1.

Special feature of winter tyres

The colder, the more effective: made from specially formulated tread rubber, winter
tyres make it easier for you to control your car on icy and snowy roads.

Strong traction: winter tyres have wide tread blocks and extra cuts in the tread called
sipes that give the tyre extra bite to grip winter roads, hills and sharp corners, and get
rid of build-ups of snow.

Confidence and control: most drivers find that winter tyres give them that extra security
when theyre driving in challenging winter conditions.

Cost effective: Summer tyres wear out quicker than winter tyres in cold temperatures.

To tackle ice and snow

suitable for freezing temperatures
fantastic break performance
deep and wide grooves for better traction
solid rubber tyres

2. Factors affecting rolling resistance of tyre

ROLLING RESISTANCE:
When the vehicle wheels rolls over the road surface ,the irregularities and
roughness of the surface causes deformation of the tyres, and some times the road
surface itself may go deformation
Rolling resistance: Pf = m x f x g
m = mass of the vehicle in kg
f = coefficient of rolling resistance
Pf = rolling resistance in N
G = acceleration due to gravity in m /sec2
The rolling resistance is influenced by:
the forward speed
the surface adhesion
the relative micro-sliding
the wheel radius:
 larger wheels have less rolling resistance because
(1) they wont drop as much into a smaller hole as a small whheel,
(2) they have greater laverage for lifting a wheel over bumps,
(3) there is less deformation of the tire at the contact patch with the ground,
(4) they have less wind resistance due to lower spinning speeds
But the energy to get larger wheels up to speed is greater

tire composition:
material - different fillers and polymers can improve traction while
reducing hysteresis. The replacement of some carbon black with higher - priced silica
silane leads to a reduction of the rolling resistance

extend of inflation:
lower pressure in tires results in more flexing of the sidewalls and
higher rolling resistance. This energy conversion in the sidewalls increases the resistance
and can also lead to overheating

over inflating tires (such as bicycle tires):

may not lower the overall rolling resistance as the tire may skip and hop
over the road surface and traction is sacrificed, and the overall rolling friction may not be
reduced as the wheel rotational speed changes and slippage increases.

Speed
The rolling resistance depends on the speed of the vehicles also .
Though its value is approximately constant up to a speed of about 50 Kmph at higher
values of speed the 'coefficient increases in value.
The following approximate equation accounts for this increase
f (v)= f(o) [1+ 001 (V-50)]
f(v) = Coefficient of rolling resistance at speed V.
V = speed in Kmph
f (o) = coefficient of rolling resistance, assumed constant up to a speed of 50 Kmph
 3. Present status of tyre industry in India
The Indian tyre industry is expected to remain strong with industry-wide revenue
growth estimated at 4-6 percent for FY 2017 as against 2-4 percent de-growth
estimated for FY2016, according to ratings agency ICRA.

The domestic tyre demand in the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

segment is estimated to grow by 2-2.5 percent, while in the replacement segment
growth is expected at 1-1.25 percent.

"Continued weakness in OE demand in certain key segments, weak agricultural

activity and consequent subdued rural demand; and relatively muted infrastructural
activity for most of the year affected tyre demand during FY2016," the study said.

Domestic tyre production was also affected by the deluge in tyre imports and falling
exports.

Continued softness in input material prices: natural rubber (NR) and crude oil, has
kept the industry profit margins at elevated levels throughout FY16.

With the build-up of accruals and expectation of demand improvement, tyre

manufacturers are expected to continue to invest towards capacity expansions,
particularly in the two wheelers (2W) segment which suffers from capacity
shortage.

With expected improvement in demand, industry wide revenues are expected to

grow over the next 12-18 months despite the fall in prices.

4. Indian tyre Industries

MRF Tyres Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Apollo: Gurgaon, Haryana
CEAT: Mumbai
JK Tyres: Delhi
Good Year Aurangabad
 Radial Tyres
Radial Ply tyres consist of a carcass ply formed by textile arcs running from one
bead to the other.

Each ply which is laid in an arc at an angle of 90 degrees to the direction the tyre
rolls.

At the top of the tyre crown (under the tread), there is a belt made up of several
plies reinforced with metal wire, laid on top of the carcass ply.

These crown plies, laid one on top of the other, overlap at an angle determined by
the type of the tyre.
Remember the tyre tread depth must be not less than 1.6mm over the central
three-quarters of the tyre and must go all the way round the circumference in
an continuous unbroken band with no bald patches anywhere on the tyre tread.

If radial and cross-ply tyres are fitted to the same vehicle, the radial-ply tyres
must only be fitted to the rear.

Cross-ply and radial ply tyres must never be fitted to the same axle.

Tyre pressures must be set to the manufactures recommendations.

The tread and side wall must be free from large cuts, abrasions or bubbles