A Course Book of MKDU PDF

Unit 1
Introduction to English for Language and Arts
This course is designed to enable students to use English as a tool of communication

and to access the information in their learning process in the college. It focuses mainly on
language expressions in their daily activities, i.e. students are able to introduce themselves in
formal or informal situation, students are able to communicate in interpersonal and
transactional communication, and the students are able to open and close the meeting in
English in the academic setting. Grammar points and text analysis also become parts of this
course as supporting material. Students are also introduced to TOEFL as a standardized test in
English as foreign language. Moreover, in this technology era, the students are expected to
use English as a tool of communication to improve their knowledge and skills. In addition,
this course provides the students to be able to speak simple English in their daily activities
and also to read as many as simple written English for their knowledge improvement.
The material consists of language expressions, grammar points, and text analysis.
Language expression provide students with useful expression are used in daily
communication. In grammar points, students learn about basic English grammar such as; to
be, pronoun, questions, modals, prepositions, and basic tenses in English. Students are also
trained to analyze specific text, in terms of meaning and forms. They also will be introduced
to a TOEFL definition, types of test items in TOEFL and a strategy for TOEFL.
English for Language and Arts Page 1

Unit 2
Greeting, Introduction and Parting

a. Greeting
Expressions Responses
Good morning/afternoon/evening Good morning/afternoon/evening
Hello Hi
Hi Hello..
How do you do? How do you do?
How are you? (Im) fine, thanks.
Hows it going? Pretty good.
OK.
b. Introduction
Introducing yourself Introducing Others
Formal Expression Formal
Allow me to introduce myself. My Let me introduce my new director.
names Mr.
Let me introduce myself. Im Id like to introduce my wife, Jane.
May I introduce myself? My names
Responses Informal
Nice to meet/see you. Im This is . . . ./These are . . . .
Im/ My names.. Nice to meet you.
How do you do?
Asking about someone
Informal Expressions Whos that?
Im .. Thats . . . .
My names His/Her name is . . . .
Hi. My name is Who are they?
Nice to meet you. Theyre . . . .
Responses Their names are . . .and . . . .
Oh, my name is Wheres your friend?
Im. Hes/Shes . . . .
Hello. Im..
Nice to meet you too.
Introducing
- Saying name
Eg :
a. Hi / hello, my name is Sharon.
b. May I introduce myself my name is Sharon.
c. Good morning/ afternoon / evening my friend, let me introduce myself my
name is Sharon.

- Saying Address
Eg:
a. I live in Ciamis
b. I live on Jl. RE. Martadinata no. 25 Ciamis
c. I am from Bandung.
- Saying Phone number

Eg: my phone number is 08522445566
- Saying occupation
Eg:
a. I am an accountant student.
b. I am a teacher.
- Saying Hobby
Eg:
a. My hobby is reading a novel.
b. My hobbies are watching movie and reading novel.
- Saying marital status

Eg:
a. I am single
b. I am married
c. I am engaged
d. I am widow or widower
c. Parting/Saying Goodbye
Bye. Bye
Good-bye. Good-bye.
See you later. See you soon
See you tomorrow. See you
Have a good day. Have a nice day
Good night. Night

Unit 3
To Be, Pronoun and Questions
1. To Be and Auxiliary Verb
Subject To Be Auxiliary
I am/was
You
Have / do / did
We are/were
They
She
He is/was Has / does
It
2. PRONOUNS
Pronouns are used instead of nouns.
NOUN James went into the hotel.
PRONOUN He went into the hotel.
Types of Pronouns:
1. Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are used before the verb. They can be singular or plural.
Subject Verb Singular

End Plural
Pronoun
I you
I Saw the movie. we you
he
It Was very good. they
she it
2. Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are used after the verb. They can be singular or plural.
Beginning Verb Object
SIngular Plural
Pronoun
Mr. Smith called me. me you
us you
I helped him. him her
them
Somebody saw us. it
3. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to show that a person owns or possesses something.
The possessive pronouns are:
With Noun my your His her it our their
Without noun mine yours his hers its ours theirs

4. Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to give more information about a person or thing.
They are words like: that, which, who.
Example: Thats the man who bought the car.
RELATIVE PRONOUN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MAN
Use who for people, and that, which for things.
PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

In the box below are listed the different but related forms of Pronouns and Possessive
Adjectives.
SUBJECT I You He she it we they

PRONOUNS
OBJECT me You Him her it us them
PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE my Your His her its our their
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE mine yours His hers its ours theirs
PRONOUNS
3. Questions
Yes/No Questions Wh_Questions
1. Use To Be/Auxiliary/Modal as question 1. Use Wh-words as question words
words 2. The answer is complete answer
2. The answer is short answer yes/no 3. The intonation is falling/ go down.
3. The intonation is rising/ go up.
Examples Examples
To be What is your name? My name is
Are you an actor? Yes, I am. Where do you live? I live in
Is she a doctor? No, she is not/isnt. When were you born? I was born
Are they farmers? Yes. they are. on
Auxiliary Verb Why do you like music? Because...
Do you like English? Yes, I do. Who is your favorite singer? She
Does she live in Bandung? No, she does not. is.
Modals Which one is your sister? The girl
Can you speak English well? No, I cant. with ..
May I borrow your book? Sure, here you are. How + adjective
How many brothers do you have?
How much money do you need?
How far is your house from here?
How old is your father?
How deep is the river?
How long have you been here?

Unit 4
Text Analysis: Q & A sites on the Internet

Do you need the answer to a tricky question? Would you like some help
understanding a difficult concept? You can always try one of the Question and Answer
(Q&A) sites on the World Wide Web. These are places you can submit a question for an
expert to answer. Before you start clicking, however, there are a few things you should know.
Most Web sites offering expert assistance also keep an archive. This is a collection of
all previous questions and answersor at least the most frequently asked questions (FAQs).
So check out the sites archive before submitting your question. If your question has already
been answered in their archive, some sites will not respond to your e-mail.
Other sites require a certain time frame to respondperhaps two days, or even longer.
Still other sites select and answer only one question of all those received in a day or a week.
And they answer it only on a message board. That means you have to visit the message board
frequently to see if your question was chosen. Some interesting Q&A sites are listed below.
Just remember that Web sites change frequently. If one site doesnt work, try another one!
www.howstuffworks.com www.ipl.org/youth/
for help with science projects great references for kids from the Internet
www.science.ca/ask/ Public Library
150 Canadian scientists answer your http://mathforum.com/dr.math
questions Dr. Math accepts math challenges.
(Taken from Science and Technology Words, Quinley, 2002, p. 93)

Read the text above to do the following exercises!
A. Words in context
Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldface words in the sentences.
1. Many Web sites provide FAQs to provide help quickly.
a. Fast Accurate Quotes
b. Facts and Quality
c. Frequently Asked Questions
2. If you can imagine a subject, you can find out about it on the Internet.
a. international network of electronically connected computers
b. a search engine such as www.yahoo.com
c. Web pages with customized information
3. Your question may be answered on the sites message board.
a. an organizations list used for regular mailings
b. area on a Web site where users post comments and read
the comments of others
c. an educational chat room for regular users
4. Some sites respond only within a certain time frame.
a. date and time of day framed on the screen
b. information about the time an event occurred
c. period of time during which something is planned to take place

B. Synonym and Antonym
Write S or A next to each word pair to show whether the words are synonyms (words with
a similar meaning) or antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
1. _____ submit / receive 5. _____ frequently / rarely
2. _____ perhaps / maybe 6. _____ require / need
3. _____ respond / answer 7. _____ expert / amateur
4. _____ chosen / rejected 8. _____ previous / earlier
C. Homonyms
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings and sometimes different
spellings. Clue words are homonyms of words from the reading. Use words from the reading
to complete the crossword puzzle.
ACROSS DOWN
3. sights 1. knot
4. to 2. weak
6. no 3. sum
7. sea 4. ewe

Unit 5
Asking and telling about time, date and day, Thanking and Apologizing
A. Date and Numbers
1. How to say date in English
Month
January March May July September November
February April June August October December
Date
1 = 1st / First 11 = 11th / eleventh
2 = 2nd / second 20 = 20th / twentieth
3 = 3rd / third 24 = 24th / twenty fourth
4 = 4th / fourth 30 = 30th / thirtieth
5 = 5th / fifth 31 = 31st / thirty first
6 = 6th / sixth
7 = 7th / seventh
8 = 8th / eighth
9 = 9th / ninth
10 = 10th / tenth
1 April 1976 = the first of April nineteen seventy six.

April 1st, 1976 = on April first, nineteen seventy six.
14 August 2010 = the fourteenth of August two thousand and ten.
September 21st, 1985 = on September twenty first nineteen eighty-five.
2. How to say numbers in English

A. Cardinal numbers
1 = one 11 = eleven
2 = two 12 = twelve
3 = three 13 = thirteen
4 = four 14 = fourteen
5 = five 15 = fifteen
6 = six 16 = sixteen
7 = seven 17 = seventeen
8 = eight 18 = eighteen
9 = nine 19 = nineteen
10 = ten 20 = twenty, etc.
B. Ordinal numbers
1 = 1st / First 11 = 11th / eleventh
nd
2 = 2 / second 20 = 20th / twentieth
rd
3 = 3 / third 24 = 24th / twenty fourth
4 = 4th / fourth 30 = 30th / thirtieth
th
5 = 5 / fifth 31 = 31st / thirty first, etc.
6 = 6th / sixth
7 = 7th / seventh
8 = 8th / eighth
9 = 9th / ninth
10 10th / tenth

B. Saying thank you
For gifts just received Responses
Thanks very much / a lot. Youre welcome.
Its very nice. Thats all right/OK.
Just what I needed. Think nothing of it.
Im glad I could help.
For favours and help Dont mention it. p
Thanks (a lot) for It was a pleasure. P
I really appreciate your
It was very kind of you top
Im very grateful to you forp
Comments
When leaving someone who has just treated or entertained us we usually say Thank you very
much for a wonderful time. The formal answer is It was my pleasure.
Examples
A: This is a little gift I bought to you.
B: Thank you very much. Oh, its just what I wanted.
M: Thanks a lot for your help yesterday.

N: You are welcome.
Practice
Work in pairs.
1. A, thank your partner for
A lovely present
Helpful advice
A useful souvenir
A timely warning
C. Apologising
A Obvious Fault
Im really Thats okay
very sorry (to) All right
extremely Dont worry about that.
Not at all. [denying fault]
So you should be. [unforgiving]
Fault to be explained
Im afraid I Thats okay
Im very sorry but I All right
Dont worry about that.
Not at all. [denying fault]
So you should be. [unforgiving]

Examples Example
A bumps into B. A: Im afraid Ive lost the book you lent
A: Oh, Im very sorry. me. Im really sorry.
B: Thats all right. B: Oh, dont worry about that. Id already
read it.
N: Im sorry to have woken up last night. A: Is it all right if I buy you another one?
O: Oh, dont worry about that. B: It really isnt necessary
Comments
An offer of amends is often needed.
e.g. let me pay for the damage.
Excuses may be offered.
e.g. I couldnt help it because
Practice
1. Work in pairs.
A, apologise to your partner for
keeping him/her waiting
losing his/her book
being rude
leaving without saying goodbye
B, respond to your partners apologies. Change roles.
2. What should you say when you

Drop your hosts best teapot?
Spill coffee on someones clothes?
Cause a traffic accident?
Knock over a pile of bottles in a shop?
stand on someones foot?
Bump into someone?
Practice
Explain, apologise and offer amends as appropriate in the following situations.
Your child has broken your neighbours window.
You failed to keep an appointment with a friend and are telephoning to apologise.

Unit 6
Grammar points: Basic Tenses in English
TENSE
Tenses are used to show whether the timing of an action is on-going, partly completed, fully
completed, not started yet or not particularly fixed.
Fully completed : past tense, past perfect
Partly completed : present perfect
On-going : present, past and future continuous (or progressive)
Not fixed : present tense
Not started : future time
1. PRESENT TENSE
No particular time
The present tense is used for:
Things that never change He works in tokyo.
How people feel I am angry.
Actions that happen from time to time They play football every week.
What people look like She is tall and thin.
2. PAST TENSE
Fully completed past actions
The past tense is used for an action that happened in the past. The action is completed. You
usually add ed to the verb.
Example: walked, shouted, washed.
These are called regular verbs.
However, you cannot add ed to some verbs. You have to change their spelling.
These are called irregular verbs.
Example: buy bought eat ate give gave
3. PAST PERFECT
Partly completed actions
The past perfect is used for completed actions that happened before a certain other action in
the past.
Example: He felt cold. He had forgotten to bring his coat.
4. FUTURE TIME
Actions not yet started
We use different ways to indicate an action that will happen in the future, e.g. tomorrow, next
week.
1. WILL or SHALL (making a prediction/ expressing willingness)
Example: He will win.
Ill help you.
2. PRESENT TENSE (for fixed times and dates)
Example: My train leaves at 6 a.m.

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (for future plans and arrangement)
Example: Im meeting John at lunch time.
4. GOING TO (for expressing intention or expectation)
Example: Im going to kill you.
It is going to rain.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the present tense with the given word in the brackets.
1 Our mothers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (go) to the market every day.

2 Tom ____________________ (play) badminton with his brother every evening.
3 The postman _____________ (deliver) letters to houses every day.
4 We normally_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (sleep) at 10 pm every' night.
5 My siblings ______________ (love) to eat durians.
6 Cows and coats ___________ (eat) grass.
7 Joshua __________________ (attend) music class every Sunday.
8 Do not __________________ (play) with tire or you may hurt yourself
9 My mother often __________ (bake) a cake during the weekends.
10 Thev ____________________ (watch) television every night.
11 He _____________________ (send) a birthday card to his fa ther from
Australia.
12 Alimi ___________________ (sleep) in a basket in mv room.
13 The farmer _______________ (feed) the chickens everv morning and evening
14 The girls ________________ (practise) their dance every afternoon.
15 We ____________________ (visit) our relatives in Sarawak every year.
Exercise 2
Rewrite the underlined words correctly.
1. She sell vegetables at the market every morning. ( ______________________ )
2. The staff attend a meeting every fortnight. ( ____________________ )
3. My driver drive me to school every day. ( _____________________ )
4. The postman delivering letters every day. ( ____________________ )
5. John's brother like to switch on the radio loudly. ( ________________ _____ )
6. Allan and his sister went for swimming les sons every Friday. (_____________)
7. The pupils cleans the classroom every day before going back. (
_____________ )
8. My brothers loved to watch football. ( ____________________ )
9. Bats lives in the caves. ( ______________________ )
10. Our teachers taught us Mathematics every day. (______________).

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Fill in the blanks with the SIMPLE PAST TENSE with the given word in the bracket.
1. She ________________ (post) the letter just now.
2. Joan _______________ (buy) a lot of things at the sale.
3. They _______________ (switch) on the fan as it was very warm.
4. The Lim family ________ (go) to Denmark last December.
5. The horse ___________ (jump)over the fence and ____________. (escape)
6. Jasni _______________ (teach) us how to make a kite.
7. We ________________ (meet) our former teacher at the mall.
8. Her friends __________ (sing) the birthday song at the party.
9. The girl _____________ (stand) up and (give) her seat to the blind man.
10. My uncle ___________ (bring) us to Cameron Highlands last week

Unit 7
Text Analysis: Internet

Internet is one of important devices in student world. We can find many internet cafes
anywhere. Actually, many houses have internet connection. As parents, we must know what
our children are browsing in internet, because many programs have negative impacts to our
children.
In our observation, internet have positive impact, for example: student can find their
task in internet, and we can find update information or news when browsing internet.
Internet also have negative impact if the parents dont watch their children when
browsing internet.
The children can open many program or website that have negative impact, for
example, they can open pornography site, game online and the other programs that can make
their mark go down in the school. And too much browsing internet can endanger their eyes.
Based on fact above, we have some tips to protect our children:
Dont put PC and modem set in your kids bedroom
Make a schedule for browsing internet to our children.
Review the history when your children finished browsing internet.
Use filters program to negative site in your PC.
A. Answer the following questions based on the text above!

1. What is the topic of the text above?
2. What was the writer think about internet?
3. What are the bad impact of internet for children?
4. What does the writer tell in the last paragraph?
5. Who must be responsible in taking care of children from the bad impact of internet?
6. Mention the advantages of internet for students based on the text!
7. What may be the motives of the writer by writing this text?
8. How many tips does the writer suggest to do to protect the children from the negative impact of
internet?
B. Find out the synonyms of the following words in the text above in italic fonts and make a
sentence for each!
1. Access : 6. Essential :
2. Bad : 7. Renew :
3. Searching : 8. Decrease :
4. Sort out : 9. Imperil :
5. Save : 10.good :

Unit 8
Request and Offers
1. Asking for Permission
Asking Granting Refusing

Could I? Sure. Sorry but
Can I? Yes. Id rather you didnt.
It it all right if I? Certainly. Im sorry, but
May I? No, go ahead. Id rather you didnt.
Do you mind if I? By all means. P Im very sorry,
I wonder if I could?p Not at all. P butp
Would you mind if Ied?p Well actually Id
rather you didnt.p
Examples:
A: Can I borrow your dictionary?
B: Sure. Here you are.
M: Do you mind if I smoke?

N: Id rather you didnt.
Y: I wonder if I could use your phone?

Z: By all means. Go ahead.
R: Would you mind if I opened the window?

S: Well, actually Id rather you didnt. Ive got a cold.
Comment
The negative nuance of Do/Would you mind? is often ignored.
e.g. Do you mind if I smoke? Yes, of course. Go ahead.
2. Asking for Things
Expressions Examples Comment

In a shop: A: Id like a cup of tea When asking for
Id like a/some please. please. everyday items people
Have you got any? And could you bring me tend to omit Id
some sugar? like e.g. A bottle of
In a restaurant: B: Certainly sir. milk, please.
Id like some please. C: Could you pass me the
Could you bring me please. sauce please?
D: Sure. Here you are.
In a pub:
please

During meals:
Could you pass me the please?
Would
3. Asking for Information
Excuse me [speaking to strangers] Yes?
Can Yes
Could you tell me? (Im) sorry but I dont know.
Do you (happen to) know? No, Im afraid not.
Have you any idea?
Examples Comment
A: Excuse me, can you tell me the time? No special expressions are necessary
B: Yes, its quarter to ten. when speaking to friends. e.g. Whats the
time? Do you know if the post office is
A: Do you happen to know if the post office is open?
open?
No, Im afraid not.
4. Asking People to Do Things
Can youplease? Yes. All right.
Will Of course.
Could youplease? Okay.i
Would Sure.i
Do you minding, please? Sorry but (impossible)
Would Id rather nit. (unwilling)
I wonder if you could By all means.
Would mind ing p Its be a pleasure. F
Would be kind enough to... Im very sorry but
Actually. Id rather not, if you dont
mind.
Examples Comment
A: Can you help me with these suitcases, We tend to use will/would when we dont
please? know if a person is willing to help. We tend
B: Yes, all right. to use can/could when we dont know if a
person is able to help.
O: Could you open the window, please? The degree of politeness depends on:
P: Id rather not. Im cold. a. The relationship between the two people
b. The degree of inconvenience of the
Y: I wonder if you could do me a favour. requested action
Z: By all means.

5. Asking People to Repeat Things
Expressions Examples
(I beg your) pardon? G: thats why hes
(Im) sorry, what did you say? H: I beg your pardon?
(Im) sorry, I didnt (quite) catch G: I said, he missed his train, thats why hes
Could you repeat that, please? late.
spell
X: My names Johnstone.
Y: Could you spell that, please?
X: Yes, J-O-H-N-S-T-O-N-E.
Practice
Work in pairs. A and B.
1. A, talk about your family, your hobbies and your last holiday. Speak very softly, cover
your mouth with your hand or make noises with your chair, books, etc.
B, keep asking your partner to repeat what he or she says.
2. B, talk about your hometown, a good book or film and your ambitions. A, each time
your partner speaks, cough and then ask him/her to repeat what he/she said.
3. Work with a partner. Make up a telephone conversation between a hotel booking clerk
and a guest booking a room. The telephone line is bad and the booking clerk has to keep
asking for things to be repeated. Act out your conversation to the class.
6. Asking for and Giving Opinions

Asking for opinions Giving opinions
What do you think of.? I think/believe/feel that
about? In my opinion
Whats your opinion of ? As I see it
How do you feel about? I dont really know.
What are your views on? To tell you the truth, Im not really
interested in
Example
Y: What do you think about pollution?
Z: In my opinion, its a very serious problem.
Comments
What do you think. . .? is used when referring to specific people, places, things etc.
What do you think about. . .? is used when referring to controversial matters and
problems.
What are you views on. . .? is used when discussing topics of a wider nature e.g.
marriage, education, etc.
When asking opinions of strangers for surveys, the more polite forms tend to be used.
e.g.
Could you tell me your opinion of?
May I ask your opinion of? etc.

Controversial opinions may be expressed like this:
You might not agree with me but I think. . .
Practice
1. Work in pairs.
Take it turns to ask for and give opinions on
Smoking
Atomic weapons
Gambling
Pollution
Your government
Drug addiction
2. Work in pairs.
Take it in turns to ask for and give opinions of
a certain T.V. personality or sportsman/woman
a certain T.V. programme
a certain city
a certain current controversial matter
7. Offering to do things
Expressions Accepting Refusing
Can I? Yes, please (if you dont No, thanks.
Shall? mind). Thanks anyway/all the same,
Would you like me Thats very kind of you. but....
to? Thanks. Its kind of you to offer butp
Let me
Example
A: Shall I help you?
B: Yes, please, if you dont mind.
Practice
Work in pairs A and B. A, read the following sentences. B, make an appropriate offer. A,
accept or refuse each offer. Then change roles.
e.g.
A: This rooms very dark.
B: Shall I switch the light on?
A: Yes, please.
B: Ive forgotten my textbook. etc
This rooms very dark.
Ive forgotten my textbook.
I havent got time to post this letter.
I cant carry all these all these bags by myself.
Ive left my pen at home.
Im short of money.
Ive got a problem.
Ive lost my passport.
I cant understand this sentence.

8. Offering things
Expressions Accepting Refusing
Would you like? Yes, please. No, thanks.
How about? Id love one/some Thanks anyway / all the
May I offer you? That would be nice. same..but...
Would you care for? Thats very kind of you. Not right now, thanks.
What would you like?
Example
C: Would you like a cup of tea?
D: Yes please.
C: How about cookie?
D: Thanks anyway but Ive just eaten lunch.
Practice
Work in pairs.
Offer the following things to each other. Accept or refuse each thing.

Unit 9
Grammar Points: Modals and Prepositions
Modals - English Grammar
1) Can
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute
I can speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the present
Can I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
Request Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
2) could
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could go to the cinema.
form: to be allowed to)
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.
3) may
Use Examples
Possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present
May I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
polite suggestion May I help you?
4) might
Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?

5) must
Use Examples
force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.
Possibility You must be tired.
advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
6) must not/may not

Use Examples
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
Prohibition
You may not work on dad's computer.
7) need not
Use Examples
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the
not necessary
restaurant tonight.
8) ought to
Use Examples
Advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the
Obligation
room.
9) shall
instead of will in the 1st person

Use Examples
Suggestion Shall I carry your bag?
10) should
Use Examples
Advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.
You should switch off the light when you leave the
Obligation
room.
11) will
Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less
Will you please shut the door?
polite than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

12) would
Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than
Would you shut the door, please?
will)
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
* no past forms - future forms
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions tell us:
WHERE something or someone is.
WHERE something or someone is going.
WHEN something happens.
There are three kinds of Preposition
1. PREPOSITION OF PLACE
We use preposition of place to show WHERE something or someone is.
They are words like:
In On At Near Behind Under between opposite next to
[ AT ] [ IN } [ ON ]
Use at with public places and Use in when the place is an Use on when you talk about
buildings. area or district, region, town, the surface or top of a place.
Example: city. Example:
Hes at the station. Example: The cat is sitting on the wall.
Shes at home. Hes in New York. Your keys are on the table.
I enjoyed my holiday in
France.
You can also use in for

people or things inside a
building or room.
Example
They are in the kitchen.
They are in the restaurant.
2. PREPOSITION OF MOTION
We use preposition of motion to show WHERE something or someone is going to or coming
from. They are words like: around, along, across, towards, to, from, out of, into.
Example: They cycled along the path.
He walked across the road.
along
across

3. PREPOSITION OF TIME
We use preposition of time to show WHEN something happens. They are words like: on, at,
in, before, during, after, for, since, until.
[ ON ] [ AT ] [ IN ]
Use on with days. Use at with times. Use in with months.
on Mondays (every Monday) at six oclock in January
on Monday at three thirty in February
e.g. Ill see you on Monday. in March
FOR AND SINCE

[ FOR ] [ SINCE ]
Use for when talking about a certain amount Use since when talking about a certain
of time between two points in time, amount of time that starts at a definite time,
e.g. 1st point: 4.45 p.m., 2nd point: 5.00 p.m. e.g. 4.45 p.m.
Example: Example:
I have been waiting for 15 minutes. I have been waiting since 4.45.

Unit 10
Text Analysis: Sequoyah

Sequoyah was a young Cherokee Indian, son of a white trader and an Indian squaw.
At an early age, he became fascinated by the talking leaf, an expression that he used to
describe the white mans written records. Although many believed this talking leaf to be a
gift from the Great Spirit, Sequoyah refused to accept that theory. Like other Indians of the
period, he was illiterate, but his determination to remedy the situation led to the invention of
a unique eighty-six characters alphabet based on the sound patterns that he heard.
His family and friends thought him mad, but while recuperating from a hunting
accident, diligently and independently set out to create a form of communication from his
own people as well as for other Indians. In 1821, after twelve years of work, he had
successfully developed a written language that would enable thousand of Indians to read and
write.
Sequoyahs desire to preserve words and events for later generations has caused him
to remembered among the important inventors. The giant redwood trees of California, called
sequoias in his honor, will further imprint his name in history.
A. Read the text above and find out the closest meaning of the bold typing words!
B. After reading the text, then answer the following questions correctly!
1. What is the most important reason that Sequoyah will be remembered?
a. California redwoods were named in his honor.
b. He was illiterate.
c. He created a unique alphabet.
d. He recovered from his madness and help humankind.
2. The word squaw in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Woman b. teacher c. cook d. trader
3. How did Sequoyahs family react to his idea of developing his own talking leaf?
a. They arranged for his hunting accident.
b. They thought he was crazy.
c. They decided to help him.
d. They asked him to teach them to read and write.
4. What prompted Sequoyah to develop his alphabet?
a. People were writing things about him that he couldnt read.
b. He wanted to become famous.
c. After his hunting accident, he needed something to keep him busy.
d. He wanted the history of his people preserved for future generations.
5. It is implied that Sequoyah called the written records the talking leaf because
a. They played music.
b. When he observed white people reading, they seemed to understand what was written.
c. He was going mad, and he thought the leaves were talking to him.
d. It was the only way that the Great Spirit had of communicating with them.

Unit 11
Opening Presentation
Opening presentation
1. Greeting
2. Thanking the audience
3. Introducing yourself
4. Starting your purpose
5. Sign posting
Key Language for Introductions

Greeting
Good morning/ afternoon/ evening, ladies and gentlemen.
Welcome to Ericomm.
Hello/ Hi everyone.
Name and position
Let me just start by introducing myself. My name is Peter Wong.
As some/ most of you already know, I am Peter Wong.
Im in charge of/ responsible for production.
Im the new Managing Director.
Title/Subject
The title/ subject/ topic of todays presentation/ talk is
Today, Id like to speak about
What Id like to talk about is
Objective
The objective of this presentation is to present
This talk will act as a springboard for discussion
The aim today is to give some background about
Main parts/ outline
Ive divided/ split my talk into four main parts/ sections.
Firstly, what I want to do is give you some background
Secondly/ Thirdly, we will look at/ move on to
Then/ Next/ After that/ Finally, I will speak about/ examine
Visuals
I will be using the whiteboard and flipchart.
I will be using the overhead projector.
Timing
The presentation will take/ last about minutes.
I will speak for about minutes.
I plan to be brief. About minutes.
Questions
If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.
Please interrupt me as we go along if you have any questions.
Id be glad to take any questions at the end of my presentation.
Audience
I know that you have all travelled a long way.

Im very grateful that you could come today.
Its nice to see so many faces.
I look forward to your comments on this.
Link to start
Ok. Lets start with the first point which is
Right. We can begin by looking at
The Classic Introduction Checklist
greeting
name and position
the title/ subject
the objective
the main points
mention visual aids you will use
time you will take
when you would like questions
refer to your audience
link to first section

Unit 12
Grammar Points: Verbs, Adverbs, Adjectives and Noun
1. VERBS
Verbs are words that tell us what a person is DOING or feeling or who a person is.
FEELINGS ACTION WORDS ACTION or THING?
Use verbs like be, feel, and seem Our actions are what An action is a verb. But
to show how you feel and who we do. sometimes it looks like a
you are. Example: NOUN in a sentence. It is
Example: I hit him. a gerund. Example:
I feel hot. I cried. Smoking is bad for you.
I am angry. Jogging is good for you.
My name is John.
Who does what?

The doer is the subject of the verb. If you want to say the subject is, the verb is ACTIVE.
Subject Active Verb End
I Ate the apple.
Mrs. Smith washes the dishes.
a. Subject + Verb
When the present tense is used, the subject he, she and it change the spelling of the verb.
Example: I wash, you wash,
he/ she/ it washes,
we wash, you wash, they wash
b. Passive
The verb is passive if you do not want to use the subject. Here, the action is more
important than the doer.
Example: The floor was swept.
Who swept the floor?
We do not know.
Who does what?

When you do something to a PERSON or THING, that person or thing is the object of the
verb.
Subject Verb Object
She Watched television
When you can put an object after the verb, the verb is called transitive verb.
c. The passive [ intransitive verbs ]

If you cannot put an object after the verb, the verb is intransitive.
Subject Active Verb No Object
She died. X
The boy cried. X

ONLY TRANSITIVE VERBS CAN BE MADE PASSIVE.
I swept the floor. (object)
The floor was swept.
HOW TO FORM THE PASSIVE

TO BE (any tense) + PAST PARTICIPLE
1. Past Tense The floor was swept.
2. Present Tense The floor is swept everyday.
Example: 3. Present The floor is being swept.
Continuous The floor has been swept.
4. Present Perfect The floor will be swept.
5. Future
d. Time Words
Verbs are also time words. They tell us when an action takes place, e.g. past, present, future,
or no particular time.
2. ADVERBS
Adverbs tell us more about the verb. They tell us:
HOW to do something.
WHERE we do something.
WHEN something happens.
HOW OFTEN we do something.
There are five kinds of Adverbs:

1. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner are used to show HOW we do something. Often, these words end
with ly.
Example: loudly, quietly, quickly.
NOTE easy Easily NOTE These four adverbs of
heavy heavily manner do not end with
happy happily ly: fast, well, hard,
straight.
Example: He played
well.
2. Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time are used to show WHEN we do something. They are words like: soon,
now, still, yet, then, when. Sometimes, they are phrases like: everyday, in the afternoon, on
Saturdays.
Example: Now what are we going to do?
Hell be here soon.
3. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency are used to show HOW MANY TIMES we do something. They are
words like: always, usually, seldom, sometimes, often, never.

Look at this calendars. They will help you to understand these words.
always (7x) usually (6x) often (4x) sometimes (3x)

seldom (2x)
never (0x)
Example: I always have cereal for breakfast.
I usually go to the club after work.
4. Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place are used to show WHERE we can find people or things. They are words
like: nearby, upstairs, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, here. Sometimes, they are
phrases like: on the left, over there, in the library.
5. Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree usually tell us more about adjectives.
Example: If someone is good, an adverb of degree tells us how good.
He can be very good or quite good or fairly good.
They are words like:
Very quite rather Fairly So almost nearly Slightly
just Too Extremely entirely
3. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. An adjective tells us about the quality
of person or thing.
Example: beautiful, clever, nice, pleasant, friendly
An adjective tells us about physical states such as:
SIZE e.g. big, small, tall, thin, fat
SHAPE e.g. round, square, oval
AGE e.g. old, young, middle-aged
COLOUR e.g. red, green, blue
Ordinary Adjectives End Adjectives

Ordinary adjectives go in front of a End adjectives are put after a noun or pronoun.
noun. Sometimes, the adjective is at the end of a sentence.
Example: The fat man. Example: The water is warm.
The green balloon.

A. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used to show that a person owns something. You must use a noun
with the possessive adjective.
No, it isnt!
Its my ball!
Its our ball!
my, your, his, her, its + NOUN our, your, their + NOUN
B. Demonstrative Adjectives
We use demonstrative adjective to point to things or persons. Use this (singular) and these
(plural) for things that are near. Use that (singular) or those (plural) if they are far away.
C. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

We use comparative adjectives to compare two things or persons. We add er to short
adjectives, e.g. big bigger, small smaller, nice nicer.
If the adjective is long, we put the word more in front of it, e.g. more expensive, more
beautiful.
Example: I am taller than John.

DONT FORGET TO ADD THAN
The book is more enjoyable than the movie.
We use superlative adjectives to compare three or more things or persons. We add est to short
adjectives, e.g. big biggest, small smallest, nice nicest.
If the adjective is long, we put the word most in front of it, e.g. the most expensive, the most
beautiful.
Example: She is the tallest girl. DONT FORGET TO USE THE

Julia was the most attractive girl.
Participles
The present participle (verb + ing) and past participle (verb + ed or en) can be used as
adjectives.
With ing With ed or -en
Interesting Frightening excited broken
Example: It was an interesting story.

The excited children went home.

4. NOUNS
Nouns are words for people, animals, things and ideas. The word chair, chicken, and chance
are common nouns. Proper nouns are special names for things, people, and places. They start
with capital letter, e.g. Mr. Smith, John, Romeo and Juliet, America.
a. Singular and Plural

Nouns can be singular or plural. Singular means one (1). Plural means more than one. To
make a noun plural, you usually add s or es.
b. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
1. Countable nouns
Countable nouns are things which can be counted. This is because they clearly exist as
separate units or types. Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
They usually end with s in the plural.
Example: apples, pens, girls, cows, chickens.
However, some countable nouns do NOT simply end with s in the plural.
Unusual Plurals: knife knives; sheep sheep; mouse mice; man men.
2. Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are things which cannot be counted. This is because they are hard to
see as separate units.
Example: salt, flour, pepper, tea, water, milk, cream, bread, cheese.
Uncountable nouns are usually singular only (no plural forms).
Example: Sugar is sweet.
The milk is sour.
3, Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to a group or collection of people or things.
Example: a team A team is ONE group of MANY people.
It can be singular or plural.
Example: singular plural
The team is very good. The team are very good
Example: class, crowd, police, club, staff, government, audience.
5. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are ideas or concepts that we have in our minds. We can think about them
but we cannot see or touch them. They are words like love, hope, beauty, happiness,
enjoyment, loneliness.
6. Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns show that a person owns or possesses something.
Example: Jasons car.
This means that Jason owns a car.
Using the apostrophe
The apostrophe is
1. When the noun (the owner) is singular, put the apostrophe before the s.
Example: Jasons car.
My brothers house.
2. When the noun is plural, put the apostrophe after the s.
Example: The teachers staffroom.
The students books.

Unit 13
Text Analysis: Job interview

A. Read the information from the box below!
Box 1 Examples of skills and abilities Box 2 Some typical interview

being good with figures/people/technical questions
issues Tell me something about yourself.
being a good administrator What have you learnt in your current
being good at organising your time job?
having a good understanding of the market Why do you want to leave your current
liking challenges job?
working well in a team What are your strong points?
being a good communicator What are your weak points?
What are your career objectives?
Box 3 Example for Whats your Box 4 Career plans
background? Over the next few years I intend to . . .
I was born and brought up in London, then I And Im going to try to . . .
went to university in the north of England. I If possible, Id also like to . . .
lived in Manchester for many years, working as And I hope to . . . , although I know it
a teacher in community education. In my mid wont be easy.
thirties I moved to Portugal, and I lived in
Lisbon, working as a freelance Business
English trainer. I did that for six years. I came
back to the UK in 1996, and Ive had two
parallel jobs since then. Over the summer I
teach at International House, London, but most
of the year I write books in the field of Business
English. I also do a bit of teacher training.
B. After reading the information from the boxes above, make a summary of your
understanding for each box.
Box 1 :
..
Box 2 :
..
Box 3 :
..
Box 4 :
..
C. Write a simple background of yourself.

Unit 14
Introduction to TOEFL
The Test of English as a Foreign Language
The purpose of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is to evaluate

the English proficiency of people whose native language is not English. The test was initially
developed to measure the English proficiency of international students wishing to study at
colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, and this continues to be its primary
function. A number of academic institutions in other countries, as well as certain independent
organizations, agencies (including medical certification and licensing agencies), and foreign
governments, have also found the test scores useful. Overall, more than 4,200 institutions,
agencies, and organizations in over 80 countries use TOEFL test scores.
The format of the test can be PBT (paper-based test) or IBT (internet-based test). The
TOEFL PBT test has three sections:
Sections Time Limit Number of Questions
Listening Comprehension 30-40 minutes 50
Structure and Written Expression 25 minutes 40
Reading Comprehension 55 minutes 50
Examples of Test
A. Structure and Written Expression
Directions : Question 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see for
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). You are to choose one word or phrase that
best complete the sentence.
The swimming instructor came... if the apartment was still available.

A. to see
B. seeing
C. saw
D. for seeing
The sentence should be read "The swimming instructor came to see if the apartment was still
available." Therefore, you should choose A.

Now begin work on the questions.
1. The committee has met twice and ....

A. they reached a final decision
B. a final decision was reached
C. its decision was reached
D. it has reached a final decision
2. The manager won't be able to attend the shareholders' meeting tomorrow because....
A. he must to give a lecture
B. he will be giving a lecture
C. of he will give lecture
D. he will have giving a lecture
3. Brenda's score on the test is the highest in class.

A. She should study hard last night.
B. She should have studied hard last night.
C. She must have studied hard last night.
D. She had to study hard last night
4. To answer accurately is more important than...

A. to finish quickly
B. a quick finish
C. you finish it quickly
D. quick finish
5. Having been served lunch,....

A. the problems were discussed by the participants.
B. the participants discuss the problems.
C. it was discussed by the participants.
D. A discussion of the problems were made by the participants.
6. East Kalimantan relies heavily on income from oil and natural gas, and....
A. Aceh province also.
B. Aceh province too.
C. Aceh province is as well.
D. so does Aceh province.
7. The participants have had some problems deciding....

A. when they should announce the result of the meeting.
B. when are they sgoing to announce the result of the meeting.
C. when should they announce the result of the meeting.
D. the time when the result of the meeting to announce.
8. This year will be more difficult for our organization because....

A. we have less money and volunteers than last year.
B. there is a little money and volunteers than last year.
C. it has less money and fewer volunteers than it had last year.
D. it has fewer money and less volunteers than it had last year.

9. Professor Baker told his students that...
A. they can turn over their reports on Mondays.
B. the reports can turn over on Monday.
C. they could hand in their reports on Monday.
D. the reports they can hand in on Monday.
10. The adder is a venomous snake ... bite may prove fatal to humans.
A. its
B. whom its
C. that
D. whose
11. .... a bee colony gets, the more the queen's egglaying capability diminishers.
A. It is more overcrowded.
B. The more overcrowded.
C. More overcrowded than.
D. More than overcrowded.
12. The chairwoman requested that ....

A. the participants studied more careful the problem.
B. the participants study the problem more carefully.
C. the participants studied the problem with more careful.
D. the problem be studied more carefully.
13. Unlike the earth, which rotates once every twenty-four hours ... once every ten hours.
A. the rotation of Jupiter
B. Jupiter rotates
C. Jupiter rotation
D. Jupiter rotate
14. Jackson,... capital of Mississippi, is the largest city in the state.

A. the
B. it is the
C. is the
D. where the
15. The various types of bacteria are classified according to...shapes.

A. whose
B. how they are
C. have
D. their

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Unit 1

Introduction to English for Language and Arts

This course is designed to enable students to use English as a tool of communication

English for Language and Arts Page 1

Greeting, Introduction and Parting

English for Language and Arts Page 2

- Saying Phone number

- Saying marital status

English for Language and Arts Page 3

To Be, Pronoun and Questions

1. To Be and Auxiliary Verb

Subject Verb Singular

English for Language and Arts Page 4

RELATIVE PRONOUN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MAN

Use who for people, and that, which for things.

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

SUBJECT I You He she it we they

English for Language and Arts Page 5

Text Analysis: Q & A sites on the Internet

(Taken from Science and Technology Words, Quinley, 2002, p. 93)

English for Language and Arts Page 6

English for Language and Arts Page 7

1 April 1976 = the first of April nineteen seventy six.

2. How to say numbers in English

English for Language and Arts Page 8

M: Thanks a lot for your help yesterday.

English for Language and Arts Page 9

2. What should you say when you

English for Language and Arts Page 10

Grammar points: Basic Tenses in English

English for Language and Arts Page 11

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1 Our mothers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (go) to the market every day.

English for Language and Arts Page 12

English for Language and Arts Page 13

Text Analysis: Internet

A. Answer the following questions based on the text above!

English for Language and Arts Page 14

Request and Offers

1. Asking for Permission

Asking Granting Refusing

M: Do you mind if I smoke?

Y: I wonder if I could use your phone?

R: Would you mind if I opened the window?

2. Asking for Things

Expressions Examples Comment

English for Language and Arts Page 15

3. Asking for Information

4. Asking People to Do Things

English for Language and Arts Page 16

6. Asking for and Giving Opinions

English for Language and Arts Page 17

English for Language and Arts Page 18

English for Language and Arts Page 19

Grammar Points: Modals and Prepositions

Modals - English Grammar

English for Language and Arts Page 20

6) must not/may not

instead of will in the 1st person

English for Language and Arts Page 21

* no past forms - future forms

You can also use in for

English for Language and Arts Page 22