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Modified theta-shaped monopole antenna with

defected ground structure for UWB applications

Article in Microwave and Optical Technology Letters July 2015

DOI: 10.1002/mop.29174

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 4. P. Corbishley and E.R. Villegas, A low power low voltage rectifier TABLE 1 Optimized Dimensions of the Designed Antenna
circuit, In: IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Structure
Systems, San Juan, August 2006, pp. 512515.
5. D. Fredman, H. Heinrich, and D.-W. Duan, A low-power CMOS Dimension Value (mm) Dimension Value (mm)
integrated circuit for field-powerd radio frequency idenfication tags, Lsub 15.5 Wsub 12.5
In: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Fran- Lf 5 Wf 1.3
cisco, CA, February 1997, pp. 294295. Lf1 2.5 Wf1 2.1
6. K. Kotani, T. Ito, High efficiency CMOS rectifier circuit with self- Lg 5.6 Wg 4.95
Vth-cancellation and power regulation functions for UHF RFIDs, In: L1 1.1 W1 3.08
IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, Jeju, November 2007, L2 1.1 W2 6
pp. 119122. aouter 4 bouter 2.8
ainner 2.2 binner 1.54
C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V Lnotch 0.8 Wnotch 1.3
Pnotch 4.6 t 0.5
L3 2.7 L4 0.15
MODIFIED THETA-SHAPED MONOPOLE
ANTENNA WITH DEFECTED GROUND
STRUCTURE FOR UWB APPLICATIONS size. The smaller size of UWB systems have increased the
demand for miniaturized antenna structures.
Sarthak Singhal and Amit Kumar Singh In this article, a compact modified theta-shaped monopole
Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology antenna, derived from a conventional elliptical monopole, is
(BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India; Corresponding author:
ssinghal.rs.ece@iitbhu.ac.in investigated. The utilization of slot loading, addition of two
metallic strips, modified feedline, and defected CPW ground
plane techniques have enhanced the bandwidth significantly.
Received 26 December 2014
The designed antenna has advantages of large bandwidth and
smaller dimensions over monopole structures available in the
literature.
ABSTRACT: A compact modified theta-shaped monopole antenna for
ultrawideband communication is presented. It consists of a modified
theta-shaped radiator fed with a modified microstrip feedline and rec-
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
tangular notch-loaded quarter elliptical coplanar waveguide ground
plane. An impedance bandwidth of 4.3520.75 GHz (131%) below 210 The geometry of the designed antenna is depicted in Figure 10.
dB reflection coefficient line is achieved. The designed antenna structure The designed antenna structure is designed on a 1.6-mm thick
has nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in H-plane and bidirec- FR-4 epoxy substrate having dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tan-
tional pattern in E-plane. The cross polarization level is also 20 dB gent of 0.02, and size of Lsub 3 Wsub. The optimized values of
lesser than copolarization level in every direction at lower frequencies. antenna dimensions are listed in Table 1. The theta shape of the
The performance of the designed antenna structure for three substrate
materials, that is, FR-4 epoxy, carbon nanotubes, and Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.6-
Fe2O4, are also studied. The experimental and simulation results are
found to be in good agreement. The designed antenna structure has
advantage of wider bandwidth along with smaller dimensions as com-
pared to previously reported monopole structures. V C 2015 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:16251632, 2015; View

this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29174

Key words: impedance bandwidth; monopole antenna; quarter elliptical

coplanar waveguide ground plane; theta-shaped radiator; ultrawideband
communication

1. INTRODUCTION
Federal Communication Commission officially allocated the
spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for unlicensed ultrawideband
(UWB) communication applications in 2002 [1]. After this spec-
trum allocation, UWB technology has received lot of attention
due to its characteristics of low power, low cost, and very high-
data rates at limited range. The developments in UWB technol-
ogy increased the demand for small low-cost antennas having
omnidirectional radiation patterns and wide frequency band-
width. The printed monopole antennas have drawn great atten-
tion in UWB applications due to their unique characteristics of
low cost, low profile, light weight, wide impedance bandwidth,
easy fabrication, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and easy
integration with other microstrip circuits. The printed monopole
antenna structures available in the literature include coplanar
waveguide-fed structures with different shapes of radiators, Figure 1 Geometry of the designed antenna structure. (a) Antenna I,
modified feedline, and ground plane structures [212]. The dis- (b) Antenna II, (c) Antenna III, (d) Antenna IV, (e) Antenna V, (f)
advantage with these already reported structures is their large Antenna VI, and (g) Antenna VII

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015 1625
 Figure 2 Intermediate stages of the designed antenna structure

radiator is derived from a conventional elliptical monopole operating band. This phenomenon has taken place due to the
antenna by applying two techniques, that is, slot loading and fact that the surface current is concentrated along the periphery
addition of two rectangular metallic strips. The theta-shaped of the elliptical radiator with minimum current density at the
radiator is fed by a modified microstrip line. The modified central portion of the radiator. So the removal of this zero cur-
microstrip feedline is composed of two sections, that is, rectan- rent density area does not affect the lower operating band. In
gular lower section and outward tapered upper section. This out- case of Antenna IV, obtained after the addition of upper rectan-
ward tapering of the feedline is done for smooth transitions gular metallic strip to the annular radiator of Antenna III, the
between the feedline and radiating patch to improve the imped- bandwidth of first operating band is enhanced, whereas that of
ance matching. Quarter elliptical coplanar waveguide ground
plane is used to enhance the impedance bandwidth. For further
bandwidth enhancement, the ground plane is loaded with rectan- TABLE 2 Comparison of Operating Bands of Intermediate
Stages
gular notches. The introduction of rectangular notches excited
an additional resonance at higher frequency. All the dimensions f1 f2 BW1 f3 f4 BW2
and locations are optimized using finite element method-based Antenna (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz)
Ansofts high frequency simulation software [13].
I 5.26 16.42 11.16 21.5 24.87 3.37
II 5.184 16.77 11.586 21.44 26.454 5.014
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION III 5.13 16.72 11.59 21.19 25.71 4.52
The intermediate stages achieved during the derivation of IV 5.13 16.78 11.65 21.06 25.12 4.06
V 5.16 16.604 11.444 21.02 25.67 4.65
designed antenna structure are depicted in Figures 2(a)2(g).
VI 4.9 17.61 12.71 21.13 25.19 4.06
Their comparison in terms of reflection coefficient performance VII 4.9 20.9 16
is demonstrated in Figure 3. The tabular comparison of interme-
diate stages in terms of operating bands and resonance frequen-
cies are listed in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. After analyzing
Figure 3, Tables 2 and 3, it is observed that for the first config- TABLE 3 Comparison of Resonances of Intermediate Stages
uration, Antenna I, two operating bands, that is, 5.2616.42 and
21.524.87 GHz are achieved along with three resonances at 7, Antenna f1 (GHz) f2 (GHz) f3 (GHz) f4 (GHz) f5 (GHz)
14.4, and 23 GHz. In case of Antenna II, achieved by the out- I 7 14.4 23
ward tapering of feedline upper section, the bandwidth of both II 6.8 10.4 15.2 23.2
operating bands got enhanced due to smooth transitions between III 7 10 15.2 22.4
various modes. An additional resonance at 10.4 GHz is also IV 7 10 15.4 22.2
excited due to this tapering. Thereafter, the elliptical slot load- V 7 10.2 15.2 22.2
ing of the radiating patch to derive Antenna III, reduced the VI 7.4 9.8 15 22.2
VII 7.6 10.2 15.4 17.6 20.2
bandwidth of second operating band without affecting the lower

Figure 3 Reflection coefficient versus frequency plots for seven deriv-

ing stages of the designed antenna structure. [Color figure can be viewed Figure 4 Variation of reflection coefficient with respect to frequency
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] for different substrate materials

1626 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
TABLE 4 Comparison of the Designed Antenna Performance TABLE 5 Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results of
with Three Different Substrate Materials the Designed Antenna

Carbon Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.6 Method fL (GHz) fH (GHz) Bandwidth (GHz) BW (%)

Substrate FR-4 Nanotubes [14] Fe2O4 [15]
CST 4.85 20.5 15.65 123
er 4.4 2.272 5.974 HFSS 4.9 20.9 16 124
tan d 0.02 0.0002 0.00226 Measured 4.35 20.75 16.4 131
fL (GHz) 4.9 4.86 4.83
fH (GHz) 20.9 25.62 12.33
BW1 (GHz) 16 20.76 7.5
TABLE 6 Comparison of Designed Antenna Dimensions and
fL (GHz) 13.46
fH (GHz) 17.06 Bandwidth Performance with Previously Reported Monopole
BW2 (GHz) 3.6 Structures
fL (GHz) 23.51 Dimensions % Reduction Bandwidth
fH (GHz) 27.88 S. No. Antenna (mm2) in size (GHz)
BW3 (GHz) 4.37
1 [2] 32.4 3 25.2 76.2% 3.12510.625
2 [3] 24 3 28 71.2% 313
3 [4] 40 3 40 87.9% 2.911
4 [5] 66 3 66 95.6% 1.512
5 [6] 32.6 3 32 81.4 3.19.3
6 [7] 24 3 20 59.6% 3.710.1
7 [8] 18 3 12 10.3% 3.0213.86
8 [9] 30 3 20 67.7% 3.0610.8
9 [10] 37 3 30 82.5% 2.514.5
10 [11] 30 3 30 78.5% 3.0213.27
11 [12] 18 3 15 28.3% 3.114
12 Designed 15.5 3 12.5 4.3520.75
antenna

Antenna VII. In this case, the operating range of first band is

Figure 5 Prototype of the designed antenna. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
second band is decreased. For Antenna V, first operating band
got narrow down, whereas the second operating band got wid-
ened due to the addition of lower metallic strip. The lower
metallic strip is added to create an additional path for flow of
current. After this, the conventional rectangular ground plane is
replaced by quarter elliptical ground plane while deriving the
Antenna VI. This replacement of ground plane enhanced the
bandwidth of first band of operation significantly with reduction
in the operating range of second band. It is followed by the
loading of ground plane with rectangular notches resulting into
enhanced from 12.71 to 16 GHz, whereas the second band is
shifted from 21 to 25 GHz.
During the parametric analysis of the designed antenna struc-
ture, three different dielectric materials, that is, default FR-4
epoxy, carbon nanotubes (CNT) [14] and Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.6Fe2O4
[15] are used as the antenna substrate. The comparison of
antenna performance for three substrate materials in terms of
simulated reflection coefficient versus frequency plots is demon-
strated in Figure 4 and listed in Table 4. From Figure 4 and
Table 4, it is observed that the impedance bandwidth of first
operating band got enhanced from 15.7 GHz to 20.76 GHz on
replacing the FR-4 epoxy with CNT material. While in case of
Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.6Fe2O4, the bandwidth is reduced from 16 to
7.5 GHz. This bandwidth enhancement or reduction phenom-
enon is occurring due to the well-known fact that the impedance
bandwidth gets increased by decreasing the dielectric constant
of the substrate material and vice versa. For

Figure 7 Variation of real and imaginary parts of the input impedance

Figure 6 Comparison of simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the designed antenna structure. (a) 7.6 GHz, (b)10.2 GHz, (c)
versus frequency plots 15.4 GHz, (d) 17.6 GHz, and (e) 20.2 GHz

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015 1627
Figure 8 Simulated surface current density plots of the designed antenna structure at its resonance frequencies, (a) 7.6 GHz,(b) 10.2 GHz, (c)
15.4 GHz, (d) 17.6 GHz, and (e) 20.2 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.6Fe2O4 material, three operating bands ranging,
that is, 4.8312.33 (7.5), 13.4617.06 (3.6), and 23.51
27.88 GHz (4.37 GHz) in comparison to one operating band for
FR4 or CNT material are achieved.
The fabricated antenna structure is shown in Figure 5. The
experimental measurement of the designed antenna structure is
done using Agilent E8364B VNA. While carrying out the time
domain analysis of the designed antenna structure using FIT-
based CST MWS [16], reflection coefficient versus frequency
plot is also achieved. The simulated and measured reflection
coefficient plots are depicted in Figure 6. Both edge frequencies
of the simulated and measured results are listed in Table 5.
Both Figure 6 and Table 5, present that the simulated and exper-
imental results are in good agreement.

Figure 9 Simulated radiation pattern of the designed antenna structure at its resonance frequencies. (a) U 5 0 at 7.6 GHz, (b) U 5 90 at 7.6 GHz,
(c) U 5 0 at 10.2 GHz, (d) U 5 90 at 10.2 GHz, (e) U 5 0 at 15.4 GHz, (f) U 5 90 at 15.4 GHz, (g) U 5 0 at 17.6 GHz, (h) U 5 90 at 17.6 GHz,
(i) U 5 0 at 20.2 GHz, (j) U 5 90 at 20.2 GHz

1628 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 10 Simulated co- and cross-polar radiation patterns of the designed antenna structure at its resonances

The comparison of the designed antenna structure with other
monopole structures available in the literature in terms of
impedance bandwidth and dimensions is demonstrated in Table
6. From Table 6, it is observed that the designed antenna struc-
ture is providing advantages of wide bandwidth and miniatur-
ized size as compared to already reported monopole structures.
The variation of simulated real and imaginary parts of input
impedance with frequency is demonstrated in Figure 7. From
Figure 7, it is observed that the real part or resistance is oscillat-
ing about 50 X, whereas the imaginary part or reactance is vary-
ing around 0 X in the whole frequency range of operation. This
observation led to a conclusion that the input impedance of the

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015 1629

Figure 11 Simulated peak realized gain versus frequency plot for the
designed antenna structure
Figure 12 Variation of simulated total and radiation efficiency with
respect to frequency for the designed antenna structure, (a) face to face
configuration and (b) side by side configuration
designed antenna structure is approximately equal to 50 X at
every frequency in the operating band.
The simulated current density plots of the designed antenna
structure at its five resonance frequencies are demonstrated in
Figures 8(a)8(e). It is observed that for first three resonances,
the current is uniformly distributed along the surfaces of radiat-
ing patch, feedline, and ground plane. Zero current density is
observed in the lower strip for second resonance. At fourth and
fifth resonances, very high current density is observed around
the ground notches without any effect on the current distribution
along other sections of the antenna.
The simulated radiation patterns of the designed antenna
structure at its five resonance frequencies for two values of U,
that is, U 5 0 and U 5 90 are depicted in Figures 9(a)9(e). At
Figure 13 Configurations for the time domain analysis of the designed antenna
1630 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015
Figure 14 Normalized amplitudes of the excited and received pulses.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the first resonance of 7.6 GHz, shown in Figure 9(a), the E-
plane (U 5 0 ) pattern is observed to have dipole-like shape,
whereas the H-plane pattern (U 5 90 ) is omnidirectional in
nature. For second resonance at 10.2 GHz, presented in Figure
9(b), it is observed that the E-plane pattern is slightly distorted
with no significant effect on the omnidirectional H-plane pat-
tern. In case of third resonance at 15.4 GHz, depicted in Figure
9(c), the dipole-like E-plane pattern has got less distortions,
whereas the omnidirectional nature of H-plane pattern is
affected significantly. At the fourth resonance of 17.6 GHz,
shown in Figure 9(d), it is observed that the H-plane pattern is
quite similar to that at previous resonance, whereas the E-plane
pattern has got more distortions. For the fifth resonance at
20.2 GHz, demonstrated in Figure 9(e), the patterns in both
planes are observed to be nearly omnidirectional.
The simulated co- and cross-polar components of the radia-
tion patterns for designed antenna structure in both planes are
shown in Figures 10(a)10(j). From Figures 10(a)10(f), it is
observed that for first three resonances, the level of cross-polar
patterns in both planes is 20 dB less than that of copolar level.
In case of last two resonances, shown in Figures 10(g)10(j),
the difference between the levels of copolar and cross-polar pat-
terns in both planes is varying between 0 and 10 dB. This
reduction in the difference between the levels of co- and cross-
polar patterns at higher frequencies may be attributed to the
excitation of hybrid modes at higher frequencies.
Figure 11 demonstrates that the simulated peak realized gain
is varying between the maximum of 5.19 dB and the minimum
of 1 dB with an average of 3 dB over the entire frequency range
of operation. From Figure 12, it is observed that the total effi-
ciency of the designed antenna structure has its variation
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 15 Simulated group delay versus frequency plots in two con-
figurations for the designed antenna structure
between 68 and 95%. It is also observed that the radiation effi-
ciency is varying between 78 and 95%.
During the time domain analysis using CST MWS, two iden-
tical designed antenna structures are kept in two configurations,
that is, face to face and side by side. A distance of 15 cm is
fixed between two antenna structures in both configurations.
The antenna configurations are shown in Figure 13. A Gaussian
pulse is transmitted and received by each antenna structure in
both configurations. The normalized amplitudes of the excited and
received pulses in both configurations are depicted in Figure 14.
Figure 15 demonstrates that in both configurations the simulated
group delay is varying between 20.25 and 1 ns, which is in the
desirable limits for UWB communication.
The variation of simulated transmission loss, S21, magnitude
with frequency for both configurations are demonstrated in Fig-
ure 16. From Figure 16, it is observed that in both configura-
tions the magnitude of the transmission loss is decreasing with
increasing frequency. For face to face configuration, the S21
magnitude variation can be divided into three sections. In the
first section, that is, from 4.9 to 8.5 GHz, it is linearly decreas-
ing. For second section, from 8.5 to 17 GHz, it is almost linear.
In the last section ranging from 17 to 20.6 GHz, it is again line-
arly decreasing. For the side by side configuration, its first sec-
tion is similar to that of face to face configuration. For the
frequency more than 8.5 GHz, the S21 magnitude in this config-
uration is almost linear except in the frequency band of 15
16.5 GHz, where it is reduced significantly and again increased.
Figure 17 displays the variation of the simulated phase of
S21 with frequency. From Figure 17, it is observed that the
phase is varying linearly with frequency for two configurations.
Figure 16 Simulated magnitude of transmission loss versus frequency
plot for the designed antenna structure in two configurations
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015
Figure 17 Simulated phase of transmission loss versus frequency plot
for the designed antenna structure in two configurations
This linear variation of phase indicates the good pulse handling
capability of the designed antenna structure.
4. CONCLUSION
A modified theta-shaped monopole antenna for UWB applica-
tions is designed and analyzed. The techniques of slot loading,
stub loading, modified feedline, and defected CPW ground plane
are used to improve the impedance matching for achieving an
impedance bandwidth of 4.3520.75 GHz. The effect of differ-
ent substrate materials on the antenna performance is also inves-
tigated. The designed antenna has wider bandwidth along with
miniaturized dimensions in comparison to previously reported
monopole structures. A good agreement between the measure-
ment and simulation results proved the suitability of the
designed antenna for UWB communication. This antenna struc-
ture will be useful for UWB applications, mobile applications,
WAS/RLANS (17.117.3 GHz), satellite applications, defense
systems, Doppler Navigation aids, radio astronomy, Satellite
Navigation systems, Shipborne and VTS radar, Weather radars,
Active sensors (satellite), passive sensors (satellite), BFWA
(5.7255.875 GHz), RTTT (5.8055.815 GHz), Non-Specific
SRDs, ISM (5.7255.875 GHz), ITS (5.8755.925 and 5.855
5.875 GHz), radio determination applications (610.6 GHz),
SAP/SAB, FSS/MSS, HEST, LEST, and so forth. [17]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sarthak Singhal is very thankful to the Department of Human
Resource and Development, Government of India, for providing
the financial support in the form of teaching assistantship.
REFERENCES
1. Federal Communication Commission, First Order and Report: Revi-
sion of Part 15 of The Commissions Rules Regarding UWB Trans-
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2. K.M. Hanapi, S.K.A. Rahim, B.M. Saad, M.S.A. Rani, and M.Z.A.
Aziz, An elliptically planar UWB monopole antenna with step slots
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antenna for ultrawideband applications, IET Microwaves Antennas
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7. K. Xu, Z. Zhu, H. Li, J. Huangfu, C. Li, and L. Ran, A printed
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13. HFSS, high frequency structure simulator ver. 11, Finite Element Pack-
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C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V the Quality of Service requirements. Accordingly, it is important
AN ALGORITHM OF IMPAIRMENT
AWARE ROUTING FOR WAVELENGTH
DIVISION MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL
NETWORKS
Karamjit Kaur and Hardeep Singh
Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India; Corresponding author:
karam_sekhon@yahoo.co.in
Received 31 December 2014
ABSTRACT: Development of wavelength division multiplexing technolo-
gies and increased transparency in the networks has tremendously
increased the information carrying capacity of fiber optic networks. How-
ever, these networks are affected by accumulation of optical impairments
along the lightpath resulting in degradation of signal being transmitted
thereby creating inadequacy to meet quality of service requirements. In
this article, effort has been put in to identify different parameters affecting
the signal quality. A technique to measure these parameters and their
application in connection provisioning is presented. Electrical postpro-
cessing techniques are implemented to calculate quality of link path. The
algorithm designed consider the quality of lightpath for connection provi-
sioning for each connection requirement based on first fit, best fit, and
shortest path principle. The performance of designed algorithm has been
verified by presenting different quality conditions of transmission links
and optimal results are obtained. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:16321536, 2015; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29146
Key words: physical layer impairments; eye diagram; connection provi-
sioning; light path
1632 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2015
View publication stats
1. INTRODUCTION
The evolution of optical fiber has brought a new revolution in
the field of telecommunication by contributing toward the
advent of information age. There has been tremendous
increase in data traffic patterns as observed in past few years.
This increase originates from multimedia services of internet
and cellular applications having content-rich features like video
chats, online conferences, webinars, multimedia applications,
video sharing, and other high bandwidth utilization services.
These applications require minimal delay and high quality
dynamic end to end connection routing patterns. Thus, it is
expected that the next generation optical networks must support
the various emerging applications in the field of telecommunica-
tion as well as imitate many kind of beneficiary services over
the same infrastructure with minimal investment.
In first-generation optical networks, fiber was used purely as
a transmission medium, serving as a replacement for copper
cable. With the evolution and rapid development of wavelength
division multiplexing technologies during the last decade, the
capacity of the fiber optical network has tremendously increased
to keep up the explosive growth. Current generation optical net-
works are opaque, that is, signals are converted into electrical
domain, regenerated, and converted back to optical domain.
These networks mainly consist of point-to-point links with the
intermediate nodes performing optical-electrical-optical (OEO)
conversion. With the increasing data traffic and bandwidth
demands, next generation networks are moving toward all-
optical transparent networks with desired features like transpar-
ency to bit rate, modulation format, enormous bandwidth, and
so forth. However, these networks are affected by the accumula-
tion of optical impairments along an optical path because of
lack of electrical regeneration resulting in inadequacy to meet
for network designers and operators to know various important
degradation factors affecting the quality of signal being trans-
mitted; techniques to measure and minimize their effects on sig-
nal quality; their influence on connection provisioning;
techniques to communicate this information to network layer
and control plane protocols; and finally, how to use all these for
connection provisioning and manage optically feasible lightpaths
[1]. The majority of routing and wavelength assignment algo-
rithms proposed to date assume the physical layer to be ideal
one, thereby neglecting the transmission impairments involved.
As the transmission impairments may significantly affect the
quality of signal in lightpath, it is important to consider the
impact of impairments during connection provisioning.
In this work, effort has been put in to identify the different
parameters affecting the signal quality which necessarily need to
be monitored and controlled to meet the requirements of Quality
of Service. The sophisticated optical performance monitoring
technique to measure these parameters and its application in
connection provisioning is introduced. The network simulation
has been done to obtain the response of network in the form of
eye diagram, histograms, and optical spectrum. These plots are
then analyzed to calculate different parameters affecting the sig-
nal quality. These measurements are then used for network man-
agement with routing capabilities, where priority traffic that
requires high performance can be dynamically tuned to the
appropriate channels.
Performance monitoring traditionally refers to monitoring of
bit error rates, Q-factor, signal to noise ratio and so forth. The
primary application of performance monitoring is to satisfy serv-
ice level agreements between the service providers and the end
DOI 10.1002/mop