine web-ul semantic deoarece informaiile
care intr sunt de aceasta form iar rezultatul este afiat n web vizual.
Aceast generaie viitoare de aplicaii web i gadget-uri este posibil doar
datorit implementrii noii tehnologii de care dispune web-ul semantic,
deoarece acesta va conine o baz de date foarte complex care care va
deservi direct consumatorul. Vor aprea noi oportuniti de joint-venture
bazate pe parteneriate semantice ale datelor, astfel se vor combina domenii
complementare. Un impact favorabil l va avea si asupra publicitii i
promovrii web. Totodat departamentele de marketing mai poate benefia
de pe urma acestuia, datorit informaiilor colectate care vor fi utilizate n
cercetarea de pia, monitorizarea consumatorului sau inteligenei
competitive.
6. Controlul calitii a datelor care vor fi furnizate va putea fi mult mai uor
de verificat datorit implementrii acestui web semantic, astfel se va
realiza mult mai uor protectie mpotriva fraudelor i totodat a brand-ului
web-ului semantic.
Concluzii
Acestea ar fi principalele caracteristici ale marketingului n web-ul semantic, un
altfel de marketing. Acesta ine mai mult de un marketing la nivel tehnic, ceea ce va
produce creeare unui grup specializat n interiorul departamentului de marketing care va
fi n subordinea efului departamentului. Viitorul marketingului este n continu
schimbare datorit cerinelor pieei i nevoilor consumatorilor, implementarea acestei noi
tehnologii sare n ajutorul firmelor datorit informaiilor care le va pune la dispoziia
productorilor i astfel vor putea rspunde mai bine i mai prompt cerinelor. Marketingul
online trebuie s corespund raiunile utilizatorilor de internet Caut, Compar,
Cumpr.
Bibliografie:
1. Cawsey, 2000. Cawsey A. (2000) Presenting tailored resource descriptions: Will
XSLT do the job?,WWW9, Amsterdam
2. Guus Schreiber, Hans Akkermans, Anjo Anjewierden, Robert deHoog, Nigel
Shadbolt, WalterVandeVelde, Bob Wielinga - Knowledge Engineering and
Management: The CommonKADS Methodology
3. Jyotishman Pathak , Jie Bao - An Introduction to the Semantic Web, Al Seminar
presentation,Al Lab, lowa State University 2004
4. Thorsten Lau and York Sure, Introducing Ontology-based Skills Management at a
largeinsurance Company
5. York Sure et al., On-To-Knowledge: Semantic Web Enabled
6. http://www.chiefmartec.com/2008/03/marketing-in-th.html
7. http://www.chiefmartec.com/2008/09/semantic-advertising-of-4-different-
kinds.html
8. http://www.conversationmarketing.com/2007/07/the_semantic_web_will_help_yo
u.htm
9. http://www.tamingthebeast.net/blog/online-world/semantic-web-30-0707.htm
DEZVOLTAREA DURABILA A AEROPORTULUI
INTERNATIONAL HENRI COANDA SI SATISFACIA
CONSUMATORILOR
Butnaru Ana
Rezumat:
Introducere:
Acest problematic este foarte important datorit faptului c ROMNIA se situez n zona
care prezinta cele mai mari cifre din punct de vedere ale ratei de cretere. Chestiunea care se
ridic este aceea de a observa persepectivele de adaptare la pia prin exploatarea aeroportrilor i
prin creterea calitii serviciilor prestate. Acest problematic a mai fost abordat n literatura de
specialitate ns, ritmul de adaptare la piaa intern i internaional este mult mai mare, cu att
mai mult cu ct pe viitor se urmrete, la nivel mondial, crearea unui spaiu aerian deschis pe
baz de acord plurilateral ntre SUA i alte ri europene sau din zona Asia-Pacific.De asemenea
se pune problema apariiei unor blocuri regionale constituite din transportatorii aerieni din
zonele: America de Nord, Uniunea Europeana, Asia-Pacific. Transportul aerian internaional este
un sector dificil de administrat, expus crizelor conjuncturale. Factorii cu efecte majore n
evoluia acestuia sunt: cretere exponenial a activitii cu o rat medie anual de 6 % n ultimii
15 ani, reglementrile funcionrii pieei transportului aerian s-au modificat profund, plasnd
transportatorii aerieni ntr-un mediu concurenial; puternica vulnerabilitate a transportului aerian
n raport cu conjunctura economic i politic internaional.
1
Dr. Adam, M. Pilarski Chief Economist, Director Economic Research, Mc. Donnell Douglas, Dr.
Nigel Dennis Senior Research Fellow, Transport Studies Group, University of Westminister, Dr.
Mary Coveney Senior Analist, Air Consult International - Maximise the profitability of your route
network through development of strategic hub conections Strategies for efective network
management , 2005.
Recenzia lucrarii:
Figura nr. 1 :
Compania Nationala Aeroportul International Henri Coanda Bucuresti S.A. (A.I.H.C.B.) are
ca obiect principal de activitate efectuarea de prestari, servicii, lucrari de exploatare, ntretinere,
reparare, dezvoltare si modernizare a bunurilor din patrimoniul sau, aflate n proprietate sau n
concesiune, n vederea asigurarii conditiilor pentru sosirea, plecarea si manevrarea la sol a
aeronavelor n trafic national si/sau international, de persoane i de mrfuri. Tot acesta asigur
serviciile aeroportuare pentru tranzitul de persoane, marfuri si posta, precum si servicii de interes
public national. A.I.H.C.B. este primul aeroport, care a obtinut certificarea sistemului de
management integrat calitate-mediu n conformitate cu standardele SR EN 9001:2001 si SR EN
ISO 14001:1997. Beneficiind de acordurile de reprezentare si recunoastere internationala
detinute de auditor (Societatea Romna de Asigurarea Calitatii), A.I.H.C.B. a obtinut si
certificatul IQNet (Reteaua Internationala a Organismelor de Certificare).n conformitate cu
Raportului Comisiei Nationale pentru Elaborarea Strategiei Nationale de Dezvoltare Durabila a
Romniei Orizont 20255, principalele programe de dezvoltare si modernizare ale Aeroportului
International Henri Coanda Bucuresti Otopeni sunt: Programul de dezvoltare si modernizare a
A.I.H.C.B. (valoare totala aproximativa de 225 milioane USD), fazele a II-a si a II-a extinsa, si
Programul strategic de dezvoltare a A.I.H.C.B.
5
Comisiei Nationale pentru Elaborarea Strategiei Nationale de Dezvoltare Durabila a Romniei
Orizont 2025, Dezvoltarea durabila a aeroporturilor si managementului traficului aerian n
perspectiva integrarii europene a Romniei, 2004
Programul strategic a fost aprobat prin O.G. nr. 64/1999, modificata prin Legea nr. 220/2002,
este n valoare totala de aproximativ 450.000.000 euro si traseaza directiile de dezvoltare pna n
anul 2015. Principalele elemente ale acestui program sunt: extinderea suprafetelor de miscare;
construirea unui parc high-tech;
construirea unui nou terminal; mbunatatirea cailor de acces la aeroport.
Dezvoltarea altor programe strategice dupa 2015 va depinde de evolutia traficului si de
necesitatea implementarii unor standarde si regulamente noi emise de Comisia Europeana n
domeniul aeroportuar.
Prin aplicarea Programului strategic de dezvoltare a infrastructurii aeroportuare, Aeroportul
International Henri Coanda Bucuresti si propune noi obiective de dezvoltare si modernizare a
infrastructurii aeroportuare: dezvoltarea infrastructurii conexe de transport rutier si pe cale ferata,
n vederea asigurarii accesului n zona de est a A.I.H.C.B. (termen de finalizare 2015);
dezvoltarea infrastructurii aeroportuare necesare prelucrarii traficului de pasageri, prin realizarea
unui nou terminal de pasageri si a sistemului de cai de rulare si platforme necesar (2015);
dezvoltarea infrastructurii aeroportuare necesare prelucrarii traficului de pasageri, prin realizarea
unui nou terminal de pasageri si a sistemului de cai de rulare si platforme necesar (2015);
dezvoltarea infrastructurii aeroportuare necesare prelucrarii traficului de marfuri si posta, prin
realizarea unei platforme multimodale cargo (2012); realizarea unui parc tehnologic high-tech
pentru dezvoltarea activitatilor conexe transportului aerian (2015).
Figura nr. 2
Structura operationala a A.I.H.C.B.:
Sursa: www.otp-airport.ro
n general romnii utilizeaza serviciile aeriene internationale n interes turistic (55%) sau de
afaceri (45%), durata calatoriei fiind de 4-7 zile pentru 25% din cei intervievati sau de mai mult
de o saptamna pentru 47% din participantii la focus group.