B1 Principles of Fire Detection PDF

Principles of Fire Detection
Content
1 Basics on Fire 3
2 Fire Protection in Buildings 6
2.1 Elements to be investigated when

starting any fire protection plan 7
2.2 Protection goals 7
2.3 Fire Protections concept 7
2.4 Categories for extent of protection 9
3 Fire Detectors 10
3.1 Manual fire detectors 10
3.2 Automatic fire detectors 11
3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors 11
3.2.2 Flame detectors 12
Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 1 of 38

3.3.3 Heat detectors 14 4 Loop technology / transmission

technologies 33
3.3.4 Linear Smoke Detectors 16
4.1 Individual identification 33
3.3.5 Gas detectors 17
4.1.1 LSN technology 33
3.3.6 Multisensor Fire Detectors 18
5 Line network 35
3.3.7 Flush mounted detectors with a virtual
chamber 19 6 Fire panel 35
3.4 Special detectors in fire detection 7 Fire detection system 36

technology 20
7.1 Configuration 36
3.4.1 Linear heat detector 20
7.2 Power supply 36
3.4.2 Aspirating Smoke Detectors 21
7.3 Additional Equipment 37
3.5 Choosing the right fire detector 22
8 Permanently manned locations 37
3.5.1 Type of fire 22
9 Fire extinguishing equipment 38
3.5.2 Surrounding Environment 24
3.5.3 Ceiling height 27
3.6 Fire Detection in Ex Areas 28
3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas 29
3.6.2 Protection Requirements 30
3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas 31
3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe

detectors in ex areas of zone 1 32

1 Basics on Fire
Every fire requires three elements:
combustible material (e.g. fuel)
an oxidizing agent (e.g. oxygen)
ignition energy/heat (e.g. hot surfaces,

short-circuits, lightening )
A fire naturally occurs when these three media and smoke particles is known as a
elements are combined in the right mixture. smoke aerosol, or simply as smoke. The
This reaction results in certain products that smoke particles are 0.01 to 10 m in size.
remain as unburned material and ashes at the
location of the fire and in other products that During combustion, energy is released as a
escape. result of the exothermic chemical reaction.
The energy is present in the form of radiation,
The products that escape include gases from thermal conduction and convection. The
single molecules, e.g. CO2, toxic and corrosive radiation spectrum ranges from infrared to
vapors, and larger molecular structures. These ultraviolet. During convection, energy is
molecular structures - tiniest, sphere-shaped primarily released into the surrounding air.
soot particles - are thrown upward by the heat This results in increases in temperatures or
of the fire. Coagulates are formed due to overlapping of directed movement, which is
various chemical and physical mechanisms, manifested as currents, pressure fluctuations
such as thermal diffusion, Brownian motion, air or sound. Energy transfer as a result of
turbulence, electrical charge etc. In this thermal conduction is secondary, as both the
context, these are also known as smoke combustible materials and the air are poor
particles. conductors of heat.
They are dispersed as elements of air and

combustion gases. The sum of the dispersion
Smoke Development in a
fire libratory

Fire Phenomena
Fire have different characteristic. They must be reliably measurable and must have a signal to
noise ratio that is high enough to be evaluated in practice.
The various phenomena can be presented in the following schema:
Fire development and damage caused
When investigating a fire, it can be observed It is almost impossible to influence the

that fire damage follows an exponential approach time of the fire fighters, as it
curve. The first stage of the spread of a fire is depends on the distance and the type of fire
characterized by a minimal increase in department. The later the approach time
damage per unit of time. The reason for this phase begins, the more intensive the damage
is that after the initial, slow oxidation, the will be. Consequently, the aim is to influence
ignition temperature is gradually reached, the time taken to detect the fire, i.e. to keep
resulting in ignition. A subsequent chain this time to a minimum. In many cases, this
reaction normally causes the fire to spread. will reduce the fire damage, consequent
damage, and the extinguishing effort. For this
Two time zones can be distinguished in the reason, the early detection of fire has always
fire progression curve shown in the diagram: been an important aspect of fire protection.
Time taken to detect the fire (tM)
Approach time of the fire fighters (tA)

Today, specialized building planners are no progress towards the end of the 19th
longer solely responsible for designing a century - in particular in the area of
stand-alone solution for fire protection; telecommunications - has resulted in the
rather, this is an integral part of an individual development of independent
fire protection concept for the building. communications systems.
Although we may initially have been

dependent on a "fire alert person", technical
Fire detection in the 19th century
Automatic fire alarms were initially served by

heat detectors only. However, in order to
evaluate smoke as a characteristic of the
fire, suitable detectors had to be developed.
The following diagram from a patent

specification in 1894 illustrates the first ideas in
this direction: birds were used as "smoke
detectors"
They fell from their perches due to smoke

poisoning and consequently triggered an alarm by
means of their body weight.
A false alarm, e.g. caused by a bird dying of

natural causes was prevented by depending
on two birds (today known as a cross
To the satisfaction of animal lovers, this type
detection option or cross line option).
of fire detection is no longer in use.

2 Fire Protection in Buildings
Today, specialized building planners are no

longer solely responsible for designing a
stand-alone solution for fire protection;
rather, this is an integral part of an individual
fire protection concept for the building.
Preventative fire protection includes Preventative and defensive measures for fire
measures for combating the outbreak and protection complement one another and have a
spread of a fire, as well as measures for particular dependency relationship with one
securing the rescue routes; in addition to another. Effective fire protection can only be
these things, it establishes requirements for ensured by means of close interaction between
effective, defensive fire protection. the individual measures. It is the duty of
specialist planners to develop an individual fire
Defensive fire protection consists of protection concept in the various sections for
measures for fighting dangers to life, health every building by means of an interdisciplinary
and property that result from fire. approach.
Fire prevention and limitation of fire and smoke

in the area where the fire broke out must be an
urgent priority of the structural measures.
Regional building regulations, additional legal
ordinances and technical building specifications
contain a great deal of basic and detailed
information on this matter. The configuration of
fire detection systems is part of preventative fire
protection

2.1 Elements to be investigated when starting any fire protection plan
Type of construction of the building or Limitation of building smoke and fire

physical structure
Discovery of fire and alarm signaling
Manner of use of the building or
physical structure Availability of assistance services (e.g.
building operator assistance, fire
Fire loads department, and rescue services).
Danger to persons and property
2.2 Protection goals
Protection goals are defined in the regional event of a fire, persons and animals can be
building regulations as follows: physical rescued and effective fire fighting operations
structures must be created in such a manner be performed. These protection goals must
that fire outbreak and the spreading of fire be sorted in terms of their importance e.g.:
and smoke can be prevented and that, in the
Protection of persons
Protection of facilities and objects with

particular significance
Protection of important works of art or

memorial objects
Protection of the environment
2.3 Fire Protections concept
The fire protection concept must ensure that, responsible parties, the building operator and
by weighing up the planned preventative and the specialist planners for the building
defensive fire protection components, infrastructure, because different divisions are
the calculated fire risk (danger analysis) is responsible for planning, installing and
covered to the extent that the required maintaining the necessary fire protection
protection goal can be achieved in an component.
economical manner. This involves the

Fire detection systems should be used in industry and businesses, as well as in the following
cases:
a. In some countries building regulations are required to regulate the installation of fire
detection systems e.g.:
Meeting areas
Accommodation facilities
Schools
High-rise buildings
Hospitals
Medium-sized/large garages
b. For other buildings that are treated as physical structures of a particular type and usage
according to the regional building regulations (or where they supplement national norms), no
generally applicable regulations in terms of fire detection systems are required e.g.:
Universities
Institutes, laboratories
Correctional facilities
Airport buildings.
For these buildings, a fire detection system can, in individual cases, be required in terms of a
building regulation permission or approval process.
c. For buildings representing or containing irreplaceable cultural or material value, fire detection
systems can be provided if the facility manager considers this to be absolutely necessary on
the basis of the fire protection concept e.g.:
Historical buildings
Museums
Computer centers.
For existing buildings, an improved fire protection can be

required on the basis of a fire protection plan, for example in the
event of a change of usage or greater usage demands.

2.4 Categories for extent of protection
Category 1: Full protection The highest category of protection by an

automatic fire detection system can only be
reached if all areas in a building in which a
fire could break out are monitored.
Category 2: Partial Protection In the event of partial protection, only some

sections of the building are protected
(normally the most vulnerable areas).
The limits of a fire detection system should be
identical to the fire sector limits; every fire
sector in a partial protection environment
should be monitored as in a full protection
environment. Where a partial protection fire
detection system is used, the sections of the
building to be monitored should be precisely
determined.
Category 3: Protection of escape and Fire detection systems that, in exceptional

rescue routes circumstances, monitor only escape and
rescue routes should enable alarm signaling
in time for persons to be able to use the
escape and rescue routes before they are
blocked by fire or smoke. A system of this
nature cannot be expected to protect
persons located in the area where the fire
breaks out; it is only intended to secure an
escape option for persons not directly
involved with the fire. Protection of escape
and rescue routes can also make it
necessary for detectors to be installed in
neighboring rooms.
Category 4: Equipment protection Equipment protection can protect special

functions, equipment or high-risk areas. The
area in which equipment is protected can be
in a fully or partially protected area e.g. a
machine could be monitored with detectors
inside its housing. Equipment protection can
provide good protection against fires within
the monitored area, but affords little or no
protection against fires breaking out outside
of this area.

3 Fire Detectors
3.1 Manual fire detectors
(Previous name: manual call points, secondary detectors) See also document EN 54-11 for
further details.
The detector housing is made of cast metal or word Fire may also appear next to the
plastic and has a pushbutton for manual symbol of a burning house.
alarm triggering. The pushbutton is protected Manual fire detectors must protrude by 15
by a glass pane that can easily be broken mm from their mounting location (flush
and replaced. The detector's internal installation into wall cabinets or fire
equipment is only partially normalized, i.e. it is extinguisher cabinets not permitted). This
possible to deploy additional contacts e.g. for allows manual fire detectors to be easily
feedback. The manual fire detector's housing identified from the side as well.
must be red. According to EN 54-11, the
Usage:
The detectors are to be installed at visible and pushbutton is located at a height of 1.40 m
easily accessible locations, on escape and 0.2 m. The manual fire detector must be
rescue routes, in stairwells, passages, on illuminated by sufficient daylight or an
emergency exit doors and in rooms at risk of alternative light source: if security lighting is
fire, in which fires can be detected and available, this must also illuminate the manual
reported by the personnel present. They are to fire detector.
be installed in such a manner that the
In commercial areas or systems at risk from fire, the distance between the manual fire detectors
may not exceed 100 m. In areas that are particularly at risk, or depending on the intended
purpose and composition of a building, the distances should not exceed 40 m. The detectors
must be arranged in terms of their numbers and installation location in such a way that a person
is never more than a maximum of 30 m away from the nearest manual fire detector.

3.2 Automatic fire detectors
Each room within the secured area, ceiling and roof shape etc.), the type of
excluding rooms with low risk of fire (e.g. usage, and the environmental conditions in
toilets, bathrooms) or those with no chance the rooms. They must be selected in such a
of a fire spreading, must contain at least one way that fires can be reliably identified in the
automatic fire detector. The number and outbreak phase. In addition, automatic fire
arrangement of automatic fire detectors detectors must be installed such that false
depends on the type of detector used, the alarms can be avoided.
geometry of the room (floor area, height,
3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors
Function
The detector operates according to the

scattered light principle (Tyndall principle).
The detector contains a labyrinth chamber
with a light source and a photo cell
arranged such that no light can reach the
photo cell in standby mode.
If smoke enters the labyrinth chamber,
some of the light rays are interrupted by the
smoke particles and hit the photo cell.
This generates voltage at the photo cell,
which is used to evaluate an alarm.
Application
In the event of a fire breaking out, the

detector shall identify the fire before flames
are formed (e.g. smoldering fires) or
dangerous increases in temperature occur.
It must not be used in rooms where smoke
occurs as a result of operational activities
(e.g. welding, diesel engine exhaust fumes
etc.) Depending on the requirements, the
detectors must be protected against theft or
inadvertent triggering.

3.2.2 Flame detectors
Function
The detector reacts to electromagnetic The increased danger of false alarms by

waves such as infrared or ultraviolet rays means of foreign rays can be reduced by
from flames and converts them into electric cross zoning/cross detection. In this case,
signals. the detectors should be set up with different
visual angles on the same monitoring
Flickering flames are also used for range.
detection in the case of infrared flame
detectors.
UV Flames detector
Function
Ultraviolet flame detectors are designed radiation from sunlight is absorbed by the
to react to wavelengths below 0,4 m. earth below that level UV flame detectors
This way they are capable of detecting need to be able to react to shorter
every kind of fire, not matter how much wavelengths in order to be reliable not
smoke it produces. However, there are only indoors but also outdoors.
also other strong UV sources that might
cause false alarm, e.g. artificial light or The best placement for UV flame
sunlight: detectors is reasonably close to the
potential ignition source and with
The UV radiation from sunlight can protection from other ultraviolet sources.
extend to as low as 0,29 m. As UV
IR Flame Detector
Function
They are particularly suitable for

Infrared flame detectors work within the
smokeless liquid and gas fires and fires
infrared spectral band which means within
that contain carbon materials with heavy
wavelengths of about 4,4 4,5 m, a
smoke.
wavelengths where also the combustions
of CO2 takes place. They screen out the
unwanted wavelengths and focus the Nevertheless also IR flame detectors can
incoming energy on a cell that it sensitive trigger false alarms. A method to reduce
to infrared energy. the risk of false alarms is cross-zoning
which means to set up two or more IR
flame detectors with their monitoring
Infrared flame detectors are used to
zones overlapping.
detect open flames indoors and outdoors.

Application
Flame detector, responsive to UV radiation, Typical applications are:

are suitable for fire detection without
significant smoke development. large industrial warehouses
If, however, an initial smoldering fire is airplane hangars
expected, IR flame detectors are chemical plant
preferable, because smoke can be Oil refineries
penetrated by infrared radiation. machine rooms
ferries and cargo ships
Power plants
The detector is designed for use in high timber storage
rooms (26 m or higher if necessary) underground tunnels
For work-related smoke development only

IR flame detectors are supposed to be
used.
The increased risk of false alarms from

external radiation can be limited by two-
group or two-detector dependency which
means that the detectors are arranged with
different angles to the same monitoring
area.

3.3.3 Heat detectors
Heat detectors react to increases in temperature.
Class 1 or A1: Use in rooms up to a height of 7.5 m
Class 2 or A2, B, C, D, E, F + G: Use in rooms up to a height of 6.0 m
Class 3: Use in rooms up to a height of 4.5 m
EN54 - Regulation
The new classes as well as the typical temperature can vary significantly, but
application temperature and reaction where rapid temperature increases are
temperatures can be found in EN 54-5 of short duration only.
03/2001.
Heat detectors with the class index S
Heat detectors according to EN 54- are particularly suitable for applications
5:2001-03 with the class index R are in which higher temperature increase
particularly suitable for use in unheated speeds are present over longer periods
buildings, in which the ambient of time e.g. in boiler rooms or kitchens.
Application
Heat detectors are particularly suitable in values of a level that causes the undesired
areas where a rapid increase in temperature triggering of the detector. Direct incident
or a high temperature is expected in the sunlight should therefore be avoided when
case of a fire. installing these detectors and any
operational equipment emitting heat, hot air
They must not be used in locations in which or hot steam should be taken into
natural or operational sources of heat can consideration.
result in the ambient temperature reaching
Detectors using the maximum principle (=maximum temperature detectors)
Function
Maximum detectors respond if the These detectors trigger an alarm when a

characteristic measured exceeds a particular temperature is reached (mostly
particular value for a sufficiently long 72C) Heat-sensitive sensors are usually
period of time (definition according to EN bi-metal or NTC/PTC resistors that change
54 TI). their characteristics significantly as the
temperature increases.

Detectors using the rate-of-rise principle
Function
Rate-of-rise detectors respond if the linear detectors, the expansion of a section

change rate of the characteristic of gas located in a tube system is used for
measured exceeds a particular value for a alarm actuation.
sufficiently long period of time (definition Detectors of this type often also include
according to EN 54 TI). another maximum contact that responds
at 72C for example, thus also causing an
These detectors respond to a alarm to be triggered eventually in the
predetermined increase in temperature event of a fire that develops slowly.
per unit of time (steepness of the
temperature curve). Common response In some countries (please note if this
values are 5/min. or 10/min., for applies to your country) pure rate-of-rise
example. detectors without the maximum
component are not permitted, as it is
Rate-of-rise detectors can be set up as possible that a fire that develops
point-type or linear. In the former case, bi- extremely slowly may not be detected with
metal or NTC/PTC resistors are used as these detectors.
sensors as for maximum detectors; with
Detector using
the maximum
principle
Detector using
the rate-of-rise
principle

3.3.4 Linear Smoke Detectors
Function
The transmitter emits an infrared light beam If the infrared beam is obscured by smoke
that is invisible and focused through a lens. and the signal received drops below the
The light beam is reflected by 180 by a selected threshold value for 10 s, the
prism reflector that is mounted on the detector triggers a fire alarm and the alarm
opposite side. relay closes.
The linear smoke detector provides a

flexible monitoring distance of 5 100m.
Functional
principle of
the linear
smoke
detector
Application
The linear Smoke detector is able to early warehouses, power plants or in ex areas
detect every kind of fire that generates this type of detection means is used
visible smoke. Since it reacts on absorption because it provides early detection of
and scattering, it can be used for light and smoke-forming flames.
dark, even small and large aerosols.
There is no cabling needed between the
Preferred areas for the Linear Smoke emitter/receiver and the reflector because is
detectors are areas with limited access. only has to be connected on the detectors
Especially in historical buildings, buildings side. Because of this it is also a very cost-
with high ceiling e.g. churches, museums, efficient solution.
shopping centers, factory halls,

3.3.5 Gas detectors
In addition to smoke and heat, gases caused by chemical reactions are also produced in a fire. These
gases can be used as a characteristic for early detection of a fire, as they generally occur early during
the early stages.
Function
The gas detector detects and promptly

indicates gas in the surrounding air long Despite their false alarm logic, and under
before an explosive or hazardous certain circumstances, gas detectors may
concentration can build up. It operates on the activate an error alarm. High humidity and
well-established semiconductor principle. steam as well as alcohol-based cleaning
When gas comes into contact with the materials may set them off. The gas detector
detector element, then its electrical should therefore be placed in a location
resistance changes according to the where these conditions are eliminated.
concentration of the gas. This change is
electronically evaluated and activates a
warning signal when required.
Application
The mounting point is different for each kind Camping gas and carbon monoxide gas
of gas detector depending on whether it detectors should also be installed where
detects natural gas, butane or carbon leaks may occur.
monoxide.
Because camping gas (propane/butane)
Natural gas detectors should be installed is heavier than air, the gas detector must
especially in those rooms where leaks may therefore be installed near the floor.
occur, e.g. above boilers or gas meters.
Because carbon monoxide is heavier
Because natural gas (methane) is lighter than air the gas detector must be
than air, the gas detector must be therefore be installed below face value.
installed on the ceiling.
Unsuitable locations for gas detectors are

places near to ventilation ducting or strong
draughts or in rooms where there is a lot of
steam, dust or smoke under normal
conditions or solvents are used.

3.3.6 Multisensor Fire Detectors
Smoke, heat and gas are produced by almost every fire. Multisensor detectors are able to
detect at least two of them. There is a variety of combination offered.
Function Application
This method uses state-of-the-art Multisensor detectors with CO sensors can

processing methods to evaluate the signals be used in all locations where false alarms
from the gas sensor and scattered light need to be kept to a minimum in order to
sensor or thermal sensor. avoid expensive fire service callouts.
Security against false alarms is thus Multisensor detectors with gas sensors are
increased significantly and detection time is fast and particularly capable of preventing
reduced in comparison with the fire false alarms, thus preventing high damage
detectors generally available on the market costs and reliably protecting affected
today. persons in the case of an event.
Use of all three characteristics (heat,

temperature, gas) in multisensor detectors
guarantees reliable and fast fire detection with
a high degree of security against false alarms.

3.3.7 Flush mounted detectors with a virtual chamber
Function
The flush mounted detector with a virtual Measurement outside of the device is only
chamber is based on a new concept that possible with the innovative new technology.
functions without an optical labyrinth
(measuring chamber). Two independent sections under
surveillance, sophisticated optics and
The measuring point for the smoke density is electrical filters ensure reliable
situated outside the housing, just below the operation.
ceiling.
This is supported by signal
processing that has been perfected
over many years in professional fire
detectors.
Application
With the measuring point situated outside the objects. The smooth surface makes it further
housing, the detector can be integrated into suitable for use in critical areas. The detector
the ceiling construction and does not protrude constantly checks for contamination and
from the ceiling. Consequently the esthetics immediately signals a fault if the function is
of the room is not affected. impaired. Its smooth surfaces are easy to
keep clean.
The esthetic design of the flush mounted fire
detectors has proven itself even under Resistance to interference can be
extremely specific industrial conditions. significantly optimized, particularly in critical
Unobtrusively flat and with a tough upper environments (due to dust for example), by
surface, flush mounted fire detectors are also using CO gas sensors in fire detectors.
unaffected by dust, fibers, and foreign

3.4 Special detectors in fire detection technology
3.4.1 Linear heat detector
Function
There are different types of linear heat detectors:
based on the change in resistance of based on the physical law stating that
an electrical conductor caused by a the volume of a gas changes when a
rise in temperature. change in temperature occurs in a
closed copper sensor tube.
By means of a sensor cable, a
temperature increase, depending on An electronic pressure sensor
the heated cable length, is detected. A measures the absolute pressure in a
change in temperature leads to a sensor tube. A test motor with a pump
change in resistance between the generates a specified pressure excess
connected loops within the sensor in the sensor tube at regular intervals.
cable.
If the sensor's measurement value
When the temperature rises, the does not match the target value, e.g.
resistance falls. The control unit due to a leak or damage to the tube, a
detects this change and triggers the fault indication occurs.
alarm if the defined response
temperature is exceeded. Both short
sensor lengths and longer sections
with small temperature increases are
detected.
Application
The linear heat detector is suitable for use underground garages

in extreme areas where conventional fire parking building
detectors are not suitable. In particular, paint shops
these are areas with aggressive warehouses for flammable liquids
environmental conditions and extreme roads
temperature changes, such as: and rail tunnels

3.4.2 Aspirating Smoke Detectors
Function
Because of the way they work aspirating These air samples get passed on to the
smoke detectors are also known as air detection chamber where depending on the
sampling smoke detector. response sensitivity of the used Detector
Module, an alarm is triggered when the
It consists of a pipe network and a detection appropriate smoke density is reached.
system.
The detector constantly takes air samples

in the monitored areas. In most cases
aspirating smoke detectors require a fan
unit to draw in a representative sample of
air from the protected area through its
network of pipes.
Principle of the
aspirating smoke
detector
1 suctions units
2 Pipe network
3 Fan/suction
mechanism
4 Detection chamber
Application
Air Sampling Smoke detectors are very Aspirating smoke detection is the best
sensitive and can detect smoke before it is choice for areas that
even visible.
are air-conditioned
The air samples are captured and filtered,
clean rooms with little dust
removing any contaminants or dust to avoid
are highly sensitive, such as data
false alarms.
centers or computer suites
have limited accessibility or a complex
structure, such as high bay automated
storage facilities

3.5 Choosing the right fire detector
When it comes to choose the appropriate

fire detector several aspects need to be
taken into consideration.
3.5.1 Type of fire
Depending on the smoke, heat and

radiation development certain detectors
have relatively high response sensitivity.
No smoke development heat development
Aspirating Smoke Detector Heat detector

(ASD)
Linear heat detector
smoke development
Radiation development
Smoke detector
Infrared detector
Linear smoke detector
Ultraviolet detector
Flame development
Flame detector

EN 54 - 9 Test Fire
These mandatory test fires are methods

to proof the sensitivity of fire detectors to
certain fire phenomena. Without these
test the approval of fire detectors is not
achieved. Many times these testing
methods are also used to check the
response behavior of existing fire
detection systems.
Development Aerosol Visible Smoke

Type of fire air flow
of heat spectrum portion generation
Pre-
TF-1 Open wood strong Strong dominantly Dark Yes
invisible
Pre-
Smoldering
TF-2 none Weak dominantly Light Yes
wood
visible
Pre-
Smoldering
TF-3 none Weak dominantly Light Yes
cotton
invisible
O pen Partially Very

TF-4 Strong strong Yes
plastics fire visible dark
Pre-
Liquid fire Very
TF-5 Strong strong dominantly Yes
(heptane) dark
invisible
Liquid fire
TF-6 strong strong none none Yes
(ethanol)
To be able to reliably detect all expected developing fires, it may be necessary to combine
different detector types

3.5.2 Surrounding Environment
External influences occur in almost every Cigarette or cigar smoke

environment. Statistics have proofed that
almost 90% of all triggered alarms are false Vapor and heat produced during
alarms. Some of the most common reason cooking or in the shower
that have to be taken into consideration
when choosing a fire detector are: smoke produced by welding and
soldering
fog generated by fog generators used

for show events
exhaust gases from motor vehicles or

emergency power units
dust generation during grinding or filling

work
heat accumulated in case of insufficient

ventilation
Temperature Fire detectors should only be installed in the

temperature range the manufacturer
specified. An indicative temperature interval
is between -25C and +60C.
Below 0C: icing up of the detector has to be

avoided
High temperature: installed heat detectors

must have a minimum response temperature
from at least +10!C higher than the
maximum possible surrounding temperature
Air movement Smoke detectors are sensitive to air

movements. In the event of a fire the
produced aerosol concentration is reduced
by air circulation and so a ensured
protection cannot be guaranteed anymore.
Special Smoke detectors that can be

installed in ventilation ducts or Aspirating
Smoke detector are highly sensitive and
should be preferred in areas with a lot of air
movement.

Water sources and foreign objects Fire detectors are electrical devices that
can be damaged by water or by the impact
of solid objects. The IEC529 defines
Protection categories that should be taken
into consideration when choosing a fire
detector
IP Protection Categories according to IEC 529
Abbreviations for the internationally agreed protection categories: The protection categories are
given in the form of an abbreviation, which consists of 2 constant letters IP (IP = Ingress
Protection) , and 2 identity numbers.
Example: IP 5 4
Water Protection Category
Contact and foreign object category
a) Contact and foreign object protection categories
First
Identity Protection Category
number
0 No special protection
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than
1 50 mm (large foreign object)1
No protection against intended access, i.e. with the hand
2 12 mm (medium sized foreign object)1
Protection for fingers and similar objects.
3 2.5 mm (small foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 2.5 mm.
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than 1
4 mm (grain-type foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 1 mm.
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than 1
5 mm (grain-type foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 1 mm.
Protection against harmful dust deposits. The entry of dust is not totally prevented
but the entry of dust is not allowed in such quantities that the operation of equipment
6
will be impaired (dust protection)3
Complete contact protection.

1) With operating equipment, having a protection category of 1-4, entry of evenly or unevenly
formed foreign objects which is larger than the corresponding diameter value is prevented.
2) For protection categories 3 and 4, the use of this table is dependent upon the decision of the
appropriate committee for operating material with drainage holes or cooling vents.
3) For protection category 5, the use of this table is dependent upon the decision of the
appropriate committee for operating materials with drainage holes.
b) Water Protection Categories
Second
Identity Protection Category
number
0 No special protection
Protection against vertically falling drip water. No harmful effects are allowed
1
(drip water)
Protection against vertically falling drip water.
2 When the enclosure is tipped up to an angle of 15 from its normal position,
there should be no harmful effects (drip water fallingat an angle).
Protection against drip water that falls at an angle of up to 60 from the vertical.
3
No harmful effects are allowed (atomized water)
Protection against drip water that falls at an angle of up to 60 from the vertical.
4
No harmful effects are allowed (atomized water)
Protection against water from a hose which is directed on the enclosure from all
5 directions.
No harmful effects are allowed (hose directed water)
Protection against strong seas or strong water jets.
6
Entry of water into the enclosure in harmful amounts is not allowed (overflow)
Protection against water when the enclosure is dipped in water under given
pressure and time conditions.
7
Entry of water onto the enclosure in harmful amounts is not allowed
(submersion)
The enclosure is suitable for constant submersion in water under given
8
conditions which are determined by the manufacturer.(submersion).1)
1) This protection category normally means that the operating equipment is airtight. Under
certain operating conditions, however, water can enter providing it produces no harmful
effects.

3.5.3 Ceiling height
Fire detectors can only detect a fire if

the fire phenomenon (smoke, heat,
radiation) actually reaches the detector.
As most fire detectors are mounted on
the ceiling the room height is a very
significant premise of which detector to
choose.
High ceilings increase the time for

smoke, heat or radiation to reach the
detector. Also, the higher the room the
more diluted with cool and clean air the
smoke and the heat will be.
Typical limits for point-type detectors are:
Smoke detectors: max 12.0m
Heat detector: max 7,5m
Flame detector: max. 45 m
Planning Recommendation concerning

Automatic Fire detectors can be found in
B2 Project Planning Notes and Tips

3.6 Fire Detection in Ex Areas
Ex areas are areas where there is a danger of An understanding of the potential danger in the
explosion. The abbreviation "ex" means danger case of flammable liquids, such as solvents and
of explosion. fuels, or flammable gases is assumed. There
are numerous recurring incidents in this area,
Due to the many possible causes of an such as deflagration, or dangerous methane
explosion, these dangers are often not gas explosions in the mining industry
recognized during a superficial inspection, as is (firedamp).
the case with dust explosions, for example.
Designation of ex area
detectors / ex area
components
Approved fire detectors and

system components have
this symbol.
Definition of terms
Oxidation: Chemical process without the formation of flames, e.g. rusting on iron by reaction with
oxygen
Combustion: Procedure involving the formation of flames, to which oxygen is regularly added; low
speed of flame propagation
Deflagration: Transition from combustion to explosion; flammable material in a flammable mixture;

speed of flame spreading is higher than in the case of combustion
Explosion: Chemical process with strong development of gas and heat; sufficient volume of
oxygen in mixture; speed of flame spreading up to approx. 100 m/s (360 kph);
compression wave up to 10 bar
Detonation: Increase in explosion, where the ignition conditions are still changing due to compression
of the mixture that is capable of explosion (e.g. during an explosion); speed of flame
spreading up to 3000 m/s (approx. 10,000 kph); indefinable compression wave.

3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas
Explosion protection is regulated in a protection measures; where necessary,

country-specific manner monitoring authorities (e.g. industrial
inspectors) assist in approval and acceptance.
Responsibility for explosion protection in an ex The most advanced set of regulations exists
system lies with the operator. The operator for explosion protection in the operation of
defines existing ex areas and determines electrical systems.
Zone Division
To classify the potential for danger and the Zone 2: Areas in which it is likely that a
corresponding protection measures in ex dangerous atmosphere conducive
systems, ex areas are divided into zones to an explosion will occur only
according to the likelihood of occurrence of infrequently, and then only for a
an atmosphere conducive to an explosion. short period of time
The type of zone division is currently a
purely national matter. Zone 1: Areas in which it is likely that a
dangerous atmosphere conducive
The following definitions apply to gases, to an explosion will occasionally
vapors and mists, which are limited to the occur
following types:
Zone 0: Areas in which it is likely that a
dangerous atmosphere conducive
to an explosion will occur
regularly or over a long period
of time
Example of zone
classification in
gas Ex areas

Flammable dusts when suspended in air can Zone 22: A place in which an explosive
explode. atmosphere in the form of a cloud of
combustible dust in air is not likely
The boundaries and extent of these three to occur in normal operation but, if it
dimensional zones should be decided by a does occur, will persist for a short
competent person. There must be a site plan period only
drawn up of the factory with the zones marked
on. Zone 21: A place in which an explosive
atmosphere in the form of a cloud of
The zone definitions are: combustible dust in air is likely to
occur, occasionally, in normal
operation.
Zone 20: A place in which an explosive

atmosphere in the form of a cloud of
combustible dust in air is present
continuously, or for long periods
or frequently.
3.6.2 Protection Requirements
The operator is responsible for determining the In ex areas of zone 0, only operating
zones; where necessary this may require equipment permitted for this zone may be
approval from a monitoring authority, e.g. an used.
industrial inspector.
In zone 1, only type-approved ex operating
In cases of doubt, a zone with higher equipment may be used, with a few
requirements should always be assumed. exceptions. The type approval must be given
by an accredited approval center (e.g. PTB,
BASEFA, CESI etc.).
In zone 2, operating equipment may be used

that will not lead to an atmosphere conducive
to an explosion under normal operating
conditions.
Duration of the occurrence

Equipment
Zone of an explosive
category
atmosphere
Continuously, for a long
Gases, 0 1G
period, frequently
Vapors,
1 Occasionally 2G
Mists
2 Rarely and for a short period 3G
Continuously, for a long
20 1D
period, frequently
Dusts
21 Occasionally 2D
22 Rarely and for a short period 3D

3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas
Typical European ATEX/CENELEC Marking
Methods of protection
d= flameproof enclosure o= oil immersed apparatus

e= increased safety q= sand-filled apparatus
p= pressurized enclosure m= encapsulation
i= intrinsic safety n= electrical apparatus
For more information please refer to the EN 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmosphere

3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe detectors in ex areas of zone 1
The precondition for intrinsically safe manner; in any event, this line must be
operation of a system in ex areas of zone 1 clearly recognized as being intrinsically safe.
is a coordinated interconnectivity of
associated and inherently safe operating Intrinsically safe ex fire detectors are
equipment. connected to these intrinsically safe power
circuits. To ensure intrinsic safety, limit
Associated operating equipment, in this values indicated on the input/output module,
case the input/output module and the ex the ex barrier and on the intrinsically safe ex
barrier are installed outside of the ex area. fire detector must not be exceeded.
The line in the ex area consists of a light

blue cable or a cable labeled in another

4 Loop technology / transmission technologies
4.1 Individual identification
LSN (Local SecurityNetwork) technology and other technologies allow triggered fire detectors to
be individually identified in a detector zone.
4.1.1 LSN technology
LSN technology is a bidirectional, digital There is also the option for branches
data transmission process according to the extending from another branch (t-tapping).
master/slave principle, whereby the master
is represented by a central unit and the The power supply for the detector is
slaves by detectors, couplers and control generally provided via the same two wires
elements. The networking processing as the overlapping digital data transmission,
converter is subsequently referred to as the insofar as a predetermined maximum
master, and the slaves as LSN elements. current has not been exceeded. The voltage
on the individual LSN elements is different,
The LSN reduces previous multi-type due to the voltage drop on the line. Where
connections of fire peripherals to a uniform, LSN elements require more power than is
two-wire installation. Both stub and loop provided by the master, or a defined
arrangements with simple stub branches are constant value, this auxiliary supply is fed to
topographically possible. the LSN elements via a second pair of wires.
Access procedure
The master fully automatically assigns query does not have any effect on the LSN
communication addresses to the maximum element.
of 256 LSN elements at initialization, during Changes to the LSN element can be made
commissioning. After initialization, access to by transmitting specific commands to the
the LSN elements is optional. Detection and LSN element.
control are performed in the same data
transmission procedure. Data sent from the In this way, a different meaning can be
master to the LSN elements is transmitted assigned to the byte queried, e.g. the
by means of pulse length coded modulation digitized analog value of a measurement
of the supply voltage. Data sent from the voltage, or parameters can be transmitted to
LSN elements to the master is transmitted the LSN element.
by means of pulse length coded modulation
of the current received.
The standard case of a data telegram is the

so-called query, which consists of the
address of the LSN element only and is
answered by a single byte describing the
status of the LSN element. As a rule, the

Data backup
Every byte is checked by means of an even If a command for permanent modification or

or odd parity bit. In addition, the following for control is transmitted to an LSN
security measures are implemented: where element, this command is first stored in an
the master determines a deviation from the instruction register in the LSN element. This
null code when querying an LSN element, instruction register can be read by the
this LSN element is then queried twice master, and its validity verified in this
more outside the normal sequence. The manner. The stored command is only
message is evaluated as being valid only executed if an execute command is sent to
when it has been confirmed on three the LSN element within a certain
occasions. subsequent period of time. If the execute
command only arrives at the LSN element
after the agreed period of time, the
command remains unexecuted.
Security against malfunction
An important feature of a bus for reporting LSN elements can be isolated in an

danger is its behavior during a malfunction. analogous manner. It is clear that a loop
In a loop arrangement the LSN elements offers a considerable advantage when
are addressed and supplied in alternating compared to a stub, and that a line
time intervals, and without interruption to malfunction has no influence on the LSN
either end of the loop. In this manner, all elements in a loop. It is of great significance
sections of the loop are involved in for the security technology that the various
transmission and are monitored. Where a fault processing methods in fire detector and
short circuit or an interruption occurs at any intrusion technology take place only in
point in the loop, it is possible to continue programs in the master or the higher level
operating all LSN elements without a control panel, and are not a feature of the
negative effect. This occurs after transmission technology. Protection
localization of the interruption location by elements for securing electromagnetic
opening the switches in both neighboring compatibility (EMV) are a part of every LSN
LSN elements, thereby isolating the faulty element and the master. Only semiconductor
loop section. In this way, the loop structure components are used as protection
is turned into two stubs. The switches are elements. Emissions and the resultant
components of every LSN element and of influence on other wireless and wire-based
the master. services are therefore kept to a minimum, in
that the voltage hub used for data
In a stub arrangement the LSN elements transmission consists of only 5% of the
available from a fault location onward are supply voltage and that shielded cables are
switched off by the previous LSN element. prescribed.
However, this means that the LSN elements
from the fault location onward are no longer
in operation. Defects and any resultant faulty

5 Line network
Fire detection systems must be operated in In areas in which fire detection systems
their own line network. are only equipped with manual fire
detectors (non-automatic fire detectors),
These networks are generally indicated in the lines up to the manual fire detectors
"red. must conform to the requirements of E 30
circuit integrity.
Lines must be installed and secured such that
they are sufficiently mechanically protected
For fire detection systems including
and that they meet requirements for room
associated transmission facilities, the line
usage. The manufacturer's specifications for
network system with circuit integrity is not
installation must be strictly observed for
required in the rooms that are monitored
cables with circuit integrity. Where there is a
by automatic detectors.
requirement for using fire detector cables with
E 30 circuit integrity, the following regulations The regulations of local building and fire
must be observed: protection authorities must be observed.
The different cable diameters must be

considered in the planning stage in
conjunction with the use of individual detector
bases.
6 Fire panel
The fire panel has the following functions:
Picking up messages from the connected detectors, signaling these visually and audibly, and
displaying the danger zone.
Registering the messages, if necessary, e.g. with a printer.
Forwarding the messages, e.g. to the fire department.
Controlling additional equipment.
Monitoring the fire detection system, and displaying faults.
Configuration and setup
The configuration and operation of the fire must be marked with labels containing
panel is regulated by national regulations. direction arrows. Special objects must be
provided with optical information.
A transmission unit must be installed as
close as possible to the fire panel. All fire detectors must be permanently
labeled with the detector zone and a
In order to provide the fire department with consecutive number within the group, e.g.
a direct route to the fire panel, the route 1/5 (detector zone 1, detector 5).

7 Fire detection system
7.1 Configuration
Today, fire detection systems consist of: Additional alarm signaling types can include
automatic dial-up and transmission devices
Fire detectors (automatic and non- with specific terminal(s) for external alarm
automatic) signaling, and visual and audible alarm
signaling media, or a loudspeaker system for
Fire panel line network with power
internal alarm signaling.
supply and a control unit for one or more
units in the same network. In some countries, automatic and non-
automatic fire detectors (manual fire
Fire detection systems can be switched via a
detectors) must not be operated in one
transmission system for danger messages.
detector zone.
7.2 Power supply
Two independent power sources are required for systems without interruption. The failure of any
the power supply. power source must be displayed both audibly
and visually. The fire detection system must
One power source must be a general not be used to supply power to other systems.
supply network, e.g. 230 V alternating Devices used for forwarding fire detection
current network or a similar network,. system messages and faults may also be
supplied without reverse capacitance.
The other must be a rechargeable battery.
Connection to the alternating current network National regulations apply to the

must be performed by means of a separate measurement of back-up times in the event
automatic circuit breaker. The automatic circuit of a power supply failure and to the
breaker must then be marked in "red". measurement of the power supply unit. The
capacity of a rechargeable battery is
In the event of a power failure, the battery calculated by the product supplier.
automatically assumes power supply to the

7.3 Additional Equipment
The fire panel cannot only perform alarm Additional equipment must not be connected
signaling but can also automatically initiate to the fire detection system power supply.
internal first measures without delay: The operation of the fire detection system
must not be influenced by the installation of
Additional activation of automatic door additional equipment. Similarly, operation of
control for fire barriers the additional equipment, e.g. automatic door
control, must not be influenced by a fault in
Opening of smoke and heat extraction
the fire detection system.
systems
Deactivation of air-conditioning systems,

gas pipes and electrical systems
Activation of the house alarm.
8 Permanently manned locations
As a rule, two locations are authorized for Fault reports must be forwarded at least as a
receiving danger messages and fault reports collective indicator to an authorized location if
in fire detection systems: the display and task facilities are located in
rooms that are not permanently manned by
For danger messages - the fire trained personnel.
department, for example
Where messages and faults are not constantly
For fault reports e.g. Monitoring received by a trained person at the display and
Stations task facility, it is essential that danger messages
are forwarded via a primary line to an authorized
As a rule, fire departments do not receive fault
location that is permanently manned by
reports.
someone with the relevant training.
Danger messages must be forwarded at least In the case of systems with a back-up time of
as a collective indicator via a primary line to a 4 hours, malfunction messages, e.g. failure of
permanently manned location if the display a power source, must be forwarded via
and task facilities are located in rooms that primary lines to a permanently manned,
are not permanently manned by trained authorized location.
personnel.
In the case of systems with a back-up time of
The primary line must be monitored by the 30 hours, fault reports, e.g. failure of a power
authorized location. Where only local alarms source, must be forwarded via primary lines or
are planned for a security system, the a similar device that automatically checks the
signaling devices for danger messages must transmission path, to a permanently manned,
be actuated via primary lines." authorized location.

A location is also considered to be device that automatically checks the

permanently manned if organizational transmission path. Where this is not
measures are implemented that ensure economically feasible, the fault reports must
maintenance can begin within 24 hours. be forwarded to the operator, or to somebody
authorized by the operator, e.g. by means of
In the case of systems with a back-up time of an automatic dialup and announcement unit,
72 hours, fault reports, e.g. failure of a power or displayed in such a manner that the fault
source, must be forwarded via the primary line report can be detected by a trained person,
to the operator, or to somebody authorized by e.g. during a control check. The fault must be
the operator via a primary line or an automatic detected within 30 hours.
dial-up and transmission device or a similar
9 Fire extinguishing equipment
In the case of fire, the use of gas The use of gas fire extinguishing systems is
extinguishing equipment minimizes material extremely versatile, e.g. in electronic data
damage caused by smoke, the effects of fire, processing centers, electrical switching and
or extinguishing materials. Even in technical distribution rooms, spray-painting plants and
facilities, gaseous extinguishing materials drying areas etc. Depending on the protection
reach the fire source immediately and leave goal, there is an option for targeted equipment
no residue during the extinguishing process, protection, or protection of the entire room.
so that operational processes can be quickly
resumed. This ensures: Fixed, automatic fire extinguishing systems
(CO2 deluge extinguishing systems etc.) may
The protection of material objects only be triggered via fire panels in cross
zoning or cross detection. This should reduce
The safe prevention of fire spreading the monitoring zones for automatic fire
detectors by approximately 50%.
The minimization of material damage
caused by smoke, the effects of fire, Note:
and extinguishing materials As a rule, a special interface is available for
actuating the extinguishing system. More
That processes can be quickly
detailed explanations can be found in the
resumed.
country-specific regulations.

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Principles of Fire Detection

2 Fire Protection in Buildings 6

2.1 Elements to be investigated when

2.2 Protection goals 7

2.3 Fire Protections concept 7

2.4 Categories for extent of protection 9

3.1 Manual fire detectors 10

3.2 Automatic fire detectors 11

3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors 11

3.2.2 Flame detectors 12

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 1 of 38

3.3.3 Heat detectors 14 4 Loop technology / transmission

3.4 Special detectors in fire detection 7 Fire detection system 36

3.5.3 Ceiling height 27

3.6 Fire Detection in Ex Areas 28

3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas 29

3.6.2 Protection Requirements 30

3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas 31

3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 2 of 38

Every fire requires three elements:

combustible material (e.g. fuel)

an oxidizing agent (e.g. oxygen)

ignition energy/heat (e.g. hot surfaces,

They are dispersed as elements of air and

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 3 of 38

The various phenomena can be presented in the following schema:

Fire development and damage caused

When investigating a fire, it can be observed It is almost impossible to influence the

Time taken to detect the fire (tM)

Approach time of the fire fighters (tA)

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 4 of 38

Although we may initially have been

Fire detection in the 19th century

Automatic fire alarms were initially served by

The following diagram from a patent

They fell from their perches due to smoke

A false alarm, e.g. caused by a bird dying of

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 5 of 38

2 Fire Protection in Buildings

Today, specialized building planners are no

Fire prevention and limitation of fire and smoke

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 6 of 38

2.1 Elements to be investigated when starting any fire protection plan

Type of construction of the building or Limitation of building smoke and fire

Danger to persons and property

2.2 Protection goals

Protection of facilities and objects with

Protection of important works of art or

Protection of the environment

2.3 Fire Protections concept

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 7 of 38

For existing buildings, an improved fire protection can be

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 8 of 38

2.4 Categories for extent of protection

Category 1: Full protection The highest category of protection by an

Category 2: Partial Protection In the event of partial protection, only some

Category 3: Protection of escape and Fire detection systems that, in exceptional

Category 4: Equipment protection Equipment protection can protect special

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 9 of 38

3.1 Manual fire detectors

Specifier Handbook / Bosch Security Systems Page 10 of 38

3.2 Automatic fire detectors