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1. gnk| `wi` eMvPvwl Mdzii AwZ Av`ii GKgv luvo| wK `vwi`i KviY IK wVKgZ Lo-wePzwj
LZ w`Z cvi bv| Rwg`vii KvQ mvgvb Lo avi PqI cvq bv| wbR bv Lq _vKjI Mdzii `ytL
bB| wK gnkK Lvevi w`Z bv ci Zvi eyK dU hvq| m gnki Mjv Rwoq ai Kuv`Z Kuv`Z
ejgnk, ZzB Avgvi Qj| ZzB Avgv`i AvU mb cwZcvjb Ki eyov nqwQm| ZvK Avwg cU cyi
LZ w`Z cvwib, wK ZzB Zv Rvwbm Avwg ZvK KZ fvjvevwm| gnk cZzi Mjv evwoq Avivg
PvL eyR _vK|
K. kirP` Pvcvavq `INi wMqwQjb Kb ?
L. AwZw_ wKQzZ wfZi XvKvi fimv cjbv Kb ?
M. DxcK gnki cwZ Mdzii AvPiY AwZw_i wZ Mi h w`KwU cKvk cqQ Zv evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi Mdzii mv_ jLKi PZbvMZ wgj _vKjI cvcU wfbAwZw_i wZ Mi AvjvK
gZewUi h_v_Zv wePvi Ki|
2. kicyii bvBgywb cvq 10 eQi ai Zvi cvlvnvwZ, KvjvcvnvoK w`q jvKwo Uvbv, Pvl Kiv, mvKvm
`Lvbv BZvw` KvR Ki AvmwQj| wK eZgvb `vwi`i KviY nvwZi LvivK RvMvo KiZ bv ci
GKw`b m KvjvcvnvoK wew Ki w`jv| Zv KvjvcvnvoK wbZ Gm Ii cvq evav iwk ai nvRvi
UvbvUvwb Ki GKPzjI bvovZ cvij bv| Kvjvcvnvoi `yPvL eq ay UcUc Ki Rj Mwoq coQ|
ciw`b Li AviI ewk jvKRb mv_ Ki Gm KvjvcvnvoK wbq hve ej Pj hvq| wK fviejv
bvBgywb `L Kvjvcvnvo gi co AvQ| nvDgvD Ki m wPrKvi Ki Avi ej Ii Avgvi
Kvjvcvnvo, Awfgvb Ki ZzB Pj Mwj|
K. kirP` Pvcvavq KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K Kvb c`K jvf Kib ?
L. jLK `INi _K we`vq wbZ bvbv ARynvZ w`b `yB `wi Kijb Kb ?
M. Kvjvcvnvoi AvPiY AwZw_i wZ Mi h w`KwU cKvk cqQ Zvi eYbv `vI|
N. DxcKi bvBgywbi Abyf~wZ Avi AwZw_i wZ Mi jLKi Abyf~wZ GKB avivq DrmvwiZ ej
Zzwg gb Ki wK ? Zvgvi gZi c hyw `vI|
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KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

evOvwj hw`b HKe nq ejZ cvie evOvwji evsjv

mw`b Zviv Amva mvab Kie| evOvwji gZv vb-kw I
cg-kw (eb mUvi I nvU mUvi) Gwkqvq Kb, eywS
cw_exZ Kvbv RvwZi bB| wK Kgkw GKevi bB
ejB Zv`i GB w`ekw ZgmvQb nq AvQ| Zv`i Kg-
wegyLZv, RoZ, gZzfq, Avjm, Z`v, wb`v, eemv-evwYR
AwbQvi KviY| Zviv ZvgwmKZvq AvQb nq PZbv-kwK
nvwiq djQ| GB Zg, GB wZwgi, GB RoZB Awe`v|
Awe`v Kej AKvi c_ vwZi c_ wbq hvq;
w`ekwK wbZR, gZcvq Ki ivL| hviv hZ mvwK
fvevcb, GB Awe`v Zv`iB ZZ evav `q weN Avb| GB
RoZv gvbeK gZzi c_ wbq hvq| wKQzZB AgZi cvb
Avb`i c_ hZ `q bv| GB ZgK kvmb KiZ cvi
GKgv iRvY, A_vr v-kw| GB vkwK bv
RvMvj gvbyli gvS h wek-weRqx ekw AvQ Zv ZvK
ZgYi biK Ub Gb cvq msnvi Ki dj| evOvwj AvRb w`ekwmcb| Zv`i vkw RvMjv bv ej
w`ekw Kvb KvR jvMjv bvevOvwji P`bv_i AvMqwMwi AwM D`wMiY Kijv bv| GB vkwB w`e ZR|
cZK gvbylB wYvw^Z| m, iR I Zg GB wZb Y| mY, Hkxkw A_vr mrkw me Amr kwK civwRZ
Ki c~YZvi c_ wbq hvq| GB mYi cavb ky ZgvYK cej vkw `gb Ki| A_vr, Avjm, Kg-
wegyLZv, cyZ AvmZ `q bv| `n I gbK Kgmy`i Ki| RxebkwK wPi-RvMZ ivL, hebK wbZ ZR-
c`x Ki ivL| bivk, Awekvm, Riv I KeK AvmZ `q bv| evOvwji gwZ I `q egq wK `n I
gb cvlvYgq| KvRB GB evsjvi AZi-evwni h Hkh cig `vZv Avgv`i w`qQb, Avgiv ZvK Aenjv Ki
FY, evwaZ, Afve, `b, `y`kvq Rwoq cowQ| evsjvi wkqi cnixi gZv RM AvQ cw_exi kZg wMwi
wngvjq| GB wngvjq cw_exi k gywb-FwlhvMxiv mvabv KiQb| GB wngvjqK Zuviv me `e-kwi jxjv-
wbKZb ejQb| GB wngvjqi Mfxi `-nvi AbZ mnaviv evsjvi kZ kZ b`-b`x ic Avgv`i gvVNvU
Si coQ| evsjvi m~h AwZ Zxe `nb `vnb Ki bv| evsjvi Puv` wbZ wm| evsjvi AvKvk wbZ cmb, evsjv
evqyZ wPiemZ I kiZi wbZ gvayh I kx| evsjvi Rj wbZcvPzh I Zvq c~Y| evsjvi gvwU wbZ-Dei|
GB gvwUZ wbZ mvbv dj| GZ avb Avi Kvbv `k dj bv| cvU ay GKv evsjvi| GZ dzj, GZ cvwL, GZ
Mvb, GZ myi, GZ Kz, GZ Qvqv, GZ gvqv Avi Kv_vI bB| GZ Avb`, GZ jvo, AvZxqZveva cw_exi Avi
Kv_vI bB| GZ agevaAvjvn, fMevbi Dcvmbv, Dcevm-Drme cw_exi Avi Kv_vI bB| evsjvi Kqjv
AcwigvY, Zv KLbI dzive bv| evsjvi myeY-iLvi evwjZ cvwbZ ^YiYy| evsjvi Afve Kv_vq? evsjvi gvV
gvV aby, QvM, gwnl| b`xZ
evvwji evsjv 7

wSj wej cyKzi Wvevq cqvRbi AwaK gvQ| Avgv`i gvZf~wg cw_exi ^M, evOvwji evsjv wbZ mekhgqx|
Avgv`i Afve Kv_vq? AwZ cvPzh Avgv`i wejvmx, fvMx Ki kl Ajm, Kg-wegyL RvwZZ cwiYZ KiQ|
Avgv`i gvQ avb cvU, Avgv`i Hkh kZ we`wk jyU wbq hvq, Avgiv Zvi cwZev` Zv Kwi bv, DjUv Zv`i
`vmZ Kwi; G jyb Zv`i mvnvh Kwi|
evOvwj ay jvwV w`qB `okZ eQi AvMI Zvi ^vaxbZvK AzYI ivLZ Pv KiQ| AvR evsjvi Qjiv
^vaxbZvi Rb h AvZ`vb KiQ, h Amg mvnwmKZvi cwiPq w`qQ, BwZnvm Zv _vKe ^Y-jLvq wjwLZ|
evsjv me Hkxkwi cxVvb| n_vq j j hvMx gywb Fwl Zc^xi cxVvb, mgvwa; mnm dwKi-`iek Iwj-
MvwRi `Mv cig cwe| n_vq Mvg nq AvRvbi mv_ kLNvi awb| GLvb h kvmbKZv nq GmQ mB
^vaxbZv NvlYv KiQ| evsjvi AvenvIqvq AvQ ^vaxbZv-gi mxebx kw| Avgv`i evsjv wbZ gwngvgqx,
wbZ my`i, wbZ cwe|
AvR Avgv`i Avjmi, Kg-wegyLZvi ciyli AfveB Avgiv nq AvwQ mKji Pq `xb| h evOvwj mviv
cw_exi jvKK w`bi ci w`b wbgY Ki LvIqvZ cvi ZvivB AvR nQ mKji vi wfLvwi| hviv Nii
cvk cvnvoi ARMi, ebi evN wbq evm Ki, Zviv AvR bxie we`wki `vmZ Ki| b fxlY va nvZ
gywe nq IV, mviv `ngb Avm cjqi Kcb, mviv e gb Ki Avm Aky| hv`i gv_vq wbZ wm
gN Qvqv nq miY Ki wdi, Hkx Avkxev` ARm mwavivq Si co, gvqvgq AiY hvK `q wm-kvZkx,
eRi we`yr `L hviv bP DV,- nvq Zviv GB Acgvb GB `vmZ we`wk `my`i GB Dc`e wbhvZbK wK Ki
mn Ki? Hkx Hkh hv Avgv`i c_ NvU gvV Qwoq co AvQ ZvK wemRb Ki ARb KiwQ GB `b,
`vwi`, Afve, jvbv| evOvwj vkwK Aenjv Kij ej Zvi GB `yMwZ Zvi Awfki Rxeb| Zvi gvVi
avb cvU iwe dmj Zvi mvbv Zvgv jvnv Kqjv Zvi me Hkh we`wk `my evUcvwo Ki WvKvwZ Ki wbq hvq,
m em em `L| ejZ cvi bv G Avgv`i fMevbi `vb, G Avgv`i gvZ-Hkh| Lei`vi, h ivm GK
Mvm KiZ Avme, h `my G Hkh ck Kie ZvK cnviY abq w`q webvk Kie, msnvi Kie|
evOvwjK, evOvwji QjgqK Qjejv _K ay GB GK g kLvI :
GB cwe evsjv`k
evOvwjiAvgv`i|
w`qv cnviY abq
Zvovev Avgiv, Kwi bv fq
hZ ci`wk `my WvKvZ
ivgv`i Mvgv`i|
evsjv evOvwji nvK! evsjvi Rq nvK| evOvwji Rq nvK|
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kv_ I UxKv
w`ekw - HkwiK kw, AjwKK gZv|
ZgmvQb - AKviveZ, AKvi XvKv|
ZvgwmKZv - ZgvMyY-wewk, Avb-RwbZ fve, Nb AKvivQb|
Zg, wZwmi - AKvi| cKwZi wZbYi ZZxqwU Zg ev AKvi|
mvwK - mY mcwKZ, Kvgbvk~b, dji AvKvvwenxb|
Awe`v - Avb, we`vnxbv, g~LZv|
RoZv - PZbvnxb, wbRxe, GLvb fyjKg|
AgZi cvb - mZi w`K, Avjvi c_, mvdji KvQ|
iRvY - cKwZi wZbwU Yi wZxqwU| hvi cfve gb l ev Anvi Rb|
vkw - wqi kw| hy Kivi gZv|
ekw - evbRwbZ kw; ZR|
wYvw^Z - m, iRt I Zgt- GB wZbY wewk| gvbyl GB wZb Y Yvw^Z|
m - cKwZi wZbYi c_g I k Y| Gi A_ mv, wbZZv, AwZZ, AvZv, Rxeb|
Hkxkw - HkwiK kw, Ckic` kw, Amxg gZv|
Avjm - Ajm, kgwegyL|
Kg-wegyLZv - KvRi cwZ Avmwnxb, KvRi cwZ AvMn bv _vKv|
cyZ - Pjrkw iwnZ, PjZ bv cviv|
bivk - wbivkv, nZvkv|
Riv - evaKRwbZ `yejZv, RxYZv, weiZv|
Ke - cilnxbZv, KvcyiylZv|
gwZ I `q egq gwZ A_vr gv_v I `q cigkii ic cwic~Y| mvi RvwZZ fv^i|
`n I gb cvlYgq cZi, wkjv, KwVb| A_vr evOvwji `n I gb Kgi cvlvYi gZv KwVb| Avcb Kg
mcv`b Zviv wbwfK Ges GKwb|
wMwi wngvjq - wngvjq ceZ, fviZi Di mxgvbvq AewZ wekweLvZ ceZkwY|
`nb - AwM, `KiY, Rvjv|
`vnb - cvovbv|
cmb - m, Lywk, Avbw`Z, m`q, wbgj, Dj|
wPiemZ - emZ-dvyb P `yB gvm; gaygvm, FZzivR; evsjv`k AbZKvj ai gaygvm A_|
AvZxqZveva - wbwekl mevBK Avcb fvev, wbKURb vb Kiv|
^YiYy - mvbvi KYv, A_vr evsjvi gvwUZ mvbv dj|
mekhgqx - me Hkhgqx| me w`K _K abmc` cwic~Y|
cxVvb - ew`, cwevb|
mxebxkw - DxweZ Kivi kw|
wbZ gwngvgqx - cwZwbqZ MiegwZ, Mievw^Z|
`yMwZ - `yiev, kvPbxq Aev|
evUcvwo - cZviYv, VKvbv|
cnviY abq - cnvi viv kvmb|
ivgv`i Mvgv`i - GLvb evBi _K AvMZ RvwZK evSvbv nqQ|
evsOvwji evsjv 9

cvVi Dk
mvwnZi e~cixwZ mK aviYv c`vb I evwj RvwZi BwZnvm- HwZn welq mPZbv mw|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi evOvwji evsjv cewU behyM cwKvq 1349 evi 3iv ekvL cKvwkZ nq| jLK
Zuvi ce evOvwj RvwZi mvbvwj AZxZ iY Ki ejQb : G `k gywb, Fwl, hvMx, dwKi, `iek, Awj,
MvwR`i cxVvb| GLvbKvi gvbyl kZ kZ eQi wbR^ mswZ I ageva RvMZ iL mcxZgq cwiek
emevm KiQ| evsjvi gvwUZ mvbvwj dmj dj, gaygq Gi cvKwZK cwiek| gvbyl gvbyl Ggb Mfxi
AvZxqZv cw_exi Avi Kv_vI bB| G`ki fZi w`q AmsL b`x cevwnZ nqQ| mLvb AvQ grm-mc`|
f~wgi Mfxi AvQ cPzi Kqjvmn LwbR c`v_| G KviY evi evi we`wkiv G`k AvgY KiQ| G`ki gvbyl
vb-kw I cg-kwZ cw_exLvZ| wK Avjm Zv`i `yej Ki iLQ| evOvwjiv h AmeK me Ki
ZzjZ cvi BwZnvm m mv AvQ| ^vaxbZvi Rb avivevwnK msMvg e evOvwj AvZvrmM KiQ| GLb
Avjm Avi Kg-wegyLZvi Rb Zviv wcwQq AvQ| GB Avjm Avi Kg-wegyLZvK Dcv Ki evOvwjK RM
DVZ ne| we`wk h kw evOvwji mc` I Hkh Pzwi KiZ Pvq m kwKI KiZ ne cwZiva| ZeB GB
evsjv cKZ A_ evOvwji ne| evOvwji Rq Aekvex|
jLK-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLvi 15 g (evsjv 1306 mvji 11 R) eagvb Rjvi Avmvbmvj gnKzgvi
Pziywjqv Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb we`vjqi covbv kl KiZ cvib wb| `kg kwYi Qv _vKvKvj c_g
gnvhy iy nj wZwb zj Qo evOvwj cb hvM`vb Kib| hy kl nj 1919 wLv evOvwj cb fO
`Iqv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wdi Gm mvwnZPPvq AvZwbqvM Kib| G mgq mvvwnK weRjx cwKvq Zuvi
we`vnx KweZvwU cKvwkZ nj Pviw`K mybvg Qwoq co| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Abvqi weiy we`vn
DPvwiZ nqQ| AwePvi I kvlYi weiy wZwb cej cwZev` Kib| GRb ZuvK we`vnx Kwe ejv nq| Zuvi
iPbvewj Amc`vwqK PZbvi GK Dj `vZ|
KweZv, msMxZ, Dcbvm, bvUK, ce I M-mvwnZi mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cwZfvi Dj cwiPq cq _vwK|
evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wjL cksmv cqQb| wZwb Aviwe-dviwm ki eenvi KzkjZv `wLqQb|
`yfvM h, gv ZZvwjk eQi eqm wZwb KwVb ivM AvvZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZmvabvq Q` NU| evsjv`ki
^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mvj KweK XvKvq Gb evsjv`ki bvMwiKZ c`vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv`i RvZxq Kwe|
Zuvi weLvZ Mjvi ga iqQ, AwMexbv, weli evukx, mvgev`x, menviv, wmz-wn`vj, PevK,
wii e`b BZvw`| Kwe 1976 mvji 29 AvM XvKvq gZzeiY Kib|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. we`vnx KweZvwU msMn Ki kwY-wkv_xiv GKwU Avew cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki (`jxq KvR)|
L. Rwev` KiZ Kx eyS? Gi wZKi w`Kmg~n AvjvPbv Ki (GKK KvR)
M. iPbvwUZ hme k Zvgvi KvQ bZzb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cYqb Ki (GKK KvR)
N. evOvwji Amva mvab Kivi BwZnvmi hKvb GKwU Kvwnbx (300 ki ga) jL| hgb :
gywhy, fvlv-Av`vjb BwZnvm (GKK KvR)|
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bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. Awe`v Kv`i Rxeb mePq ewk evav weN Avb?
K. mvwK fvevcb`i L. vkw fvevcb`i
M. iRY fvevcb`i N. ekw fvevcb`i
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K. aygKZz L. behyM
M. jvOj N. AvOyi
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K_v evSvbv nqQ?
K. zw`ivg L. m~hmb
M. wZZzgxi N. cxwZjZv
DxcKwU co ckjvi Di `vI :
eez kL gywReyi ingvb Zuvi HwZnvwmK 7B gvPi fvlY ejb, GB evsjvq wn`y-gymjgvb evOvwj-AevOvwj
hviv AvQ Zviv Avgv`i fvB| Zv`i ivi `vwqZ Avcbv`i Ici|
4. DxcK evOvwji evsjv cei cwZdwjZ fve njv
i. ^`k PZbv
ii. Amvc`vwqK PZbv
iii. msMvgx PZbv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. ii L. i I ii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. D fvewU wbPi Kvb PiY dzU DVQ?
K. evsjv me Hkxkwi cxVvb L. Avgv`i evsjv wbZ gwngvgqx
M. GB cwe `k evOvwji N. evsjvi Rq nvK, evOvwji Rq nvK
evOvwji evsjv 11

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1. abavb cycfiv Avgv`i GB emyiv;
Zvnvi gvS AvQ `k GKmKj `ki miv;
I m ^c w`q Zwi m `k wZ w`q Niv;
Ggb `kwU Kv_vI LyuR cve bvKv Zzwg,
mKj `ki ivwb m hAvgvi Rbf~wg|
K. mYi cavb ky KvbwU?
L. evsjv me Hkxkwi cxVvbejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ?
M. DxcKwU evOvwji evsjv cei h w`KwUi mv_ mv`kc~Y Zv evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi ee welq DcvcbB wK KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi g~j j?-evOvwji evsjv cei
AvjvK hyw `vI|
2. 1) PjZ Iiv Pvqbv gvwUi Qj
gvwUi ci PiY dj dj
AvQ APj AvmbLvbv gj
h hvi Avcb DP euvki gvPvq

2) Awfhvbi exi mbv`j!

RvjvI gkvj, Pj AvM Pj!
KzPKvIqvRi evRvI gv`j
MvI cfvZi Mvb!

K. evsjvi wkqi cnixi gZv RM AvQ K?

L. evsjv evOvwji nvKejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ|
M. DxcK-1 G evOvwji evsjv cei Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ? evLv Ki|
N. DxcK-1 Gi jvKjvK DxcK-2 Gi jvKjvZ icvZwiZ KiZ cvijB KvRx bRiyj
Bmjvgi BQv c~iY neevOvwji evsjv cei AvjvK gZewUi h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki|
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wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavq

KvjekvLxi mgqUv| Avgv`i Qjejvi

K_v| weay, wmay, wbay, wZby, ev`j Ges AviI
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Ki bevi Pv Kijvg| wKQz bZ ev
eySZ bv ci ejjvgKx i? weay Avgv`i
K_vi Di w`j bv| ZLbv Kvb Lvov Ki
iqQ| nVvr Avevi m ej DVj-H-H-
kvb- AvgivI Gevi bZ cqwQ- `~i cwg-AvKvk xY oo gNi AvIqvR| wbay ZvwQji m ejj-
I wKQz bv-weay agK w`q ej DVj-wKQz bv gvb? ZzB me eywSm wKbv? ekvL gvm cwg w`K IiKg gN WvKvi
gvb ZzB wKQz Rvwbm? So DVe| GLb Rj bvge bv| KvjekvLx| Avgiv mKj ZZY eySZ ciwQ I Kx
ejQ| KvjevkLxi So gvbB Avg Kzovbv! evoyh`i gvVi evMvb PuvcvZjxi Avg G Aj weLvZ| wgw
Kx! GB mgq cvK| So DVj Zvi Zjvq wfoI Zgwb| h AvM wMq cQZ cvi ZviB Rq| mevB ejjvg-
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So-ewi jY Zv wKQz `Lv hvQ bv; Ze e `yivMZ xY gNi AvIqvR kvbv hvQ| IiB xY my ai
evKvi gZv PvcvZjxi Zjvq hvIqv Kx wVK ne?
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h, m wbR GLywb PuvcvZjxi AvgZjvq hvQ, hvi BQ ne m Ii m hZ cvi|
Gici Avi Avgv`i m`n iBj bv| Avgiv mevB Ii m Pjjvg|
AY ciB cgvY njv I Avgv`i Pq KZ we| fxlY So DVj, Kvjv gNi ivwk Do AvmZ jvMj cwg
_K| eo eo MvQi gv_v Soi eM jywUq jywUq coZ jvMj, ayjvZ Pvwiw`K AKvi nq Mj, GKUz
ciB Vvv nvIqv eBj, dvUv dvUv ew coZ coZ Po Po Ki fxlY ev`ji elv bvgj|
eo eo AvgevMvbi Zjvwj ZZY QjgqZ c~Y nq wMqQ| Avg SiQ wkjvewi gZv; cZK Qji
nvZ GK GK evSv Avg| AvgivI h_ Avg Kzoyjvg, Avgi fvi byq cojvg GK GKRb| wfRZ wfRZ
KD Ab Zjvq Pj Mj, KD evwo Pj Mj Avgi evSv bvwgq iL AvmZ| Avwg Avi ev`j mi
AKvi b`xi avii c_ w`q evwo wdiwQ| c_ KD Kv_vI bB, QvU-eo Wvjcvjv co c_ XK wMqQ;
cvKv bvbvmy bvbvMvQi Wvj Kv_v _K Do Gm coQ, KuvUvIqvjv muvBevejvi Wvj c_ fwZ, KuvUv dzUevi
fq Avgiv wWwOq c_ PjwQ Ava-AKvii ga|
co cvIqv 13

Ggb mgq ev`j Kx GKUv cvq ea nuvPU Lq co Mj| Avgvq ejj`vL Zv i wRwbmUv Kx?
Avwg nvZ Zzj `Ljvg GKwU wUbi ev, Pvwe e| G aibi wUbi evK cvovMuv Aj ej, Wej wUbi
Kvk ev| UvKvKwo ivL cvovMuvq| G Avgiv Rvwb|
ev`j nVvr eo DwRZ nq coj| ejj- `wL wRwbmUv?
- `vL Zv, wPwbm?
- wPwb, Wej wUbi Kvk ev|
- UvKvKwo _vK|
- ZvI Rvwb|
- GLb Kx Kiwe?
- mvbvi MnbvI _vKZ cvi| fvix `LwQm Kgb?
- Zv Zv _vKB| UvKv Mnbv AvQB GZ|
wUbi Kvk ev nvZ Avgiv `yRb mB AKvi ZuZzjZjvq em cojvg| `yRb GLb Kx Kiv hvq ZvB wVK
KiZ ne GLvb em| Avg h wcq e, GZ K Ki Rj-So AMvn Ki hv Kzwoq GbwQ, ZvI GKcvk
Abv`Z Aevq coB iBj _jZ ev `woi evbv MuRZ|
ev`j ejj- KD Rvb bv h Avgiv cqwQ-
- Zv Zv eUB| K Rvbe Avi|
- GLb Kx Kiv hvq ej|
- ev Zv Zvjve-
- GLywb BU w`q fvwO hw` ewjm Zv- I, bv Rvwb KZ Kx AvQ i Gi ga| ZzB Avi Avwg `yRb be, Avi KD
bv| Lye m`k Lve|
Soi SvcUv Avevi Gjv| Avgiv ZuZzjMvQi uwoUvi Avovj wMq Avkq wbjvg| ZuZzjMvQ f~Z AvQ mevB
Rvb| wK f~Zi fq Avgv`i gb _K Pj wMqQ| Ab w`b Avgv`i `yRb mva wQj bv G mgq G
MvQZjvq em _vwK|
ev`j ejj- kxZ Kuc giwQ| Kx Kiv hve ej| evwo wK wbq hvIqv ne bv| Zvnj mevBK fvM w`Z ne,
mevB Rb hve| Kx Kiwe?
- Avgvi gv_vq wKQz AvmQ bv i|
- fvwO Zvjv| BU wbq Avwm, ZzB _vK GLvb|
- bv| Zvjv fvwOmb| fvOjB Zv Mj| Abvq KvR nq Zvjv fvOj, fe `vL| Kvbv Mwie jvKi nqZv|
AvR Zvi Kx K nQ, ivZ Nyg nQ bv| ZvK wdwiq `e evUv|
ev`j fe ejj-diZ w`we?
- `e fvewQ|
- Kx Ki Rvbwe Kvi ev?
- Pj, m gZje evi KiZ ne| Aag Kiv ne bv|
GK gyn~Z `yRbi gbB e`j Mj| `yRbB nVvr avwgK nq DVjvg| ev diZ `qvi K_v gb AvmZB
14 co cvIqv

Avgv`i AyZ cwieZb njv| ev wbq Rj-So wfR mvi ci AKvi evwo Pj Gjvg| ev`j`i evwoi
wePzwjMv`vq jywKq ivLv njv evUv| Zvici Avgv`i `ji GK wgwUs emj ev`j`i fvOv bvUgw`ii
KvY| elvi w`b-AvKvk gN gNvQb| Vvv nvIqv eBQ| R gvmi c_g| mB KvjekvLxi So-ewi ciB
ev`jv bg wMqQ| GKUv PuvcvMvQi dvUv Puvcvdzj _K elvi nvIqvi m wgw M fm AvmQ| evO
WvKQ binwi evgi Wvevq|
Avgv`i `ji m`vi weayi wb`kgZv G wgwUs emwQj| ev diZ w`ZB ne-G Avgv`i c_g I kl
cZve| wgwUs-G m cZve ck Kivi AvMB gb gb Avgiv mevB mwU gbB wbqwQjvg| weayK wRm Kiv
njv ev diZ `qv mg^ Avgiv mKjB GKgZ, AZGe GLb Dcvq VvIivZ ne evi gvwjKK LyuR ei
Kivi| KviI gv_vq wKQz Avm bv| G wbq AbK Kbv-Rbv njv| h KD Gm ejZ cvi ev Avgvi| Kx
Ki Avgiv cKZ gvwjKK LyuR evi Kie? gZ eo K_v| Kvbv gxgvsmvB nq bv|
Aekl weay fe fe ejj-gZje evi KwiwQ| Nywoi gvc KvMR KU wbq Avq w`wK|
ejwQ-weayi Kzg Agvb Kivi mva Avgv`i bB| `y-wZbLvbv KvMR H gvc KU Ii mvgb nvwRi Kiv njv|
weay ejj-jL-ev`j wjLyK| Ii nvZi jLv fvjv|
ev`j ejj-Kx wjLe ejv-
- jL eo eo Ki| eo nvZi jLvi gZv| eySwj? Avwg ej w`wQ-
- ejv-
- Avgiv GKUv ev Kzwoq cqwQ| hvi ev wZwb ivqevwoZ LuvR Kiyb| BwZ-weay, wmay, wbay, wZby|
Avwg Avi ev`j Avcw Ki ejjvg-evi, Avgiv Kzwoq cjvg, Avi Avgv`i bvg _vKe bv eywS? Avgv`i fvjv
bvg jL|
weay ejj-wjL `vI| fvjvB Zv| fvjv bvg meviB jL|
wZbLvbv KvMR wjL b`xi avii ivZvq wfb wfb MvQ eji AvVv w`q gi `Iqv njv|
`y-wZb w`b KU Mj|
KD Gj bv|
wZb w`b ci GKRb KvjvgZv ivMv jvK Avgv`i Pxgci mvgb Gm `uvovj| Avwg ZLb mLvb em
cowQ| ejjvg-Kx PvI?
- evey, Bw`ifxlY Kvi bvg?
- Avgvi bvg| Kb? Kx PvB?
- GKUv ev Avcbviv Kzwoq cqQb?
Avgvi bvgi weKZ DPviY KivZ Avwg PU wMqwQ ZLb| weiwfve ejjvg-Kx iKg ev?
- KvVi ev|
- bv| hvI|
- evey, KvVi bq, wUbi ev|
- Kx iOi wUb?
- Kvjv|
co cvIqv 15

- bv| hvI
- evey `uvovb, ejwQ| gvi wVK gb nQ bv| GB ivOv gZv-
- bv, Zzwg hvI|
jvKUv AcwZffve Pj Mj| weayK LeiUv w`Z m ejIi bq i| jvf co GmQ| Ii gZv KZ jvK
Avme|
Avevi wZb-Pvi w`b KU Mj|
weayi KvQ GKRb jvK Gj Zvici| ZviI eYbv wgjj bv; weay ZvK ccvV we`vq w`j | hvevi mgq m bvwK
kvwmq Mj, PwK`viK eje, `L be Avgv`i BZvw`| weay ZvwQji myi ejj- hvI hvI, hv cvi Kiv
wMq| ev Avgiv Kzwoq cvB wb| hvI|
Avi Kvbv jvK Avm bv|
elv co Mj fxlY|
mevi Avgv`i b`xZ Gj ebv|
eo eo MvQ fm hZ `Lv Mj b`xi mvZ| `y GKUv MiyI Avgiv `Ljvg fm hZ| A^icyi Pii Kvcvwjiv
wbivkq nq Mj| b`xi Pi I`i QvU QvU Nievwo meviI `L GmwQ- Kx PgrKvi cUji Avev`, Kzgovi
Z, jvD-Kzgovi gvPv I`i Pi! `y cqmv AvqI cZ ZiKvwi eP| Kv_vq iBj Zv`i cUj-Kzgovi Avev`,
Kv_vq Mj Zv`i evwoNi| Avgv`i NvUi mvgb w`q KZ Loi PvjvNi fm hZ `Ljvg| mevB ejZ
jvMj A^icyi Pii Kvcvwjiv me^vZ nq wMqQ|
GKw`b weKj Avgv`i Pxgc GKUv jvK Gj| evev em nvZ-ev mvgb wbq RgvRwgi wnme `LQb|
Mvgi fv`yB Kzgvi Kzqv KvUvbvi gRywi PvBZ GmQ| AviI `y-GKRb cRv GmQ LvRbv ci w`Z| Avgiv
`y fvB evevi Kov kvmb eBqi cvZv IvwQ| Ggb mgq GKUv jvK Gm ejj- `er nB, VvKzigkvq|
evev ejjb- Gmv| KjvY nvK| Kv_v _K Avmv nQ?
- Av A^icyi _K| Avgiv Kvcvwj|
- evmv| Kx gb Ki? ZvgvK LvI| mvRv|
jvKUv ZvgvK mR LZ jvMj| m GmQ G Muvq PvKwii LuvR| ebvq wbivkq nq wbwelLvjvi Mvqvjv`i
PvjvNi mcwievi Avkq wbqQ| GB elvq bv AvQ Kvco, bv AvQ fvZ| `y Avwo avb avi w`qwQj Mvqvjviv
`qv Ki, mI Gevi dzwiq Gj| PvKwi bv Kij x-cy bv Lq gie|
evev ejjbAvR GLvb `ywU Wvj-fvZ LI|
jvKwU `xNwbkvm dj ejj-Zv Lve| LvwQB Zv Avcbv`i| `yiev hLb iy nq VvKzigkvB, GB MZ Rw
gvm wbwelLvjvi nvU _K cUj eP wdiwQ; QvU gqUvi weq `e ej Mnbv Mwoq AvbwQjvg| cvq AvovB
kv UvKvi Mnbv Avi cUj ePv bM` UvKv cvkwU GKUv wUbi evi fZi wQj| mUv h nvUi _K wdievi
c_ Miyi Mvwo _K Kv_vq co Mj, Zvi Avi LuvRB njv bv| mB njv iyAvi Zvici Gjv GB eb-
evev ejjb-ej Kx? AZjv UvKv Mnbv nvivj?
- A`, GKB ej evey A`| AvR mjv nvZ _vKj-
Avwg Kvb Lvov Ki bwQjvg| ej DVjvg-Kx iOi ev?
16 co cvIqv

- meyR wUbi|
evev Avgv`i evi evcvi wKQzB Rvbb bv| Avgvq agK w`jb-Zzwg cov bv, Zvgvi m LuvR Kx `iKvi?
wK Avwg ZZY eBci dj DV cowQ| GKevi GK QzU weayi evwo wMq nvwRi| weay Avgvi K_v b
ejj-`uvov, wmay Avi wZbyKI wbq Avwm| Iiv mvx _vKe Kx bv?
weayi Lye eyw Avgv`i ga| I eo nj DwKj ne, mevB ejZ|
AvaNUvi ga Avgv`i Pxgci mvgb ek GKwU QvULvUv wfo Rg Mj| ev diZ cq m jvKUv hgb
Kgb nKPwKq Mj| PvL w`q Rj coZ jvMj| Kej Avgv`i gyLi w`K Pvq Avi ej- VvKzigkvB,
Avcbviv gvbyl bv `eZv? Mwiei Ici GZ `qv Avcbv`i?
weay AZ mnR fyjevi cv bq| m ejj-`L bvI gvj me wVK AvQ wK bv Avi GB KvKveveyi mvgb Avgv`i
GKUv iwm` wjL `vI, eySj? KvKvevey Avcwb GKUz KvMR w`b bv IK-wjLZ Rvb Zv?
bv, I DwKjB ne!
Avgvi evev Ggb AevK nq Mjb evcvi `L h, Zuvi gyL w`q GKwU K_vI eiyj bv|
kv_ I UxKv
w`we - PgrKvi| AvkvZxZfve|
mskq - m`n| wav|
Mnbv - AjsKvi|
Abv`Z - AenwjZ| DcwZ| iyZ `qv nq wb Ggb|
wePzwjMv`v - avbi Loi c|
bvUgw`i - `egw`i mvgbi Ni hLvb bvP-Mvb nq|
evg - nwibvg msKxZb Ki RxweKv ARb Ki Ggb ee|
AcwZffve - weeZ ev jwZfve|
ccvV we`vq - ZrYvr we`vq|
PwK`vi - cnix|
Kvcvwj - ZvwK wn`y mc`vq |
Pxgc - h gc ev Qv`hy PZi `yMv Kvjx cfwZ `exi cyRv nq|
`er - gvwUZ co mvv cYvg|
Avwo - avb, Mg BZvw`i cwigvc wekl| avb gvcvi eZi Szwo ev cv|
co cvIqv 17

cvVi Dk
wkv_xi ga KZecivqYZv I bwZK PZbvi mw|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GwU wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavqi GKwU weLvZ wKkvi-M| GwU bxjMi dvjgb mvne M _K msKwjZ| G
Mi wKkviiv Kzwoq cvIqv A_ mc` wbq jvfi cwiPq `q wb| eis Zviv Zv`i eqmi PqI AbK ewk
`vwqZkxjZvi cwiPq w`qQ| jLK `wLqQb, eqm QvU nj Kx ne Zv`i bwZK AevbI ek `p| GB
M wKkvi`i HKPZbvi hgb cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zgwb Zv`i DbZ gvbweK evaiI cKvk NUQ| Zv`i
PvwiwK `pZvi cvkvcvwk Zx weePbvevaI cvVKi `w AvKlY Ki| wKkvi`i Ggb mZZv, wbv I
KZeeva eqvRivI wewZ, Awff~Z| wKkviiv hLb HKe nq wmvZ MnY Ki ZLb Zviv Zv`i
ga h mePq ewk eywgvb I weePK ZvK gvb Ki Zvi Ici Avv vcb Ki| GwU Mi GKwU iyZc~Y
w`K| `wi` Amnvq gvbyli cwZ fvjvevmvi wPI dzU DVQ G M|
jLK cwiwPwZ
wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavqi Rb 1894 mvji 12 m^i cwg ciMYv Rjvi gyivwZcyi Mvg,
gvZzjvjq| Zuvi cZK evwo cwgei Pwek ciMYv Rjvi evivKcyi Mvg| Zvi evj I KkviKvj
KUQ `vwi`i ga| gvZvi bvg gYvwjbx `ex| wcZv gnvb` e`vcvavqi ckv wQj K_KZv I
civwnZ| KjKvZv wekwe`vjq Gg.G. covKvj (1918) Zuvi c_g xi gZz NUj cvwZvwbK wkv
Amgv _vK| AZtci zj wkKZvmn bvbv ckvq Zuvi Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| Gi evBk eQi ci wZwb
wZxqevi weq Kib (1940)| QvUM, Dcbvm, w`bwjwc I gY-Kvwnwb iPbvi gaB wZwb Rxebi
Avb` LyuR cvb| Zuvi iwPZ mvwnZ cKwZ I gvbeRxeb GK AL AweQb mvq mgw^Z nqQ| Zuvi
mvwnZ cKwZi Abvwej m`h I Mvgevsjvi mvaviY gvbyli RxebvPiYi mRxe I wbLuyZ wP AwZ
nqQ| c_i cuvPvjx, AcivwRZ Dcbvm hgb Zuvi k KxwZ Zgwb evsjv mvwnZiI Ag~j mc`|
Zuvi Abvb iPbvi ga DjLhvM Dcbvm : AviYK, BQvgZx; MM : gNgjvi, gixdzj;
gY, w`bwjwc : ZYvzi, wZi iLv, wKkvi Dcbvm : Puv`i cvnvo, wgmwg`i KeP, nxivgvwbK
Rj| 1950 mvji 1 bf^i Zuvi Rxebvemvb NU|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. fvjv KvR KijI h Avb` cvIqv hvq Zvi c Zvgvi AbyfywZ e Ki (GKK KvR)
L. Abi nvwiq hvIqv wRwbm cvIqvi ci Kxfve Zzwg Zv h_v_ ewi KvQ cuQ `e?-
G welq Aej^b GKwU M jL (GKK KvR)|
18 mvwnZ KwYKv
bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. Kv`i evMvb Avg KzovZ KvjevkwL Dcv Ki mevB QzUwVQj?
K. PvUzh`i L.gyLyh`i
M. evoyh`i N. Mvywj`i
2. PuvcvZjxi Avgi evcvi GZ AvMni KviY Zv-
i cPzi cvIqv hvq
ii LZ AZZ my^v`y
iii wbweN Kzovbv hvq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. iii
3. jLKi PgrKvi A_ eeZ w`we kwU Avgiv Avi Kvb A_ eenvi Ki _vwK ?
K. kc_ L. wekvm
M. mskq N. AbeiZ
wbPi DxcKi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI :
zji Svoy`vi kPx| cixv kl K cwivi KiZ wMq m GKwU g~jevb Nwo cj| Zvi jvf njv| fvej,
NwoUv gqi RvgvBK Dcnvi `e| gq wbqB Lye Lywk ne| wK ivZ NygyZ wMq gb njv-G Abvq,
AbywPZ| hvi Nwo Zvi gbvKi KviY gqi Pig AKjvY nZ cvi| NwoUv KZci KvQ Rgv `qv Zvi
KZe| m ciw`b ZvB Kij|
4. kPx co cvIqv Mi Kvb Pwii cwZf~ ?
K. ev`j L. weay
M. K_K N. wmay
5. DwjwLZ ZzjbvUv Kvb gvb` wePvh ? DfqB-
i. bvq I KZeeva Dy
ii. jvKjvi fq fxZ
iii. AKjvY wPZvq ZvwoZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. ii I iii
co cvIqv 19

mRbkxj ck :
1. Avwid Uw Kve Pvwjq RxweKv wbevn Ki| GKevi GKRb AvivnxK MZe cuQ w`q m wekvg
wbwQj| mnmv Mvwoi wfZi `w coZ m `LZ cj GKwU gvwbevM co AvQ wmUi Ici| evM
AbKjv Wjvi| wK evM Kvb wVKvbv cvIqv Mj bv| m mv Aewa Acv Kij| wbicvq nq m
cwKv Awdm wMq mcv`KK GKwU wew Qvwcq `evi Abyiva Rvbvq|
K. co cvIqv Kx aibi iPbv ?
L. Ii gZv KZ jvK Avme| weayi K_vwUi A_ eywSq jL ?
M. DxcKi AvwidK Kvb hywZ weay`i m Zzjbv Kiv hvq ? eywSq jL|
N. Kjei z` njI Avwid PwiwU co cvIqv Mi g~j myiKB aviY Ki AvQg~jvqb Ki|
2. mvq `Lv Mj, wbR`i QvMji mv_ AwZwi GKwU QvMjI Av_vj XyKQ| Gkvi bvgvR cvi nq
Mj wK KD LuvR wbZ Gj bv| `v`y ejjb, bv, bv, Pzc Ki _vKv wVK ne bv| GK KvR Ki, iwdK-
kwdK ewiq co| cwZewk bvwej Avi ZvwjgK mv_ wbq `yRb `yw`K hI| gmwR` _K Pvv wbq
Muvq NvlYv w`q Avm| wKQzYi ga `y fvB `v`yi civgk gZv ejZ jvMj, fvBme, GKwU QvMj
cvIqv MQ| hv`i QvMj Zviv `qv Ki gwZb wkK`vii evwo _K Gm wbq hvb|
K. jLK wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavq Kvb aibi jLK wnme mgwaK cwiwPZ ?
L. `yRbB nVvr avwgK nq DVjvg| K_vwU viv Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
M. iwdK-kwdKi Pvv duvKvi NUbvwU co cvIqv Mi Kvb NUbvi mv_ mwZc~Y? evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi `v`y hb co cvIqv Mi g~j PZbviB cwZf~| weklY Ki|
 ZjwPi f~Z
gvwbK e`vcvavq

GKw`b mKvj ejv civki Wvvi wbRi cKv jvBewiZ em wPwV wjLwQjb| Pvii gZv wbtk Ni XyK
bMb axi axi GwMq wMq Zvi Uwej Nul `uvovj| civki Wvvi gyL bv ZzjB ejjb, evmv, bMb|
wPwVLvbv kl Ki Lvg fi wVKvbv wjL mwU WvK cvwVq w`q Ze Avevi bMbi w`K ZvKvjb|
emZ ejjvg h? G iKg Pnviv nqQ Kb? AmyL bvwK?
bMb ac Ki GKUv Pqvi em coj| PviK hb wRvmv Kiv nqQ m Pzwi Ki wKbv, GBiKg AwZgvvq
weeZ nq m ejj, bv bv, AmyL bq, AmyL Avevi wKmi|
iyZi wKQz NUQ m welq wbtm`n nq civki Wvvi `ynvZi AvOyji WMvwj GK Ki bMbK `LZ
jvMjb| gvUvmvUv nvwmLywk QjUvi Zj PKPK Pvgov chZ hb wKq MQ, gyL nvwmi wPUzKzI bB|
PvDwb GKUz D`vZ| K_v ejvi fw chZ Kgb LvcQvov nq MQ|
bMb Zvi gvgvevwoZ _K KjR co| gvm `yB AvM bMbi gvgvi kvi wbgY ivLZ wMq civki
Wvvi bMbK `LwQjb| GB A mgqi ga Ggb Kx NUQ hvZ QjUv GiKg e`j hZ cvi?
Qjejv _K gvgvevwoZB m gvbyl nqQ eU wK gvgvi kvK GiKg Kvwnj nq covi gZv AvKlY Zv
gvgvi Rb Zvi Kvbw`b wQj bv| eojvK KcY gvgvi h aibi Av`i ePvwi wPiKvj cq GmQ ZvZ gvgvi
cijvK hvvq Zvi Lye ewk `ytL nevi K_v bq| evBi gvgvK Lye kvfw `LvjI gb gb bMb h ZvK
cvqB hgi evwo cvVvZ ZvI civki Wvvi fvjv KiB RvbZb| covi LiPi Rb `ywZv
ZjwPi f~Z 21

nIqvi KviYI bMbi bB, KviY kl mgq Kx fe Zvi gvgv Zvi bvg gvUv UvKv DBj Ki iL MQb|
bMb nVvr Kuv`v Kuv`v nq ejj, Wvvi KvKv, mwZ Ki GKUv K_v ejeb? Avwg Kx cvMj nq MwQ?
civki Wvvi GKUz nm ejjb, Zvgvi gv_v nq MQ| cvMj nIqv Kx gyLi K_v i evev! cvMj h nq AZ
mnR m Ui cvq bv m cvMj nq MQ|
Ze- wav fi LvwbKY Pzc Ki _K nVvr bMb hb gwiqv nq wRvmv Ki emj, AvQv Wvvi KvKv,
cZvZv AvQ?
cZvZv gvb Zv f~Z? bB|
bB? Ze-
AbKY BZZZ Ki, AbK f~wgKv Ki, AbKevi wkDi DV bMb axi axi Avmj evcviUv Lyj ejj|
PgKc` Awekvm Kvwnbx| wekvm Kiv k njI civki Wvvi wekvm Kijb| wg_v M evwbq ZvK kvbvevi
Qj h bMb bq, wZwb Zv RvbZb|
gvgv ZvKI cvq wbRi Qj`i mgvb UvKvKwo w`q MQb Rb c_gUv bMb GKevi ZwZ nq
wMqwQj| gvgvi GiKg D`viZv m Kvbv w`b KbvI KiZ cvi wb| evBi hgb eenviB Ki _vKzb, gvgv
ZvK wbRi Qj`i gZvB fvjvevmZb Rb cijvKMZ gvgvi Rb AvZwiK kvfwZ Zvi gb fi
Mj| Avi mB m RvMj GiKg `eZvi gZv gvbylK mvivRxeb fw fvjvevmvi fvb Ki VwKqQ fe
`viyb jv Avi AbyZvc| kvi w`b AbK iv weQvbvq Z hvIqvi ci AbyZvcUv hb eo Mj- q q m
QUdU KiZ jvMj| nVvr GK mgq Zvi gb njv, mviv Rxeb Zv fwkvvi fvb Ki gvgvK m VwKqQ,
GLb hw` mZ mZB fwkv RM _vK jvBewi Ni gvgvi ZjwPi cvq gv_v VwKq cYvg Ki Gj
nqZv AvZMvwb GKUz Kge, gbUv kvZ ne|
ivw ZLb cvq wZbU eR MQ, mKj Avjv wbwfq q coQ, evwo AKvi| GZ iv Nygvbvi e`j
gvgvi ZjwPi cvq gv_v VwKq cYvg Kivi Rb weQvbv Qo DV hvIqvUv h ixwZgZv LvcQvov evcvi ne
m vb bMbi wQj| ZvB KvRUv mKvji Rb wMZ iL m Nygvevi Pv Kij| wK ZLb Zvi gv_v Mig
nq MQ| gb GKUz kvZ bv nj h Nyg Avmevi Kvbv mvebv bB, wKQzY Gcvk Icvk Kivi ci mUv fvjv
KiB Ui cq klKvj gwiqv nq m weQvbv Qo DV coj|
jvBewiwU bMbi `v`vgkvqi Avgji| jvBewi mcK bMbi gvgvi wekl Kvbv gv_vev_v wQj bv| Zvi
Avgj MZ wk eQii ga jvBewiwU wcQb GKwU cqmvI LiP Kiv nqQ wKbv m`n| Avjgvwi KqKwU A
`vwg Avi AbK w`bi cyivbv, wfZiwj ewkifvM A`iKvwi evR eBq Vvmv Ges DUi eKvji Qov
gvwmKc Avi bvbv iKg fvOvPviv Nivqv wRwbm Mv`v Kiv| UwejwU Ges Pqvi KqKwU Lye me Ab Ni _K
cbkb cq G Ni vb cqQ| `qvj wZbwU eo eo ZjwP, mZv dg evavbv KqKUv mvaviY iwOb Qwe
I dUv UvOvbv| Zv Qvov KqKUv cyibv Kvjvii QweI AvQ-KvbvUvZ wWm^i, KvbvUvZ Pgvmi
eviv ZvwiL jLv KvMRi djK GLbv SzjQ|
ZjwPi GKwU bMbi `v`vgkvqi, GKwU w`w`gvi Ges AciwU Zvi gvgvi| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi ZjwP
`ywU GKw`Ki `qvj cvkvcvwk UvOvbv AvQ, gvgvi ZjwPwU vb Ryo AvQ cvki `qvji gvSvgvwS|
Kviv Nyg fO hve fq bMb Avjv Rvjwb| wK ZvZ Zvi Kvbv Amyweav wQj bv, Qjejv _K G evwoi
AvbvP-KvbvPi m Zvi cwiPq| jvBewiZ XyK AKviB m gvgvi ZjwPi KvQ GwMq Mj| AzU ^i
Avgvq gv Kiv gvgv ej hB m ZjwPi cvqi KvQ Av`vR ck KiQ-eYbvi GLvb cuQ bMb wkDi
Pzc Ki Mj| Zvi gyL AviI ewk dvKvk nq MQ, `yPvL wevwiZ|
22 ZjwPi f~Z

Zvici?
bMb XvK wMj wRf w`q VvU Pc ejj, hB Qwe QzqwQ Wvvi KvKv, K hb AvgvK Rvi avv w`q Vj
dj w`j| mgZ kixiUv SbSb Ki DVj Zvici Avi wKQz gb bB| vb nZ `wL, mKvj nq MQ, Avwg
gvgvi Qwei wbP gSZ co AvwQ|
civki Wvvi Mxi gyL wRvmv Kijb, Zvgvi AvM Kvbvw`b wdU nqwQj bMb?
bMb gv_v bo ejj wdU?-bv, KwbKvj I Avgvi wdU nqwb| Avcwb fyj KiQb Wvvi KvKv, G wdU bq,
gij Zv gvbyl me RvbZ cvi, gvgvI RvbZ ciQb UvKvi jvf Avwg wg_v fw `LvZvg| ZvB Qwe
Quvqvgv ivM Nbvq AvgvK avv w`q mwiq w`qwQjb| meUv byb AvM, Zv nj eySZ cvieb|
mgZ mKvjUv bMb govi gZv weQvbvq co iBj| GB wPZvUvB Kej Zvi gb NyicvK LZ jvMj, fw
fvjvevmvq Qjbvq UvKv Av`vq Ki wbqQ ej cijvK wMqI Zvi Ici gvgvi GLb Rvivjv weZv RMQ
h Zvi ZjwPwU chZ wZwb ZvK ck KiZ w`Z ivwR bb| hvB nvK, bMb GKvji Qj, c_g avvUv
KU hvevi ci Zvi gb bvbviKg wav-m`n RvMZ jvMj| K Rvb iv hv NUQ Zv wbQK ^c wKbv| ah
aiZ bv ci `ycyiejv m Avevi jvBewiZ wMq gvgvi ZjwP ck Ki cYvg Kij| GKevi hw` gvgv ivM
`wLq _vKb, Avevi `Lveb bv Kb?
Gevi wKQzB NUj bv| kixiUv Aek Lye Lvivc nq AvQ, gSZ avv hLvb jMwQj gv_vi mLvbUv dzj
UbUb KiQ Ges mKvj jvBewiZ gvgvi ZjwPi wbP gSZB Zvi vb nqwQj| wK GZ eoRvi
cgvY nq, iv Nygi gaB nvK Avi RvMZ AevZB nvK jvBewiZ wMq m GKUv AvQvo LqwQj| wbRi
ZjwP fi Ki gvgvB h ZvK avv w`qwQjb Zvi Kx cgvY AvQ?
bMb hb ^wZi wbkvm dj euvPj| wK ewkY Zvi gbi kvwZ wUKj bv| iv Avjv wbwfq weQvbvq
qB nVvr Zvi gb co Mj, Zvi Zv fyj nqQ| w`bi ejv ZvK avv `qvi gZv Zv Zvi gvgvi GLb
bB, ivw Qvov Zvi gvgv Zv GLb wKQzB KiZ cvib bv! Kx mebvk! Ze Zv iv AviKevi gvgvi ZjwP bv
Qzq Kvj ivi evcviK ^c ejv hvq bv|
GZ iv Avevi jvBewiZ hvIqvi K_v feB bMbi rKc nZ jvMj| wK Ggb GKUv m`n bv wgwUqB
ev gvbyli Pj Kx Ki? LvwbKUv ci bMb Avevi jvBewiZ nvwRi| fq eyK KuvcQ, QzU cvjvZ BQ nQ,
wK Kx GK A`g AvKlY ZvK Ub wbq PjQ gvgvi ZjwPi w`K| Ni XyKB m myBP wUc Avjv Rj
w`j| gUKvi cvvwei Ici `vwg kvj Mvq gvgv `qvj `uvwoq AvQb| gv_vq KvPvcvKv Pzj, gyL GKRvov gvUv
Mvd, PvL frmbvi `w| bMb GwMq wMq gvgvi cvqi KvQ Qwe ck Kij| KD ZvK Vj mwiq w`j bv,
wK mgZ kixiUv nVvr hb Kgb Awi Awi KiZ jvMj| ZjwP _K Kx hb Zvi ga cek Ki
fZi _K ZvK Kvwcq ZzjQ|
Zey bMb hb euvPj| fqi Rb kixi GiKg Awi Awi KiZ cvi| mUv mvgvb evcvi|
wdi hvIqvi mgq AvjvUv wbwfqB bMb Avevi _gK `uvwoq coj| Zvi AviKUv K_v gb GmQ| Kvj Ni
AKvi wQj, AvR AvjvUv _vKvi Rb hw` gvgv wKQz bv Ki _vKb? bMbi fq AbKUv Kg wMqwQj,
AbKUv wbwZ gbB m AKvi ZjwPi KvQ wdi Mj| m Rvb AKvi ZjwP ck KijI wKQz
ne bv| Ni GKUv Avjv RjQ wK RjQ bv ZvZ wekl Kx Avm hvq? BZZZ bv KiB m mvRv ZjwPi
w`K nvZ evwoq w`j| ciY-
wVK c_g ivi gZv Rvi avv w`q gvgv Avgvq dj w`jb Wvvi KvKv|
Avb nq Mj?
ZjwPi f~Z 23

bv, GKevi Avb nq hvBwb| Aek AvQbi gZv AbKY gSZ co wQjvg, wK vb wQj| Zvici
_K Avwg wVK cvMji gZv nq MwQ Wvvi KvKv| w`bivZ Kej GB K_vB fvwe| ivR KZevi wVK Kwi evwo
Qo Kv_vI cvwjq hve, wK hZ cvwi bv, wKm hb Avgvq Rvi Ki AvUK iLQ|
civki Wvvi LvwbKY fe wRvmv Kijb, Zvici Avi Kvbvw`b QweUv QzqQv?
KZevi| w`b QzqwQ, iv QzqwQ, Avjv Rj QzqwQ, AKvi QzqwQ| wVK IBiKg evcvi NU| w`b ev iv
Avjv Rj Qzq wKQz nq bv, AKvi Qvqvgv gvgv AvgvK Vj `b| mgZ kixi hb SbSwbq SvKvwb w`q
IV| Kvbvw`b Avb nq hvB, Kvbvw`b vb _vK|
ejZ ejZ bMb hb GKevi fO coj, Avwg Kx Kie Wvvi KvKv? Ggb Ki Kw`b Pje?
civki Wvvi ejjb, Zvi `iKvi ne bv| Avwg me wVK Ki `e| AvR mKj Nywgq coj ivw wVK evivUvi
mgq Zzwg evBii Ni Avgvi Rb Acv Kviv, Avwg hve|
GKUz _g Avevi ejjb, f~Z ej wKQz bB, bMb|
Zey gvSiv AKvi jvBewiZ civki Wvvi g`y GKUz A^wZ eva KiZ jvMjb| G Ni evwoi jvK Lye
Kg Avm| Nii evZvm cyibv KvMRi GKUv fvcmv M cvIqv hvq| bMb k Ki Zvi GKUv nvZ Pc ai
KuvcQ| Kxmi fq? f~Zi? ZjwPi f~Zi? f~Z h GKevi wekvm Ki bv, hvi eg~j avibv GB h hZ me
AyZ A_P mZ f~Zi M kvbv hvq Zvi cZKwUi mvaviY I ^vfvweK Kvbv evLv AvQB AvQ, Qwei f~Zi
Ame Avi Awekvm f~Zi Ni cv w`q Zvi KLbv wK fq nZ cvi? Zey A^wZ h eva nPQ mUv A^xKvi
Kivi Dcvq bB| bMb h Kvwnbx wbqQ, mvivw`b feI civki Wvvi Zvi Kvbv mZ evLv Kbv KiZ
cvib wb| GKw`b bq, GKevi bq, evcviUv NUQ AbKevi| w`b ZjwP wbZR nq _vK, iv Zvi ZR
evo| Kej ZvB bq, AKvi bv nj m ZR mc~Y cKvk cvq bv| AviI GKUv K_v, ivw evovi m ZjwP
hb ewk mRxe nq DVZ _vK| c_g iv bMb AKvi ck Kij Qwe bMbi nvZUv ay wQUwKq mwiq
w`qQ, gvSiv ck Kij GZ Rvi ZvK avv w`qQ h gSZ AvQo co bMbi vb jvc cq
MQ|
Akixix kw Kbv Kiv Qvov G mgZi Avi Kx gvb nq?
nq-wbq nq; gb gb wbRK agK w`q civki Wvvi wbRK GB K_v wbq w`jb| Zvici PvL Zzj
ZvKvjb `qvji hLvb bMbi gvgvi ZjwPwU wQj| GNi wZwb AvMI KqKevi GmQb, ZjwPwji
w`K `ywU Dj PvL Zvi w`K RjRj Ki ZvwKq AvQ| PvL `ywUi ga dvK cvq `o nvZ|
wVK GB mgq bMb wdmwdm Ki ejj, AvjvUv Rvje Wvvi KvKv?
civki Wvvi Zvi Mjvi AvIqvR bB PgK DVjbbv|
ivZv A_ev cvki Kvbv evwo _K miy GKUv Avjvi iLv Nii `qvj Gm coQ| ZvZ AKvi Kgwb,
gb nQ hb mB AvjvUzKzZ Nii AKviUvB c `LZ cvIqv hvQ gv|
bMb Avevi wdmwdm Ki ejj, GKUv K_v AvcbvK ejZ fyj MwQ Wvvi KvKv| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi Qwe
Zuviv gievi ci Kiv nqwQj, wK gvgvi QweUv gievi AvM gvgv wbR kL Ki AuvwKqwQjb| nqZv mB
RbB-
bMbi wknib c Ui cvIqv hvq| fq cq MQb?
24 ZjwPi f~Z

`uvZ `uvZ jvwMq civki Wvvi ZjwPi w`K GwMq Mjb| KvQvKvwQ hZ RjRj PvL `ywUi RvwZ hb
AbK Kg Mj| nvZ evwoq w`Z c_g Zvi nvZ coj `qvj| hZ mvnm KiB GwMq Gm _vKzb, c_gB
GKevi bMbi gvgvi Mvq nvZ w`Z Zvi Kgb wav eva nwQj| cvki w`K nvZ mwiq ZjwPi dg
ck Kiv gv e`ywZK AvNvZ hb Zvi kixiUv SbSb Ki DVj| AzU MvOvwbi AvIqvR Ki wcQb w`K `y-
cv wQUK w`q wZwb gSZ em cojb|
ciY fq AagZ bMb Avjvi myBP wUc w`j|
wgwbU cuvPK civki Wvvi PvL eyR em iBjb, Zvici PvL gj wgwbU cuvPK GK` ZvwKq iBjb
bMbi gvgvi icvi dg evavbv ZjwPwUi w`K|
Zvici Zxe Pvcv Mjvq wZwb ejjb, Zzwg GKwU AvZ M`f bMb|
ivM GKUz Kgj civki Wvvi ejZ jvMjb, MvavI Zvgvi Pq eywgvb| GZ K_v ejZ cvij AvgvK Avi
GB K_vUv GKevi ejZ cvij bv h Zvgvi gvgvi QweUv BZvga i~cvi dg euvavbv nqQ Avi Qwei m
jvwMq `yUv BjKwUK evj wdU Kiv nqQ?
Avwg Kx Rvwb! Qgvm AvM hgb `L wMqwQjvg, Avwg fewQjvg QweUv GLvb Zgwb AevZB AvQ|
BjKwUK kK Lq eySZ cviv bv Kxm kK jvMj, Zzwg Kvb `wk Qj? Avwg Zv kK LvIqv gv Ui cq
wMqwQjvg Zvgvi gvgvi QweZ Kvb cZvZv fi KiQb|
bMb D`vZi gZv ejj, icvi dgUv `v`vgkvqi QweZ wQj, Pzwi hvevi fq gvgv AbK w`b AvM wmzK
Zzj iLwQjb| gvgvi kvi w`b gvwggv dgUv evi Ki gvgvi QweUv euvwaqwQjb| Avjv `yUv jvwMqQ
Avgvi gvgvZv fvB cik|
nuv| m G eQi Bwwbqvwis KjR fwZ nqQ| ZvB ejj, GB mvgvb KvRi Rb BjKwUK wgwK cqmv `e
Kb?
civki Wvvi GKUz nm ejjb, cik Zvgvi gvgvi Dchy QjB eU| wKQz cqmv euvPvbvi Rb evci QweZ
f~Z Gb QoQ| G LeiUv hw` AvM w`Z Avgvq
bMb mskqfi ejj, wK Wvvi KvKv-
civki Wvvi ivM Ki ejjb, wK Kx? GLbv eySZ cviQ bv| w`bi ejv gb myBP Ad Kiv _vK, ZvB Qwe
Qzj wKQz nq bv Qwe gvb Qwei icvi dgUv| icvi dgUvi wbP KvVdvU wKQz AvQ, `qvji m hvM bB,
bBj Zvgv`i BjKwUKi wej Ggb Ki eo hZ h Avevi Kvcvwbi jvKK Gm wjKR LyuRZ nZv|
ZzwgI Avevi f~Zi Avmj cwiPqUv RvbZ cviZ| mvi ci evwoi mgZ Avjv Rj Avi we`yr Zvgvi Zvi
w`q hvZvqvZ KiZ ewk fvjvevm wKbv, ZvB m mgq Qwe Qzj Zvgvi wKQz nq bv| G Nii AvjvUv RvjjI
ZvB nq| gvSiv evwoi mgZ Avjv wbf hvq, ZLb QweUv Qzj Avi Kvbv c_ Lvjv bB `L we`yr AMZv
Zvgvi gZv evKv nvevi kixiUv w`qB-
civki Wvvi Pzc Ki Mjb| Zvi nVvr gb co MQ, myhvM cj Zvi kixiUv c_ wnme eenvi KiZI
we`yr wav Ki bv| wZwb nuvd Qvojb| Kcvj fvjv ZwoZvnZ nq cvY giZ nq wb|
ZjwPi f~Z 25

kv_ I UxKv
cKv - AZZ enr| AwZkq eo|
weeZ - ewZeZ, evKzj, wePwjZ|
D`vZ - wenj, w`knviv, nZvb|
LvcQvov - egvbvb, DU, AmsjM, Gjvgjv|
kv - gZ ewi AvZvi kvwZi Rb kv wbe`bi wn`y AvPvi ev kvxq Abyvb|
DBj - kl BQc| gZzi ci mcw eUb welq gvwjKi BQvbymvi cZ eevc ev
`vbc hv Zvi gZzi ci ejer nq|
cZvZv - gZi AvZv, f~Z|
AbyZvc - Avdmvm, KZKg ev AvPiYi Rb AbykvPbv, cwiZvc|
ZjwP - ZjiO AvuKv Qwe|
cYvg - nvZ I gv_v viv iyRbi PiY ck Ki Awfev`b|
AvZMvwb - wbRi Ici vf I wavi, AbyZvc, AbykvPbv|
wevwiZ - weZvwiZ, cmvwiZ, KwcZ|
KwbKvj - Kvbv Kvj ev Kvbv KvjB|
Qjbv - KcUZv, kVZv, cZviYv, cebv, auvKv|
rKc - rwci c`b, eyKi Kuvcywb|
gUKv - ikgi gvUv Kvco|
frmbv - wZivi, agK, wb`v|
BZZZ - wav, msKvP, Mwogwm|
Akixix - `nnxb, kixinxb, wbivKvi|
aovm - rc`bi k, aodo|
cvVi Dk
f~Zwekvm wbq gvbyli ga h Kzmsvi weivRgvb Zv wfwnxb, KvwbK I AZtmvik~b| wevbmZ
wePvieywi gvag GB Kzmsvi I A wekvm mnRB `~iKiv me| MwU co wkv_xiv G welq fqgy,
Kzmsvigy I mPZb ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ZjwPi f~Z gvwbK e`vcvavqi jLv GKwU wKkvi-DchvMx QvUM| 1941 mvji deyqvwi gvm gPvK
cwKvq cKvwkZ nq G MwU| f~Z-wekvm wbq gvbyli ga weivRgvb Kzmsvi h wfwnxb, gvwbK e`vcvavq
G M Zv Zzj aiQb| G M wZwb `wLqQb wevbeywi Rq| KzmsvivQbZvi KviY gvbyl bvbv Akixix
kwi cwZ wekvm vcb Ki wevZ nq co| wK gvbylK hw` wevb PZbv w`q NUbv weklY Dy Kiv
hvq Zvnj Hme wekvmi AZtmvik~bZv aiv co| gvwbK e`vcvavq G M bMb-Pwii ga f~Z-wekvmi
^ic evLv KiQb| Abw`K civki Wvvii gaKvi wevbmZ wePvieywi gvag c Ki ZzjQb
bMbi wekvm I Kzmsvii wfwnxbZvK| gZ ewi AvZv f~Z cwiYZ nq-GiKg wekvm mgvR cPwjZ
_vKvq bMb e`ywZK kKK f~Zi KvR ej mnR wekvm KiQ| Abw`K civki Wvvi mewKQz hyw w`q
wePvi Kib ej Zvi KvQ e`ywZK kKi welqwU mnRB aiv coQ|
26 mvwnZ KwYKv

jLK cwiwPwZ
evsjv Dcbvm I QvUM jLK wnme gvwbK e`vcvavq LvwZgvb| 1908 mvj wZwb mvuIZvj ciMbvi `ygKvq
RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZcyiyli emwZ wQj evsjv`ki wegcyi Aj| cvb`xi gvwS, cyZzjbvPi BwZK_v
cfwZ Dcbvm Ges cvMwZnvwmK, mixmc, mgy`i ^v`, wUKwUwK, njy` cvov, nvivbvi bvZRvgvB cfwZ
QvUMi Rb wZwb weLvZ nq AvQb| wZwb wevbi Qv wQjb| gvbyli gb weklYi w`KB wQj Zuvi
SvK| wZwb kwgK-KlKi KjvYi K_vI feQb| kvlY _K Zv`i gywi RqMvb MqQb M-Dcbvm|
wZwb gvwSi Qj bvg GKwU wKkvi-Dcbvm iPbv Kib| Zuvi wKkvi-DchvMx Mi msLv 27| Gi ga
Kv_vq Mj? R Kivi cwZhvwMZv, wZbwU mvnmx fxiyi M, fq `Lvbvi M, mbvZbx, `vwoi M,
m~heveyi wfUvwgb mgmv cfwZ DjLhvM| jLK Rxeb Zvui wbZmx wQj `vwi`| 1956 mvji 3 wWm^i
KjKvZvq wZwb klwbtkvm ZvM Kib|
bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck :

1. bMb Kvi evwoZ _K jLvcov KiZ?

K. Lvjvi L. PvPvi
M. gvgvi N. `v`vi
2. bMbi mv_ civki Wvvii c_g `Lv nq KLb?
K. 2 gvm AvM M. 4 gvm AvM
L. 3 gvm AvM N. 5 gvm AvM
3. bMb cvqB Zvi gvgvK hgi evwo cvVvZ Kb ?
K. covi LiP bv `qvq L. fvjv eenvi bv Kivq
M. weiwi fve cKvk Kivq N. Abv`i Aenjv Kivq
wbPi DxcKwU co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
Av`bvb mv ejv nvmcvZvj _K evwo wdiwQj| GK mgq gb njv Zvi cQb cQb KD nuvUQ| m cQb
wdi ZvKvq wK wKQzB `LZ cvq bv| dj m fq KuvcwQj| Ggb mgq we`yr Pj Mj m Rvi wPrKvi w`q
IV| Zvi gv evwZ wbq QzU Gm `Lb Av`bvbi cvqi RyZvi Zj ciK Muv_v GKUv KvwV| GZY Av`bvb
fqi KviY LyuR cvq|
ZjwPi f~Z 27

4. DxcKi Av`bvb Gi mv_ ZjwPi f~Z Mi bMbi mv`ki KviY-

K. Zv`i eqm Kg L. Zviv AKviK fq KiZ
M. Zviv fxlY fxZz wQj N. Zviv f~Z `LwQj
5. Gic mv`ki g~j KvbwU we`gvb?
K. evZe vbi Afve L. cKZ wkv bv cvIqv
M. gvbwmK weKvk bv nIqv N. mwVK wmvZ wbZ bv cviv
mRbkxj ck
iwdK mvne kxZi QzwUZ fvwM mvnvbvK wbq Mvg eovZ hvb| ivZi Lvjv AvKvk `Lvi Rb Zviv Lvjv
gvV hvb| A`~iB `LZ cvb gvVi ga nVvr GK cKvi Avjv Rj DV Zv mvgb GwMq hvQ| IUv wKmi
Avjv Zv RvbZ PvBj iwebi gvgv ejb, f~Zi! iweb fq cq Zvi evevK Rwoq ai| evev ZLb ZvK
eywSq ejb h, Lvjv gvVi gvwUZ GK cKvi Mvm _vK hv evZvmi msck Gj Rj DV| iweb welqUv
eySZ ci ^vfvweK nq|

K. ZjwPi f~Z Kvb RvZxq iPbv ?

L. bMbi gb `viyY jv Avi AbyZvc RMwQj Kb ?
M. DxcKi iwdK Avi ZjwPi f~Z Mi bMbi wekl wgj Kv_vq? evLv Ki|
N. iwdK mvne Avi ZjwPi f~Z Mi civki Wvvi DfqK AvaywbK gvbwmKZvi AwaKvix ejv hvq
wK? hywmnKvi eywSq jL|
 Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg
kL gywReyi ingvb

c~eK_v : 1969 Gi MYAfyvbi cvcU cvwKZvbi mvgwiK GKbvqK AvBqye Lvb gZvPzZ nb| Gici
gZvq Gm bZzb cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwKZvb mvaviY wbevPb w`Z eva nb| wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM GKK
msLvMwiZv jvf Ki| MYZi aviv Abymvi cvwKZvbi kvmbfvi cvIqvi K_v AvIqvgx jxMi A_vr
evOvwji Awemsevw`Z bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvbi| wK cvwKZvwb kvmKMvx evOvwj`i nvZ gZv
nZvi bv Kivi I MYZ nZvi loh wj nq| cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 Gi 3iv gvP XvKvq cvwKZvb
RvZxq cwil`i c_g Awaekb WKwQjb| wK Kvbv KviY QvovB wZwb nVvr 1jv gvP GK NvlYvq RvZxq
cwil`i Awaekb wMZ NvlYv Kib| GB lohg~jK NvlYv bB c~e cvwKZvbi me cwZev` I
wevfi So IV| Rq evsjv, exi evOvwj A ai evsjv`k ^vaxb Ki, Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv cv gNbv
hgybv, RvMv RvMv evOvwj RvMv BZvw` vMvb kni e`i Mvg Av`vwjZ nq|
GB cUf~wgZB 1971-Gi 7B gvP XvKvi imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqvw` D`vb) cvq 10 j jvKi
DcwwZZ eez kL gywReyi ingvb GK HwZnvwmK fvlY `b| 18 wgwbUi IB fvlY wZwb evOvwji gyw bv
nIqv ch ^vaxbZv msMvgi Avnvb Rvbvb| AveM, ee, w`K-wb`kbvq IB fvlYwU wQj Abe`| eezi
mB fvlYwUK AvgwiKvi cwmWU Avevnvg wjsKbi HwZnvwmK MwUmevM fvlYi m Zzjbv Kiv nq|
HwZnvwmK fvlYwU GLvb wjwce njv|
fvqiv Avgvi,
AvR `ytL-fvivvZ gb wbq Avcbv`i mvgb nvwRi nqwQ| Avcbviv meB Rvbb Ges evSb| Avgiv Avgv`i
Rxeb w`q Pv KiwQ| wK `ytLi welq, AvR XvKv, PMvg, Lyjbv, ivRkvnx, iscyi Avgvi fvBqi i
ivRc_ iwZ nqQ| AvR evsjvi gvbyl gyw Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl euvPZ Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl Zvi
Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg 29

AwaKvi Pvq| Kx Abvq KiwQjvg? wbevPbi ci evsjv`ki gvbyl mc~Yfve AvgvK I AvIqvgx jxMK fvU
`b| Avgv`i bvkbvj Gmgwe eme, Avgiv mLvb kvmbZ Zwi Kie Ges G `kK Avgiv Mo Zzje|
G`ki gvbyl A_bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I mvswZK gyw cve| wK `ytLi welq, AvR `ytLi m ejZ nq, 23
ermii KiyY BwZnvm evsjvi AZvPvii, evsjvi gvbyli ii BwZnvm| 23 ermii BwZnvm gyg~ly bibvixi
AvZbv`i BwZnvm| evsjvi BwZnvm G`ki gvbyli i w`q ivRc_ iwZ Kivi BwZnvm| 1952 mvj i
w`qwQ|
1952 mvj wbevPb Rqjvf KiI Avgiv Mw`Z emZ cvwi bvB| 1958 mvj Avqye Lvb gvkvj-j Rvwi Ki 10
eQi chZ Avgv`i Mvjvg Ki iLQ| 1966 mvj 6 `dv Av`vjb 7B Ryb Avgvi Qj`i wj Ki nZv
Kiv nqQ| 1969 mvji Av`vjb Avqye Lvbi cZb nIqvi ci hLb Bqvwnqv Lvb mvne miKvi wbjb, wZwb
ejjb, `k kvmbZ `eb,MYZ `eb, Avgiv gb wbjvg| Zvici AbK BwZnvm nq Mj, wbevPb
njv| Avwg cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb mvnei m `Lv KiwQ|
Avwg, ay evsjvi bq, cvwKZvbi gRwiwU cvwUi bZv wnme ZvK Abyiva Kijvg, 15B deyqvwi ZvwiL
Avcwb RvZxq cwil`i Awaekb `b| wZwb Avgvi K_v ivLjb bv, wZwb ivLjb fyv mvnei K_v| wZwb
ejjb, c_g mvn- gvP gvm mfv ne| Avwg ejjvg wVK AvQ, Avgiv GmgweZ eme| GgbwK G chZI
ejjvg, hw` KD bvh K_v ej, Avgiv msLvq ewk njI GKRbi gZI hw` Zv bvh K_v nq, Avgiv gb
be|
Bqvwnqv Lvb cwmWU wnmve Gmgwe WKwQjb| Avwg ejjvg, Avwg hve| fyv ejjb, wZwb hveb bv| 35
Rb m`m cwg cvwKZvb _K GLvb Avmjb| Zvici nVvr e Ki `Iqv nj, `vl `Iqv nj evsjvi
gvbylK, `vl `Iqv njv AvgvK| e Kivi ci G`ki gvbyl cwZev`gyLi nq DVj|
Avwg ejjvg, kvwZc~Yfve Avcbviv niZvj cvjb Kiyb| Avwg ejjvg, Avcbviv Kj-KviLvbv mewKQz e Ki
`b| RbMY mvov w`j| Avcb BQvq RbMY ivZvq ewiq coj, Zviv kvwZc~Yfve msMvg Pvwjq hvevi Rb
wi cwZve nvb| Kx cjvg Avgiv? Avgiv Avgv`i cqmv w`q A wKbwQ ewntkyi AvgY _K `kK
iv Kievi Rb, AvR mB A eenvi nQ Avgvi `ki Mwie-`ytLx wbi gvbyli weiy- Zvi eyKi Dci
nQ wj| Avgiv cvwKZvb msLviyAvgiv evOvwjiv hLbB gZvq hvevi Pv KiwQ ZLbB Zviv Avgv`i
Dci Suvwcq coQ|
Uwjdvb Avgvi mv_ Zvi K_v nq| Avwg ejwQjvg, Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvb mvne, Avcwb cvwKZvbi
cwmWU, `L hvb Kxfve Avgvi Mwiei Dci, Avgvi evsjvi gvbyli eyKi Dci wj Kiv nqQ| Kx Ki
Avgvi gvqi Kvj Lvwj Kiv nqQ, Kx Ki gvbylK nZv Kiv nqQ, Avcwb Avmyb, `Lyb wePvi Kiyb|
fvqiv Avgvi,
25 ZvwiL Gmgwe Kj KiQ| ii `vM Kvq bvB| Avwg wmv wbqwQ, 10 ZvwiL H kwn`i ii Dci
cvov w`q Avi.wU.wm-Z gywReyi ingvb hvM`vb KiZ cvi bv| Gmgwe Kj KiQb, Avgvi `vwe gvbZ ne|
c_g mvgwiK AvBb gvkvj-j withdraw KiZ ne| mgZ mvgwiK evwnbxi jvK`i evivK dir hZ
ne| hfve nZv Kiv nqQ Zvi Z` KiZ ne| Avi RbMYi cwZwbwai KvQ gZv nZvi KiZ ne|
Zvici weePbv Ki `Le, Avgiv AvmgweZ emZ cvie wK cvie bv| Gi c~e GmgweZ emZ Avgiv cvwi
bv|
30 mvwnZ KwYKv

Avwg cavbgwZ PvB bv| Avgiv G`ki gvbyli AwaKvi PvB| Avwg cwivi Ai ej w`evi PvB h, AvR _K
GB evsjv`ki KvU-KvPvwi, Av`vjZ-dR`vwi, wkv cwZvb Awbw`Kvji Rb e _vKe| Mwiei hvZ
K bv nq, hvZ Avgvi gvbyl K bv Ki mRb Abvb h wRwbmwji AvQ mwji niZvj Kvj _K Pje
bv| wiKkv, MiyiMvwo, ij Pje, j Pje-ay mUvwiqU, mywcgKvU, nvBKvU, RRKvU, mwg-MfbgU
`i, Iqvc`v KvbvwKQz Pje bv| 28 ZvwiL KgPvixiv wMq eZb wbq Avmeb| Gici hw` eZb `Iqv bv
nq, Avi hw` GKwU wj Pj, Avi hw` Avgvi jvKK nZv Kiv nq-Zvgv`i KvQ Avgvi Abyiva iBj, cZK
Ni Ni `yM Mo Zvj| Zvgv`i hv wKQz AvQ ZvB wbq kyi gvKvwejv KiZ ne Ges Rxebi Zi
ivZvNvU hv hv AvQ mewKQz- Avwg hw` Kzg w`evi bvI cvwi, Zvgiv e Ki `e| Avgiv fvZ gvie,cvwbZ
cvie| Zvgiv Avgvi fvB, Zvgiv evivK _vK, KD Zvgv`i wKQz eje bv| wK Avi Zvgiv wj Pvjvevi
Pv Kviv bv| mvZ KvwU gvbylK `vevq ivLZ cvie bv| Avgiv hLb giZ wkLwQ, ZLb KD Avgv`i
`vevqv ivLZ cvie bv|
Avi h mg jvK kwn` nqQ, AvNvZcv nqQ, Avgiv AvIqvgx jxMi _K hyi cvwi Zv`i mvnvh
KiZ Pv Kie| hviv cvib Avgvi wiwjd KwgwUK mvgvb UvKv-cqmv cuQ `eb| Avi GB 7 w`bi niMvj
h mg kwgK fvBqiv hvM`vb KiQ cZK wki gvwjK Zv`i eZb cuQ `eb| miKvwi KgPvix`i
ewj, h ch Avgvi GB `ki gyw bv nQ, ZZw`b LvRbv Uv e Ki `Iqv njv-KD `e bv| byb, gb
ivLeb, ky cQb XyKQ, wbR`i ga AvZKjn mw Kie, jyUZivR Kie| GB evsjvq-wn`y-gymjgvb,
evOvwj, A-evOvwj hviv AvQ Zviv Avgv`i fvB| Zv`i ivi `vwqZ Avcbv`i Dci, Avgv`i hb e`bvg bv
nq|
gb ivLeb, KgPvixiv, iwWI hw` Avgv`i K_v bv kvb Zvnj Kvbv evOvwj iwWI kb hveb bv| hw`
Uwjwfkb Avgv`i wbDR bv `q, Kvbv evOvwj Uwjwfkb hveb bv| 2 NUv evsK Lvjv _vKe, hvZ gvbyl
Zv`i gvBb-c wbZ cvi| c~eevsjv _K cwg cvwKZvb GK cqmvI Pvjvb nZ cvie bv| Uwjdvb,
UwjMvg Avgv`i GB c~eevsjvq Pje Ges evsjv`ki wbDR evBi cvVvbv Pje|
wK hw` GB `ki gvbylK LZg Kivi Pv Kiv nq, evOvwjiv eySmyS KvR Kieb| cZK Mvg, cZK
gnjvq AvIqvgx jxMi bZZ msMvg cwil` Mo Zvj| Ges Zvgv`i hv wKQz AvQ, ZvB wbq cZ _vKv|
gb ivLev, i hLb w`qwQ, i AviI `e| G`ki gvbylK gy Ki Qvoe BbkAvjvn| Gevii msMvg
Avgv`i gywi msMvg| Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg| Rq evsjv|
kv_ I UxKv
wbevPbi ci - 1970-G AbywZ cvwKZvb RvZxq cwil` I c~e cvwKZvb cv`wkK cwil`i wbevPb
Abyvbi ci| H wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM GKK msLvMwiZv ARb Ki|
kvmbZ - iv cwiPvjbvi Abykvmb I weavbmg~n| msweavb|
bvkbvj Gmgwe - RvZxq cwil`|
fyv mvne - cvwKZvb wccjm& cvwUi ZrKvjxb bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fyv| wZwb cvwKZvwb
mvgwiK miKvii m nvZ wgwjq evOvwj hb cvwKZvbi kvmb gZvq hZ bv
cvi m Rb nxb loh wj nb|
Avi.wU.wm. - ivD Uwej Kbdvi| Mvj Uwej eVK| mgmv mgvavbi K_v ej cwmWU
Bqvwnqv cKvk Mvj Uwej eVK Avnvb KijI fZi fZi c~e cvwKZvb
mvgwiK nvgjv Pvjvbvi cwZ wbZ _vKb|
Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg 31

gvkvj-j - mvgwiK AvBb| cvwKZvb MYZvwK kvmb cwqv bmvr Kivi Rb 1958 mvj _K
mvgwiK kvmb Pvjy ivLv nq|
withdraw - cZvnvi|
evivK - mbvQvDwb|
mUvwiqU - iv cwiPvjbvi ckvmwbK `| mwPevjq|
mywcg KvU - mevP Av`vjZ|
nvB KvU - DP Av`vjZ|
RR KvU - Rjv Av`vjZ|
mwg-MfbgU - Avav-miKvwi|
Iqvc`v - IqvUvi Av cvIqvi WfjcgU A_wiwU| cvwb I we`yr Dbqb KZc|
cvVi Dk
iPbvwU cvV Kij ^vaxb evOvwj RvwZ I mvefg evsjv`k cwZvq RvwZi RbK eez kL gywReyi ingvbi
msMvg, Ae`vb Ges evOvwj RvwZi AwaKvi cwZvi Rb Zuvi wbiweQb mvabvi K_v RvbZ cvie| GB iPbv co
wkv_xiv eezi Av`k I `kcgi PZbvq Dy ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
cvwKZvwb JcwbewkK ivKvVvgv fO evOvwji mvweK gyw ARbi j 1966 mvj eez kL gywReyi
ingvb Qq `dv Kgm~wP NvlYv Ki KviveiY Kib| 1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb eezi bZZ AvIqvgx
jxM ARb Ki wbizk weRq| ZeyI cvwKZvwb kvmKMvx evOvwj`i nvZ gZv nZvZi bv Ki lohi
c_ eQ bq| 1971 mvji 2 gvP _K eezi Avnvb evsjvq mevZK AmnhvM Av`vjbi avivevwnKZvq
7 gvP 1971-G XvKvi imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqvw` D`vb) cvq `k j jvKi DcwwZZ eez
kL gywReyi ingvb 18 wgwbUi HwZnvwmK fvlY `b| GB fvlY 7B gvPi fvlY wnme weLvZ|
jLK cwiwPwZ
nvRvi eQii k evOvwj kL gywReyi ingvb ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`k ivi cwZ I evOvwj RvwZmv
weKvki cyivav ewZ| wZwb Avgv`i RvwZi RbK| Zuvi Rb 1920 wLvi 17 gvP MvcvjM Rjvi
Uzwcvov Mvg| Zuvi wcZvi bvg kL jyrdi ingvb I gvZvi bvg mvniv LvZzb| QvRxeb _KB wZwb ivRbxwZ
I `keZ hy nb| fvlv Av`vjbmn wewfb MYZvwK Av`vjb hvM w`q wZwb eevi KviveiY KiQb|
evOvwj RvZxqZvev`i wfw iPbvq Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wZwb evOvwji ^vqkvmbi `vwe 6 `dv Av`vjbi
gyL cev| kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi m~PbvKvj 1961 mvj eez DcvwaZ f~wlZ
nb| 1971 Gi 25k gvP gaivZi ci cvwKZvwb evwnbx evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z bZvK Zuvi avbgwi
evmfeb _K MdZvi Ki| MdZvii AvM A_vr 26k gvP c_g cni wZwb evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv
Kib| gywhyKvj eezi AbycwwZZ ZuvK ivcwZ Ki MwVZ Avqx evsjv`k miKvi hy cwiPvjbv
Ki| `k ^vaxb nIqvi ci 1972 mvji 10 Rvbyqvwi wZwb cvwKZvbi KvivMvi _K gy nq `k dib
Ges hyweaZ `k Movi gnvb `vwqZ eZx nb| Zuvi miKviB c mgqi ga evsjv`ki msweavb iPbv
Ki (1972)| 1974 mvj RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil`i Awaekb wZwb c_g evsjv fvlvq fvlY w`q evsjvK
wekmfvq ghv`vi Avmb AwawZ Kib|
1975 mvji 15 AvM mvgwiK evwnbxi KwZcq wec_Mvgx m`mi nvZ eez kL gywReyi ingvb mcwievi
wbnZ nb|
32 Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg

Kg-Abykxjb
K. evOvwj`i Rb RvwZi RbK eez kL gywSeyi ingvb Kvb Kvb Av`vjb Kx RvZxq f~wgKv
iLQb, m K GKwU iPbv jL (GKK KvR)
L. RvwZi RbK eez kL gywReyi ingvbi kke, Kgvig heb, ewMZ Rxeb, ivRbwZK KgKv
`kcg BZvw` Aej^b Qov, KweZv, M, ce , bvwUKv, Qwe BZvw` iPbv Ki `qvwjKv cKvk Ki
(kwYi mKj wkv_xi KvR)|
M. RvwZi RbK eez kL gywReyi ingvb- G welq Aej^b cvvi cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki
(GKK KvR, cZKi cvvi kwY I wkv_xi bvg I ivj bv^vi wjLZ ne)|

bgybv ck

ewbevPbx ck :
1. KZ eez imKvm gq`vb HwZnvwmK fvlY `b ZvwiL ?
K. 1969-Gi 7B gvP L. 1971-Gi 3iv gvP
M. 1971-Gi 7B gvP N. 1974-Gi 3iv gvP
2. imKvm gq`vbi fvlYB evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv| KKbv GB fvlY-
K. AvRI ^vaxbZvi K_v iY Kwiq `q
L. msMvg cwil` Mo Zvjvi AxKvi
M. Avm^wjZ bv emvi Avnvb
N. evOvwji mvweK gywi j msMvgi Avnvb
3. Avqye Lvbi cZbi ci K `k MYZi cwZkywZ w`qwQjb ?
K. kL gywReyi ingvb L. Bqvwnqv Lvb
M. gvIjvbv fvmvbx N. RyjwdKvi Avjx fyv
wbPi DxcKwU co ckjvi Di `vI :
`wY AvwdKvi Awemsev`x bZv bjmb gjv eYev`i weiy msMvg Ki Rj, Ryjyg, wbhvZbi wkKvi nb|
wbevwmZ Rxeb hvcb Kib| gZvmxb kvmKMvx Zuvi Rxeb _K Ko bq 27wU eQi wK wZwb KLbI gv_v
bZ Kibwb| Aekl Rq nq gvbeZvi, Aemvb NU eYev`i|
Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg 33

4. eez I bjmb gjv Dfqi ga Kvb Yi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq ?

i. mnbkxjZv
ii. `kcg
iii. AvcvlnxbZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. eez GB wekl Y Avgv`i Dcnvi w`qQ-
K. Mfxi `kcg L. evOvwj mswZ
M. ^vaxb iv N. elg _K gyw

mRbkxj ck
1. MYZ hv Awnsmvi gvag cwZwZ nq hLvb meviB mgvb ^vaxbZv _vK| hLvb cZKB ne Zvi
RMr- wbqv| GUvB mB MYZ hvnvZ Avcbv`i AvR AskMnY KiZ Avnvb RvbvwPQ| GKw`b Avcbviv
eySZ cvieb, wn`y I gymjgvb`i ga cv_K fyj hvIqv Ges Avcbviv Avcbv`iK aygv fviZxq gb
Kieb, Ges mevB GKwZ nq ^vaxbZvi Av`vjb eZx neb|
K. eez kL gywReyi ingvbi Rb KZ ZvwiL ?
L. evsjvi BwZnvm G`ki gvbyli i w`q ivRc_ iwZ Kivi BwZnvm ejZ Kx eySvbv nqQ ?
M. DxcKi 1g Ask gnvZvMvxi fvlY eezi fvlbi Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ evLv Ki|
N. i hLb w`qwQ, i Aviv `e| G`ki gvbylK gy Ki Qvoe BbkvAvjvn| Gevii msMvg
^vaxbZvi msMvg eezi GB ee gvnvZMvxi 2q Aski eei PqI c wQj| g~jvqb
Ki|
Lv`kmi ciB evsjv`ki gvbyli Rxebi m h wRwbmwU AwZ wbweofve Rwoq AvQ, Zv njv GLvbKvi
KzwUiwk| GK mgq Ni-Mnwji wbZ eenvii cvq me cY`eB G`ki Mvgi KzwUi Zwi nZv| AvRI AbK
wKQzB nq| Gjv KzwUiwki gvag Zwi njI wkY wePvi G aibi mvgMx jvKwki ga MY|
Avgv`i `ki wewfb jvKwki KZKjv GK mgq Ggb DPgvbi wQj h, AvRI Avgiv mme wRwbmi K_v
iY Ki Meeva Kwi|
c_g ejZ nq XvKvB gmwjbi K_v| XvKv knii A`~i Wgiv GjvKvi ZuvwZ`i G Ag~j mw GK Kvj `ywbqv
Ryo ZzjwQj cej Avjvob| XvKvi gmwjb ZrKvjxb gvMj ev`kvn`i wejvmi e wQj| gmwjb Kvco GZ m~
myZv w`q evbv nZv h, Qv GKwU AvswUi wfZi w`q Abvqvm KqK k MR gmwjb Kvco cek Kwiq `qv me
wQj| ay KvwiMwi `Zvq bq, G aibi Kvco eybevi Rb wkxgb _vKvI cqvRb| AvR mB gmwjb bB| Ze
gmwjb hviv eybZ, Zv`i eskaiiv hyM hyM ai G wkaviv enb Ki AvmQ ej Rvg`vwb kvwo Avgiv AvRI `LZ
cvB| eZgvb hyM Rvg`vwb kvwo `k-we`k ay cwiwPZB bq, Mei e|
Ggwb Avi GKwU MvgxY jvKwk AvR jycvq njI wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| GwU njv bKwkKuv_v| GK mgq
evsjv`ki Mvg Mvg G bKwkKuv_v Zwii iIqvR wQj| GK GKwU mvaAiY AvKvii bKwkKvu_v mjvB KiZI
Kgc Qq gvm jvMZ| elvKvj hLb Pviw`K cvwb _ _ Ki, Ni _K evBi ei nIqv hvq bv, Ggb gmygB wQj
bKwkKvu_A mjvBqi Dchy mgq| gqiv msmvi KvR KiZ `ycyii LvIqv `vIqv mi cvwU wewQq cvbi evUvwU
cvk wbq cvkj emZb G wewP bKkv Zvjv Kvu_v mjvB KiZ| cowkivI myhvM cj AvmZ M KiZ| Avcb
cwiek _KB gqiv Zvu`i gbi gZv Ki Kvu_v mjvBqi AbyciYv cZb| Ggwb GK GKwU Kv_v mjvB KZ
M, KZ nvwm, KZ Kvbvi ga w`q kl nZv Zv ejv hvq bv| ay KZKjv m~ mjvB Avi is-eiOi bKkvi
RbB bKwkKuv_v ejv nq bv eis Kuv_vi cwZwU myPi duvoi ga jywKq AvQ GK-GKwU cwievii Kvwnbx, Zv`i
cwiek, Zv`i RxebK_v| Avgv`i `ki jvKwk wewfb i~c wfb wfb Aj cvavb cqQ| ZuvZwk
evsjv`ki me GjvKvZB AvQ; Ze XvKv, UvvBj, mvRv`cyi, Kzwgjv, PMvg GjvKvq ZuvZwki gwjK
ewk `Lv hvq|
Avgv`i jvKwk 35

Rvg`vwb kvwoi K_v Avgiv AvjvPbv KiwQ| bvivqYM Rjvi

bIqvcvov MvgB Rvg`vwb KvwiMi`i emevm| kZvxKvj ai G
ZuvZwk wevi jvf KiQ kxZjv b`xi ZxieZx G GjvKvq|
evwbK weklY `Lv hvq, G kxZjv b`xi cvwbi evc _K h
Av`Zvi mw nq Zv Rvg`vwb evbvi Rb ay DchvMxB bq, eis
GK Acwinvh e ejv Pj| fMvwjK Aevb, AvenvIqv Ges
cwiwwZi Rb ay AZxZi ZuvwZ`i ZuvZwkB bq, eZgvbi eo
eo Kvcoi KviLvbvI kxZjv b`xi Zxi Mo DVQ|
Kzwgjv, bvqvLvjx I PMvg cZ Lvw` ev Lii mgv`i ay
MvgRxebB bq, knii AvaywbK mgvRI h_ iqQ| Lvw`
Kvcoi weklZ nQ, Gi meUvB nvZ cZ| Zzjv _K nvZ
myZv KvUv nq| Mvgevmxiv Aemi mgq myZv KvU| G`i ejv nq
KvUzwb| Mvg evwoi Avkcvk Zzjvi MvQ jvMvbvi ixwZ AvQ| mB
MvQi Zzjv w`q myZv KvUv I nPvwjZ ZuvZ Gme myZvq h Kvco
cZ Kiv nq, mB KvcoB cKZ Lvw` ev Li| ^`kx Av`vjbi
hyM we`wk Kvco eRb Ki `wk Kvco
eenvii h Av`k cewZZ nqwQj ZviB mvdji ^vi GB Lvw`|
cveZ PMvgi ivOvgvwU, ev`ievb, ivgMo GjvKvi PvKgv, KzwK I
gyis gqiv Ges wmjUi gvwQgcyi Aji gwYcyix gqiv Zv`i
wbR`i I cyiyl`i cwiaq e eyb _vK| G Kvcojv
mvaviYZ gvUv I UKmB nq| bKkv, is I eybbKkj meB Zv`i
wbR^ HwZn Abyhvqx nq|
evsjv`ki Mvg Mvg Kuvmv I wcZji evmbc GKKvj ek
cPwjZ wQj| AvRI kZ kZ Mvg KvwiMi Zwi Ki wewP aibi
ZRmc| c_g gvwUi QuvP Ki Zvi ga Xj `q MwjZ Kuvmv|
axi axi G MwjZ avZz Vvv nq Avm| ZLb Ici _K gvwUi
QuvPwU fO djjB wfZi _K ewiq Avm e`bv, evwU, Mvm, _vjv
BZvw`| Zvici Gjv cvwjk Kiv nq| G aibi evmb bvbviKg
dzj cvZvi bKkv ev digvkKvixi bvg Lv`vB Kiv _vK| GgbwK
AvRKvj AwZ AvaywbK Mnmvi mvgMx wnme Zvgv wcZji Nov,
_vjv, dzj`vwb eeZ nZ `Lv hvq| cvovgvwUi KvRi HwZn
G`k e hyMi| gvwUi Kjm, nuvwo, cvwZj, mvbwK, dzj`vwb,
`Bqi fuvo, imi
36 mvwnZ wKYKv

wVjv, m`k I wcVvi QuvP, Ucv cyZzj, wn`y mc`vqi `yMv, mi^Zx, jx BZvw`i g~wZ Moevi KvR evsjv`ki
cvjcvov I Kzgvicvovi Awaevmxiv mviv eQiB e _vK| AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pvqi mU, KUv,
ev ev Ni mvRvevi bvbv aibi kwLb mvgMx me wKQzB gvwU w`q Zwi Kiv nQ| G Qvov cyiKvji gmwR` ev
gw`ii Mvq hme bKkv`vi BU `Lv hvq Zv G`ki jvKwki GK AZzjbxq wb`kb|
cZxKagx gvwUi Ucv cyZzjjvi ga kZ kZ eQi c~ei cvj ev Kzgvi`i h KvwiMwi we`v Ges wkxgbi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv Afvebxq|
KvVi KvRi Lye ewk wkY AvRKvj `Lv bv MjI AZxZi wKQz wKQz bgybv hv `LZ cvIqv hvq Zv _K
Abygvb Kiv hvq h, G `k GK mgq MnwbgvYi KvR KviKvhf~wlZ KvVi eenvi wQj| wekl Ki cyivZb
LvU cvj, LyuwU `iRv BZvw`i bgybv AvRI `Lv hvq| G aibi KvRK ejv nq nvwmqv| ewikvji KvVi
bKvi KvRI ek wbcyYZvi `vwe ivL|
Lyjbvi gv`yi Ges wmjUi kxZjcvwU mKji KvQ cwiwPZ| MxKvj eenvi Avivg`vqK ejB bq,
kxZjcvwUi bKkv GKwU gwjK ewki cwiPvqK| AZxZ kxZjcvwUi e ` KvwiMi wQj| G wkx`i w`q
GKKvj XvKvi beve cwievi nvwZi `uvZi kxZjcvwU Zwi KwiqwQjb| XvKvi Rv`yNi Zv msiwZ AvQ| GwU
Avgv`i jvKwki GK AZzjbxq wb`kb|
Avgv`i Mvgi Ni Ni h wkKv, nvZcvLv, dzjwcVv Zwi Kiv nq, Zv gvUB Aenjvi wRwbm bq| G`i wewP
bKkv, is Ges KvwiMwi m`hi h wb`kb PvL co Zv ay Avgv`i AwZ Avcb eB bq, m`hi w`K
w`qI G`i vb e DP| mvaviY mvgMx njI huviv Gjv Zwi Kib Zuv`i m`hwcqZvi cKvk NU Gme
wRwbmi ga w`q| wkKv Mnvwji wRwbmci Szwjq ivLvi Rb Zwi GK_v mKjB Rvb| ay ay cqvRb
wgUjB gb fi bv ej m`hwcq gvbyl bvbv bKkv Ryo w`q ZvKI GKwU wekl wkeZ cwiYZ KiQ|
Avgv`i `k euvk AcZzj bq| evuki bvbviKg eenvi Qvov Avgv`i PjZB cvi bv| QvULvUv mvgvb
nvwZqvii mvnvh Avgv`i KvwiMiiv euvk w`q AvRKvj AvaywbK iywPi bvbv eenvwiK mvgMx Zwi KiQ hv ay
Avgv`i wbR`i `kB bq, we`kI ej cwigvY eeZ nQ| G Qvov mvjvwki DrK mRbkxj bgybvI
`Lv hvq cyZzj, Uvci BZvw`i ga|
Kvcoi cyZzj Zwi Kiv Avgv`i `ki gq`i GKwU mnRvZ wkY| AbKvsk Gme cyZzj cZxKagx| Aek
AvRKvj eveagx Kvcoi cyZzj ZwiI i nqQ| Gjv hgb Avgv`i `ki HwZn I Rxebi cwZwbwaZ
Ki, Zgwb we`wk cqmvI DcvRb Ki|
jvKwk msiY I mcmviYi `vwqZ Avgv`i mKji| evsjv`ki wewfb kni, kniZwj Ges Mvgi nvRvi
nvRvi bvix-cyil AvQ, hviv KvR KiZ Pvq A_P KvRi Afve w`b w`b `vwi`i wkKvi nQ| mycwiKwZ
Dcvq Ges myiywPc~Y jvKwk cwZi w`K gbvhvM w`j Zv`i mgmvi wKQzUv mgvavb ne|
Avgv`i mKjKB AvR Avcb cwiek Ges cwiwwZi w`K ay PvL w`q ZvKvj ne bv, `q w`qI ZvKvZ
ne| jvKwki wfZi w`q `q gbi cKvk nj Zv we`wk`i `q mvov RvMve| Gfve `k `k `qi
mcK Mo Zvjvi KvRI Avgv`i jvKwk mvnvh KiZ cvi|
Avgv`i jvKwk 37

kv_ I UxKv

cY`e wew Kiv hvq Ggb wRwbm|

jvKwk `wk wRwbm w`q `ki gvbyli nvZ Zwi wkmZ `e|
UKmB gReyZ|
wekl wekl welq hvi vb I `Zv iqQ|
Ag~j g~j w`q hvi wePvi Kiv hvq bv|
wbweo Nwb|
AcZzj h_ bq|
`Zv wbcyYZv, KzkjZv|
jycvq hv jvc cZ emQ|
iIqvR ixwZ, `i|
AbyciYv Dxcbv, Drmvn|
RxebMv_v Rxebi Kvwnwb|
Acwinvh hv Govbv hvq bv, AvewkK|
HwZn AZxZi Me I Miei e|
Uvci wn`y eii gv_vi gyKzU|
gwYcyix gwYcyi-mcwKZ, gwYcyi Drcb|
UKmB gReyZ|
cZxKagx wb`kbvcb, msKZ|
msiY weklfve iv Kiv|
mcmviY cmvwiZ Kiv, weZvi Kiv|

cvVi Dk
GB cewU cvV Ki wkv_xiv evsjv`ki wewfb Aji jvKwk I jvK-HwZn mcK vb jvf KiZ
cvie| Zviv `ki jvKwk mcK AvMnx I kvkxj ne Ges Zv msiY Zrci ne|
38 Avgv`i jvKwk

cvV-cwiwPwZ
Avgv`i jvKwk cewU Avgv`i jvKKw M _K MnxZ nqQ| jLK G ce evsjv`ki jvKwk I
jvK-HwZni eYbv w`qQb| G eYbvq jvKwki cwZ Zuvi Mfxi ggZevai cwiPq iqQ| Avgv`i
wbZeenvh AwaKvsk wRwbmB G KzwUiwki Ici wbfikxj| wkY wePvi G aibi wkK jvKwki ga
MY Kiv hZ cvi| c~e Avgv`i `k h mgZ jvKwki `e Zwi nZv Zvi AbKjvB AZZ
DPgvbi wQj| XvKvB gmwjb Zvi AbZg| XvKvB gmwjb Aaybv wejy njI XvKvB Rvg`vwb kvwo AbKvsk m
vb AwaKvi KiQ| eZgvb Rvg`vwb kvwo `k-we`k cwiwPZ Ges Avgv`i Mei e|
bKwk Kuv_v Avgv`i GKwU MvgxY jvKwk| G wk AvR jycvq njI Gi wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| Avcb
cwiek _KB gqiv Zuv`i gbi gZv Ki Kuv_v mjvBqi AbyciYv cZb| Kuv_vi cwZwU myPi duvoi
ga jywKq AvQ GK-GKwU cwievii Kvwnbx, Zv`i cwiek, Zv`i RxebMv_v| Avgv`i `ki Kzgvicvovi
wkxiv wewfb aibi ZRmc QvovI cvovgvwU w`q bvbv cKvi kwLb `e Zwi Ki _vK| bvbv cKvi cyZzj,
g~wZ I AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pvqi mU BZvw` Zviv Mo _vK| Lyjbvi gv`yi I wmjUi kxZjcvwU
mKji KvQ cwiwPZ|
Avgv`i `ki GB h jvKwk Zv msiYi `vwqZ Avgv`i mKji| jvKwki gvag Avgiv Avgv`i
HwZnK weki KvQ Zzj aiZ cvwi|
jLK cwiwPwZ
Kvgiyj nvmvb 1921 wLv KjKvZvq RbMnY Kib| GKRb LvwZgvb wkx wnme `k-we`k wZwb
cwiwPwZ jvf Kib| Zuvi AvuKv QweZ G`ki jvKR Rxebi bvbv Dcv`vb Avgv`i HwZn-mPZb Ki|
jvKwk msiYI Zuvi cPv wQj cksmbxq| KgRxeb wZwb my`xNKvj XvKv Pviy I KviyKjv BbwwUDU
Aavcbvi KvR wbqvwRZ wQjb| ci wZwb evsjv`k z` I KzwUi wk wWRvBb mUvii cavb (bKkvwe`)
wbhy nb| G mgq wZwb evsjv`ki wewfb Aj _K jvKwki bvbv DcKiY msMn Kib| Qwe AvuKvi wewP
KjvKkj Ges jvKwki bvbv w`K mcK Zuvi jLv c cwKvq cKvwkZ nqQ| Zuvi GKwU eBqi bvg
evsjv`ki wk Av`vjb I Avgvi K_v| 1988 wLvi 2 deyqvwi Kvgiyj nvmvb XvKvq gZzeiY Kib|
ewbevPbx ck :
K. Zvgvi GjvKvi jvKwki cwiPq Zzj ai (GKK KvR)
L. Zvgvi `Lv Kvbv jvKwk kjvi weeiY w`q GKwU iPbv jL (&GKK KvR)
bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. KvbwU gvMj ev`kvn`i wejvmi e wQj ?
K. bKwk Kuv_v L. XvKvB gmwjb
M. Lii Kvco N. kxZjcvwU
Avgv`i jvKwk 39

2. gmwjbi KvwiMi`i eskaiiv AvRI Kv_vq emevm KiQ?

K. Kzwgjv L. wmjU
M. cveZ PMvg N. bvivqYM
3. gmwjbi HwZn jvjb KiQ KvbwU ?
K. bKwk Kuv_v L. Rvg`vwb kvwo
M. UivcyZzj N. kxZjcvwU
4 wbPi AbyQ`wU co ckjvi Di `vI :
Kvgvj Zvi ezi Rbw`b Dcnvi w`j GKwU wcZji Kjm| GZ AbKB ZvK wbq Dcnvm KijI
AZxZ `ywbqv Ryo Avgv`i KvwiMi`i KvRi DPgvbi K_v gb Ki Kvgvj Meeva KiwQj|
Kvgvji `qv DcnviwUK wkY wePvi Kvb kwYi AZfy Kiv hvq ?
K. AvaywbK wk L. KzwUi wk
M. Pviywk N. grwk
5. Gic Dcnvi `qvi cQb Kvgvji DkK Avgv`i jvKwk cei AvjvK ejv hvq-
i. A_ mvkq Kiv
ii. jvKwkK euvwPq ivLv
iii. HwZnK ai ivLv
KvbwU mwVK Di?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck :
1. cjvkcyi Mvgi iwngv| `wi` njI wkx gbi AwaKvix| QvUejv _KB m euvk, eZ w`q msmvi
cqvRbxq AbK wRwbm Zwi KiZv| wK AvPgKv GKw`b Zvi ^vgx gviv Mj `yB mZvb wbq c_
em iwngv| DcvqZi bv `L Aekl myuB-myZv nvZ Zzj bq m| Zvi myL-`ytLi RxebvjL iwngvi
`xNj myZvi Uvb fvUv w`Z _vK| GKw`b emiKvwi GKwU msvi gvag Zvi mywPwkjv hvq
we`k Ges gvUv AsKi A_ cvwi cvkvcvwk cPzi mybvg ARb Ki|
40 Avgv`i jvKwk

K. Kvb GjvKvi gv`yi mKji KvQ cwiwPZ ?

L. XvKvB gmwjbi K`i wQj `ywbqv Ryo ejZ Kx eySvq ?
M. ^vgxi gZzi ci iwngvi KvRwU Avgv`i jvK wk ce Kxmi cwZwbwaZ Ki| eYbv Ki|
N. `ki A_bwZK Dbqb iwngvi Ae`vb Avgv`i jvK wk cei AvjvK g~jvqb Ki|
2. dvwibi zj PjwQj evwlK wevb I chyw gjv| dvwib Rgv `q GKUv bKwk Kuv_v| G Kuv_vq dzwUq
Zvj elv-cKwZ Ges wein KvZi GKRb bvixi Rxeb Mv_v| `kbv_x, wePviK Ges cwZhvMx mevB gy
nq `Lb GwU| GKRb gZe jLb, Avgv`i jvK wk h mgkvj Zv ej kl Kivi gZv bq|
wK mgq I iywPi cwieZb Zv AvR cvq asmvyL| Avgv`i mKji GLbB Gi cwZ bRi `qv DwPZ|
bBj AwPiB G wk avivK Avgiv nvive|
K. wkY wePvi Avgv`i KzwUiwk Kvb wki ga co?
L. elvKvj bKwkKuv_v Zwii Rb Dchy mgq Kb ?
M. dvwibi Gnb D`vM Avgv`i jvKwki h wekl w`KwUi cwZwbwaZ Ki Zv evLv Ki|
N. DxcK jvKwk euvwPq ivLvi h ZvwM` Abyf~Z nqQ Zv Avgv`i jvKwk cei jLKi
eeK mg_b Ki wK ? Zvgvi Dii mc hyw `vI|
 myLx gvbyl
ggZvR D`&`xb Avng`

Pwiwjwc
bvg eqm
gvoj 50
KweivR 60
nvmy 45
ingZ 20
jvK 40

[gvoji AmyL| weQvbvq q QUdU KiQ| KweivR gvoji bvwo cixv KiQ| gvoji AvZxq nvmy wgqv Avi
gvoji wekvmx PvKi ingZ Avjx AmyL wbq K_v ejQ|
42 myLx gvbyl

nvmy : ingZ, I ingZ Avjx|

ingZ : bwQ|
nvmy : fvjv Ki kvb, H KweivR hZB bvwo `LyK, Zvgvi gvoji wbZvi bvB|
ingZ : Agb fq `Lveb bv| Zvnj Avwg nvDgvD Ki Kuv`Z jM hve|
nvmy : Kuv`, gb DRvo Ki Kuv`| Zvgvi gvoj GKUv KwVb jvK| Avgv`i myeYcyii gvbylK eo
RvwjqQ| Gi Miy Ko, Zvi avb jyU Ki Zvgvi gvoj AvR abx| gvbyli Kvbv `Lj nvm|
ingZ : ZvB ej gvoji evivg fvjv ne bv Kb?
nvmy : neB bv Zv| gvoj h AZvPvix, cvcx| gbi ga AkvwZ _vKj Jlya KvR nq bv| `L
wbI, gvoj gie|
ingZ : Avi AvR-evR K_v ejeb bv| Avcwb evwo hvb!
KweivR : GZ Kvjvnj KiI bv| Avwg ivMxi bvwo cixv KiwQ|
ingZ : I KweivR, bvwo Kx ejQ! gvoj euvPe Zv!
KweivR : g~Li gZv K_v ej bv| gvbyl Ges cvYx Agi bq| Avwg hv ewj gbvhvM w`q ZvB keY Ki|
nvmy : AvgvK ejyb| gvoj Avgvi gvgvZv fvB|
ingZ : gvoj Avgvi gwbe|
KweivR : GB wbzi gvojK hw` euvPvZ PvI, Zvnj GKwU KwVb Kg KiZ ne|
nvmy : evNi PvL AvbZ ne?
KweivR : AviI KwVb KvR|
ingZ : wngvjq cvnvo Zzj Avbe?
KweivR : cvnvo, mgy`, P`, b wKQzB AvbZ ne bv|
gvoj : Avi mn KiZ cviwQ bv| Rj Mj| nvo fO Mj| AvgvK evuPvI|
KweivR : kvZ nI| I ingZ, gvoji gyL kieZ Xj `vI|
ingZ gvojK kieZ w`Q|
nvmy : H gvoj Rvi Ki Avgvi gyiwM RevB Ki LqQ| Avwg AvR gyiwMi `vg wbq Qvoe|
gvoj : fvB nvmy Gw`K Gm, Avwg me w`q `e| AvgvK kvwZ Gb `vI|
KweivR : gvoj, Zzwg wK Avi Kvbvw`b wg_v K_v eje?
gvoj : Avi eje bv| GB Zvgvi gv_vq nvZ iL cwZv KiwQ, Avi Kvbvw`b gvbyli Ici Rei`wZ
Kie bv| AvgvK fvjv Ki `vI|
KweivR : jvf cvc, cvc gZz| Avi Kvbvw`b jvf Kie?

gvoj : bv| jvf Kie bv, AZvPvi Kie bv AvgvK kvwZ `vI| myL `vI|
KweivR : Zvnj gbi myL q _vK, Avwg Jlyai K_v wPZv Kwi|
gvoj : myL Kv_vq cve? AvgvK myL Gb `vI|
nvmy : Abi gb `ytL w`j Kvbvw`b myL cve bv|
myLx gvbyl 43

gvoj : Avgvi KZ UvKv, KZ eo evwo! Avgvi gb `ytL Kb?

KweivR : Pzc Ki| hZ Kvjvnj Kie ZZ `ytL evoe| nvmy Gw`K Gm, Avgvi K_v keY Ki| gvoji
evgv fvjv nZ cvi, hw`.....
ingZ : hw` Kx?
KweivR : hw` AvR ivwi gaB
nvmy : Kx KiZ ne?
KweivR : hw` GKwU dZzqv msMn KiZ cvi|
ingZ : dZzqv?
KweivR : nuv, Rvgv| GB Rvgv ne GKRb myLx gvbyli| Zvi RvgvUv gvoji Mvq w`j, ZrYvr Zvi
nvo gogo ivM fvjv ne|
ingZ : G Zv Lye mvRv Jlya|
KweivR : mvRv bq, Lye KwVb KvR| hvI, myLx gvbylK LyuR `L| myLx gvbyli Rvgv bv nj AmyLx gvoj
euvPe bv|
gvoj : Avwg euvPe| Rvgv Gb `vI, nvRvi UvKv eLwkk `e|
(wZxq `k)
[ebi avi AKvi ivZ| Puv`i vb Avjv| QvU GKwU KzuoNii mvgb nvmy wgqv I ingZ
Mvj nvZ w`q fveQ|]
ingZ : Kx Zve K_v, cuvP Mvg GK RbI myLx gvbyl cjvg bv| hvKB awi, mB ej, bv fvB, Avwg
myLx bB|
nvmy : Avi Zv mgq bvB fvB, GLb eviUv| myLx gvbyl bvB, myLx gvbyli RvgvI bvB| gvoj Zv Zvnj
Gevi gie|
ingZ : Avnv i, Avgiv GLb Kx Kie! Kv_vq GKUv gvbyl cve, h wKbv...
nvmy : cvIqv hve bv| myLx gvbyl cvIqv hve bv| myL eo KwVb wRwbm| G `ywbqvZ abx ejQ, AviI
ab `vI, wfLvwi ejQ, AviI wfv `vI, cUzK ejQ, AviI Lvevi `vI| ay `vI Avi `vI|
mevB AmyLx| KviI myL bB|
ingZ : AvgivI ejwQ, gvoji Rb Rvgv `vI, Avgv`i eLwkk `vI| AvgivI AmyLx|
nvmy : Pzc Pzc! Nii ga K hb K_v ejQ|
ingZ : f~Z bvwK? Pjb, cvwjq hvB| aiZ cvij gvQ fvRv Ki Lve|
nvmy : GB h, fvB| Nii ga K K_v ejQ? ewiq Gm|
ingZ : f~ZK WvKeb bv|
Ni _K GKRb jvK ewiq Gjv|
jvK : Zvgiv K fvB? Kx PvI?
nvmy : Avgiv Lye `ytLx gvbyl| Zzwg K?
jvK : Avwg GKRb myLx gvbyl|
nvmy : Auv! Zvgvi Kvb `ytL bvB?
44 myLx gvbyl

jvK : bv| mviv w`b eb eb KvV KvwU| mB KvV evRvi ewP| hv cvB, ZvB w`q Pvj wKwb, Wvj
wKwb| gbi myL Lq `q Mvb MvBZ MvBZ q cwo| GK NygB ivZ Kvevi|
nvmy : ebi ga GKjv Ni Zvgvi fq Ki bv? hw` Pvi Avm?
jvK : Pvi Avgvi Kx Pzwi Kie?
nvmy : Zvgvi mvbv`vbv, Rvgv RyZv?
jvKwU cvYLvjv nvwm nvmQ
ingZ : nv nv Ki cvMji gZv nvmQ Kb fvB!
jvK : Zvgv`i K_v b nvmwQ| PviK ZLb eje, wbq hvI, Avgvi hv wKQz AvQ wbq hvI|
nvmy : Zzwg Zvnj mwZB myLx gvbyl|
jvK : `ywbqvZ Avgvi gZv myLx K? Avwg myLi ivRv| Avwg gZ eo ev`kv|
ingZ : I ev`kv fvB, Zvgvi Mvqi Rvgv Kv_vq? Nii ga iLQ? ZvgvK GKk UvKv `e| RvgvUv
wbq Gm|
jvK : Rvgv!
ingZ : Rvgv gvb Rvgv! GB h, Avgv`i GB Rvgvi gZv wRwbm| ZvgvK cuvPk UvKv `e| RvgvUv
wbq Gm, gvoji Lye K nQ|
jvK : Avgvi Zv Kvbv Rvgv bvB fvB!
nvmy : wgQ K_v ej bv|
jvK : wgQ eje Kb? Avgvi Ni wKQz bvB| mB RbB Zv Avwg myLx gvbyl|
kv_ I UxKv
KweivR - e`| Avqye` kv gZ whwb wPwKrmv Kib|
bvwo cixv - KewRi bvwoi Aev `L ivM wbYq|
g~L - wbeva| evKv| AwkwZ| A|
keY - Kvb bIqv|
Rei`wZ - RvivRywi|
evgv - AmyL| ivM| evivg|
Zve - AyZ| weqKi|
cvYLvjv - AKwg| D`vi| Lvjv gbi|
cvVi Dk
G bvwUKv cvV Ki wkv_xiv Dcjw Kie h, Abvq I AbwZKfve DcvwRZ A_-weB gvbyli AkvwZi g~j
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DcvRbi c_ cwinvi KivB Dg|
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gvbyli gb K w`q abx nIqv GK gvoji Rxeb kvwZ bB| wPwKrmK ejQb, Kvbv myLx gvbyli Rvgv
Mvq w`j gvoji AmyZv KU hve| wK cuvP Mvg LyuRI GKRb myLx gvbyl cvIqv Mj bv| kl
myLx gvbyl 45

GKRbK cvIqv Mj, h wbRi kg DcvwRZ Avq w`q Kvbvfve RxweKv wbevn Ki myL w`bvwZcvZ KiQ|
Zvi Kvbv mc` bB, dj Pvii fq bB| myZivs kvwZZ Nygvbvi evcvi Zvi Kvbv `ywZvI bB| wK
kl chZ myLx gvbyl GKRb cvIqv MjI `Lv Mj Zvi Kvbv Rvgv bB| myZivs gvoji mgmvi mgvavb
njv bv| jLKi ee Lye c| Zv njv, mc`B AkvwZi KviY| myL GKUv AvcwK evcvi| GKRbi
AbK m` _KI myL bB| Avevi AviKRbi wKQz bv _vKjI m myLx _vKZ cvi|
jLK cwiwPwZ
ggZvR D`&`xb Avng` cwgei gvj`n Rjvq 1935 mvj RbMnY Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjq evsjv wefvM
_K mvZKvi wWwM ARbi ci wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ welq miKvwi KjR `xNw`b Aavcbv kl 1992
mvj Aemi MnY Kib| bvUKvi I bvUvwfbZv wnme wZwb evsjv`k GK LvwZgvb ewZ| Zuvi DjLhvM
iPbvbvUK : ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv, ivRv Aby^vii cvjv, mvZ NvUi KvbvKwo, Avgv`i kni, nvm
jvm fvl, ce MelYv : evsjv`ki bvUKi BwZe, evsjv`ki w_qUvii BwZe, bvUK welq wewea
ce| GQvov wZwb wjLQb M, Dcbvm I mim iPbv| mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb wZwb wk GKvWgx mvwnZ-
cyivi, evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, GKzk c`Kmn wewfb mvwnZ cyivi f~wlZ nqQb|
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(GKK KvR)
bygbv ck
ewbevwb ck :
1. myLx gvbyl bvwUKvi `kmsLv KZ ?
K. GK L. `yB
M. wZb N. Pvi
2. myLx gvbyl bvwUKvi gvU Pwi msLv KZ ?
K. cuvP L. Qq
M. mvZ N. AvU
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K. gbi cweZv myZvi c~ekZ L. cKZ myL gvngywi ga
M. wbjvf nj my _vKv hvq N. KcYZvB abx`i g~j AmyL
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4. mc`B AkvwZi g~j KviYG Dwi fveMZ msMwZ AvQ KvbwUi m ?

K. AcPq Kibv, Afve cobv L. jvfi ab wcucovq Lvq
M. jvf cvc, cvc gZz N. AwZ jvf ZuvZx b
wbPi DxcKi AvjvK ck jvi Di `vI :
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chZ| e` nRg bv nq hvq Kv_vq ? fvigy nevi Rb QUdU KiQ| wK nvRvi gvbyli `xNkvmi e` cfve
h Zvi Ici| cU KvUv Qvov Dcvq bB| AvurK IV jvKwU| (gvZvwmi dvUvmx Aej^b)|
5. jvKwUK Kvi mv_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq ?
K. ingvbi L. gvoji
M. nvmyi N. KweivRi
6. ZzjbvUv G KviY h Zviv DfqB-
i. ciab AcniYKvix
ii. bwZK Av`k weewRZ
i i. wb`q I gvbecg k~Y

wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

mRbkxj ck :

DxcKwU co mswk ck Di `vI :

1. Rve` Avjx BDwbqb cwil`i GKRb m`m| GB wbq Uvbv cg evii gvZ wZwb wecyj fvU wbevwPZ
njb| nebB-ev bq Kb ? GjvKvi gvbyli AmyL-wemyL nj my bv nIqv Aewa wZwb Zvi khv Qvob bv|
mgmvq coj mgvavb wbwZ bv nIqv chZ Zvi gyL Ab ivP bv| mB Zvi AmyL nj Muvqi jvK fO coj|
PvLi cvwbZ eyK fvwmq cv_bv Kij-Avjvn, Zzwg Avgv`i Rve` fvBK my Ki `vI|
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K. Avqye` kvgZ hviv wPwKrmv Ki Zv`i Kx ej ?

L. nvmy gvoji gZz Kvgbv Ki Kb ?
M. Rve` Avjxi m myLx gvbyli h wgj AvQ Zv evLv Ki|
N. gvoj hw` Rve` Avjxi gZv nZb Zvnj Zvi wPwKrmvi Rb myLx gvbyli Rvgv Zvjvk KiZ nZv
bv| weklY Ki|
2. mwjg mvne bvbv Dcvq bvbv cvq mc`i cvnvo Mo ZzjQb| b`xi cvo f covi gZv B`vwbs
wewfb ARynvZ m cvnvoi weivU weivU Ask nvZ Qvov nq hvQ| iv_ `ywZvq Nyg nq bv Zvi| Zvi
gb nQ hvK wZwb GK mgq myLi Drm fe wQjb ZvB nq DVQ GLb AmyLi g~j KviY| fvOb
hfve jMQ ZvZ evSv hvQ cvci ab cvqwB hve|

K. bvUKvi ggZvR D`&`xb Avng`-Gi ckvMZ cwiPq Kx ?

L. nvmy gvoji dzdvZ fvB nIqv mI Zvi AKjvY Kvgbv Ki Kb ?
M. gvoj Pwii m mwjg mvnei Pwii mv`kwU evLv Ki|
N. gvoj Avi mwjg mvnei AmyLi g~j KviY Awfb m~ Muv_v DwwU weklY Ki|
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cKvk| Avb`K Avgiv eywS ic-im-k-ck-M BZvw`i mvnvh, Bw`qmKji mvnvh| gvbyl hLb Avb`
cvq ZLb m Zvi gbK cKvk KiZ Pvqbvbv ic| ZvB mw njv wPwkx, bZ wkx, msMxZ wkx, Kwe,
mvwnwZK| cyivKvji nv gvbyl _K iy Ki eZgvb hyM chZ gvbyl wbRi cvIqv Avb`K my`iK Ab
gvbyli ga weZvi KiZ PqQ| ZvB mw nqQ bvbvb AvwKi wk Kjv| hgbwPKjv, fvh,
bZKjv, msMxZ Kjv, Awfbq Kjv, PjwP, vcZ BZvw` wewfbgyLx Kjvfw| cwZwU B gvbyl Zvi wbZ
bZzb Ae`vb iL PjQ| wk Kjvi weZxY Ab| wk Kjvi GKwU Ac A_ Avgiv eySZ cvwi wK
wkKjvi mwVK A_ Kx Avi wkKjvi YvY Kx, GB ck hw` KD Ki Zvnj, Di `qv KwVb nq co| hgb
Mvb b fvjv jvM, Qwe `L fvjv jvM, wK fvjv jvM Kb, GB ck wbq gvbyli gb wPZv fvebv KiZ
jvMjv- `Lv Mj, mKj wkKjvq ic AvQ, Q` AvQ, myi AvQ, is AvQ, wekl Mob AvQ, mewKQzK
mvRvevi GKwU mywebZ wbqg AvQ| GB wbqgwU jywKq _vK, wbRK cKvk Ki bv, my`ii ga wgjwgk
GKUv eb mw Ki| wbqgwU bv RvbjI my`iK Pbv hvq| GKwU Dcgv `qv hvK| cw_exi me dzjB GKB
wbqg gb dzj bvg cqQ| Avgiv `L ewj my`i| Gi wbqgwU njv, GKB we`y _K mKj cvcwo we`yi
Pvwiw`K Qwoq _vKe| wK GK wbqg gbB KZ iKg dzj| wbqg gbI dzj ^vaxb fve dzU IV| Zvgv`i
GLb my`ii wbqg RvbZ ne bv, my`i jvMjB my`i eje| my`i `LZ `LZB GKw`b my`ii wekl
wekl wbqgwj RvbZ cvie| ay GBUzKz Rb ivLv, my`iK Rvbvi h vb Zvi bvg b`bZ| b`bZ gvb
my`iK weklY Kiv my`iK AviI Mfxifve Dcjw Kiv| me my`ii mwi gaB GKUv ic AvQ, Zvi bvg
^vaxbZAci bvg hv Lywk ZvB Kiv| h KvR mKjK Avb` `q Lywk Ki, ZvB my`i| ^v_ci ev AmsMZ Avwgi
Lywk bq, AbK gb Lywki weZvi Kiv Avwg| AKvi Ni AvjvwKZ Kievi Rb wbqg gvbv c`xc RvjvZ nq,
Ni AmsMZ Avb jvwMq Ni AvjvwKZ Kiv bq|
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w`q kvevi Rb GKwU mvgMx- mUv Zv my`i Amy`i nIqvi cqvRb bB| wK GB cqvRbi wRwbmK myB
Avi iwOb myZv w`q Ac~e bKkv Ki mvwRqQ Muvqi euayiv| bKwk Kuv_v `LjB my`i jvM, wRwbmwUi
cqvRbi K_v gbB co bv| GB KviYB mKj vbx gvbyl ejb, me my`iB mivmwi cqvRbi evBi|
cqvRbi KvR wgUj Zv kixiK Z Kij, Avi
cqvRbi evBi h my`i Zv gbK Z Kij|
A_vr cqvRb Avi AcqvRb wgwjqB gvbyli
m`hi Avkv c~Y nq|
Gevi wewfb wkKjv wbq msw Ki wKQz ejv
hvK| Qwe AvuKv| weki mKj `kB wkiv Qwe
AvuK| evsjv`ki QvUivI Lye my`i Qwe AvuKZ
cvi| Qwe AvuKv gvb `Lv kLv| QvUiv cKwZK
`L, gv-evev fvB-evb wgwjq GKUv mgvRK
`L| cwZw`bi `Lv, welqe, is, Mob, AvKwZ
`L wk gbi Kbvi m wgj wgk hvq| bvbv
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wk gb Qwe Zwi nZ _vK| GB mKj `Lv
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mKj wkKjvi ga KZwj g~j e _vK hgb we`y, iLv, is, AvKvi, MwZ ev Q`, AvjvQvqv Mvp nvjKvi
mcK BZvw`| GB mKji wgjbB nq Qwe ev fvh| Avi AvQ gvag, A_vr Kvb gvag wk mw nqQ|
wPKjvi gvag njv Kvwj-Kjg, Rj is, cvj is, Zj wgwkZ is BZvw`| QvU`i Rb cvj I Rj is
eenvi Kiv mnR nq| evsjv`k cyiv Kvj Rj is w`qB Qwe AvuKZ wkxiv| cyivZb cuyw_Z ZvjcvZvq AvuKv
Qwei e wb`kb AvQ| eZgvbI Rj is AZZ wcq, Ze GLb Avi KD ZvjcvZvq AvuK bv, KvMR AvuK|
fvh| big gvwU w`q Kvbv wKQzi ic `qv ev k cv_i KU Kvbv Mob evbvbv| wekl GK aibi QuvP
evwbq MwjZ gUvj Xj Mob evbvbv, GB aibi KvRK ej fvh| Avgv`i `k cvov gvwUi fvh Lye
cwm wQj|
Avgv`i mswZ ev KvjPvi Mo DVQ bvbvb wkKjvi KviyKvR w`q| mKj wkxi GKwU `vwqZ AvQ- `ki
HwZnK kv Kiv| evsjvq GKwU K_v AvQKvwj Kjg gb, jL wZb RbKvwj bvg `ki HwZn nvRvi
eQi cevwnZ Kvwj, Kjg njv wk mwi eZgvb mivg, Avi gb njv eZgvb hyMi m HwZni wgj Ki
wbRK cKvk Kivi gb| GKwU `kK Rvbv hvq `ki gvbylK Rvbv hvq Zvi wkKjv PPvi aviv `L|
wkKjv PPv mKji c Acwinvh|
50 mvwnZ KwYKv

kv_ I UxKv
f~eb - cw_ex, RMr, f~gj|
wkKjv - wPKjv, fvh, bvP, Mvb cfwZ Gi AZfy|
Rxebfi - Rxebevcx ev mviv Rxeb ai|
im - mvwnZ cvV Ki ev Qwe `L gb h Abyf~wZ RvM|
cyivKvj - cvPxbKvj, AbK AvMKvi mgq|
nv-gvbyl - cvPxbKvj nvq emevmKvix gvbyl|
fvh - BsiwRZ ej (Sculpture) Pvi| cv_i Lv`vB Ki ev gvwU w`q AvKvi ev Mob wbgvYi
KvR|
vcZ - Mn ev febvw` wbgvYi KvR| BsiwRZ ej AvwKUvi|
cvZwnK Rxeb - cwZw`bi Rxeb|
bKwk Kuv_v - my`i bKkv mw Ki Zwi Kuv_v| evsjv`ki jvKwki GKwU mg kvLv|
Mob - AvKvi, AvKwZ, ic, BsiwRZ hvK ej dg| G iPbvq kwU G A_B eeZ nqQ|
cvVi Dk
iPbvwU cvV Ki wkv_x`i gb m`heva mw ne| wPKjv, fvh cfwZ mcK Zviv AvMnx ne| Zviv
bZzb wKQz mwi evcvi AbycvwYZ ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GB iPbvwUZ jLK my`ii aviYv e KiQb| wPKjv, fvh vcZ, msMxZ, bZ, KweZv, me wKQzi ga
w`qB my`iK cKvk Kiv nq| cKwZ RMZ my`ii cKvk NU bvbvfve| Zv `L gvbyl bZzb Ki my`iK
mw Ki| wewfb gvag Pj mwi GB cwqv| KLbv iLvi mvnvh, KLbv iOi mvnvh, KLbv gvwU ev
cv_ii mvnvh my`iK mw Kiv nq| my`i eva gvbyli gbK Z Ki| gvbylK Zv cwikxwjZ Ki|
my`ii mwZ mKjiB Pv Kiv DwPZ|
jLK cwiwPwZ
gyZdv gbvqvi GKRb wPwkx| Zuvi Rb 1935 mvji 1 m^i, wSbvB`n Rjvi gbvnicyi Mvg| Kwe
Mvjvg gvZdv Zuvi wcZv| wZwb KjKvZv AvU KjRi KZx Qv| XvKvq PviyKjv KjR wZwb Aavcbv
KiQb| cieZxKvj evsjv`k Uwjwfkb I wkKjv GKvWgxZ gnvcwiPvjKi `vwqZ cvjb Kib|
evsjv`k cvcU w_qUvi I Awbgkb wkKjvq AvaywbKZv cPjb wZwb AM`~Zi f~wgKv cvjb KiQb|
GQvov gbi K_v bvg evsjv`k Uwjwfkb `xNKvj hver wk`i DchvMx wkKjv welqK GKwU Rbwcq
Abyvb wZwb cwiPvjbv KiQb| 1972 mvj _K cPvwiZ wk cwZfv weKvki j ej Rbwcq bZzb Kuywo
Abyvbi icKvi wZwb| Uwjwfkbi Abyvb cqvRbvq wZwb gwjKZvi ^vi iLQb| wewk bZ
cwiKbvKvix, msMxZ cwiPvjK, 2q I l mvd Mgmi mdj gvmKU wbgvZv wZwb| GKzk c`Kmn e c`K I
cyivi jvf KiQb wZwb|
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ewbevPwb ck :
K. mywbw` welq Aej^b Qwe AvuKvi cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki (kwYi mKj wkv_xi AskMnY)|
L. kwYi mKj wkv_xi AskMnY I my`i nvi cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki|
M. eve ev QweZ `Lv Zvgvi fvjv jvMv Kvbv GKwU AvjvKwP ev fvh ev vcZ mK wZb-Pvi
AbyQ`i GKwU iPbv jL|

bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck :

1. gyZvdv gbvqvi njb GKRb

K. wPwkx L. fvh wkx
M. vcZ N. wkxKviywkx
2. wbPi KvbwUi ga w`q GKwU `kK Rvbv hvq
K. wkKjv PPv L.mvwnZ PPv
M. wevb PPv N.wPKjv PPv
3. me my`iB mivmwi cqvRbi evBi ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
i. cqvRbi ga m`h cKvk cvq bv
ii. AcqvRbxq Ask gvbe gbK Z Ki
iii. AcqvRbxq Ask m`h cKvk cvq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi DxcKwU co 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI :
dvqR Avng` KwcDUvi mvq Abvm coQ, mvivY Zvi iygi `iRv Rvbvjv e Ki KwcDUvi wbq m
em _vK| QvU evb c~wYgvi ivZ Qv` wMq Puv` `LZ ejj m ej- Qv` hq Puv` `Lvi wK AvQ, Rvbvjv
w`qB Zv Puv` `Lv hvq| Avi me mgq gyLUv Kgb Mxi Ki em _vK| mevi mv_ wgkI bv|
4. DxcKi dvqRi gb Kxmi Afve AvQ ?
K. Avb`i L. fvei
M. Abyf~wZi N. AvKvvi

5. wkKjvi bvbv w`K cei AvjvK dvqRi D Afveeva _vKvi KviY-

K. wkx gbi Afve L. wkKjvi cwZ Abvmw
M. mvwnZ PPvi Afve N. cKwZi cwZ Abvmw
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mRbkxj ck :
1. gniybmv Gevi RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq evsjv wefvM fwZ nqQ| bexbeiY kl evex`i mv_
Kvcvm NyiZ NyiZ Gjv K`xq jvBewii mvgb| mLvb `L- GK nvZ e`yK ai GK cvqi Ici
`uvwoq AvQ wekvjvKvi GK fvh| bvg- mskK| wbwZ gZz RbI h myL cvb GwMq hvq ZvKB
ej mskK| 71-Gi gywhvv`i exiZi K_v iY Ki GB g~wZwU evbvbv nqQ| gbUv fi Mj
gniybmvi|
K. vcZ Kx ?
L. cqvRb Avi AcqvRb wgjB gvbyli m`hi Avkv c~Y- K_vwU eywSq wjL|
M. Kvcvm gniybmv wkKjvi Kvb w`KwU `LQ? Gi eYbv `vI|
N. gniybmvi `Lv w`KwUB wkKjvi cavb w`K- gZewUi h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki|
2. b`jvj emy Zuvi wkKjv M ejQb- h mwi ga gvbyli cqvRb mvab Acv AnZzK Avb`
ewk, hvnvZ gvbyli Re Acv AvwZK I gvbwmK Avb` mw ewk, ZvnvK Avgiv jwjZKjv ewjqv
AvLvwqZ KwiZ cvwi| Avevi hvnvK Avgiv jwjZKjv ewj ZvnvI AviK w`K nBZ KviyKjv kwYfy
nBZ cvi| cwZwe`v cm~Z myig cvmv`K hLb gvbyli emevm DchvMx Kwiqv `wL ZLb Zvnv
Kviywk| Avevi DnvK hLb icgq Amxg m`h mw wnme `wL ZLb Zvnv PviyKjv|
K. cyivKvj ki A_ Kx ?
L. wkKjv PPv mKji c Acwinvh Kb ?
M. DxcKi jwjZKjv ejZ wkKjvi bvbv w`K cei h welqwUK wb`k Kiv nqQ Zv evLv Ki|
N. PviyKjv I PviyKjvi mgw^Z ic wkKjv- wkKjvi bvbv w`K cei AvjvK weklY Ki|
 gsoyi c_
wec`vk eoyqv

mi Avjv-AvuavwiZ, 24 g, 2001, wgqvbgvii mxgvZ kni gsoyi c_ bg Avgvi bvL, PvL, Kvb I `q APbv
AveM DcP coj|
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PMvgi m Zvi hvMvhvM| KLbv wQb, KLbv wbiewQb| cv`wi gv mevwb gvbwiK m`k kZvxi c_gv_ GB
c_| ZviI GKk eQi AvM cZywMRiv PMvg emwZ vcb Ki| Zviv wbR`i emwZi RvqMvK evj ejZ| PMvg
GLbv evj ivW Zv`i wZ enb KiQ|
mi Avuavi Nwbq Avmvi ci Avgiv Awfevmb I `dZi _K Qvov cq LuvPv-Qvov cvwLi gZv Dovj w`jvg| GB
c_ AvmZ ci Lywk nqwQ, c_ AvivKvb coe, AvivKvb ivRi asmcv cvPxb ivRavbx gvDK-D `LZ cve| GK
mgq AvivKvb evgv _K Avjv`v ^vaxb ivR wQj| Zvi cwiwa wQj Di dbx b`x _K Av`vgvb mvMii KvQvKvwQ cyiv
evcmvMi DcK~j| mLvb Gm cowQ GLb| AvivKvb ivRi ivRmfvq `jZ KvRx, AvjvIj mvwnZPPv KiQb|
Qjejv _K PMvgi cvk Acic wgqvbgvii K_v b GmwQ icK_vi Mi gZv, AvR Zv evZe fm DVj
mi AvjvQvqvq| AKvi cvq Mvp nq GmQ| AvKvk gNi Kvj Kci Puv`| Avgvi nvZ I Kuva SvjvSzwj|
Awdmi Pnw cwiq cvk K`g bv hZB euv w`K eo eo iZiv, cvq Rbgvbenxb|
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PMvg nq evsjv`k jyw cek Ki| gv GKk eQii ga mviv evsjv nq cwge chZ jyw Pj
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56 gsWyi c_

kv_ I UxKv
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mc`vqi jvK AvQ gsoyZ I evsjv`ki cUzqvLvjxZ| dj `y `ki fvlv I mswZi wgjI jLK Gfve
LyuR cqQb| GK mgq gsoy wQj AvivKvb bvgi GK ^vaxb `ki Ask| AvivKvb wQj gymjgvb`i kvmb|
wgqvbgvi e agvej^x`i cvavb _vKjI gsoyZ DjLhvM msLK gymjgvbi emevm j KiQb jLK|
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KvUv jvj bxj meyR ewb KvMR w`q `vKvb mvRvZb| a~cayjv Rvjvbv nZv| wgwgyL Kivbv nZv MvnK-
Lwivi`i| nvwm-Vvv, MMvQvi ga eKqv Av`vq Ges Drmei Avb` DcfvM `yB-B mb nZv| nvjLvZvI
GLb Avi Zgb mvo^i D`&hvwcZ nq bv| GLb gvbyli nvZ bM` cqmv AvQ| evwKZ wewKwKwb GLb Avi AvMi
gZv evcK AvKvi nq bv|
evsjv beeli Avi GKwU cavb Abyvb nj ekvLx gjv| `ki wewfb vb ekvLi c_g w`b evwlK gjv em|
GBme gjvi AbKjvB ek cyibv| GB gjvjvi ga Lye cvPxb VvKziMuv Rjvi ivbxksKj DcRjvi
bKgi`i gjv Ges PMvgi gnvgywYi ec~wYgv gjv| GK mgq GBme gjv Lye a~gavgi ga w`q AbywZ
nZv| m-gjv GLbv em, Ze AvMi m Rjym GLb Avi bB| AvM Mvg-evsjvi GB evwlK gjvjvi iyZ
wQjv AmvaviY| KviY ZLbv mviv`k weZZ hvMvhvM I
hvZvqvZ eev Mo IVwb| dj gvbyli Rxebhvv wQj wei| GLb hgb `ki GK cvZ _K Ab cvZ
hZ GK w`bi ewk jvM bv| AvM Zv me wQjv bv| bKv, Nvovi Mvwo, Miyi, gvli MvwoZ gvbyl ev cY
cwienb emgq ev KqKw`b jM hZ| GLb bZzb bZzb cvKv ivZv I `yZMwZi hvbevnb Pvjy nIqvq m-mgmv
Avi bB| AvM GBme AvwjK gjv _KB gvbyl mviv eQii cqvRbxq wRwbmc wKb ivLZ| ZvQvov GBme gjv
Aj wekli gvbyli wgjb gjvqI cwiYZ nZv| bvbv msev` Av`vb-c`vb, bvbv welq gZ wewbgqiI Av`k
vbI wQj GB me gjv| Avevi evrmwiK webv`bi RvqMvI wQj gjv| gjvq _vKZ KweMvb, KxZb, hvv, Mxiv
Mvb, cyZzj bvP, bvMi `vjvmn bvbv Avb`-AvqvRb|
beeli IB wZbwU cavb meRbxb Drme QvovI e AvwjK Drme AvQ| G`i ga PMvgi jvjw`wN gq`vb
AbywZ ejx Ljv wekl DjLhvM| 1907 mvj _K KevRvimn eni PMvgi bvbvvb GB Ljvi cPjb
AvQ| GB weLvZ KzwZ LjvKB ejv nq ejx Ljv| Ave`yj AvwRR bvgi GK ew G Ljvi ceZb Kib ej
GK Ave`yj AvwRRi ejx LjvI ejv nq|
evsjv beel 61

AvgvwbI beeli GKwU cvPxb AvwjK gvwjK Abyvb| GwU cavbZ KlKi cvwievwiK Abyvb| P gvmi
klw`bi mvivZ MnKZx GK nuvwo cvwbZ ^ cwigvY AcK Pvj Qo w`q mvivivZ wfRZ `b Ges Zvi
ga GKwU KwP Avgi cvZvhy Wvj ewmq ivLb| cqjv ekvLi m~h IVvi AvM Ni Svoy w`q MnKZx mB
nuvwoi cvwb mviv Ni wQuwUq `b| ci mB fRv Pvj mKjK LZ w`q Avgi Wvji KwP cvZv nuvwoi cvwbZ
wfwRq evwoi mKji Mvq wQuwUq `b| Zv`i wekvm GZ evwoi mKji KjvY ne| bZzb eQi ne myL,
kvwZ I mgwi| G Abyvb GLb Lye GKUv `Lv hvq bv|
beeli G aibi Aviv bvbv Abyvb AvQ| Zvgiv wbR wbR GjvKvq LuvR wbj Zvi mvb cve| Zvgv`i
m cwiPq NUe bvbv HwZn I mvswZK ewPi| cveZ PMvgi cvnvox GjvKvqI beeli Drme nq
bvbv Avb`gq xov-KZKi ga w`q Giv emye, mvsMvB I weRy wZbwUK GK Ki emvex bvg Drme Ki|
Mvg-evsjvq beel bvbv LjvayjviI AvqvRb Kiv nZv| gvwbKM gyxM nZv Miyi `o, nvWyWy Ljv,
evYevwoqvq gviMi jovB, wKkviM, bKvYv, bovBj luvoi jovB cfwZ|
AvaywbKKvji be AvwKi eleiY Drmei m~Pbv nq KvjKvZvi VvKzi cwievi Ges kvwZwbKZb
iex`bv_i D`vM| mB aviv axi axi mviv evsjvq Qwoq co| Avgv`i beel Drme 52 mbi fvlv
Av`vjbi ci bZzb iyZ I Zvrch jvf Ki| AvM mvswZK msMVb QvqvbU-Gi AvqvRbi K_v ejwQ|
GQvov evsjv GKvWgxZ ekvLx I KviycY gjv Ges MvUv wekwe`vjq I igbv GjvKv cqjv ekvLi w`b j
gvbyli c`PviYvq gyLi nq IV| bZzb cvRvgv-cvvwe ci Qjiv Ges bvbv isqi kvwo ci gwnjv I evwjKviv
GB AbyvbK ewYj Ki Zvj| iex`msMxZ, bRiyji Mvb, jvKmsMxZ Ges euvwki myi gvZvqviv nq IV
mgeZ Avevj-e-ewbZv| Avb`gq I mnv`c~Y GB cwiek AvaywbK evOvwj Rxebi GK Miegq welq|
kv_ I UxKv
cvwKvb Avgj 1947 _K 1971 wLvi c~e ch mgq|
QvqvbU evOvwj mswZ PPvi GKwU HwZnevwnZ cwZvb|
gj kvfvhvv gvbyli gjKvgbv Ki h wgwQj Kiv nq|
Avengvb hv AvM wQj Ges GLbv AvQ|
cyYvn cyYi Rb AvqvwRZ Abyvb|
nvjLvZv cnjv ekvL AvqvwRZ Abyvb-wekl|
KweMvb evsjA Mvb wekl aviv| `Rb MvqK cvjv Ki GK Abi hyw Lb Kib Mvb Mvb|
KxZb Y-eYbv, msKxZb, `e-`exi gwngv ev hk cPvig~jK msMxZ|
hvv cvPxb evsjvi `k Kve, g bvPvwfbq|
emvix emye, mvsMvB, weRy-Gi c_g wZbwU eYi mgvnvi|
VvKzi cwievi iex`bv_ VvKzii cwievi|
wekwe`vjq GLvb XvKv wekwe`vjqK eySvbv nqQ|
62 evsjv beel

cvVi Dk
GB cvVi gvag wkv_xiv evOvwji RvZxq mswZi GKwU iZc~Y Drme mK mgK aviYv cve| Zviv DrmyK
cvnvox`i AskMnY mKI Rvbe| GKwU mvswZK AvqvRb KxfAe evOvwji ivRbwZK NUbvK cfvweZ
KiQ wkv_xiv ZvI AeMZ ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
evsjv beel evOvwji LyeB iZc~Y Drme| AvRKi evsjv`k h ^vaxb nZ ciQ, Zvi cQb beeli ciYvI
mwq wQj| KviY cvwKvwbiv evOvwji cvYi Drme beel D`&hvcb evaA w`qwQj Ges Gi cwZev` iL `vuwoqwQj
Zviv| evOvwji ivRbwZK BwZnvmi m mvswZK BwZnvm, wekl Ki beel D`&hvcbi BwZK_v wek AvQ|
AvRI beel gj kvfvhvv ei Kvi ns| beeli Drme evOvwji cvYi Drme cwiYZ nqQ|
evsjv mb K, Ke cPjb KiwQjb G wYq gZvi _AKjI ai bIqv nq mgvU AvKeii mgq G mbi MYbv
Avi nq| ci Rwg`vi I beveiv c~bvn Abyvbi AvqvRb KiZb| beel nvjLvZv, ekvLx gjv, Nvo`o, wewfb
jvKgjvi AvqvRb Ki mvaviY gvbyl G DrmeK cvY aviY KiQ| evOvwj MwnbxivI Avgvwbmn bvbv eZ-Abyvbi
gvag eQii c_g w`bwU D`&hvcb Ki _vK| cvnvox AevOvwji RbMvxI emvex Abyvbi gvag wbR`i gZv
Ki Zviv beel D`&hvcb Ki|
m~Pbvi ci _K GB beel cvjb bvbv gvv mshvwRZ nqQ| Ze G DrmeK iex`bv_ VvKzii cwievi wekl cyiZ
w`q cvjb Kivq m AvqvRb `kgq Qwoq co| fvlv Av`vjbi ci _K AvgivI beel Drme evcKfve cvjb
Avi Kwi Ges GLb GB Drme evOvwji Rxeb GK Miegq Aavq cwiYZ nqQ|
jLK-cwiwPwZ
kvgmyvgvb Lvb 1940 mvji 29k wWm^i gvwbKM Rjvi wmsMvBi _vbvi PvwiMvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZvi
bvg gvngy`yi ingvb Lvb Ges gvqi bvg kvgmybvnvi Lvbg| wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K 1962 mvj mvZK (mvb)
Ges 1963 mvj mvZKvi wWwM ARb Kib|
ckvMZ Rxeb wZwb wewfb KjR-wekwe`vjq Aavcbv Kib Ges evsjv GKvWgxi cwiPvjK, wkKjv GKvWgxi
gnvcwiPvjK I RvZxq Rv`yNi gnvcwiPvjK wQjb| eZgvb wZwb evsjv GKvWgxi gnvcwiPvjK wnme KgiZ
AvQb| kvgmyvgvb Lvb jLK, MelK I dvKjviwe` wnme `k-we`k LvwZ ARb KiQb| Zuvi iwPZ
DjLhvM Mjv njv : ceM- bvbv cm, MYmxZ, gvwU _K gnxiyn, eezi m Avjvc I
cvmwK K_KZv, gyeyw, agwbicZv I mgKvj, AvaywbK dvKjvi wPZv, dvKjviPPv BZvw`| ig-iPbv :
XvKvB iiwmKZv, Mvg evsjvi iiwmKZv BZvw`| wk mvwnZ : `ywbqv gvZvbv wekKvc, jfx ev I
Zbvjxivg| QvU`i Awfavb (h_)|
kvgmyvgvb Lvb Zuvi wecyj KgRMZi ^xKwZ ^ic AMYx evsK cyivi, Kvjykvn cyivi, `xbkP` mb dvKjvi
cyivi, Ave`yi ie Payix wZ MelYv cyivi, `Iqvb gvZRv cyivi, knx` mvnivIqv`x RvZxq MelYv cyivi
I evsjv GKvWgx cyivi I GKzk c`K jvf Ki|
mvwnZ KwYKv 63

Kg-Abykxjb
K. Zvgvi GjvKvi jvKR mswZi cwiPq `vI (GKK KvR)
L. evsjv beeli HwZn I ewk iv Ki Zzwg Zvgvi we`vjq Kx aiYi Abyvb AvqvRb Kie m
mK GKwU iciLv Zwi Ki| (GKK KvR)
bgbv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. evsjv mb Pvjy Kiv nq Kvb mvj?
K. 1556 L. 1561
M. 1954 N. 1967
2. mvj K_vwU Kvb fvlv _K GmQ?
K. Aviwe L. evsjv
M. dviwm N. D`y
3. evsjv beel evOvwj RvwZmvi m hy KviY-
i. G Drme Avgv`i mswZi Ask
ii. G mgq Avgiv bZzb Kvco co Avb` Kwi
iii. GwU cwZev` cwZivai gvag AwRZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I ii
M. i I iii N. ii I iii

wbPi AbyQ`wU co Ges 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :

UzUzj Uwjwfkb gahyMi beeli Abyvbi wKQz Ask `LwQj| mLvb `Lv hvQ abx Mixe mevB Rvgv Kvco co
Rwg`vi evwoZ `vIqvZ LZ hvQ| mLvb Zviv LvIqv `vIqv kl Rwg`viK Lywkgb Rwgi evwK cwikva Ki
wdi AvmQ|
4. UzUzji `Lv AbyvbwUK wK ejv nq?
K. nvjLvZv L. cyYvn
M. emvex N. bevb
5. G aibi Abyvbi cQb g~jZ Dk wQj KvbwU?
K. A_bwZK L. ivRbwZK
M. mvgvwRK N. agxq
64 evsjv beel

mRbkxj ck

1. mxgv I PZx `yB evex| AvR Zv`i Lye Avb`i w`b KviY AvR beel| Zviv `yRb jvj cvo mv`v kvwo
co Pj hvq igbvi eUg~j| mLvb KZ gvbyli wfo| Qj, gq eyov evPv mevB muRQ bZzb mvR|
mLvb mxgvi LvjvZv evb Z^xi mv_ `Lv| mxgv Lvjv Lvjy mevi LuvR cj Z^xi KvQ _K| QvU
LvjvZv evbi Rb wKb w`j bvbv Ljbv| wbRi evwoi Rb wKb wbj Kzjv, Szwo, nvwo cvwZj BZvw`|
PwZ gbi Avb` Mq DVj

Zvcm wbkvm evq gygylyi `vI Dfvq,

ermii AveRbv `yi nq hvK
g~Q hvK Mvwb, NyP hvK Riv
AwMmvb wP nvK aiv|
K. evsjv mb Pvjy Kib K?
L. nvjLvZv ejZ wK evSvq?
M. PwZi Mvb beeli Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ?
N. DxcKi beel cei g~j myiwUB hb dzU DVQ| DwwU g~jvqb Ki|
 evsjv fvlvi RbK_v
gvqyb AvRv`

Kv_v _K GmQ Avgv`i evsjv fvlv ? fvlv wK Rb bq gvbyli gZv ? ev hgb exR _K MvQ Rb
Zgbfve Rb bq fvlv ? bv, fvlv gvbyl ev Zii gZv Rb bq bv| evsjv fvlvI gvbyl ev Zii gZv Rb
bqwb, Kvbv KwZ ^M _KI Avmwb| GLb Avgiv h evsjv fvlv ewj GK nvRvi eQi AvM Zv wVK Ggb wQj
bv| GK nvRvi eQi ciI wVK Ggb _vKe bv| fvlvi agB e`j hvIqv| evsjv fvlvi AvMI G`k fvlv wQj|
m fvlvq G`ki gvbyl K_v ejZ, Mvb MvBZ, KweZv evbvZ| gvbyli gyL gyL e`j hvq fvlvi awb| ic
e`j hvq ki, e`j NU A_i| AbKw`b KU Mj gb nq fvlvwU GKwU bZzb fvlv nq DVQ| Avi m
fvlvi e`j NUB Rb nqQ evsjv fvlvi|
AvR _K GK k eQi AvMI KviI Kvbv c aviYv wQj bv evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm mcK| KD RvbZ bv KZ
eqm G fvlvi| msZ fvlvi AbK k eeZ nq evsjv fvlvq| GK `j jvK gb KiZb IB msZ fvlvB
evsjvi Rbbx| evsjv msZi gq| Ze `yz gq, h gvqi K_vgZv Pjwb| bv Pj Pj Ab iKg nq
MQ| Ze Dwbk kZKB AviK `j jvK wQjb, huviv gb KiZb evsjvi mv_ msZi mcK ek `~ii|
Zuv`i gZ, evsjv wVK msZi Kbv bq| A_vr mivmwi msZ fvlv _K Drcw NUwb evsjvi| NUQ Ab
Kvbv fvlv _K| msZ wQj mgvRi DuPzkwYi gvbyli jLvi fvlv| Zv K_ wQj bv| K_v ejZ gvbyliv bvbv
iKg cvKZ fvlvq| cvKZ fvlv nQ mvaviY gvbyli `bw`b Rxebi K_ fvlv| Zuviv wekvm KiZb h,
msZ _K bq, cvKZ fvlv _KB De NUQ evsjv fvlvi|
wK bvbv iKg cvKZ wQj fviZeli wewfb Aj| Zvnj Kvb cvKZ _K De NUwQj evsjvi ? G
66 evsjv fvlvi RbK_v

mcK c_g c gZ cKvk Kib RR Avevnvg wMqvimb| e cvKZi GKwUi bvg gvMax cvKZ| Zuvi gZ,
gvMax cvKZi Kvbv c~evjxq ic _K Rb bq evsjv fvlv| ci evsjv fvlvi De I weKvki weZ BwZnvm
iPbv Kib Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq Ges Avgv`i PvL c aiv `q evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm| h BwZnvm
ejvi Rb Avgv`i GKUz wcwQq hZ ne| wcwQq hZ ne AZ KqK nvRvi eQi|
BDivc I Gwkqvi ek wKQz fvlvi awbZ, k j Kiv hvq Mfxi wgj| G fvlvjv h me Aj wQj I GLb
AvQ, Zvi mePq cwg BDivc Avi mePq c~e fviZ I evsjv`k| fvlvZvwKiv G fvlvjvK GKwU
fvlveski m`m ej gb Kib| IB fvlveskwUi bvg B`v-BDivcxq fvlvesk ev fviZx-BDivcxq fvlvesk|
B`v-BDivcxq fvlvesk AvQ AbKjv fvlv-kvLv, hvi GKwU nQ fviZxq Avhfvlv| fviZxq Avhfvlvi
cvPxb fvlvjvK ejv nq cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv| cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlvi cvPxb ic cvIqv hvq FM`i
gjvZ| Gjv meZ wjwLZ nqwQj whwLi RbiI GK nvRvi eQi AvM, A_vr 1000 wLc~ev|
e`i kvKjv cwe weePbv Ki Zvi Abymvixiv mjv gyL Ki ivLZ| kZvxi ci kZvx KU hZ
_vK| gvbyl `bw`b Rxeb h fvlv eenvi KiZ e`j hZ _vK m fvlv| GK mgq mvaviY gvbyli KvQ
`yeva nq IV e`i fvlv ev ew`K fvlv| ZLb evKiYwe`iv bvbv wbqg wewae Ki GKwU gvbmcb fvlv
mw Kib| GB fvlvi bvg msZ, A_vr wewae, cwikxwjZ, fvlv| wLc~e 400 Ai AvMB G fvlv
wewae nqwQj|
whi Rbi AvMB cvIqv hvq fviZxq Avhfvlvi wZbwU i| c_g iwUi bvg ew`K ev ew`K msZ| wLc~e
1200 A _K wLc~e 800 A G fvlvi Kvj| Zvici cvIqv hvq msZ| wLc~e 800 Ai w`K GwU
meZ wewae nZ _vK Ges wLc~e 400 Ai w`K evKiYwe` cvwYwbi nvZB GwU P~ovfve wewae
nq| ew`K I msZK ejv nq cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv| cvKZ fvlvjvK ejv nq gafviZxq Avhfvlv|
gvUvgywUfve wLc~e 450 A _K 1000 wLv ch G fvlvjv K_ I wjwLZ fvlvic fviZi wewfb
vb cPwjZ _vK| G cvKZ fvlvjvi kl ii bvg Acsk A_vr hv Lye weKZ nq MQ| wewfb Acsk
_KB Drcb nqQ bvbvb AvaywbK fviZxq Avhfvlv- evsjv, wnw`, RivwU, gvivwV, cvvwe cfwZ fvlv|
Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq gb Kib, c~e gvMax Acsk _K D~Z nqQ evsjv; Avi Avmvwg I Iwoqv fvlv|
ZvB evsjvi mv_ Lye Nwb mcK Avmvwg I Iwoqvi| Avi KqKwU fvlvi Nwb AvZxqZv iqQ evsjvi m;
Kbbv mjvI RbwQj gvMax Acski Ab `ywU kvLv _K| IB fvlvjv nQ gw_wj, gMwn, fvRcywiqv|
Wi gyn` knx`yjvn& evsjv fvlvi Drcw mcK Aek GKUz wfb gZ cvlY Kib| wZwb GKwU cvKZi bvg
ejb Mox cvKZ| wZwb gb Kib, Mox cvKZiB cwiYZ Aev Mo Acsk _K Drcw NU evsjv
fvlvi|
kv_ I UxKv
Ziy - e, MvQ|
fvlvZvwK - fvlvi Drcw I gweKvk mcK huviv MelYv Kib|
kZvx - GKk eQi|
kvK - msZ fvlvq iwPZ KweZv, c`|
`yeva - hv evSv KwVb, mnR evSv hvq bv Ggb|
wewae - wbqg viv kvwmZ, wbqgi Aaxb|
Nwb - wbKU, wbweo, Lye KvQi|
D~Z - Drcb, RvZ|
Drcw - m~Pbv, iy, Rb|
mvwnZ KwYKv 67

cvVi Dk
wkv_x evsjv fvlvi RbK_v RvbZ cvie| gvZfvlv evsjvi cwZ Zvi ggZeva RvMe Ges m `kcg Dy
ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
evsjv fvlvi RbK_v cewU gvqyb AvRv`i KZv b`x mivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx M _K msKjb Kiv
nqQ| G ce jLK evsjv fvlvi Drcw mcK AvjvPbv KiQb| fvlvi agB nQ e`j hvIqv| gvbyli
gyL gyL e`j hvq fvlvi awb| kiI e`j NU Ges m m ki A_iI| GK mgq aviYv Kiv nZv
evsjv GmQ msZ _K| ZLbKvi w`b msZ wQj DPzkwYi gvbyli jLvi fvlv| mvaviY gvbyl K_v ejZ
cvKZ fvlvq Avi G cvKZ _K evsjv fvlvi Rb| B`v-BDivcxq fvlveski GKwU nQ cvPxb fviZxq
Avhfvlv| G cvKZ fvlvjvi weKZ ic nQ Acsk| Wi mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq gb Kib, c~e-
gvMax Acsk _K evsjv fvlvi Drcw nqQ| Wi gyn` knx`yjvni gZ Mox cvKZi cwiewZZ
ic Mox Acsk| Mox Acsk _KB Rb wbqQ evsjv fvlv|
jLK cwiwPwZ
gvqyb AvRv` 1947 wLv RbMnY Kib| Zuvi Rbvb gyxM Rjvi kxbMi _vbvi ivwoLvj Mvg| GKRb
KZx Qv wnme wZwb Zuvi wkvRxeb kl Kib| KgRxeb wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi evsjv wefvM AavcK
wnme wbqvwRZ wQjb| evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi GKRb MelK wnme wZwb LvwZ cqQb| Zuvi MelYv M
nQ kvgmyi ivngvb : wbtm kicv, evKZ I wKkvi cvVK`i Rb jLv `ywU M jvjbxj `xcvewj, KZv
b`x mivei| Zuvi iwPZ KveMi ga AjwKK Bwgvi I Rjv wPZvevN DjLhvM| wZwb mvwnZ wekl
Ae`vbi Rb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi jvf Kib| gvqyb AvRv` 2004 mvji 12 AvM Rvgvwbi wgDwbL
kni gZzeiY Kib|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. evsjv fvlvi RbK_v wbq GKwU AvjvPbv Abyvbi AvqvRb Ki (kwYi mKj wkv_xi AskMnY
gvqyb AvRv` iwPZ KZv b`x mivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx kxlK MwU msMn KiZ cvij
fvjv nq|)
L. Zvgvi GjvKvi AvwjK kjvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki kwYwkKi wbKU Rgv `vI (GKK KvR)
bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. AbKB Kvb fvlvK evsjvi Rbbx gb KiZ ?
K. wnw` L. RivwU
M. msZ N. gvivwV
2. KvbwU DuPz kwYi gvbyli jLvi fvlv wQj ?
K. evsjv L. msZ
M. cvKZ N. gw_wj
68 evsjv fvlvi RbK_v

3. cvKZ fvlv ejZ evSvq-

K. MYgvbyl mPivPi h fvlvq K_v ej
L. wkwZ RbMY h fvlvq K_v ej
M. Aj wekli gvbyl h fvlvq K_v ej
N. kwYK wkv_xiv h fvlvq K_v ej
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IwiqUvj mwgbvwi, bgvj zj, ej GKvWwg-Gme wkv-cwZvb fwZ Kiv nqwQj| wK cvV kl Kievi
AvMB wZwb mme Qo `b| QvUejv _KB Zuvi Kwe-cwZfvi Dbl NU| mvwnZi mKj kvLvq Amvgvb
`Zvi ^vi iLQb wZwb| KweZv, msMxZ, QvUM, Dcbvm, bvUK, ce, gYKvwnwb, igiPbv BZvw`
mvwnZi cwZwU B Zuvi c`PviYv wQj ^Q`, Dj| wZwb GKvavi Kwe, `vkwbK, MxwZKvi, myiKvi,
wkvwe`, wPwkx, bvU-chvRK I AwfbZv| 1913 wLv BsiwRZ Abyw`Z MxZvwj Kvei Rb wZwb
Gkxq`i ga c_g mvwnZ bvej cyivi jvf Kib| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM njv : gvbmx, mvbvi
Zix, wPv, ejvKv, Kbv, wYKv, muRywZ, cyb, be`, c~iex, gqv I kl jLv| Avgv`i RvZxq
msMxZ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv ZuviB jLv| iex`bv_ 1941 wLvi 7B AvM (22 kveY), (1348 ev)
KjKvZvq gZeib Kib|
Kg-Abkxjb
K. KweZvwU Zvgvi wbR^ fvlvq M, bvwUKvq ev eYbv`gx M` icvwqZ Ki|
L. Zvgvi Rvbv Kvbv KlKi AZvPvwiZ Rxebi GKwU Kvwnwb wjwce Ki (GKK KvR)|
N. KweZvwUi bvUic `vI Ges kwYi mKj wkv_xi mnhvwMZvq Awfbqi gvag Dcvcb Ki|
mvwnZ KwYKv 83
bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. `yB weNv Rwg Kvb aibi KweZv ?
K. Kvwnwb KweZv L. MxwZKweZv
L. PZz`kc`x KweZv N. ^`kcgi KweZv
2. mB gb co Ri So iv bvwnK NygPiYwUZ h fvi cKvk cqQ Zv nj
i. wZKvZiZv
ii. ckKvZiZv
iii. Aby`viZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. evey mvnei fvMev`x gvbwmKZv dzU DVQ h PiY
i. evey Kwnjb, eySQ Dcb, G Rwg jBe wKb
ii. cj `yB weN, cZ G w`N mgvb nBe Uvbv
iii. G RMZ nvq, mB ewk Pvq AvQ hvi f~wi f~wi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi KweZvsk co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
GK hyM AvM AvgwiKvq wMq cPzi we-efei gvwjK nqQb wg. kvwgg| wK Zvi ciI Zvi gb myL bB|
mLvbKvi cwiek, cKwZ, gvbylRb KvbwKQzB ZvK AvK Ki bv| mvivY gbUv co _vK AvuKv-euvKv gVv
c_i avii Kzuo Ni, hLvb KUQ Zvi kke, Kkvii mvbvwj mgq|
4 DxcK wg. kvwggi gvbwmKZvq `yB weNv Rwg KweZvi Kvb Abyf~wZ cKvk cqQ ?
K. ^`kcxwZ L. cKwZcxwZ
L. ^yRvZcxwZ N. gZcxwZ
5. D Abyf~wZ dzU DVQ wbPi Kvb PiY ?
K. Pq `Lv gvi AvQ eoRvi gwievi gZ VuvB|
L. KZ nwijvg gbvni avg, KZ gbvig `k|
M. KjvYgqx wQj Zzwg Awq, zavniv myavivwk|
N. Zey wbwkw`b fywjZ cvwib, mB `yB weNv Rwg|
84 mvwnZ KwYKv

mRbkxj ck :
MvRxcyi PivZvi KvQ gwZb wgqvi Qv GK Pvqi `vKvb| Avi `vKvbi cvkB Mo DVQ K nvDwRs
mvmvBwUi wekvjvKvi GvcvUgU| GKw`b mKvj gwZb `L, Zvi `vKvb GvcvUgUi mxgvbv cvPxii ga
AvUK MQ| m eyS Mj Avi wKQzB Kivi bB| DcvqvZi bv `L m ivZvq ivZvq Nyi Nyi dv Ki Pv
wew Ki msmvi Pvjvq Avi D`vm `wZ MMbPzw^ AvwjKvjvi w`K ZvwKq `xNkvm Qvo|
K. iex`bv_ VvKyi KZ wLv bvej cyivi cvb|
L. ivRvi nZ Ki mgZ KvOvji ab Pzwi ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ
M. K nvDwRs mvmvBwUi Kvhg `yB weNv Rwg KweZvi evey mvne Pwii h w`KwU dzU DVQ Zvi
eYbv `vI|
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`vI
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m`v fq, m`v jvR
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Avovj Avovj _vwK,

bxie Avcbv XvwK,
myL PiY bvwn Pj,
cvQ jvK wKQz ej|

`q ey`ey` gZv,
DV wPZv KZ,
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m`v memgq|
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mskq msK m`v Uj gbi `p BPQv c~iY Kivq evav Zwi nq|
mv`v| GLvb cwivi ev Agwjb A_ eeZ|
he hLb|
ckwgZ Dckg NUvZ, wbeviY KiZ|
ckwgZ cvi e_v hYvi Dckg NUvZ cvi|
Dcv Mvn bv Kiv| Aenjv Kiv| iyZ bv `qv|
Qj QzZv, IRi|
wgqgvY KvZi| welv`M|
cvVi Dk
G KweZv cvV Ki wkv_xiv wbtmsKvP wP Rxebc_ cwiPvwjZ nIqvi AbyciYv jvf Kie| K Kx ejj Zv
fe wbRK wUq ivLvi ceYZv _K Zviv gy nIqvi Pv Kie|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Kvbv KvR KiZ Mj KD KD AbK mgq wavM nq| K Kx gb Kie, K Kx mgvjvPbv Kie GB fe
Zviv em _vK| Gi dj KvR GMvq bv| huviv mgvR Ae`vb ivLZ Pvb Zuv`i wav Kij Pje bv| `p
gbvej wbq, jvKjv I mgvjvPbvK Dcv KiZ ne| gvbyli KjvY gnr KvR KiZ nj fqfxwZ
msKvP Dcv Ki GwMq hZ ne|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
1864 mvji Avei gvm ewikvji evmv Mvg Kvwgbx ivqi Rb| 1886 mvj KjKvZvi e_yb KjR _K
msZ Abvmmn we. G. cvm Ki IB KjRB Aavcbvq wbhy nb| Kvwgbx ivqi KweZvq iex`bv_i cfve
c| Avb`-e`bvi mnR-mij cKvk Zuvi KweZv Zvrch ARb KiQ| Zuvi jLv QvU`i KweZv msMni bvg
Ges b| KjKvZv wekwe`vjq ZuvK RMvwiYx ^Yc`K f~wlZ Ki| 1933 mvji 27k m^i Zuvi gZz
nq|
Kg-Abykxjb
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mgmv wbq M, bvwUKv ev ce iPbv Ki (GKK KvR)|
cQ jvK wKQz ej 87

bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. gnr KvR mcv`b KvbwUK Dcv KiZ ne ?
K. msKvP L. mskq
L. msK N. evav
2. AvZi cvk `uvovZ wMqI Kwe Kvwgbx ivq Kb Dcv Ki Pj hvb ?
K. ivMvvZ nIqvi fq L. mgvjvPbvi fq
M. mnhvwMZvi fq N. QvU nIqvi fq
3. cvQ jvK wKQz ej KweZvwU cvVKi ga gvS Kvb aibi AbyciYv mw Ki ?
K. fqnxbZv L. civcKvwiZv
M. mvnwmKZv N. msKvPnxbZv
wbPi DxcKwU co 5 I 6 b^i cki Di `vI :
gvmy` Mvgi eKvi`i hyeK Kgmsvbi Rb nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi Mo Zvjvi cwiKbv Ki| m fve GK mgq
cPzi Avq ne, eKviiv ^wbfi ne| wK hw` m G KvR mdj nZ bv cvi Zvnj Zvi mgvjvPbv Kie| ZvB
m Avi cwiKbv ev` `q|
4. DxcKi gvmy`i gvS cvQ jvK wKQz ej KweZvi Kvb wekl w`KwU dzU DVQ ?
K. fxiyZv L. mskq
L. nZvkv N. `yejZv
5. Kvwgbx ivqi `wZB gvmy`i G D`vM mdj Kiv hZ cvi
i . `p msKe nj
ii. mKj mskq `~i Kij
iii. mvnmx c`c MnY Kij
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
88 mvwnZ KwYKv

mRbkxj ck

wbPi KweZvsk co wbPi ckjvi Di `vI :

1. wb`yKi evwm Avwg mevi Pq fvjv
hyM-Rbgi ez Avgvi Avuavi Nii Avjv|
mevB gvi QvoZ cvi ez hviv AvQ
wb`yK m Qvqvi gZv _vKe cvQ cvQ|
wekRb wbt^ Ki, cweZv Avb
mvaK Rb wbZvwiZ Zvi gZv K Rvb ?
webvg~j gqjv ayq Ki cwivi,
wek gvS Ggb `qvj wgje Kv_v Avi ?
wb`yK m euP _vKzK wekwnZi Zi
Avgvi Avkv c~Y ne Zvnvi Kcv fi|

K. m`v kwUi A_ Kx ?
L. mskq m m`v UjKb ?
M. DxcKi wb`yK I cvQ jvK wKQz ej KweZvq wb`yKi mv`ki w`KwU evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi wb`yKi cfve Avi cvQ jvK wKQz ej KweZvq ewYZ wb`yKi cfveK
GKm~ Muv_v hvq Kx ? hywmn eywSq jL|

2. Mxi QzwU nj kwdK evwoZ Avm| KqKRb eKvi hyeK I mncvVx ezK wbq cwiKbv Ki Mvg
bkwe`vjq Lvjvi| mevB Zvi G cZveK ^vMZ Rvbvq| GRb cqvRbxq eBc, Ni, wkK meB
wbevPb Ki| Ggb mgq Mvgi GK jvK, ej BZtc~e Kvgvj gvvii gZv gvbyl G KvR dj
giQ, mLvb KwP wkiv Lyje bk we`vjq| Zvnj wm avb MR Avme| GK_v b Zviv `g
hvq|
K. msK kwUi A_ Kx ?
L. GKwU mni K_vq Kxfve Avgv`i ev_v `~i nZ cvi ?
M. kwdKi D`vM evnZ nIqvi KviY cvQ jvK wKQz ej KweZvi AvjvK evLv Ki|
N. kwdKi gvS m aibi cwieZb Gj m Zvi cwiKbvK evZevwqZ KiZ mg nZv Zv cvQ
jvK wKQz ej KweZvi AvjvK hywmn jL|
 bvix
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

mvgi Mvb MvB

Avgvi P cyiyl-igYx Kvbv f`vf` bvB|
weki hv-wKQz gnvb mw wPi-KjvYKi
AaK Zvi KwiqvQ bvix, AaK Zvi bi|
wek hv-wKQz Gj cvc-Zvc e`bv Akyevwi
AaK Zvi AvwbqvQ bi, AaK Zvi bvix|
RMZi hZ eo eo Rq eo eo Awfhvb
gvZv fMx I ea~`i ZvM nBqvQ gnxqvb|
Kvb& iY KZ Lyb w`j bi, jLv AvQ BwZnvm,
KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi, jLv bvB Zvi cvk|
KZ gvZv w`j `q Dcvwo KZ evb w`j mev,
exii wZ-Zi Mvq wjwLqv iLQ Kev?
Kvbv Kvj GKv nqKv Rqx cyiyli Zievwi,
ciYv w`qvQ, kw w`qvQ weRq-jx bvix|
m-hyM nqQ evwm,
h hyM cyiyl `vm wQj bvKv, bvixiv AvwQj `vmx|
e`bvi hyM, gvbyli hyM, mvgi hyM AvwR,
Kn iwne bv e`x KvnviI, DwVQ Wv evwR|
bi hw` ivL bvixi ew`, Ze Gi ci hyM
Avcbvwi iPv H KvivMvi cyiyl gwie fyM|
hyMi ag GB
cxob Kwij m-cxob Gm cxov `e ZvgvKB|

dgv -12, mvwnZ KwYKv- 8g

90 mvwnZ KwYKv

kv_ I UxKv
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gnxqvb mygnvb| GLvb gwngvw^Z A_ eeZ nqQ|
iY hy| jovB|
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KZ gvZv w`j `q Dcvwo `qfiv ggZv w`q DrmvwnZ Kij bvix|
weRq-jx bvix Rqi wbqZv `ex wnme bvixK Kbv Kiv nqQ|
Wv RqXvK|
iPv iPbv Kiv nqQ Ggb| mw Kiv nqQ Ggb|
cxob AZvPvi| wbhvZb| kvixwiK K c`vb|
cxov hYv| K| e`bv|
cvVi Dk
KweZvwU cvV Ki wkv_xiv bvixi cwZ kvkxj ne| gvbemfZvq bvixi Ae`vb h cyiyli Pq Kg bq Zv
Rb bvixi AwaKvii cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
bvix KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi mvgev`x KveM _K msKwjZ| mvgev`x Kwe bi-bvix DfqKB
gvbyl wnme `Lb| wZwb RMZ bi I bvixi mvg ev mgvb AwaKvi Avvevb| Zuvi gZ, cw_exZ gvbemfZv
wbgvY bvix I cyiyli Ae`vb mgvb| wK BwZnvm cyiyli Ae`vb hZUv jLv nqQ bvixi Ae`vb ZZUv jLv
nq wb| wK GLb w`b GmQ mg AwaKvii| ZvB bvixi Ici wbhvZb Pje bv, Zuvi AwaKviK zb Kiv Pje
bv| bvix-cyiyl mevBK my`i I Dj fwelr iPbv KiZ ne mwwjZfve|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ

KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLvi 15B g (evsjv 1306 mvji 11B R) eagvb Rjvi Avmvbmvj gnKzgvi
Pziywjqv Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb we`vjqi covkvbv kl KiZ cvib wb| `kg kwYi Qv _vKvKvj c_g
gnvhy iy nj wZwb zj Qo evOvwj cUb hvM`vb Kib| hy kl nj 1919 wLv evOvwj cUb fO
`qv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wdi Gm mvwnZPPvq AvZwbqvM Kib| G mgq mvvwnK weRjx cwKvq Zuvi
we`vnx KweZvwU cKvwkZ nj Pviw`K mybvg Qwoq co| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Abvqi weiy we`vn
DPvwiZ nqQ| AwePvi I kvlYi weiy wZwb Zuvi jLvq cej cwZev` Kib| GRb ZuvK we`vnx Kwe ejv
nq| Zuvi iPbvewj Amc`vwqK PZbvi GK Dg `vZ|
KweZv, msMxZ, Dcbvm, bvUK, ce I M-mvwnZi mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cwZfvi Dj cwiPq cq _vwK|
evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wjL cksmv cqQb| jLvq wZwb Aviwe-dviwm ki eenvi KzkjZv
`wLqQb| `yfvM h, gv ZZvwjk eQi eqm wZwb KwVb ivM AvvZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZmvabvq Q` NU|
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mvj KweK XvKvq Gb evsjv`ki bvMwiKZ c`vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv`i
RvZxq Kwe| Zvui weLvZ Mjvi ga iqQ-AwMexYv, weli evukxg mvgev`x, menviv, wmz-wn`vj,
PevKg wii e`b BZvw`| Kwe 1976 mvji 29k AvM XvKvq gZzeiY Kib| Kwe 1976 mvji 29
AvM XvKvq gZzeiY Kib|
bvix 91

Kg-Abykxjb
K. Zvgvi cwiwPwZRb`i ga Ggb Kvbv bvixi RxebvjL iPbv Kiv hvi KgRMr wbq Zzwg Me KiZ
cvi (GKK KvR)
L. bvix-cyili ga f`vf`i ^ic wPwZ Kivi Rb Zvgvi mncvVx`i ga GKwU MelYv PvjvZ
cvi| Gi Rb wkKi mnhvwMZvq c_gB ckgvjv Zwi KiZ ne| hgb- 1. msmvi mePq
iZc~b K? Di nZ cvi bvix, cyil, A_ev DfqB|

bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg KZ mvj gZzeiY Kib ?
K. 1919 L. 1972
L. 1975 N. 1976
2. exii wZZi Mvq KvbwU jLv bB ?
K. evbi mev L. bvixi wmuw_i wmu`yi
L. fwMi AvZZvM N. ea~`i AvZZvM
3. cxob Kwij m cxob Gm cxov `e ZvgvKBPiYwUi mv_ mv`kc~Y cev`evK
i. BUwU gvij cvUKjwU LZ nq
ii. hgb Kg Zgb dj
iii. gi mvab wKsev kixi cvZb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi AbyQ`wU co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
MYmsMxZ wkx Kvvjx mywdqv RxweKvi ZvwM` Kv`vj UzKwi-wbq cyiyl kwgK`i mv_ gv_vq Nvg cvq dj
gvwU KvU| w`b kl gRywi wbZ wMq `L cyiyl kwgK`i `Iqv nPQ `ykv UvKv Avi ZvK `Iqv nj GKkv
UvKv| Gi KviY wRm Kij gvwjK ej GUvB wbqg!
92 mvwnZ KwYKv
4. DxcKwUi mv_ bvix KweZvi fveMZ HKi w`KwU njGUvB wbqg!
i. elg
ii. kvlY
iii. mvg
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. D fve wbPi Kvb PiY cKvk cqQ ?
K. AaK Zvi KwiqvQ bvix AaK Zvi bi
L. KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi jLv bvB Zvi cvk
M. e`bvi hyM, gvbyli hyM, mvgi hyM AvwR
N. Kvb Kvj GKv nqwb Kv Rqx cyiyli Zievix
mRbkxj ck
1. Rmwgb bvgwU GLb UK Ae `v KvwU| GKRb bvix nq RvwZmsNmn weki wewfb `k wbevPbmsvZ
KvR KiQb| mcwZ PMvg wmwU Kcvikb wbevPbi gZv wekvj Kgh wZwb KwZZi mv_ mgv
KiQb| wiUvwbs Awdmvi wnme wZwb Abvb cyiyl mnKgx`i KvQ _K h_vh_ mvnvh mnhvwMZv
cqQb| bvix ej Kv_vI ZvK mgmvq coZ nq wb|

K. bvix KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi Kvb KveM _K msKwjZ ?

L. Kwe eZgvb mgqK e`bvi hyM ejZ Kx eywSqQb ?
M. Rmwgb Uzwji Kvhg bvix KweZvi h w`KwU dzU DVQ Zvi eYbv `vI|
N. DxcK Kwe KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi Abyf~wZi cwZdjb NUjI bvix KweZvq Kwe AviI ewk
evgqeewU weklY Ki|

2. RbK mgvjvPKi gZ wewUk fviZ exq gymjgvb bvix mgvR wQj AZv, Kzmsvi I agxq wewa-
wblai wbMo Ave| wbiiZv, Awkv I mvgvwRK f`eywI wQj Zv`i Rb wbqwZi gZv mZ|
Aeiy Rxebhvcb AfZ GK Amnvq Rxe Zviv cwiYZ nqwQjb| G`iK Avjvi RMZ Avbvi
Rb ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb AvRxeb msMvg Ki MQb| Zvui ee Avgiv mgvRiB Aa~| Avgiv
cwoqv _vwKj mgvR DwVe Kxfve ? Kvb GK cv evwaqv ivwLj m LuvovBqv KZ`yi Pwje ? cyiyli ^v_
Ges Avgv`i ^v_ wfb bn, GKB|

K. KvRx bRiyj BmjvgK KZ mvj G `ki bvMwiKZ `Iqv nq ?

L. mvgi Mvb ejZ Kwe Kx eywSqQb ?
M. RbK mgvjvPKi gZwU bvix KweZvi Kvb w`KwUi mv_ mv`kcyY evLv Ki|
N. eMg ivKqvi ee hb KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgi K_viB cwZawbbvix KweZvi AvjvK
DwwU g~jvqb Ki|
 Avevi Avwme wdi
Rxebvb` `vk

Avevi Avwme wdi avbwmuwowUi ZxiGB evsjvq

nqZv gvbyl bqnqZv ev kLwPj kvwjKi ek;
nqZv fvii KvK nq GB KvwZKi bevbi `k
Kzqvkvi eyK fm GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvj-Qvqvq;
nqZv ev nuvm nevwKkvixi NyOyi iwne jvj cvq,
mvivw`b KU hve Kjwgi Mfiv Rj fm fm;
Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV LZ fvjvem
Rjvxi XDq fRv evsjvi G meyR KiyY WvOvq;
nqZv `wLe Pq my`kb DwoZQ mvi evZvm;
nqZv wbe GK jxcuPv WvwKZQ wkgyji Wvj;
nqZv LBqi avb QovZQ wk GK DVvbi Nvm;
icmvi Nvjv Rj nqZv wKkvi GK mv`v Quov cvj
wWOv evq; ivOv gN muvZivq AKvi AvwmZQ bxo
`wLe aej eK; AvgviB cve Zzwg Bnv`i wfo|
94 mvwnZ KwYKv

kv_ UxKv

kLwPj GK aibi mv`v wPj|

NyOiy b~cyi, cvqi AjsKvi|
WvOv Kbv RvqMv, jf~wg|
my`kb GK aibi ei cvKv|
jxcuPv myjYhy cuPv|
wWOv QvU bKv|
bxo cvwLi evmvq|
aej mv`v|
bevb bZzb avbKvUvi ci Avgv`i `k G Drme nq| G Drme `ya, o, bviKji m wgwkq bZzb
AvZc Pvji fvZ LvIqv nq|
avbwmwo SvjKvwV Rjvq avbwmwo bvg GKwU b`x wQj| GLb b`xwU gi MQ| Kwe Zuvi KweZvq G
b`xwUi bvg eenvi KiQb|
icmv Lyjbv knii cvk w`q cevwnZ GKwU b`xi bvg| G bvg SvjKvwV RjvqI GKwU QvU b`x
AvQ|
Rjvx Kwe GLvb b`xK Rjvx (A_vr Rj hvi A) bvg AwfwnZ KiQb| b`xgvZK evsjv`kK
Kwe Rjvxi XDq fRv evsjv ejQb|
KvwZKi bevbi `k Kwe wbRi Rbf~wg evsjv`kK bevbi `k ejQb| bevb A_ bZzb fvZ| KvwZK gvm Ni
bZzb& avb Zzj KlKiv bevb Drme gZ IV|
cvVi Dk
wkv_xiv evsjvi cKwZi icewPi cwZ AvKlY Abyfe Kie| Zv`i gb wbRi `ki cwZ ggZevai RvMiY NUe|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
G KweZvwU Kwei icmx evsjv Kve _K bqv nqQ| Kwe G KweZvq `wLqQb h, wZwb wbRi `kK LyeB
fvjvevmb| wcq Rbf~wgi AZZ ZzQ wRwbmjv Zuvi `wZ my`i nq aiv coQ| Kwe gb Kib, hLb Zuvi gZz
ne ZLb `ki m Zuvi ggZvi euvab kl ne bv| wZwb evsjvi b`x, gvV, dmji LZK fvjvem kLwPj ev
kvwjKi ek G`k wdi Avmeb| Avevi KLbI ev fvii KvK nq Kzqvkvq wgk hveb| GgbI nZ cvi, wZwb nuvm
nq mvivw`b Kjwgi M fiv weji cvwbZ fm eoveb| GgbwK w`bi kl h mv`v eKi `j gNi Kvj Nul
bxo wdi Avm Zv`i gvSI KweK LuyR cvIqv hve| Gfve wZwb evsjv`ki icgq cKwZi m wgk hveb|
KwecwiwPwZ
Kwe Rxebvb` `vk 1899 wLvi 17B deyqvwi ewikvj kni RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1921 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq
_K BsiwR mvwnZ Gg.G. cvk Kib| BsiwR mvwnZi AavcK wnme Zuvi KgRxebi iy nq Ges wZwb wewfb mgq
KjKvZv wmwU KjR, w`wj ivghk KjR, ewikvj eRgvnb KjR, LoMcyi KjR, ewilv KjR I nvIov KjR
Aavcbv Kib| GK mgq wZwb mvsevw`KZv ckvI Aej^b KiwQjb| Rxebvb` `vki KweZvq evsjv`ki cKwZi is
I ici wewP cKvk NUQ| AbK ARvbv MvQ, c-cvwL I jZvcvZv Zuvi KweZvq bZzb cwiPq aiv coQ| cKwZcwgK
GB Kwe cKwZ _KB Zuvi KweZvi icim msMn KiQb| KweZv QvovI wZwb M, Dcbvm I ce iPbv KiQb| wZwb
1954 mvji 22k Avei KjKvZvq GK Uvg `~NUbvq wbnZ nb|
Avevi Avwme wdi 95

ewbevPbx ck :
K. KweZvwUi `kwP Aej^b GKwU wPvb cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki kwYi mKj wkv_xi Ask MnY)|
bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. avbwmwo wKmi bvg ?
K. b`xi L. knii
M. avbi N. Mvgi
2. Avevi Avwme wdi KweZvwU Kwei Kvb KveM _K bqv nqQ ?
K. a~mi cvywjwc L. icmx evsjv
M. SivcvjK N. ebjZv mb
3. mvivw`b KU hve Kjwgi M fiv Rj fm fmGLvb mvivw`b KU hve Kvi ?
K. nuvmi L. wKkvixi
M. KvKi N. Kwei

wbPi KweZvskwU co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :

Mvaywj jMb RM`xk iY
we`vq jBe Rbgi Zi
jyKvBe Avwg mvi Avuavi evsjv gvqi vo
4. DxcK Avevi Avwme wdi KweZvi Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ ?
K. ^`kPZbv L. gZzPZbv
M. cKwZPZbv N. agPZbv
5. D mv`kc~Y w`KwU dzU DVQ wbPi Kvb PiY ?
L. Avevi Avwme wdi avbwmwowUi Zxi GB evsjvq
M. nqZv `wLe Pq my`kb DwoZQ mvi evZvm
N. Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV LZ fvjvem
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
96 mvwnZ KwYKv

mRbkxj ck :
1. cjxi mvb mwgK DPPgvawgK cixvq DxY nq DP wkv_ dv hvq| mLvbKvi mycZ ivRc_,
D`vb, wbgj cKwZ Zvi Lye fvj jvM| ivZvNvU, ijkb, evm-cR me RvqMvq `wk-we`wk
iYxq eweMi g~wZ vcbi gvag divwm`i `kcg `L m wewZ nq| I`i Kvc wgDwRqvg
mewKQzB ZvK AvK Ki| DPwkv kl Ki AwgZ vqxfve mLvb _K hvq| divwm m`hi
cvej gk a~mi nq hvq Zvi AZxZwZ|

K. DVvb LBqi avb Qovq K ?

L. gvbyl bv nq kLwPj, kvwjKi ek Rxebvb` `vk G`k wdiZ Pvb Kb ?
M. DxcKwU Avevi Avwme wdi KweZvi Kvb w`KwUi cwZ BwZ Ki ? eYbv Ki|
N. AwgZi AbyfywZ Avi Rxebbv` `vki AbyfywZ GKm~ Muv_vDwwU g~jvqb Ki|

2. evsjvi nvIqv evsjvi Rj

`q Avgvi Ki mykxZj
GZ myL kvwZ GZ cwigj
Kv_v cve Avi evsjv Qvov|

K. Avevi Avwme wdi KweZvwU Kvb Kve _K bqv nqQ ?

L. evsjvi meyR KiyY WvOv ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
M. DxcK Aej^b Avevi Avwme wdi KweZvi cvKwZK m`hi eYbv `vI|
N. Kv_v cve Avi evsjv QvovK_vwUi m Kwe Rxebvb` `vki evsjvq wdi Avmvi AvKvLv Kxfve
mcwKZAjvPbv Ki|
 `k
RmxgD`&`xb
LZi ci LZ PjQ, LZi bvwn kl
meyR nvIqvq `yjQ I Kvi Gjv gv_vi Kk|
mB KkZ Mqbv civq cRvcwZi SuvK,
PzZ Rj wQUvq m_v Kvj Kvj KvK|
mv`v mv`v eK-Kbiv iP m_vq gvjv,
kirKvji wkwki m_v RvjvqgvwbK Avjv|
Zvwi gvqvq _vKv _vKv `vj avbi Qov;
gvi AvuPji cik hb mKj Afve-niv|

ebi ci eb PjQ ebi bvwn kl,

dzji dji myevm fiv G Kvb cwii `k?
wbweo Qvqvq Avuavi Kiv cvZvi cvivevi
iwei Avjv L nq bvPQ cvq Zvi|
myevm dzji eybvU Kiv ebi wjwcLvwb,
Wvji _K Wvji ci wdiQ cvwL Uvwb|
KwP KwP ebi cvZv KuvcQ Zvwi myi
QvU QvU iv`i uov Zjvq bvP Nyi
gv_vi ci Kvjv Kvjv gNijv Gm fo
eybv nvwZi `j GmQ AvKvkLvwb Qo|

b`xi ci b`x MQ b`xi bvwn kl,

KZ ARvb Muv cwiq KZ bv Rvb `k|
mvZ mvMii cY Pj mI`vMii bvq
myavi aviv Mwoq co M-bMi Qvq|
PLvq gyLi evjyi Piv nvm KZB Zxi
dzji eb iwOb nq hvq ev Kfy axi
`yZ wgbvi-ma P~ovi Kvj Nuwlq hvq
KZ kni nvU-e`i-evRvi dj evq|
KZ bvqi fvwUqvwji Mvb D`vm nq
b`xi ci b`x Pj Kvb ARvbvq eq|
98 mvwnZ KwYKv
kv_ I UxKv
meyR nvIqv meyR LZi Ici eq hvIqv evZvmK Kwe meyR
nvIqv ic Kbv KiQb|
meyR nvIqvq `yjQ I Kvi Gjv gv_vi Kk kmi `vjvqgvb meyR WMvK gv_vi GjvPzji
m Zzjbv Kiv nqQ|
mB KkZ Mqbv civq cRvcwZi SuvK kmi `vjvqgvb WMvi Ici SuvK SvuK cRvcwZ DoQ
emQ| `~i _K gb nq kmi WMv hb AjsKvi
ci mRQ|
Pz VuvU|
Avjv Avjv| KweZvi wgji Rb Kwe AvjvK Avjv
wnme cqvM KiQb|
kirKvji wkwki m_v Rvjvq gvwbK Avjv Nvmi Ici kiZi wkwki Rg| mKvj Zvi Ici
iv` coj Zv RjRj Ki IVhb gwYi Avjv|
gvi AvuPji cik hb mKj Afve niv gvqi AvuPj mZvbi mni Avkq| Zgwb mvbvi
dmj cj gvbyli Afve NvP|
myevm dji eybvU Kiv ebi wjwcLvwb myMx dzj dzj fi IV eb|
eybv nvwZi `j GmQ AvKvkLvwb Qo Kvjv gN _K ew bvgQ| KweKbv KiQb hb
eybv nvwZ cvwb wQUvQ|
bvq bKvq|
myavi aviv Mwoq co M-bMi Qvq mI`vMiiv kni-M bvbv mvgMx cQ w`q gvbyli
myLx Rxebhvcb mnvqZv Ki|
PLv PevK cvwL|
cvVi Dk
G KweZv cvV Ki wkv_xiv evsjv`ki cKwZK fvjvevmZ wkLe| cvKwZK m`h mcK mPZb ne|
Zv`i gb `ki cwZ ggZeva mw ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
`k KweZvwU RmxgD`&`xbi gvwUi Kvbv KveM _K msKwjZ| G KweZvq Kwe Mvgevsjvi cKwZ I gvbyli
Qwe dzwUq ZzjQb| Mvgevsjvi cKwZi GKw`K iqQ w`MZweZZ avbi LZ, mLvb cvL-cvLvwji
AvbvMvbv, kiZi kvfv, dmji nvZQvwb| wK gvV h mvbvi dmj dj wbt^ f~wgnxb gvbyl m dmji
AwaKvi _K ewZ| Mvgi Avi GKw`K iqQ eb-ebvbx| dzj I dji mvi I bvbv ebR mc` ficyi
m-me| Mvg evsjvq eq MQ KZbv b`x| mB b`xZ bKv fvmvq gvwS| mI`vMii `j kni-M mI`v
cuQ w`q gvbyli Rxebhvvi bvbv Afve gUvq| wK mB b`xZI wbt^ f~wgnxb gvbyli Kvbv AwaKvi bB|
GfveB Kwe Mvgi ewZ `wi` gvbyl`i cwZ Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ e KiQb|
`k 99

Kwe cwiwPwZ
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb 1903 wLvi 1jv Rvbyqvwi dwi`cyi Rjvi Zv^yjLvbv Mvg, gvZzjvjq RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
wcZwbevm dwi`cyii Mvwe`cyi Mvg| 1931 wLv wZwb KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ
Gg. G. cvm Kib| KgRxebi iyZ wZwb cvuP eQi XvKv wekwe`vjq evsjv wefvM Aavcbv Kib| ci wZwb
miKvii Z_ I cPvi wefvM DPc` hvM `b| QvRxebB wZwb KweZv wjLZ iy Kib| wZwb hLb
wekwe`vjqi Qv ZLb Zuvi jLv Kei KweZvwU weklfve ckswmZ nq| Zuvi KweZvq Avgiv cwji gvbyl I
cKwZi mnRmy`i icwU `LZ cvB| cwji gvwU I gvbyli m Zuvi Kwe`q hb GK nq wgk AvQ| Zuvi
DjLhvM M : Mv_vKve : bKmxKuv_vi gvV, mvRb evw`qvi NvU, KveM : ivLvjx, gvwUi Kvbv; bvUK :
e`i gq; Dcbvm : evev Kvwnbx; Mvbi msKjb : iwOjv bvqi gvwS; Zvi wkZvl : nvmy, GK cqmvi
euvkx, WvwjgKzgvi; wZK_v : VvKzievwoi AvwObvq; gYKvwnbx : Pj gymvwdi| wekfviZx wekwe`vjq KZK
ZuvK mvbm~PK wWwjU wWwM c`vb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv`k miKvii GKzk c`K jvf Kib| 1976 wLv
13B gvP XvKvq wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
ewbevPbx ck :
K. msev` cvV, Abyvb Dcvcb I Avewi ga cv_K `LvI| cwZwU welq wkv_x`i AskMnYi gvag
cv_Ki welqwU Ki ZzjZ ne|
L. Zvgvi `k I `ki cKwZ wbq Qov, KweZv, M BZvw` wjL kwYZ c`kYZ c`kbi AvqvRb Ki
(kwYi mKj wkv_xi AskMnY)|
bygbv ck
ewbevPbx ck :

1. `k KweZvwU Kwei Kvb KveM _K PwqZ ?

K. bKmxKuv_vi gvV L. mvRb evw`qvi NvU
M. gvwUi Kvbv N. ivLvjx
2. kir Kvji wkwki m_v Rvjvq gvwbK Avjv| G K_vi Zvrch:
i. wkwki iv`i `ywZ weQziY
ii. wkwkii UjUjvqgvb Aev
iii. kvi`xq cKwZi Dj ic
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. Kwe gvZmni mgZzj weePbv KiQb KvbwUK ?
K. avbi Qov L. dzji myevm
M. cvZvi cvivevi N. iv`i uov
100 mvwnZ KwYKv
 DxcKwU `k DxcKwU co ckjvi Di `vI :
Avgvi evwoi Muvqi c_ meyR gvVi avi
A`~i ebi nvZQvwb fvB gb h m`vB Kvo|
mKvj muvS Avcb KvR ivLvj Mq hvq
nvIqvq `ywj avbi wkl WvK ` ej Avq|
4. DxcKwU `k KweZvi m Kvb welqMZ w`K _K msMwZ iPbv Ki ?
i. cKwZ
ii. gvbyl
iii. dmj
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
5. DwjwLZ msMwZi AZwbwnZ HKMZ w`KwU nj
K. `kcg L. cKwZ cg
M. ^RvZeva N. gvbecg

mRbkxj ck
I Avgvi evsjv gv Zvi AvKzj Kiv ici myavq
`q Avgvi hvq Rywoq I Avgvi evsjv gvMv|
dvb Zvi KPzov cjvk eb Kxmi nvwm
PZxivZ D`vm myi ivLvj evRvq euvki evukx|
L. Pz kwUi A_ Kx ?
M. gvi AvuPji cik hb mKj Afve nivK_vwUi A_ eywSq ej|
N. DxcKi c_g PiY `k KweZvi h Abyf~wZi QvqvcvZ AvQ Zv evLv Ki|
O. DxcK Avi `k KweZvwU hb GKB myi euvavweklY Ki|

b`xi ^c
ey`e emy
Kv_vq PjQv ? Gw`K Gmv bv!
`zUv K_v kvbv w`wK,
GB bvIGB PKPK, QvUv,
bZzb iycvi wmwK|
QvKvbyi KvQ `yUv Avwb AvQ,
Zvgvq w`wQ ZvI,
Avgv`i hw` Zvgvi m
bKvq Zzj bvI|
bKv Zvgvi NvU euvav AvQ
hve wK AbK `~i?
cvq cwo, gvwS, mv_ wbq Pjv
gvi Avi QvKvbyi|
Avgvi Pbv bv? Avwg h KvbvB|
QvKvby Avgvi evb|
Zvgvi m eovev Avgiv
gNbv, cv, kvb|
kvbv, gv GLb Nywgq AvQb
w`w` MQ BkKzj,
GB dvuK gviAvi QvKvbyi
bKvq bvI Zzj|
Kvbv fq bBevevi eKzwb
Zvgvq ne bv LZ,
hZ `vl me Avgivbv, Avwg
GKv bev gv_v cZ|
AbK iOi cvj AvQ, gvwS?
eMywb, ev`vwg, jvj?
nj`I?Ze mUv `vI AvR,
eMywbUv w`qv Kvj|
mejv b`x `Lve wK!
AvM cvq Pjv,
`ycyii iv` Sjgj Rj
eq hvq QjvQjv|
q-q `wL AevK AvKvk,
AvKvk gZ eov,
cw_exi me bxj is eywS
mLvb KiQ Rov|
SuvK SuvK euK H `vLv cvwL
Do Pj hvq `~i
DuPz _K Iiv `LZ Kx cvq
gvi Avi QvKvbyi?
IUv Kx? Rji bKv? ZvB Zv!
102Rvj Ub Zvjv `vq, mvwnZ KwYKv
icvwj b`xi icvwj Bwjk
Bk, PvL Sjmvq!
Bwjk wKbj? Avt, ek, ek,
Zzwg Lye fvjv, gvwS|
Dbyb aivI, QvKvby `LvK
ivbvi KvimvwR|
cBVvq em auvqv-IVv fvZ,
UvUKv Bwjk-fvRv
QvKvby i, ZzB AvKvki ivbx,
Avwg cvi ivRv|
LvIqv njv kl, Avevi PjwQ
`yjQ Qv bvI,
nvjKv big nvIqvq Zvgvi
jvj cvj Zzj `vI|
`wL em em AvKvki is
Kx Avh bxj
QvUv cvwL AviI QvUv nq hvq
AvKvki gyL wZj|
mvivw`b Mjv, m~h jyKvjv
Rji Zjvi Ni
mvbv nq Rvj cvi Rj
Kvjv njv Zvi ci|
mvi eyK Zviv dzU IV
Gevi bvgvI cvj,
Mvb aiv, gvwS; Rji k
SzcSzc `e Zvj|
QvKvbyi PvL Nyg Xyj Avm
Avwg wVK RM AvwQ
Mvb MvIqv nj Avgvq AbK
M eje, gvwS?
bZ bZ Avwg NygvB
weQvbv evwjk webv
gvwS, Zzwg `Lv QvKvbyi, fvB,
I eovB fxZz wKbv|
Avgvi Rb wKQz fev bv
Avwg Zv eovB cvq
So Gj WKv AvgviQvKvby
hb myL Nyg hvq|
me bvI, gvwS, PKPK wmwK
GB Avwb `yUv, ZvI|
jx Zv, gviAvi QvKvbyi
bKvq Zzj bvI|
b`xi ^c 103
kv_ I UxKv
wmwK Pvi Avwb g~ji gy`v ev 25 cqmvi gy`v|
Avwb GK UvKvi lvj fvMi GK fvM g~ji gy`v|
kvY GKwU b`xi bvg|
cvj evZvmi mvnvh Pvjvevi Rb bKvq LvUvbv Kvcoi c`v|
KvimvwR K~UKkj| GLvb PgrKvwiZ A_ KvweK eenvi|
m~h jyKvjv m~h AZ Mj|
cvVi Dk
GB KweZv cvV Kivi KviY wkv_x`i Kbvkwi cmvi NUe| cKwZ I `ki cwZ AvKlY evoe| fvBevbi
mymcK ew NUe|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ey`e emyi b`xi ^c KweZvq b`x Ges bgY wbq GK wKkvii Kbv icvwqZ nqQ| `yiZ GK wKkvi
Zvi QvU evbK wbq bKvZ DV b`xi ci b`x cvi nq Zv`i gbi AvKvv c~iY KiZ Pvq| bKvi bvbv
iOi cvj, bxj iOi AvKvk, SuvK SuvK cvwLi Do Pjv, icwj Bwjk gvQ, bKvq ivbv Kiv, mvq Mvb MvIqv,
MKivGZ wKQz wKkvi gb Mfxi ^c wbq Avm| cvkvcvwk evbi cwZ fvBqi `vwqZ I Av`i cKvki
PgrKvi wb`kb AvQ G KweZvq|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
ey`e emy egyLx cwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb KweZv, Qov, QvUM, Dcbvm, ce, bvUK, gYKvwnwb, wZK_v,
Abyev`, mcv`bv BZvw`i gvag evsjv mvwnZK mg KiQb| 1930 wLv wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K
BsiwRZ c_g kwYZ mvZK (mvb) Ges cii eQi c_g kwYZB mvZKvi wWwM ARb Kib| c_g
mvsevw`KZv Ges ci AavcbvK wZwb ckv wnme MnY Kib| XvKvi cyivbv cb _K Zuvi I AwRZ `i h_
mcv`bvq mwP gvwmK cwKv cMwZ (1927-1929) cKvwkZ nq| wZwb KweZv cwKv bvgI GKwU cwKv
mcv`bv Kib| iex`bv_ VvKzii KveixwZi evBi c_K Kveavivi cwZvZv`i ga AbZg cavb Kwe ey`e
emyi iPbvkjx ^Z I gbv| Zvi iwPZ DjLhvM Mjv njv KweZv: ggevYx, e`xi e`bv, KveZx,
giPcov, ciKi Mvb; Dcbvm : mvov, jvj gN, wZwL Wvi: M : iLvwP, GKwU Rxeb I KqKwU gZz: bvUK
: gvqv-gvj, Zc^x I Ziwwb BZvw`| e`e emy 1908 wLvi 30k bf^i Kywgjvq RbMnY Kib|
Zvui cZK wbevm wegcyi A_vr eZgvbi gywM| 1974wLvi 18B gvP wZwb KjKvZvq gZzeiY Kib|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. Zvgvi fvjv jvMvi ^c wbq KweZv, M ev bvwUKv Zwi Ki (GKK KvR)
L. b`xi ^cKweZvwUi GKwU M`i~c Dcvcb Ki|

104 mvwnZ KwYKv

 bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. c_g w`b bKvq Kvb iOi cvj LvUvbvi K_v ejv nqwQj?
K. ewb L. ev`vwg
M. jvj N. njy`
2. Kv_vq PjQv? Gw`K Gmv bv!
`yUv K_v kvbv w`wK
PibwUZ cKvk cqQ
K. Av`k L. wb`k
M. Abyiva N. Abybq
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI :
wKkvi gviv Elvi Avjv, Avgiv nvIqv `yiZ
gbwU wPi euvab nviv cvwLi gZ DoZ|
3. DxcKi wZxq PiYi A_i mv_ wgj cvIqv hvq wbPi Kvb PiYi A_i?
K. cvq cwo, gvwS mv_ wbq Pjv, gvi Avi QvKvbyi
L. QvKvbyi, ZzB AvKvki ivbx, Avwg cvi ivRv
M. j Zv, gvi-Avi QvKvbyi, bKvq Zzj bvI
N. GB duvK gi-Avi QvKvbyi, bKvq Zzj bvI
4. D wgj-G h AveM dzU DVQ Zv nQ
i. wKkvi-gbi DQvm
ii. fvB I evbi mwZKvi ghv`v
iii. Kbvi Aeva cevn
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i I iii
mRbkxj ck
5. byiy, kwd, Avqkv, invbv eo`i `w Gwoq cixi w`wNi cvo wgwjZ nqQ| evwo _K wbq GmQ
Pvj, Wvj, wWg, gmjvmewKQz| Rwgq wcKwbK ne| ivbvi ayg jMQ| ivbv kl nZB byiyi `Lv`wL
mevB Suvwcq coj w`wNi Rj| `vcv`vwc hb kl nZB Pvq bv| kl invbvi PuPvgwPZ mevB Gm
KjvcvZvq cvZ co LZ emj| Lvevi gyL w`qB G Ii gyLi w`K ZvKvQ| bybbyb `Iqv nq wb
h| Avevi GK `dv nm wbq mevB McvMc wLPzwo LZ em Mj| LyDe zav cqQ h!
K. `ycyii iv` Rj Kgb Ki eq Pj?
L. bKv-gYi wewbgq KvbvB gvwSK wK w`Z PqwQj-evLv Ki|
M. DxcKi mv_ KweZvi Kx Awgj j Kiv hvq-AvjvPbv Ki|
N. welqe wfb njI DxcK I KweZvwU wKkvigbi AveM cKvki w`K _K AwfbweklY Ki|

RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv

 mywdqv Kvgvj
gmywg dzji Mvb gvi K RvM bvKv Avi
Pvwiw`K wb nvnvKvi|
dzji dmj bB, bB KviI K Avi Mvb
zavZ fqvZ `w cvYnxb me gyL vb|
gvwU AiYi cvY Pvq
mLvb wiQ mn cjei wbweo Qvqvq|
RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv! RvMv AvwR,
ggi ggi IV evwR
ei ei ewRvjv
gwj jwjnvb wkLv Zvgiv RvwMqv IVv ejv|
KY Zzwjqv Q` Zvb
RvMvI gyg~l aiv-cvb
dzji dmj Avbv, Lv` Avbv zavZi jvwM
AvZvi Avb` Avbv, Avbv hviv iwnqvQ RvwM
wZwgi cni fwi AZ bqb, Zvi Zi
QovI cfvZ Avjv Zvgv`i gywV fi fi|

dgv 14 , mvwnZ KwYKv

106 mvwnZ KwYKv
kv_ I UxKv
zavZ fqvZ `w cKwZZ dzj I dmji mvi Kg hvIqvq gvbyli AwZZ
gwKi gyL coQ| wejxb nIqvi Avkvq gvbyl fxZ|
vb gwjb|
wiQ Pzq Pzq coQ|
cje MvQi bZzb cvZv| Wvji bZzb cvZvhy AvMv|
mLvb wiQ mn cjei wbweo Qvqvq gvwUi ggZv im cq ekvLvq bZzb cvZv MwRqQ|
RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv Kwe e-Kbv`i RM IVvi Avnvb RvbvPQb cKwZK
Avevi kvgj meyR dj dj-dzj fwiq Zvjvi Rb|
ei ei ewRvjv gvbyl cKwZi Ici nZc Kivq eb DRvo nQ| ewbab
evoQ| ei eyK ZvB hYvi Avb|
gwj jwjnvb wkLv Kwe ZiyKbvK Avnvb RvbvPQb Zvi kvLvq kvLvq Avb iOv
dzj dzwUq AvKvk kvLv weZvi KiZ|
KY KuvKb, bvixi nvZi Ajvi wekl|
gyg~ly gZcvq| giYvcb| gi hvQ Ggb|
aiv-cvY cw_exi Rxeb|
AZ` Z`vnxb| Nygnxb| wbNyg| wb`vnxb|
bqb PvL|
cvVi Dk
G KweZv cvVi ga w`q wkv_xiv cKwZRMZi cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj ne| cvKwZK m`h DcfvM AvMnx ne
Ges aesmi nvZ _K cKwZK iv Kivq mPZb ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv KweZvwU mywdqv Kvgvji D`v cw_ex KveM _K msKwjZ| cKwZi ic-mPZb
Kwe Pvicvki AiY-wbab j Ki ew_Z| ZvB gmywg dzji Mvb Avi Zvi K RvM bv| eis Pvicvk meyR
cKwZi wejxb nIqv `L Zuvi gb nvnvKvi Ki IV| Kwe ZvB AiY-Kbv`i RvMiY cZvkv Kib| wZwb Pvi
w`K w`K Avevi meyR ei mgvibn mw nvK; dzj I dmj fi DVyK cw_ex; gvbyli AwZZ iv cvK
wecbZvi nvZ _K|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 mvji 20k Ryb ewikvj Rjvi kvqZvev` Mvg Zuvi gvgvi evwoZ RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
cZK wbevm wQj Kzwgjvq| m Avgj gq`i jLvcovi gvUB myhvM wQj bv| wZwb wbRi Pvq jLvcov
wkL QvUejv _KB KweZvPPv iy KiwQjb| wKQzKvj wZwb KjKvZvi GKwU we`vjq wkKZv Kib|
my`xNKvj ai mvwnZPPv, mgvRmev I bvixKjvY-g~jK bvbv KvRi m RwoZ wQjb| Zuvi KweZv mnR, fvlv
myjwjZ, Q` ebvgq| Kwe mywdqv Kvgvji DjLhvM KveM njv : muvSi gvqv, gvqv KvRj, gvi hv`y`i
mgvwa ci| Zuvi MM : Kqvi KuvUv; wZK_vg~jK M : GKvii WvBwi; wk`i Rb wZwb wjLQb :
BZj weZj I bIj wKkvii `ievi|
RvMv Zve AiY Kbviv 107
Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj Zuvi KwecwZfvi Rb AbK cyivi jvf KiQb| mme njv : evsjv GKvWgx cyivi,
gvnv` bvwmiDwb ^Yc`K, GKzk c`K, eyjeyj jwjZKjv GKvWgx cyivi, gyaviv mvwnZ cyivi BZvw`|
wZwb 1999 mvji 20 k bf^i XvKvq gZzeiY Kib|
Kg-Abykxjb
`~lYgy cKwZ ivq cvvi cvKvWmn ivwji AvqvRb Ki| (kwYi mKj wkv_xi `jMZ KvR)|
bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. gmyg dzji Mvb Kvi K Avi RvM bv ?
K. mvaviY gvbyli L. mywdqv Kvgvji
M. AiYi N. cvwLi
2. Kwe Kb ew_Z nb ?
K. dzj-dj bv _vKvq L. gmywg Mvb kvbvq
M. AiY-wbab j Ki N. ei ewRvjv `L
3. Kwe AiY-Kbv`i RM IVvi Avnvb RvwbqQb Kb ?
K. cw_exZ meyRi weZvii Rb L. gvbyli AwZZ ivi Rb
M. fvjvfve euP _vKvi Rb N. gmywg dzj `Lvi Rb
wbPi DxcKwU co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
cw_exi RbmsLv gvMZfve eo PjQ| G evowZ RbmsLvi Rb cwZwbqZ KgQ Avevw` Rwg, eb, Rj|
dj ew cvQ ewkK DZvNUQ cwiek wechq| welqwU Dcjw Ki gwdR Luv egjv _K cPzi Pviv
wKb Gb GjvKvi eKvi hyeK`i wbq eivcb Awfhvb iy Ki|
4. DxcK ewYZ evowZ RbmsLvi dj m mgmvwU RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv KweZvi Kvb AevK
wb`k Ki ?
K. dzj-djk~b cw_ex L. e-k~b cw_ex
M. wbwePvi ewbab N. ei mgvivn mw
5 G Aev _K gywi Rb RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv KweZvq h wb`kbv iqQ Zv njv
i. jvMvI MvQ, euvPvI `k
ii. e gvwUi gyw`vZv
iii. Pvwiw`K meyRi mgvivn mw nvK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

108 mvwnZ KwYKv

mRbkxj ck

1. `vqj cvwL evmv euaQ Rev MvQ| mvwKe Zvi bZzb Ni Zvjvi Rb AvwObvi Abvb MvQi mv_ Rev
MvQI KU dj| `vqji PvL-gyL evmv nvivbvi e`bv| `vqj Avi Mvb Mvq bv| dzji mv_ Ljv
Ki bv| Abw`K wbjq Zvi evwoi AvwObvi Lvwj RvqMvq dzj dj I Abvb MvQ jvMvq| MvQjvK m
wbRi gZ fvjvevm| Zvi evMvb `L mKji PvL Ryovq| cvwLiv Zvi evMvb Pj Avm| Zviv MvQ
MvQ Nyi eovq| wewfb dji MvQ _K Lv` RvMvo Ki, dzji mv_ Ljv Ki, Mvb Mvq|| w`bi
kl wbwZ gb evmvq wdi Nygvq| wbjq `L AbKB MvQ jvMvZ Dy nq|

K. MvQi bZzb cvZvK Kx ej?

L. ei ei ewRvjv ejZ Kx eySvbv nqQ ?
M. `vqji AwfewZ RvMv Ze AiY Kbviv KweZvi Kvb ewkwU dzU DVQ,
evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi wbjqi KgKvi gaB Kwei cZvkvi cwZdjb NUQ| eewU g~jvqb Ki|

2. wmWii Lei b wZwZii fxlY gb Lvivc| cvKwZK `yhvM gvbyl Ni-evwo nviv, Lvevi bB| Kx fxlY
wecb gvbyl| A_P Gi Rb gvbylB AbKUv `vqx| gvbyl MvQ KU eb DRvo KiQ| dj ewkK DZv
evoQ| Gme `L wZwZi Abyfe Ki GKUv wKQz Kie| m Zvi ez`i wbq evwoi Lvwj AvwObvq, Qv`
MvQ jvMvbvi Rb gvbylK mPZb Ki Zvj| ZvQvov MvQ KU eb DRvo Kivi weiy cwZiva Mo
Zvj| m fve GB my`i ebB Avgv`i euvwPqQ AbK ewk wZi nvZ _K| wZwZi ^c `L
dzjdj fiv mZRmeyR cKwZi|

K. Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj GLb Avi Kxmi Mvb bZ cvb bv ?

L. zavZ fqvZ `w ejZ Kwe Kx eywSqQb ?
M. wZwZii gb Lvivci welqwUi mv_ RvMv Ze AiY KbvivKweZvi Kvb w`KwUi wgj LyuR cvIqv
hvq ? evLv Ki|
N. wZwZi hb Kwei mB AiYKbvDwwUi h_v_Zv g~jvqb Ki|
 cv_x
myKvZ fvPvh
n m~h! kxZi m~h!
wngkxZj my`xN ivZ Zvgvi cZxvq
Avgiv _vwK
hgb cZxv Ki _vK KlKi Pj PvL
avbKvUvi ivgvKi w`bwji Rb|
n m~h, Zzwg Zv Rvbv,
Avgv`i Mig Kvcoi KZ Afve!
mvivivZ LoKzUv Rvwjq
GK UzKiv Kvco Kvb XK,
KZ K Avgiv kxZ AvUKvB!
mKvji GK UzKiv ivyi
GK UzKiv mvbvi PqI gb nq `vwg|
Ni Qo Avgiv Gw`K Iw`K hvB
GK UzKiv ivyii Zvq|
n m~h!
Zzwg Avgv`i muvZmuZ wfR Ni
Dvc Avi Avjv w`I
Avi Dvc w`I
ivZvi avii H Dj QjUvK|
n m~h!
Zzwg Avgv`i Dvc w`I
bwQ, Zzwg GK RjZ AwMwc,
Zvgvi KvQ Dvc cq cq
GKw`b nqZv Avgiv cZKB,
GK GKUv RjZ AwMwc cwiYZ ne!
Zvici mB Dvc hLb cyoe Avgv`i RoZv,
ZLb nqZv Mig Kvco XK w`Z cviev
ivZvi avii H Dj QjUvK|
AvR wK Avgiv Zvgvi AKcY Dvci cv_x\
110 cv_x

kv_ I UxKv
cv_x cv_bvKvix| hvvKvix| Ave`bKvix|
wngkxZj Zzlvii gZv Vvv|
muvZmuZ wfR wfR fvehy|
AwMwc Avbi Mvjv|
RoZv RoZvi fve| AvoZv|
AKcY KcY bq Ggb| D`vi|
cvVi Dk
G KweZv cvV Ki wkv_x`i gb Mwie gvbyli cwZ ggZv mw ne| Abnxb, enxb, Avkqnxb gvbyli
`y`kvq Zviv ew_Z ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
cv_x KweZvwU myKvZ fvPvhi Qvoc KveM _K msKwjZ| Avgv`i GB cw_exZ kwi g~j Drm m~h|
m~h h Zvc wewKiY Ki Zvi mvnvhB f~c Dw`, RxeR I gvbyl RxebaviY Ki| cP kxZ m~hi GB
Dvci Rb mvivivZ Acv Ki enxb, Avkqnxb kxZvZ gvbyl| Kwe m~hi KvQ Dvc cv_bv KiQb
mgvRi wbPyZjvi gvbyli cwZ Mfxi ggZv _K| AenwjZ I ewZ wki cwZ Zuvi Amxg ggZv| Kwe GB
wk`i KjvY m~hi Ae`vb _K ciYv wbZ Pvb| wZwb Ggb mgvR MoZ Pvb hvZ enxb kxZvZ gvbyli
Rxeb _K me `ytL wPiZi NyP hvq|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
myKvZ fvPvhi Rb 1926 mvji AvM gvm KjKvZvq Zuvi gvZzjvjq| Zuvi cZKwbevm MvcvjMi
KvUvwjcvovq| wbg gawe cwievii GB mZvb A eqmB kvwlZ-wbcxwoZ gvbyli gywi Av`vjb wbRK
mc Ki Zvjb| LvwZ ARb Kib evgcw wecex Kwe wnme| ebvKvZi gvbyli RxebhYvi wP
hgb Zuvi KweZvq AwZ nqQ Zgwb DPvwiZ nqQ cwZev` I we`vni myi| mKvji `wbK cwKv
^vaxbZvi wKkvi mfv Aski cwZvZv mcv`K wQjb wZwb| AvgZz G `vwqZ cvjb Kib| Zvui KweZvq
ewjfve DPvwiZ nqQ gvbegywi RqMvb| Zuvi iwPZ KveMi bvg : Qvoc, Nyg bB, c~evfvm,
Awfhvb, niZvj I MxwZQ| gv GKzk eQi eqm hvq AvvZ nq KjKvZvq GB Kwei gZz NU 1947
mvji 13 B g gv GKzk eQi eqm hvq Avv nq KjKvZvqq GB Kwei gZz NU|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. abx-`wi` wePvi gvbyli g~jvqb nZ cvi bvGB welqi Dci GKwU weZK cwZhvwMZv AvqvRb Ki
(kwYi mKj wkv_xi `jMZ AskMnY)|
L. `vwi` KLvbvB gvbIlK gnr KiZ cvi bv| c_K gvbyli DwPZ KewYv, kg I gav cqvM Ki
Avw_K Aevi cwieZb NUvbv| G welq GKwU AvjvPbv Abyvbi AvqvRb Ki (kwYi mKj
wkv_xi `jMZ Ask MnY)|

cv_x 111
 bgybv ck
ewbevPbx ck :
1. Kwe myKvZ fvPvh KZ eQi eqm gviv hvb ?
K. 21 L. 22
M. 23 N. 25
2. mKvji GK UzKiv iv`K Kvi mv_ Zzjbv Kiv nqQ ?
K. KlKi Pj PvL L. GK UzKiv mvbv
M. GK UzKiv Mig Kvco N. GK RjZ AwMwc
3. m~hi KvQ ivZvi avbi Dj QjUvi Rb Dvc PvIqvi ga Kwei h Abyf~wZ cKvk cqQ Zv
nj
i. mnfvwMZv
ii. mngwgZv
iii. mnMvwgZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. iii
M. ii N. i, ii I iii
DxcKwU co 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
A_vfve webvwPwKrmvq gviv hvq wjqvKZi evev| mB _K cP kvK eyK wbq XvKv kni wiKkv Pvwjq wZj
wZj Ki mq Ki wKQz UvKv| Avi m UvKv w`q Zvi Mvgi evwo gqgbwmsn Mo Zvj GKwU nvmcvZvj|
hvZ Kvbv Amnvq, `yt gvbyl webv wPwKrmvq gviv bv hvq|
4. wjqvKZi Kvhg cv_x KweZvi h w`KwU dzU DVQ Zv nj
i. gnvbyfeZv
ii. gvbeZv
iii. gvbwmKZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. cv_x KweZvq Kwe myKvZi RjZ AwMwc nIqv Avi DxcK wjqvKZi kvKMZ nIqv Avmj
i. AvZ-gvbeZvi KjvY Kiv
ii. KjvYi j AbycvwYZ nIqv
iii. gvbyl gvbyli RbG mZ Dy nIqv|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
112 mvwnZ KwYKv
mRbkxj ck :
1. `vwg Mvwo nuvwKq evwiaviv Awdm hvevi c_ weRq miwb wmMbvj RxY-kxY GK wfzK bvw`g
mvnei Mvwoi Rvbvjvi cvk wfvi _vjv evwoq w`j wZwb Rvbvjvi Kvjv Mvm Zzj `b| Avi
fxlY weiw cKvk Ki ejbivwek, wfzK `kUv fi MQ| K_v b WvBfvi Ave`yj
ejmvi, Mwie gvbyl, Kx Kie ejb? GB wfvi Avq ivRMvi w`qB Zv Iiv msmvi Pvjvq|
K. cv_x KweZvwU Kvb KveM _K msKwjZ ?
L. Kwe m~hK RjZ AwMwc ejQb Kb ?
M. DxcKi bvw`g mvnei AvPiY cv_x KweZvi Kvb fvei mv_ emv`kc~YeYbv Ki|?
N. WvBfvi Ave`yji AwfewZ cv_x KweZvi g~jPZbv cKvk cjI Kwe myKvZi BQvi
ewntcKvk NU wbgZewUi h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki|
2. `wLby mw`b ij, Kzwj ej GK evey mve
Zvi Vj w`j wbP dj|
PvL dU Gj Rj, Ggwb Kwiqv wK RMr Rywoqv
gvi Lve `yej ?
K. myKvZ fvPvhi Rb mvj KZ ?
L. Avgiv cZKB GK GKUv RjZ AwMwc cwiYZ neejZ Kwe Kx evSvZ PqQb?
M. KweZvski c_g `yB PiY cv_x KweZvi h w`KwUi mv_ emv`k iqQ Zvi eYbv `vI|
N. D emv`k fveK mv`kc~Y KiZ cv_x KweZvq myKvZ fvPvhi AwfgZ weklY Ki|
 GKzki Mvb
Ave`yj Mvd&dvi Payix

Avgvi fvBqi i ivOvbv GKzk deyqvwi

Avwg wK fywjZ cvwi
Qjnviv kZ gvqi Aky-Mov G deyqvwi
Avwg wK fywjZ cvwi
Avgvi mvbvi `ki i ivOvbv deyqvwi
Avwg wK fywjZ cvwi|

RvMv bvwMbxiv RvMv bvwMbxiv RvMv KvjevkLxiv

wk nZvi wevf AvR KuvcyK emyiv,
`ki mvbvi Qj Lyb Ki ivL gvbyli `vwe
w`b e`ji vwZ jMb Zey Zviv cvi cvwe?
bv, bv, bv, bv, Lyb-ivOv BwZnvm kl ivq `qv ZviB
GKzk deyqvwi GKzk deyqvwi\

mw`bI Ggwb bxj MMbi emb kxZi kl

ivZ RvMv Puv` Pzgv LqwQj nm;

114 mvwnZ KwYKv

 c_ c_ dvU iRbxMv AjKb`v hb,
Ggb mgq So Gj GK, So Gj vcv eybv|

mB Avauvii c`i gyL Pbv

Zvnv`i Zi gvqi, evbi, fvqi Pig NYv
Iiv wj Qvo G`ki cvY `ki `vweK ivL
I`i NY c`vNvZ GB evsjvi eyK

Iiv G`ki bq,

`ki fvM Iiv Ki weq
Iiv gvbyli Ab, e, kvwZ wbqQ Kvwo
GKzk deyqvwi GKzk deyqvwi|
Zzwg AvR RvMv Zzwg AvR RvMv GKzk deyqvwi
AvRv Rvwjgi KvivMvi gi exi Qj exi-bvix
Avgvi kwn` fvBqi AvZv WvK
RvMv gvbyli my kw nvU gvV NvU euvK
`viyY vai Avb Avevi Rvjev deyqvwi
GKzk deyqvwi GKzk deyqvwi|

GKzki Mvb 115

kv_ I UxKv
iO ivOvbv AvjswiK A_ e gvbyli AvZvrmM Kiv nqQ|
Aky-Mov PvLi cvwbZ wbwgZ| GUv Kwei Kbv|
emyiv cw_ex|
vwZ cwieZb|
jMb jM; wVK mgq|
AjKb`v ^Mxq b`xi aviv|
Iiv wj Qvo GLvb cvwKZvwb mb`i evSvbv nqQ| 1952 wLvi GKzk deyqvwi evsjv
fvlvK ivxq ^xKwZi `vweZ Av`vjbKvix`i Ici Zviv wj QzowQj|
cvVi Dk
GB cvVi gvag wkv_xiv fvlv-Av`vjb evOvwji AvZZvM wbq GK w`K Me KiZ wkLe, Abw`K Zviv
kwn`i ii FY kva Kivi Rb me aibi Aevq I kvlYi weiy mvPvi ne|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GKzki Mvb c_g Qvcv nq 1953 wLv| cKvwkZ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb mcvw`Z GKzk deqy vwi
msKjb| GLvb 1952 wLv msNwUZ fvlv-Av`vjb evOvwj Qv-RbZvi AvZvrmMi wZZcY Kiv
nqQ| fvlv-Av`vjbi i`vb wKQzZB weZ nIqv hvq bv| Abvqfve wjelYKvix ZrKvjxb cvwKZvwb
kvlK`i weiy evOvwj RvwZi RvMZ cwZiva Mo Zvjvi cZq e nqQ GLvb|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Ave`yj Mvd&dvi Payix K_vwkx, MxwZKvi, cvewK, Kjvwg wnme LvwZgvb| XvKv wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq
mvZKvi wWwM ARb Ki wZwb mvsevw`KZvK ckv wnme MnY Kib| mgvRgb jLK wnme fvlv-
Av`vjb (1952) I gywhy (1971) PjvKvj wekl f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Zuvi iwPZ Zuvi iwPZ Mi gva
DjLhvM njv M : Kc, mgvUi Qwe, my`i n my`i ; Avuavi KzwVi QjwU BZvw`| WvbwcU
kIKZ, Avuavi KzwVi QjwU BZvw`| wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, GKzk c`K, BDbv cyivi, eez
cyivimn wewfb c`K I cyivi f~wlZ nb|
wZwb 1934 wLvi 12B wWm^i ewikvj RbMnY Kib Ges eZgvb cevm-Rxeb AwZevwnZ KiQb|
Kg-Abykxjb
K. GKzk deyqvwi Dcj Zvgvi zj AvqvwRZ Abyvb AskMnb Ki Ges Abyvb AskMnbKvj
Zvgvi Abf~wZ ebbv Ki GKUv cwZe`b iPbv Ki|

116 mvwnZ KwYKv

bgybv ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. Avgvi kwn` fvBqi AvZv WvK GLvb Kvb kwn`i K_v ejv nqQ?
K. GKvii gywhyi
L. evqvbi fvlv-Av`vjbi
M. Dbmii MYAfyvbi
N. beyBqi MYAv`vjbi
KweZvskwU co 2 I 3 b^i cki Di `vI :
Kbbv
Avgvi e wcZvi kixi
GLb c`i cnvii
wP;
2. KweZvski mv_ wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq wbPi Kvb jvBbwUi?
K. Zzwg AvR RvMv Zzwg AvR RvMv GKzk deyqvwi
L. `viyY vai Avb Avevi Rvjev deyqvwi
M. `ki mvbvi Qj Lyb Ki ivL gvbyli `vwe
N. w`b e`ji vwZ jMb Zey Zviv cvi cvwe?
3. KweZvsk ewYZ civ nQ GKzki Mvb KweZvq ewYZ
i. Iiv G`ki bqPiYi Iiv
ii. w`b e`ji vwZ jMb Zey Zviv cvi cvwe? PiYi Zviv
iii. Zzwg AvR RvMv Zzwg AvR RvMv GKzk deyqvwiPiYi Zviv
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. ii I iii
mRbkxj ck
4. Soi iv, ekvLx w`b, eilvi `yw`b
AwfhvwK, wbfxK Zviv c_ jq wVK wPb|
nqZv ev fyj, Zey fq bvB, ZiyYi ZvRv cvY
c_ nvivjI nvi gvb bvKv, Ki Pj mvb
Ab c_i, gy c_i, mvbx Avjv Rj
wewb` AvuwL ZviKvi mg, c_ c_ Zviv Pj|
5. Iiv wj Qvo G`ki cvY `ki `vweK ivL
I`i NY c`vNvZ GB evsjvi eyK
Iiv G`ki bq
`ki fvM Iiv Ki weq
K. GKzki Mvb KweZvwU Kvb kwn`i iY jLv nqQ?
L. mB Avuavii c`i gyL PbvPiYwUZ hv`i c ejv nqQevLv Ki|
M. c_g DxcKi AwfhvwK-Gi mv_ wZxq DxcKi I`i AvPiYi emv`k AvjvPbv Ki|
N. c_g DxcKi AwfhvwK GKzki Mvb KweZvi fvlv kwn`weklY Ki|