Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons

Chapter 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds
Definition
- Organic compound

Why are there millions of different organic compounds known to man and why can chemists
synthesize more and more every day?

Hydrocarbons
Definition
- Hydrocarbon

How many hydrocarbons exist today?

The simplest hydrocarbon is CH4 and is called ____________.

Draw & label the 4 models that represent methane from page 698.
What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Chapter 21.2 Alkanes

Straight-Chain Alkanes
Definition
- Alkane

The simplest hydrocarbon is CH4 and is called ____________. It is the smallest member of the
hydrocarbons known as ________________. They form only ___________ bonds.

Molecular Formula Structural Formula

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane
The first four alkanes were named before numerical prefixes were used for alkanes, but 5-10
follow the known prefixes. Copy Table 2 from page 751.

Name Molecular Formula Condensed Structural Formula

All alkanes have names that end in ______.

What is a homologous series? What is the homologous series for alkanes?

Branched-Chain Alkanes
It is possible for different molecules to have the same number of atoms of carbon and
hydrogen. Why? Carbon atoms can BOND to one, two, three, or four other carbon atoms which
then creates a different molecule.
Compare butane and isobutene - what is their common molecular formula?

Are they the same molecule and do they have the same properties?

Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes

Since alkanes can have the same molecular formula, the order and arrangement of the atomic
determines its IDENTITY!

Definitions
- parent chain

- Substituent groups

The substituent group branching from the parent chain is named for the straight-chain alkane
having the same number of carbon atoms as the substituent. The ending ane is replaced by
____. Example methane becomes methyl.

RULES FOR NAMING BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANES

1. Count the number of _______________ atoms in the _______________ _______________.

2. Number each _______________ in the _______________ _______________. Start on the

side that will give the lowest numbers for the substituent groups.

3. Name each _______________ _______________ _______________.

4. If the same alkyl group occurs more than once as a branch on the parent structure,
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. When different alkyl groups are attached to the same parent structure, place their names in
_______________ _______________.

6. Write the entire name, using _______________ to separate numbers from words, and
_______________ to separate numbers.

eg.
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3CH2CH2CHCHCHCH2CH3
|
CH2
|
CH3

Practice Problems: #8 & 9, page 754

Cycloalkanes
Definition
- Cyclic Hydrocarbon

- Cycloalkanes
With cycloalkanes, the ring is considered the parent chain. Numbering begins with the carbon
that is bonded to the substituent group.

Naming follows very similar rules to naming branched alkanes.

**Always make sure you number the carbons so the substituent groups have the lowest
possible position numbers
eg.

Practice Problems: #10 & 11, page 757

Properties of Alkanes
What type of bonds are formed by alkanes. The electronegativity between C and H is 0.35. A
bond is determined to be polar if the difference is more the 0.5 in the electronegativity values.
Therefore, the bonds are nonpolar for alkane molecules.
What is a physical property of an alkane?

What is a chemical property of an alkane?

Practice Problems: #12 - 16, page 758

Chapter 21.3 Alkenes & Alkynes

Alkenes
Definition
- Alkene: when a _______________ bond occurs.

What is the formula for alkenes?

Use Table 5 to fill out the table.
Ethene Propene 1-Butene 2-Butene
Molecular
Formula

Structural
Formula

Condensed
Structural
Formula

Naming Alkenes
1. Find the longest parent chain that contains the double bond.
2. The position of the double bond determines the numbers.
3. If there are more double bonds than use prefixes before the suffix ene

eg. CH3CH=CHCHCH2CHCH3
| |
CH3 CH3

Practice Problems: #17 & 18, page 761

What are some properties of alkenes?

Alkynes
Definition
- Alkyne: when a _______________ bond occurs

What is the formula for alkynes?

Naming Alkynes
1. Name the same way as alkenes, but change the ending -ene to -yne
Practice Problems: #19 & 22, page 764

Chapter 21.4 Hydrocarbon Isomers

Definitions
- Isomer:

- Structural Isomers:

- Stereoisomers:

- Geometric Isomers:

- Chirality:

- Asymmetric Carbon:

- Optical Isomers:

Are the following carbon chains the same compound or are they isomers?

a) C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
| |
C C

b) C C C
| | |
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
| | |
C C C

c) C C
| |
C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C
| | |
C C C
|
C

Practice Problems: #25-27, page 769

 Chapter 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The Structure of Benzene

Benzene has a _________________ shape. It is (stable/unstable) (circle one)

Benzenes electrons are __________________, which means they are

___________________________________________________.

Aromatic Compounds
Organic compounds that contain benzene rings as part of their structure are called
_________________________. Benzene related compounds are found in ___________,
___________, and___________________.

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are called _________________________.

Naming Substituted Aromatic Compounds

Substituted benzene compounds are named in the same way as _______________
_______________.
1. They are numbered in a way that ____________________________________________
2. List the substituent in _______________ order.

eg.
CH2CH2CH3

CH2CH2CH3

Practice Problems: #31 & 32, page 773

Health risks of carcinogens are: