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Understanding Culture Ver 2 0
Încărcat de
Anj H. RiveraDrepturi de autor:
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Lesson
I Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. Identify the scope and significance of culture, society, and politics;
2. Understand ones self and others better;
3. Explain why understanding the behavior of a person is better if seen through the
persons culture in relation to society and politics;
4. Identify the relationship between the three major fields of social science; and
5. Learn to analyze the cause and effect of social, political, and cultural changes.
Introduction
Everyday, we meet different people who come from different walks of life. Starting
from our house, on our way to school, off to the school service or as we take our usual
commute, in the school and inside the classroom, we come across different people with
varying personalities.
Sometimes, the way we approach one person varies differently to others. When you
greeted your neighbor Good morning, you look good today, might be taken differently by
the student you came across the schools hallway.
Thats why it is important to understand the culture of every member in the society
and learn how to interact with them.
Class Activity 1.1 The Human BINGO
Activity Objective: To meet persons from different orientation and get to understand them.
Using the provided BINGO template on the next page, go around the classroom and
look for someone that can represent the given description. After blocking out all boxes,
shout the word HUMAN BINGO to let everyone know that you are the first to finish.
Class Activity 1.2 - Tell Me Something About You
Think of at least five different places/areas that youve been to in the last five years
and identify one cultural trait or behavior that reminds you of that place (e.g. Manila Busy
life; Baguio Ifugao Cultural Dance; Bicol Lahar Pottery Making).
Place/ Area Visited Cultural Trait/Behavior
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
1
Work
Sheet
1.1:
The
Human
BINGO
B
I
N
G
O
Came
Loves
to
Likes
to
from
Only
play
Loves
take
the
child
instrumen art
selfie
provinc t
e
Doesnt
Likes
At
least
use
watching
Loves
to
two
Presentl
social
movies
eat
siblings
y
in
love
media
Knows
Loves
to
Knows
how
to
Drinks
Party
go
how
to
ride
or
People
shoppin sing
or
bike
smokes
g
dance
Can
Is
speak
Vegetaria Travelle Gadget
voting
foreign
n
d
abroad
freak
age
language
Knows
Exercise
Has
a
how
to
or
works
Drives
his
pet
dog
Wears
cook
out
own
car
or
cat
glasses
regularly
2
Discussion
In
understanding
the
behavior
of
different
individuals
in
the
society,
we
deal
with
social
sciences.
Social
science
is
the
branch
of
science
that
deals
with
human
behavior
and
their
interaction
to
their
environment,
vice-versa.
Included
in
the
field
of
social
science
are
anthropology,
sociology,
and
politics.
Anthropology
The
word
anthropology
was
first
taken
from
the
Greek
words
anthropos
which
means
human
and
logos
which
means
study.
According
to
William
Haviland
(2014),
Anthropology
is
the
study
of
humankind
in
all
times
and
places
by
focusing
on
the
interconnections
and
interdependence
of
all
aspects
of
the
human
experience.
Common
issues
in
Philippine
anthropology
includes
archaeological
discoveries
that
dates
back
to
primitive
era
that
can
be
used
to
explain
the
human
evolution
and
present
human
behavior
as
a
reaction
to
his
evolving
environment.
Prominent
anthropologists
in
the
Philippines
were
Henry
Otley
Beyer,
F.
Landa
Jocano,
and
Peter
Bellwood,
One
of
the
recent
developments
in
Philippine
archaeology
is
the
discovery
of
a
67,000
year
old
toe
bone
remains
Callao
Cave
in
the
province
of
Cagayan
in
2007.
Apparently,
such
findings
disputed
the
initial
reports
suggesting
that
humans
arrived
in
Southeast
Asian
region
only
42,000
years
ago
through
the
Tabon
Man
found
in
the
Tabon
Cave
in
Palawan
but
the
recent
discovery
suggests
otherwise
making
it
the
oldest
human
fossil
to
be
discovered
in
the
Philippines.
Fields
of
Anthropology
The
study
of
Anthropology
in
the
Philippines
deals
with
four
subdisciplines:
(1)
cultural
anthropology;
(2)
linguistic
anthropology;
(3)
archaeology;
and
(4)
physical
anthropology.
Cultural
Anthropology
it
deals
with
the
evolutionary
process
of
society
and
culture
as
an
integrated
whole.
It
deals
with
the
structure
of
the
society
and
the
traditional
practices
of
the
community
that
sets
it
apart
from
others.
Linguistic
Anthropology
it
deals
with
language
patterns
that
reflect
the
structure
and
characteristic
of
a
community.
It
deals
with
the
historical
development
of
a
societys
language
as
a
means
of
communication
and
preservation
of
their
practices
and
traditions.
Archaeology
it
can
be
considered
as
the
most
common
subfield
of
Anthropology.
It
deals
with
the
study
of
human
and
society
through
the
recovery
and
rediscovery
of
materials
remains
and
artifacts
to
explain
present
practices,
beliefs
and
way
of
life.
Physical
Anthropology
it
deals
with
humans
as
biological
organisms
considering
their
origin,
evolution
and
development,
differentiation
and
diversities,
and
adaptation.
It
is
sometimes
referred
to
as
biological
anthropology.
Sociology
The
word
sociology
was
taken
from
the
Latin
word
socius
which
means
companion
and
the
Greek
word
logos.
According
to
Panopio
(2004),
Sociology
deals
with
study
of
the
3
behavior
of
the
society
and
the
social
interactions
taking
place
in
it
such
that
commonly,
it
deals
with
understanding
behavior
changes,
development,
improvements,
manifestations
and
reactions
of
the
society
as
a
whole.
It
is
considered
as
the
mother
of
all
social
sciences.
Common
issues
in
Philippine
sociology
include
family
relations
such
as
separation
and
divorce
and
its
impact
to
the
family,
population
and
its
relationship
to
poverty,
the
practice
of
local
traditions
in
the
modern
society,
etc.
One
of
the
common
sociological
issues
in
the
Philippines
today
is
the
implementation
of
the
controversial
Reproductive
Health
Law
which
aims
to
provide
informed
choice
to
couples
regarding
family
planning
and
unwanted
pregnancy.
Apparently
in
2012,
the
government
implemented
the
given
law
aspiring
to
finally
minimize
the
growing
population
of
the
country.
But
the
law
contains
various
segments
that
greatly
affect
the
traditional
perception
of
the
society
such
as
the
inclusion
of
sex
education
as
part
of
the
school
curriculum
and
providing
free
access
to
contraceptives
in
local
health
centers.
Fields
of
Sociology
Sociology
in
the
Philippines
has
been
practiced
in
different
fields
such
as:
(1)
social
organization;
(2)
social
psychology;
(3)
social
change;
(4)
population
studies;
and
(5)
sociological
research.
Social
Organization
it
deals
with
the
formation
of
social
groups,
institutions
and
their
behavior.
It
focuses
on
how
social
groupings
are
formed
and
the
different
characteristics
of
each
group
in
relation
to
other
groups.
Social
Psychology
it
deals
with
human
behavior
as
an
outcome
of
individual
personality
and
collective
behavior.
It
looks
closely
to
the
personal
experiences
of
the
members
of
the
society
in
explaining
and
understanding
their
behavior
towards
the
society.
Social
Change
it
deals
with
understanding
the
society
as
an
institution
by
focusing
on
social
organization
and
social
disorganization
as
a
consequence
to
the
changes
in
the
environment.
Population
Studies
it
deals
with
the
composition
of
the
population
as
they
significantly
influence
the
existing
economic,
political
and
social
system.
Sociological
Research
it
deals
with
the
rediscovery
and
redevelopment
of
sociological
findings
as
a
way
of
explaining
and
understanding
social
phenomena.
It
involves
the
use
of
research
tools
to
scientifically
study
the
cause
and
effect
of
a
sociological
event.
Politics
The
word
politics
or
political
science
was
taken
from
the
Greek
word
politika
or
polis
which
means
relating
to
affairs
of
the
cities
citizens.
Politics
deals
with
the
issues
of
state,
governance,
leadership,
bureaucracy
and
its
interaction
with
its
citizens.
Common
issues
in
Philippine
politics
include
forms
of
government
and
leadership,
political
and
constitutional
change,
human
rights,
national
territory,
peace
and
order,
election
and
people
participation
in
governance
and
government,
etc.
4
One
of
the
pressing
political
issues
in
the
country
today
is
the
changing
of
the
existing
political
system
of
the
country
from
a
unitary
to
a
federal
form
of
government.
There
have
been
numerous
attempts
before
espousing
a
change
in
the
form
of
government
but
it
has
never
gained
so
much
attention
than
the
era
of
President
Rodrigo
Duterte.
It
is
commonly
suggested
that
a
change
in
the
form
of
government
will
provide
a
balance
between
developed
and
less
developed
regions
in
the
Philippines.
Another
popular
topic
in
the
field
of
Philippine
politics
today
is
the
revival
of
the
death
penalty
in
light
of
the
growing
concerns
over
increasing
crime
rate.
Apparently,
there
were
many
claims
that
link
death
penalty
provision
to
lower
crime
rates
in
other
countries
such
that
many
civil
groups
were
stressing
the
urgent
need
of
the
revival
of
the
death
penalty
law.
Fields
of
Political
Science
The
diverse
fields
of
politics
in
the
Philippines
can
be
summarized
under
three
subdisciplines:
(1)
Political
theory;
(2)
Public
law;
and
(3)
Public
administration.
Political
Theory
it
deals
with
the
origins
and
purposes
of
the
state
and
governance
by
using
different
philosophical
perspectives
as
its
foundation.
Public
Law
it
deals
with
the
structure
and
role
of
the
state
and
government
particularly
in
its
duties,
responsibilities
and
limitations.
Public
Administration
it
deals
with
techniques
and
methods
used
in
the
management
of
the
government.
It
deals
with
the
operationalization
of
the
government
by
looking
at
the
interaction
between
the
executive,
legislative,
and
judicial
branch
of
the
government.
The
Power
of
Three
In
observing
social,
political,
and
cultural
behavior
and
patterns,
it
can
be
seen
either
through
the
field
of
anthropology,
sociology
or
politics.
But
just
like
a
triangle,
what
makes
it
stable
is
that
it
has
a
firm
base
and
two
supporting
sides
that
keep
it
upright
all
the
time.
Hence
combining
the
three
sciences
provides
a
powerful
way
of
looking
at
things:
anthropology
deals
with
the
individual
while
sociology
considers
the
human
interaction
to
other
individuals
and
the
society
and
political
science
deals
with
how
the
people
and
society
work
to
ensure
the
proper
distribution
of
power
and
resources
that
ensures
law
and
order
in
the
society.
In
the
Philippines,
one
of
the
pressing
issues
is
poverty.
Almost
all
government
leaders
have
pledged
to
do
something
to
reduce
the
countrys
poverty
level.
However,
the
countrys
poverty
rate
in
2015
is
still
26.3%.
Poverty
as
defined
by
the
Asian
Development
Bank
implies
a
deprivation
of
essential
assets
and
opportunities
to
which
every
human
is
entitled
(Macaranas
2009).
Nevertheless,
the
story
of
poverty
in
the
Philippines
can
be
viewed
using
the
different
lenses
of
anthropology,
sociology
and
politics.
In
anthropology,
poverty
can
be
viewed
as
a
part
of
human
and
society
evolution.
Since
the
Philippines
was
considered
as
a
colonial
state
after
being
subjected
to
different
colonial
powers,
the
human
structure
was
comprised
of
a
struggle
for
dominance
between
individuals.
When
Spaniards
colonized
the
5
Philippines,
they
established
a
society
headed
by
the
governor
general
and
further
subdivided
the
community
into
smaller
political
units
which
were
headed
by
appointed
officials
who
maintained
special
powers
over
their
subordinates.
Such
structure
created
a
distinction
between
the
privilege
and
the
less
privilege
that
was
passed
on
from
one
generation
to
another.
Apparently,
less
privilege
individuals
were
trapped
in
cycles
of
poverty
and
the
privilege
individuals
will
do
everything
to
maintain
in
that
way.
In
sociology,
poverty
can
be
viewed
as
a
consequence
of
social
behavior
brought
about
by
countrys
rich
colonial
history.
Apparently,
both
the
Spaniards
and
the
Americans
contributed
to
what
James
Fallows
(1987)
called
a
damaged
culture.
Such
colonial
influence
left
a
lasting
imprint
on
the
countrys
culture
suggesting
that
anything
foreign
or
imported
is
better.
Spaniards
made
the
Filipinos
believed
that
we
are
inferior
to
them
and
the
Americans
in
order
to
fast
track
the
countrys
assimilation
to
the
American
culture
provided
us
with
abundant
American
products
which
led
to
the
widely-known
Filipino
character
of
colonial
mentality
or
the
preference
to
anything
foreign
or
imported.
Such
behavior
that
belittles
the
Filipino
culture
and
character
contributed
to
the
lack
of
nationalism
on
the
part
of
the
Filipinos
such
that
everyone
was
just
thinking
for
ones
good
even
if
it
will
pull
others
behind
triggering
other
factors
of
poverty
such
as
improper
distribution
of
the
countrys
economic
resources,
corruption,
and
imbalance
land
ownership
concentration.
In
politics,
poverty
can
be
viewed
as
the
case
of
poor
governance
that
is
centered
on
maintaining
the
social
structure
in
favor
of
the
privilege.
Under
such
system,
governance
is
used
as
a
tool
of
oppression.
During
elections,
a
political
vacuum
is
created
which
draws
in
all
social
components
of
the
society.
It
is
an
opportunity
to
break
the
persisting
cycle
of
oppression
and
to
make
some
room
for
changes.
But
that
is
not
what
those
in
position
would
like
to
happen,
election
happens
to
be
another
instance
to
legitimize
oppression
and
those
who
enjoy
such
arrangements
will
make
sure
that
it
will
still
be
the
case.
Such
that
those
who
would
like
to
partake
from
the
crumbs
of
the
countrys
resources
will
be
placing
their
bets
to
politicians
by
investing
to
their
election
war
chest
and
in
return
is
expecting
to
be
reciprocated
in
any
manner
and
in
anytime.
Such
practice
creates
a
cycle
of
poor
governance
in
the
country
and
contributes
to
the
persisting
problem
of
structural
imbalance
and
poverty.
In
general,
poverty
in
the
Philippines
is
multi-dimensional.
It
can
be
seen
as
a
puzzle
that
entails
many
factors
to
consider
before
the
bigger
picture
can
be
untangled.
By
looking
at
poverty
under
three
lenses
alone
will
provide
a
stable
understanding
of
the
problem.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
Social
Science
is
the
branch
of
science
that
looks
into
the
behavior
of
an
individual
in
interacting
to
its
environment.
Unlike
natural
science,
social
science
provides
scientific
assumptions
from
actual
experiences
of
an
individual
such
that
accurate
predictions
are
difficult
to
make.
One
of
the
branches
of
social
science
is
anthropology.
Anthropology
is
the
science
of
human
experience.
Anthropology
is
commonly
divided
into
sub-disciplines
that
6
include
cultural
anthropology,
linguistic
anthropology,
archaeology,
and
physical
anthropology.
Another
branch
of
social
science
is
sociology
or
the
science
of
society
and
the
interactions
taking
place
in
it.
Sociology
is
commonly
divided
among
the
sub-
disciplines
of
social
organization,
social
psychology,
social
change,
population
studies,
and
sociological
research.
Another
branch
is
Political
Science
or
the
study
of
the
systems
of
government
as
part
of
the
society.
Political
science
is
commonly
divided
into
the
sub-disciplines
of
political
theory,
public
law,
and
public
administration.
By
combining
the
three
branches
of
social
science,
it
provides
a
holistic
approach
of
investigating
the
society
through
its
activities
and
behaviors.
It
provides
an
analysis
of
the
cultural,
social,
and
political
components
of
change,
looking
at
every
behavior
in
different
lenses.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
A.
Match
the
concepts
found
on
the
left
column
to
the
ideas
given
on
the
right
column.
1) It
is
the
study
of
the
behavior
of
the
society.
A)
Polis
2) It
is
Greek
word
that
means
human.
B)
Socius
3) It
is
the
controversial
law
that
provides
informed
C)
Anthropos
to
couples
regarding
pregnancy.
D)
Sociology
4) It
is
the
scientific
study
of
human
evolution.
E)
RH
Law
5) It
deals
with
the
recovery
of
fossils
and
artifacts.
F)Death
Penalty
Law
6) It
is
the
Latin
word
that
means
companion.
G)Population
studies
7) It
deals
with
the
study
of
the
population.
H)
Politics
8) It
is
the
study
of
society
and
governance.
I)
Callao
Man
9) It
is
the
Latin
word
that
means
citizens
affairs.
J)
Anthropology
10)The
oldest
human
fossil
in
the
Philippines.
K)
Archaeology
B.
Identify
under
which
field
of
Social
Science
does
the
following
belong.
Write
A
for
Anthropology,
B
for
Sociology,
C
for
Politics,
and
D
for
None
of
the
above.
1) Public
administration
2) Population
studies
3) Physical
anthropology
4) Psychology
5) Social
organization
6) Archaeology
7) Political
Theory
8) Cultural
studies
9) Public
law
10)Biology
7
C.
Comprehension
1) What
is
the
relationship
of
culture
to
society
and
politics?
2) Analyze
the
importance
of
knowing
the
existing
cultural
patterns
in
a
society
for
better
law
and
order.
3) What
were
the
importance
of
fossils
and
artifacts
in
understanding
culture,
society
and
politics?
4) What
are
other
present
day
issues
in
the
Philippines
where
the
combination
of
the
three
branches
of
Social
Science
can
be
used?
2. Using
a
table,
compare
and
contrast
the
science
of
anthropology,
sociology
and
political
science
using
the
following
sub
themes:
Anthropology
Sociology
Political
Science
Definition
Topic/
Subject
Matter
Common
Modern-day
Issues/Problems
3. Read
through
the
story
of
the
Wowowee
Stampede
in
2006
taken
from
https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2006/02/phil-f16.html.
After
reading,
identify
the
anthropological,
sociological
and
political
factors
involved
in
the
tragedy.
Philippines:
Fatal
game-show
stampedean
exploitation
of
social
despair
8
By
Fergus
Michaels
16
February
2006
The
fatal
crowd
stampede
that
occurred
on
February
4
at
the
entrance
to
the
PhilSports
sporting
arena
in
Pasig
City,
Manila,
reveals
the
poverty
and
desperation
afflicting
workers
in
the
Philippines.
The
stampede
resulted
in
the
loss
of
74
lives,
with
627
injured.
Most
of
the
victims
were
elderly
women
who
were
crushed
against
a
steel
gate
on
the
stadiums
sloped
entrance
drive,
trampled
underfoot,
or
crushed
under
other
bodies
as
the
crowd
surged
forward
to
get
a
seat
in
the
stadium.
One
child
was
killed.
Estimates
of
the
crowd
vary
between
25,000
and
35,000.
The
maximum
capacity
of
the
stadium,
formerly
known
as
ULTRA,
was
19,000.
For
days
leading
up
to
the
tragedy,
a
large
crowd
had
amassed
outside
the
arena
to
gain
admittance
to
the
first
year
anniversary
production
of
the
TV
game
show
Wowowee.
Wowowee
is
famous
for
its
prize
giveaways,
and
is
very
popular
in
the
Philippines,
where
it
is
shown
six
days
a
week
at
midday.
For
this
special
anniversary
show,
prizes
included
cash
of
up
to
P1
million
($19,230),
a
car,
taxis,
and
a
house
with
land.
These
are
huge
prizes
in
a
country
where
40
percent
of
the
population
live
on
less
than
$2
per
day.
Data
from
the
World
Health
Organisation
give
some
insight
into
the
poverty
and
social
inequality
that
afflict
millions
of
Filipinos.
According
to
its
latest
official
data,
in
2003,
about
3.97
million
families
...
were
living
below
the
poverty
line,
in
a
country
where
the
annual
per
capita
poverty
threshold
reached
P12
267
(US$
220.64)
in
2003,
up
by
7.1
percent
compared
with
the
2000
level
of
P11
451
(US$
205.96).
The
World
Bank
cites
30
percent
of
the
population
living
below
the
poverty
line.
Wowowee,
produced
by
ABS-CBN,
is
pitched
toward
the
most
poor
and
desperate
sections
of
the
Philippine
populace.
According
to
Agence
France-Presse,
Wowowee
host
Willie
Revillame
stated
after
the
stampede
that
he
had
made
it
a
point
to
stage
the
game
shows
at
other
provincial
centers
several
times
during
the
past
year....
We
would
pick
places
where
the
poor
are
hard-up.
This
is
a
program
that
intends
to
help
Filipinos,
especially
the
poor,
he
claimed.
In
reality
the
show
is
based
on
the
exploitation
of
the
emotional
responses
of
impoverished
people,
where
chances
of
winning
a
prize
are
miniscule.
The
people
outside
the
PhilSports
arena
on
Saturday
were
drawn
from
poor
communities
in
Manila
and
more
distant
provinces.
Susan
Doblin
told
Reuters,Were
very
poor.
I
waited
for
days
outside
to
try
our
luck.
This
is
a
rare
chance
for
us
to
win
a
million
pesos.
The
Manila
Times
quotes
Zenaida
Campanero,
explaining,
We
also
did
not
have
sleep,
many
had
not
slept
for
days,
and
with
only
biscuits
to
eat
and
water.
A
man
in
his
20s
told
the
Observer,
My
mother
came
here
hoping
to
win
a
prize,...
holding
her
dead
hand
and
sobbing.
9
Such
is
the
level
of
desperation
that
police
chief
Vidal
Querol
explained,
The
dead
were
lined
up
on
the
streets,
but
people
still
did
not
want
to
go
home.
It
was
bizarre.
They
persisted
in
entering
the
PhilSports
Arena
and
demanded
that
the
show
go
on.
Many
people
were
still
waiting
for
tickets
although
bodies
were
piling
up.
According
to
Querol,
even
after
dead
bodies
lay
strewn
on
the
entrance
road,
People
stepped
over
the
bodies
and
continued
to
make
their
way
into
the
stadium.
The
stampede
Accounts
differ
as
to
how
the
stampede
itself
actually
developed.
Campanero,
a
survivor,
told
the
Manila
Times,
As
soon
as
the
distribution
of
tickets
for
the
show
began,
many
started
to
push
themselves
to
the
front.
She
said
there
was
no
systematic
queue.
Other
witnesses
said
that
the
stampede
began
when
a
barrier
collapsed
as
people
were
being
let
into
the
stadium,
causing
the
guards
to
panic
and
shut
the
gate
whilst
the
crowd
continued
to
press
forward.
According
to
the
ABS-CBNs
Interactive
site,
Rene
Luspo,
head
of
security
for
ABS-CBN,
said
those
at
the
back
of
the
queue
began
to
push
forward
after
it
became
apparent
that
they
would
be
denied
access
to
the
arena.
The
Department
of
the
Interior
and
Local
Governments
(DILG)
ULTRA
task
force,
a
fact-finding
body
established
immediately
after
the
stampede,
submitted
a
summary
of
its
findings
to
the
Department
of
Justice.
According
to
the
Manila
Times,
the
report
found
that
at
4
a.m.
the
guards
at
the
PhilSports
arena
had
announced
that
the
gate
would
be
opened
at
6
a.m.,
but
that
not
everybody
would
be
allowed
entry.
Then
at
6
a.m.,
Mel
Feliciano,
associate
producer
of
Wowowee,
announced
that
the
first
300
people
in
line
would
be
given
tickets
which
would
enable
them,
if
selected,
to
take
part
in
the
Pera
o
Bayong
(cash
or
basket)
portion
of
the
show,
giving
them
the
chance
to
win
prizes
from
P10,000
to
P50,000.
What
transpired
next,
according
to
the
DILG
report,
is
reported
in
the
Philippine
Daily
Inquirer:
The
announcement
subsequently
incited
the
people
who
were
outside
the
official
queue
...
to
push
their
way
into
the
already
jam-packed
queue,
hoping
that
they
could
squeeze
in
among
the
first
300...
At
this
point,
the
networks
staff
closed
the
gates,
hoping
to
control
the
sudden
deluge
of
people
wanting
to
be
the
first
300
in
line...
Whether
by
the
pressure
exerted
on
the
gate
itself
or
whether
the
guards
finally
relented
to
open
the
gate
again,
when
the
gate
was
flung
open,
the
crowd
surged
forward
with
tremendous
speed
and
force.
Coupled
with
the
steep
decline
and
the
uneven
surface
of
the
road
in
the
LRP
gate
(which
is
normally
used
only
for
vehicular
traffic),
this
eventually
caused
those
in
front
of
the
onrushing
mob
to
stumble
and
fall,
[which]
culminated
in
the
stampede
that
caused
the
majority
of
the
deaths
and
injuries.
10
Vidal
Querol
commented,
The
slope
was
so
steep
that
when
one
person
stumbled,
they
fell
like
dominoes.
The
February
4
tragedy
was
preventable
and
even
predictable.
An
article
by
John
J.
Fruin,
PhD.,
P.E.,
titled
The
Causes
and
Prevention
of
Crowd
Disasters,
reads
as
a
severe
indictment
of
those
responsible
for
organizing
Saturdays
event.
It
characterizes
a
typical
mass
craze
like
that
which
occurred
as
arising
when
a
competitive
rush
to
obtain
some
highly
valued
objective,
such
as
viewing
an
event
or
person,
or
gaining
a
privileged
seat
in
a
stadium,
is
elicited
through
intensive
promot(ion).
Despite
the
serious
dangers
associated
with
large
crowds,
Fruin
asserts,
Most
major
crowd
disasters
can
be
prevented
by
simple
crowd
management
strategies.
The
primary
crowd
management
objectives
are
the
avoidance
of
critical
crowd
densities
and
the
triggering
of
rapid
group
movement.
This is precisely the opposite of what the Wowowee event organizers achieved.
Both
ABS-CBN
and
the
Philippine
government
have
attempted
to
absolve
themselves
of
responsibility
for
the
stampede.
The
DILG
taskforce
has
criticized
ABS-CBN
for
the
lack
of
coordination
between
its
security
guards,
PhilSports
security,
and
the
local
police.
In
particular,
it
severely
criticized
the
absence
of
a
worked-out
contingency
plan
for
the
huge
crowd
the
network
expected
to
attend,
and
has
recommended
the
Department
Of
Justice
find
at
least
four
ABS-CBN
executives
and
organisers
legally
accountable.
The
report
said
that
the
crowd
were
exploited,
manipulated
and
treated
like
animals....
The
decision
or
act
of
offering
so
few
tickets
to
so
many
people
can
be
likened
to
throwing
a
small
slice
of
meat
to
a
hungry
pack
of
wolves
and
this
triggered
the
stampede.
ABS-CBN
has
seized
upon
this
comment,
calling
for
an
independent
investigation.
It
claims
there
are
several
inaccuracies
in
the
report
released
by
the
ULTRA
taskforce.
Currently
under
dispute
is
the
responsibility
of
the
local
police
and
Pasig
City
mayors
office.
The
Philippine
Daily
Inquirer
claims
ABS-CBN
is
offering
financial
assistance
to
some
victims
in
return
for
a
waiver
against
legal
action
against
the
network.
By
concentrating
virtually
exclusively
on
the
question
of
immediate
legal
responsibility
for
the
stampede,
the
Philippine
government
has
attempted
to
obscure
its
principal,
social
cause.
The
recommendations
it
gave
to
the
department
of
justice
pertain
to
basic
management,
safety
and
emergency
response
and
operational
questions
and
do
not
once
mention
the
most
salient
factor
the
poverty
of
those
in
the
crowd,
which
was
the
basis
for
their
attendance
and
extreme
anxiety
in
the
lead-up
to
the
stampede.
This
event,
which
so
graphically
exposes
the
real
social
conditions
faced
by
masses
of
the
Philippine
population,
is
a
damning
indictment
of
the
government
and
the
entire
ruling
elite.
That
Philippines
President
Gloria
Arroyo
is
well
aware
of
this
is
clearly
indicated
in
her
public
response
to
the
stampede.
She
called
for
an
acknowledgement
of
the
compelling
circumstances
that
led
to
this
tragedy
and
a
commitment
to
end
despair
and
raise
hope,
by
joining
hands
and
working
together
to
fight
abject
poverty.
She
acknowledged
11
that
the
extent
and
implications
of
this
tragedy
have
struck
the
whole
nation,
but
described
the
stampede
as
a
meaningless
tragedy.
The
presidents
office
assiduously
sought
to
downplay
the
direct
link
between
the
policies
of
the
government
and
the
state
of
Philippine
society
made
by
some
political
figures
and
media
commentators.
Presidential
spokesman
Ignacio
R.
Bunye
chastised
those
who
continue
to
twist
the
tragedy
in
Ultra
to
poison
the
minds
of
the
people,
before
stating
that
the
continuing
strengthening
of
the
peso
did
not
happen
by
itself.
It
is
fed
by
good
economic
fundamentals
and
confidence
in
the
national
leadership.
Test
of
Comprehension:
1.
What
was
the
reason
for
the
gathering
at
the
Philsports
Arena?
2.
What
was
the
annual
per
capita
poverty
threshold
of
the
Philippines
in
2003?
3.
How
many
died
and
were
injured
in
the
tragic
stampede?
4.
Who
was
commonly
blamed
for
the
incident?
5.
What
was
done
to
address
the
issue?
Anthropological
Factor
Social
Factor
Political
Factor
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
4. Observe
the
behavior
of
the
youth
today
paying
close
attention
to
their
lifestyle,
social
interaction,
and
concept
of
love,
family
and
friendship.
Compare
it
to
the
youth
of
the
past
generation.
Is
there
any
difference?
Reflect
on
this
question
by
identifying
social,
political
and
cultural
patterns.
5. Remember
your
experience
the
first
time
you
went
around
the
busy
life
of
urban
Manila,
given
a
chance,
would
you
rather
live
in
a
rural
area
and
study
in
a
smaller
college
or
university
than
to
brace
the
complexities
of
the
modern
world?
Reflect
on
your
answer.
12
Further
Readings
The
Philippine
Star
(2008).
As
you
see
it,
how
are
the
values
of
todays
youth
different
from
those
of
the
older
generation?
October
12,
2008
from
http://www.philstar.com/inbox-world/406567/you-see-it-how-are-values-todays-youth-
different-those-older-generation.
15
Most
Intense
Archaeological
Discoveries
in
Philippine
History
from
http://www.filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/.
Macaranas,
Bonifacio
(2009).
Feudal
Works
Systems
and
Poverty:
The
Philippine
Experience,
University
of
the
Philippines
School
of
Labor
and
Industrial
Relations
from
http://www.ilera-
directory.org/15thworldcongress/files/papers/Track_4/Poster/CS2T_2_MACARANAS.pdf.
13
Lesson
II
Defining
Philippine
Culture
and
Society
Learning
Outcomes:
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Appreciate
the
nature
of
Philippine
culture
and
society;
and
2. Identify
the
significance
of
the
Philippine
culture
and
society
in
the
context
of
the
21st
century.
Introduction
The
Philippines
is
composed
of
7,107
islands
with
about
130
languages,
7
dominant
ethnic
groups
organized
in
81
provinces
and
31
cities
and
a
total
estimated
population
of
101
million
as
of
May
2016.
Its
rich
history
is
a
combination
of
colonial
legacy
from
the
Spaniards,
British,
Americans,
and
Japanese
that
comprise
its
cultural
make
up.
As
you
travel
from
one
place
to
another
it
is
not
difficult
to
identify
the
differences
in
the
practices
and
traditions
of
the
people
as
a
reflection
of
their
rich
cultural
heritage.
Previously
people
living
in
the
uplands
are
called
taga-bundok
while
those
living
near
sources
of
water
are
called
taga-ilog.
Likewise,
people
who
used
to
occupy
the
southern
part
of
the
country
are
called
pintados
as
their
bodies
are
filled
with
tattoos
and
paint.
In
rural
area,
the
day
starts
as
early
as
4am
and
ends
as
early
as
7pm
after
taking
supper.
But
in
urban
areas,
it
extremely
opposite,
a
typical
day
can
start
as
late
as
9am
and
end
as
late
as
3am
the
following
day.
These
differences
account
for
their
similarities
as
well
that
falls
under
one
nation
called
FILIPINOS.
Class
Activity
2
The
Culture
Wheel
from
the
Global
Kids
Connect
(www.globalkidsconnect.org)
We
all
belong
to
a
culture.
One
definition
of
culture
is
the
combination
of
human
knowledge,
beliefs
and
behavior
that
we
learn
and
pass
on
to
future
generations.
We
usually
express
our
culture
in
certain
ways,
like
how
we
dress,
what
we
eat,
what
we
believe,
and
how
we
play.
DIRECTIONS
Form
a
group
with
5-6
members.
Each
member
of
the
group
creates
a
Culture
Wheel
diagram
like
the
one
attached
below,
using
various
colored
pens.
Provide
importance
to
those
that
you
traditionally
do
in
your
family.
Think
about
what
your
parents
or
grandparents
tell
you
about
how
to
do
things
and
what
they
believe.
Include
at
least
two
items
from
your
cultural
background
for
each
of
the
parts
of
a
culture.
You
may
draw
symbols
that
are
unique
to
your
culture.
For
example,
a
cross
is
a
representation
of
the
catholic
faith
and
heart
is
a
symbol
of
love.
Now
discuss
with
your
groupmates
what
is
the
most
special
to
each
persons
family
and
culture.
After
that,
make
one
big
group
Culture
Wheel
on
Manila
paper
or
cartolina
that
shows
the
variety
and
uniqueness
that
each
of
you
brings
to
the
team.
Use
various
colored
pens
to
label
your
answers.
After
you
finish
the
group
Culture
Wheel,
look
at
the
Culture
Wheels
made
by
the
other
groups.
Try
to
compare
the
Culture
Wheel
of
other
groups
to
your
own
and
your
groups
Culture
Wheel.
Share
your
observations
to
the
class.
14
CULTURE WHEEL EXAMPLE
clothing
food
religion
recreation
customs
values
My Culture
work
government
family
tools
shelter
15
Discussion
Whenever
we
describe
a
person,
we
are
already
describing
the
persons
culture.
Edward
B.
Taylor
(1871)
defined
culture
as
a
complex
whole
that
includes
knowledge,
belief,
arts,
laws,
custom,
and
habits
acquired
by
an
individual
as
members
of
the
society.
It
pertains
to
a
persons
social
identity.
It
also
includes
a
persons
history,
social
heritage
and
customary
ways
of
life.
The
Filipino
culture
is
very
diverse.
Starting
from
the
way
we
look,
the
way
we
talk,
the
way
we
live
our
life.
It
is
a
reflection
of
our
rich
colonial
past.
Generally,
the
Filipino
culture
can
be
considered
as
a
mixture
of
the
different
colonial
practices
that
were
shared
to
us
by
our
colonizers
such
that
much
a
Filipino
today
can
be
seen
as
following
the
lifestyle
of
the
Americans,
our
surnames
and
common
names
were
patterned
after
the
Spaniards,
the
food
that
we
eat
is
a
representation
of
the
Japanese
and
Chinese
influences.
Our
traditions
and
customary
practices
are
remnants
of
our
colonial
history.
In
fact,
every
festivities
and
celebration
in
the
Philippines
is
a
commemoration
of
something
historically
relevant.
Apparently,
culture
is
constantly
changing
and
can
easily
be
lost
in
time.
Characteristics
of
Culture
Culture
is
something
that
is
learned.
Over
time,
a
person
acquires
more
and
more
skills,
traits,
and
knowledge
that
serves
as
basis
of
ones
culture.
The
most
influential
source
of
cultural
learning
today
is
mass
media.
Through
mass
media
and
technology,
people
get
to
see
what
is
outside
the
four
corners
of
their
house
and
get
to
experience
what
is
happening
on
other
parts
of
the
world.
Culture
is
also
transmitted
from
one
generation
to
another.
When
one
is
born,
immediately
the
person
acquires
the
patterns
of
behavior
and
traits
of
the
persons
immediate
family
through
conditioning
such
that
a
persons
overall
cultural
makeup
is
the
sum
of
everything
the
persons
acquired
and
learned
over
time.
Culture
is
also
a
product
of
social
interaction.
Socialization
has
been
the
traditional
form
of
acquiring
and
learning
culture.
It
is
through
interaction
with
other
members
of
the
society
that
we
understand
and
acquire
their
patterns
of
behavior.
Culture
is
ideational
that
it
implied
conformity.
It
also
sets
limitation
on
a
person,
such
as
a
persons
religious
orientation.
Different
religious
groups
set
limits
for
their
members
to
follow
such
as
for
Roman
Catholics,
Muslims,
Born
Again
Christians,
Mormons,
etc.
they
are
bounded
by
their
faith
observations.
Culture
also
provides
a
sense
of
fulfillment
and
satisfaction.
Being
familiar
and
knowledgeable
of
ones
culture
makes
the
person
very
proud
of
ones
identity.
Not
missing
anything
that
comprises
the
character
of
a
person
makes
the
person
feel
complete
and
unique.
Culture
is
very
adaptive
such
that
it
is
always
changing
and
evolving.
It
is
never
static
but
very
much
dynamic.
It
adapts
to
it
environment
from
time
to
time
and
from
place
to
place.
The
cultural
patterns
today
might
no
longer
be
patterns
by
tomorrow.
Also
two
persons
born
in
the
same
time
might
end
up
growing
distinctively
different,
as
well
as
twins
having
same
family
orientation
but
having
different
environment
might
end
up
distinct
and
unique.
16
Overall,
culture
is
an
integrated
whole
that
every
elements
are
interrelated
and
interdependent.
Elements
of
Culture
In
the
Philippines,
the
National
Commission
for
Culture
and
the
Arts
(NCCA)
serves
as
the
lead
government
agency
in-charge
of
promoting
Philippine
culture.
The
NCCA
classified
culture
in
accordance
to
the
classification
of
the
UNESCO
as
tangible
heritage,
intangible
heritage
or
natural
heritage.
Firstly,
tangible
heritage
can
be
immovable,
movable
or
underwater.
Secondly,
intangible
heritage
includes
oral
traditions,
performing
arts,
rituals,
knowledge
and
skills.
Thirdly,
natural
heritage
includes
natural
sites
with
cultural
aspects
such
as
cultural
landscapes
and
physical,
biological,
or
geological
formations
(UNESCO
1972).
However,
culture
can
also
be
classified
either
as
non-material
or
material.
Non-
material
culture
refers
to
something
that
is
abstract
and
intangible
that
can
influence
human
behavior.
It
includes
knowledge,
social
norms
and
folkways,
mores
and
laws,
pop
culture,
values,
and
beliefs.
While
material
culture
refers
to
something
that
is
physical
and
tangible
Non-Material
Culture
Knowledge
What
is
knowledge?
It
is
the
range
of
what
a
person
has
learned,
acquired
or
experienced.
According
to
John
Locke
(1689),
when
a
person
was
born
the
person
starts
with
a
blank
slate
or
tabula
rasa.
As
the
person
matures,
the
person
acquires
knowledge.
Knowledge
can
serve
as
the
persons
basis
for
judgment
and
action,
such
that
it
connotes
power.
A
common
source
of
knowledge
is
through
education.
Education
can
be
informal
such
as
the
one
being
performed
by
parents
to
their
kids,
or
it
can
be
formal
such
as
the
one
being
done
in
school.
Social
Norms
and
Folkways
Norms
are
guides
or
models
of
behavior
in
a
certain
situation
or
environment
or
simply
mean
the
right
behavior.
They
are
day-to-day
expected
guides
of
behavior
formulated
by
members
of
the
community
over
time.
It
suggests
what
a
member
of
the
community
should
do
under
certain
circumstances
and
it
defines
what
can
be
acceptable
or
not
for
a
certain
community
in
a
certain
time.
Norms
have
two
dimensions:
how
much
a
behavior
is
exhibited,
and
how
much
the
group
approves
of
that
behavior.
Norms
promote
social
control
and
prescribe
acceptable
behavior.
It
also
entail
consensus,
common
grounds,
and/or
restrictions
which
can
be
enforced
formally
like
sanctions
or
informally
in
terms
of
body
language
or
cues.
Norms
differ
from
one
place
to
another.
Like
how
the
elders
area
treated
in
different
parts
of
the
world.
Eskimos
are
known
for
working
so
hard
for
their
survival
in
a
freezing
environment
such
that
almost
all
members
of
the
family
are
striving
for
their
own
survival.
By
the
time
old-age
strikes
it
is
unacceptable
for
them
to
burden
other
family
members
to
look
after
them
such
that
elderly
Eskimos
are
taken
to
the
sea
floating
on
an
iceberg
17
freezing
or
starving
to
death.
Nevertheless,
is
not
yet
the
end
for
them
instead
its
the
start
of
another
life
journey
because
they
believe
that
there
is
life
after
death.
In
comparison
to
the
practices
in
the
Philippines,
leaving
elders
to
starve
or
freeze
to
death
is
considered
as
abandonment
and
a
sign
of
disrespect.
In
fact,
Filipinos
value
the
elders
so
much
that
is
compulsory
for
the
kids
to
greet
and
kiss
them
every
time
they
see
them.
Also,
Filipinos
value
life
until
the
final
breathe
such
that
when
somebody
dies
in
the
family,
family
members
living
overseas
will
make
sure
that
they
will
pay
their
final
respect
to
their
dead
love
ones
either
by
travelling
back
to
the
Philippines
to
attend
the
wake
or
at
least
send
some
condolences.
Folkways
are
habitual
ways
and
patterns
of
living.
Folkways
are
repetitive
and
customary
ways
that
we
do
on
a
daily
basis
and
these
tell
us
what
to
do
and
what
not
to
do.
It
includes
customary
practices,
traditions,
and
conventions
that
sometimes
considered
being
mandatory.
Once
violated,
you
will
be
called
eccentric,
oddball
or
ridiculous
and
example
of
these
are
washing
hands
before
and
after
eating,
brushing
teeth
every
after
meal,
smiling
and
greeting
every
persons
we
meet
even
if
we
do
not
really
know
them.
In
some
places
kissing
in
public
is
considered
offensive
but
in
some
it
is
considered
normal
for
couples
or
dating
partners.
In
the
Philippines,
saying
of
po
and
opo
when
talking
to
adults
is
an
expected
behavior
such
that
if
not
followed
can
be
interpreted
as
rude
behavior.
Also,
it
has
been
the
usual
practice
in
rural
provinces
to
eat
with
one
leg
up
on
the
chair,
but
if
practiced
in
urban
city,
it
is
sometimes
interpreted
as
bad
table
manners.
Mores
and
Laws
Mores
and
laws
are
expected
behaviors
in
a
society
that
demands
compliance
to
ensure
the
welfare
of
the
people.
Mores
are
special
norms
that
have
something
to
do
with
morality.
They
are
based
on
ethical
and
moral
values
that
if
not
followed
imply
value-
consequences
such
being
bad,
shameful,
ostracized,
and
immoral.
Examples
of
mores
are
ethical
rules
and
guidelines
provided
by
religious
groups
such
as
the
Ten
Commandments,
Code
of
Ethics,
or
the
moral
perspectives
on
abortion,
prostitution,
homosexuality,
sex
should
only
be
for
married
couple,
and
no
extra
marital
relationship.
Laws
are
formalized
rules
created
by
people
in
authority
which
should
be
followed
by
all
the
inhabitants.
It
connotes
more
compelling
power
for
it
implies
stricter
punishments
for
non-compliance
such
that
they
are
treated
more
seriously,
once
violated
penalties
are
imposed
such
as
imprisonment
or
fine
or
both.
Examples
of
laws
include
legislations
imposed
by
the
government,
classroom
policies,
company
rules
and
regulations
that
work
to
ensure
conformity
and
avoid
chaos.
Pop
Culture
Popular
culture
refers
to
social
crazes,
fashion
and
fads
that
connote
compliance
at
the
time
they
operate
or
became
popular,
sometimes
referred
to
as
fly-by-night
culture
for
being
short-lived
practices.
It
depicts
social
status
or
prestige
for
persons
who
follow
them.
During
the
1980s,
the
famous
fashion
statements
are
vibrant
colored
clothes,
tight
leather
pants
and
jackets,
and
afro
hair
style
but
in
the
1990s
fashion
evolved
once
more
to
include
loose
clothes
and
pants,
short
skirts
and
dresses
that
were
usually
worn
during
18
parties.
But
the
dawn
of
the
new
millennium
suggested
tight
and
slim-fit
clothes
and
even
shorter
skirts
and
pants.
Those
who
did
not
follow
the
trend
were
branded
as
old-fashioned
or
to
use
to
the
Filipino
colloquial
term
jologs,
baduy.
Values
Values
serve
as
the
basis
of
a
persons
judgment
of
what
is
right
and
wrong.
It
is
the
foundation
of
what
is
important
and
worthwhile.
They
indicate
priorities
and
are
used
as
bases
in
telling
when
ones
life
is
turning
out
the
way
you
wanted
it.
If
the
way
you
behave
and
things
you
do
match
your
values,
your
life
is
good,
and
thus,
you
are
satisfied
and
contented.
But
when
your
action
s
and
behavior
are
not
aligned
with
your
values,
you
feel
bad
or
unhappy.
Life
can
be
easier
when
you
know
your
values
and
make
decisions
and
plans
that
coincide
with
your
values.
When
you
value
completion,
you
will
not
mind
working
seventy
hours
a
week.
You
will
never
feel
stress
and
conflict
is
minimized
if
not
avoided.
Examples
of
individual
values
are
accountability,
self-esteem,
and
integrity.
However,
it
can
be
very
subjective,
what
can
be
valuable
for
one
cannot
be
that
much
valuable
for
the
others.
Such
that
every
time
we
see
someone
spiting
in
public,
we
not
only
judge
the
persons
behavior
but
the
persons
values
as
well.
Thus
values
are
reflections
of
a
persons
culture.
Values
are
not
static
as
well.
They
change
over
time.
Before,
people
still
value
the
importance
of
celibacy
or
not
having
sex
outside
marriage
but
today
it
is
now
common
to
hear
news
about
teenage
pregnancy,
unwanted
pregnancy
and
premarital
sex.
Also,
before
is
very
rare
to
see
kids
disobey
their
parents
or
guardian.
Usually,
they
are
accorded
with
outmost
respect
such
that
disobedience
immediately
implies
disrespect.
But
today,
it
is
ordinary
to
see
kids
treat
their
parents
or
guardians
as
if
they
belong
to
the
same
generation.
Gone
are
the
days
of
respect
to
elders.
Before,
whenever
the
parents
immediately
called
on
the
kids,
kids
will
come
hurriedly
but
at
present
it
will
take
them
number
of
tries
before
any
initial
reaction
will
be
done
by
the
kids.
Beliefs
Beliefs
serve
as
the
individuals
perception
of
acceptable
and
reality.
A
person
tends
to
follow
what
he
believes
in
such
as
cases
of
paranormal
experiences,
life
after
death,
sleepwalking,
etc.
thus
usually
beliefs
set
the
foundations
for
mores
and
other
religious
faith
and
practices.
Belief
is
the
stock
of
knowledge
that
can
serve
as
a
persons
basis
of
judgment,
thus
a
person
acts
on
the
basis
of
what
he
believes.
In
the
same
manner
that
beliefs
are
very
subjective.
The
beliefs
of
a
person
might
not
necessarily
be
the
same
for
others
such
that
not
all
Roman
Catholics
are
conservative
and
Muslims
are
polygamous.
Such
that
there
are
Roman
Catholics
that
instead
of
commemorating
the
passion
of
Christ
during
Holy
Week
instead
it
has
become
an
annual
vacation
event
for
some.
Also,
some
people
believe
in
the
idea
of
forever
love
but
some
may
not.
Material
Culture
Technology
19
Technologies
are
material
creations
that
make
our
lives
better
and
easier
to
manage.
Without
technology,
we
have
to
do
everything
manually
which
usually
takes
time
to
finish
such
moving
from
one
place
to
another,
communicating
to
other
person
in
a
distant
place,
preparing
our
meals,
and
even
letting
the
time
past
by.
Technology
has
its
pros
and
cons.
Though
technology
makes
peoples
lives
better
sometimes
technology
makes
it
worse.
Since
everything
is
made
instant
and
everything
can
be
done
in
the
touch
of
fingertips,
it
can
lead
to
people
being
lazy
and
stubborn
making
them
less
tolerant
to
difficulty
and
tends
to
give
us
easily.
Also,
technology
has
bypassed
the
traditional
forms
of
communication
and
socialization,
before
people
converse
accordingly
and
politely
but
now
conversations
became
impolite
particularly
through
the
use
of
abbreviated
texts
and
use
of
jargons.
Furthermore,
technology
has
diminished
the
essence
of
socialization.
Before
there
is
extensive
interaction
between
individuals
but
today
people
in
the
same
neighborhood
relies
with
technology
for
past
time
and
communication
instead
of
the
traditional
chatting
and
sharing
stories
with
neighbors.
Even
family
values
were
also
highly
influenced
by
technology.
Before
the
idea
of
dining
out
is
to
collect
memories
for
the
family
by
bonding
with
one
another
and
sharing
stories
that
took
place
over
the
week,
but
today
it
is
common
to
see
the
family
very
busy
with
their
own
gadgets
while
waiting
for
the
food
to
be
served.
The
significance
of
family
bonding
and
interaction
has
been
compromised.
Unity
in
Diversity
Since
the
Philippines
is
composed
of
many
islands
with
varying
cultural
practices,
it
is
not
impossible
for
culture
clashes
to
happen.
Though
there
are
some
cultural
practices
that
apply
to
all
or
being
shared
by
all
members
of
the
society
or
what
is
called
culture
universals,
still
cultural
differences
can
result
to
the
worst
form
of
behavior.
This
behavior
can
be
attributed
to
ethnocentrism,
or
the
tendency
to
judge
other
culture
in
reference
to
ones
culture.
This
often
results
to
believing
that
ones
culture
is
best
among
the
rest
such
as
the
common
connotation
that
people
living
Luzon
are
better
than
those
in
Visayas
and
Mindanao,
that
Christianity
is
better
than
Islam,
and
life
is
better
in
Manila
than
anywhere
in
the
country.
Nevertheless,
there
are
some
who
believe
that
their
culture
is
inferior
to
other
which
leads
to
the
rejection
of
ones
culture,
this
is
called
xenocentrism.
An
example
is
the
practice
of
crab
or
colonial
mentality
or
the
preference
to
imported
materials
over
local
materials
and
the
desire
to
migrate
abroad
believing
that
life
better
overseas
than
in
the
Philippines.
However,
there
are
cases
in
which
ethnocentrism
is
so
great
that
when
confronted
by
a
new
culture,
one
experiences
confusion,
frustration
and
discontentment.
Do
you
still
remember
the
first
time
you
came
to
Manila
or
first
visited
a
new
place?
Does
it
not
feel
very
strange
and
weird?
Everything
seems
to
be
very
different
that
sometimes
you
just
wanted
to
go
back
home.
But
in
some
cases
it
leads
to
worse
cases
such
as
depression
leading
to
committing
suicide.
This
is
called
culture
shock.
Culture
shock
is
the
result
of
people
not
expecting
cultural
differences,
gradually
as
people
learn
to
understand
other
cultures
they
will
recover
from
culture
shock.
So
when
we
judge
other
cultural
practices
in
reference
to
our
personal
standards
rather
than
through
ones
culture,
this
is
called
cultural
relativism.
Cultural
relativism
suggests
that
an
individuals
behavior
and
practices
should
be
understood
in
the
context
of
the
persons
culture
and
character.
Such
that
pronouncing
20
judgments
over
others
based
on
ones
cultural
perspective
implies
impartiality
and
bias.
An
example
is
that
you
came
from
predominantly
conservative
culture
that
believes
in
the
principle
of
celibacy
but
also
very
much
open
to
liberal
ideas,
despite
being
influenced
by
your
culture
you
tend
to
view
the
practice
of
premarital
sex
not
as
a
form
of
immorality
but
as
an
exercise
of
liberty
and
freedom.
As
such
by
observing
culture
in
the
lens
of
the
actor
will
provide
a
deeper
analysis
of
the
reasons
and
factors
behind
the
persons
actions
and
behavior
thus
minimizing
points
of
disagreement.
However,
there
are
times
that
culture
clashes
that
provide
a
tendency
for
subcultures
or
small
culture
within
a
culture
to
develop.
Thus
instead
of
antagonizing
other
cultural
practices
as
something
weird
and
strange,
subcultures
develop
to
coexist
with
other
cultural
practices
just
like
in
the
Philippines
we
have
many
subcultures
that
coexist
under
the
universal
Filipino
culture.
Present
Pressures
on
Filipino
Culture
Today,
a
wide
variety
of
the
components
of
Philippine
culture
have
been
under
threat,
such
threats
were
either
caused
by
technology,
changing
community
lifestyle,
or
has
been
intentionally
neglected.
Thus,
the
NCCA
has
been
actively
campaigning
for
the
promotion
of
Philippine
culture
and
arts
particularly
those
who
are
under
grave
threats.
One
of
the
popular
issues
involving
Philippine
culture
is
the
controversial
case
of
the
construction
of
a
47
floor
high-
rise
condominium
Torre
de
Manila
that
visually
impairs
the
sightline
of
the
cultural
heritage
monument
of
Jose
Rizal
in
Luneta.
More
than,
it
has
been
gaining
attention
recently
that
many
national
cultural
landmarks
are
being
impaired
in
favor
of
development
just
like
the
case
of
the
old
Jai-Alai
building
in
the
city
of
Manila
that
was
demolished
to
give
way
for
the
construction
of
a
commercial
complex.
Furthermore
many
Filipino
traditions,
arts
and
beliefs
are
no
longer
being
recognized
by
the
youth
today
such
as
the
practice
of
saying
po
and
opo.
Also,
it
is
now
common
to
see
students
disregarding
the
singing
of
the
national
anthem
and
not
minding
it
at
all
instead
of
pausing
for
a
while
and
singing
it
loud
and
proud
such
that
if
asked
what
is
the
title
of
the
Philippine
national
anthem
many
will
end
up
saying
bayang
magiliw
instead
of
Lupang
Hinirang.
As
such,
if
those
threats
were
not
addressed
we
could
lose
a
great
deal
of
our
culture
and
identity.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
Culture
in
general
is
considered
as
the
same
and
has
no
meaning;
it
only
acquires
similarities
and
differences
once
applied
to
a
certain
group
or
society.
It
is
not
static
and
very
dynamic.
It
varies
from
generation
to
generation
thus
it
is
very
subjective.
Culture
imposes
limitations
and
parameters.
It
dictates
a
community
on
what
is
acceptable
and
not.
Culture
has
many
elements
to
consider
it
can
be
something
that
is
non-material
or
material.
Non-material
culture
on
one
hand
is
intangible
in
form
such
as
knowledge,
social
norms
and
folkways,
mores
and
laws,
pop
culture,
values,
and
beliefs.
Material
culture
on
the
other
hand
is
tangible
in
form
that
greatly
characterizes
a
persons
way
of
life
and
behavior
such
as
technology.
21
Due
to
the
diversity
of
culture,
sometimes
it
leads
to
culture
clashes
as
culture
universals
or
factors
that
are
not
consistent
with
different
communities
are
not
present.
This
leads
to
ethnocentrism
or
the
perception
of
ones
culture
as
the
best
over
the
others.
There
are
also
cases
in
which
ones
culture
is
perceived
as
inferior
to
others
or
xenocentrism.
Practically
such
behaviors
are
caused
by
the
lack
of
readiness
in
accepting
cultural
differences,
which
results
to
culture
shock
and
judgment
of
other
cultures
based
on
own
standards
or
cultural
relativism.
As
a
result,
subcultures
develop
to
coexist
with
other
cultures.
Presently,
many
aspects
of
the
Filipino
culture
are
under
threat
either
caused
by
technology,
changing
community
lifestyle,
or
has
been
intentionally
neglected.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
A.
Enumeration.
Types
of
Non-Material
Culture
Characteristics
of
Culture
1)
7)
2)
8)
3)
9)
4)
10)
5)
11)
6)
12)
B.
True
or
False.
1) Ten
commandments
are
examples
of
laws.
2) Folklores
are
tangible
culture.
3) Technology
can
be
both
advantageous
and
disadvantageous.
4) Knowledge
is
the
range
of
what
a
person
knows.
5) Culture
is
dynamic.
2. Technology
and
Culture
Reflect
on
the
effects
of
technology
and
other
material
elements
to
the
Filipino
(or
your
nations)
culture
and
society.
a) Assess
the
impacts
of
technology
to
culture
and
society
by
reflecting
whether
such
elements
of
material
culture
advanced
or
hindered
the
development
of
Filipino
(or
your
nations)
culture.
b) If
it
contributed
to
its
advancement,
provide
specific
examples
as
proofs
of
your
claim.
c) If
it
hindered,
provide
specific
examples
as
proofs
and
provide
ways
to
minimize
its
negative
effects.
3. Dead
or
Alive:
Are
Filipino
Traditions
Worth
Fighting
For?
Identify
ten
Filipino
traditions
that
are
no
longer
practiced
today
and
ten
traditional
practices
still
present
today.
22
Traditions
No
Longer
Practiced
Traditions
Still
Present
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
9.
9.
10.
10.
4. Do
youth
today
still
value
Filipino
culture?
Explain
your
stand.
5. Commercial
analysis
Identify
three
currently-aired
television
commercials
of
your
choice.
a. How
do
you
find
each
commercial?
b. What
values
are
explicitly
or
implicitly
promoted
or
espoused
in
each
commercial?
c. Do
you
possess
and
put
into
practice
the
values
you
identified?
d. In
what
ways
do
you
manifest
those
values?
6. Can
cultural
heritage
and
development
co-exist?
Read
the
article
DMCI:
Heritage,
progress
can
coexist
taken
from
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/715496/dmci-
heritage-progress-can-coexist#ixzz4Iu1Dz6LW
and
provide
your
reaction.
Guide
Questions:
1) What
is
the
cultural
heritage
under
threat?
2) Who
are
the
parties/actors
involved
in
the
issue?
3) How
is
the
cultural
heritage
being
threaten?
4) What
are
the
points
raised
in
favor
of
the
construction
of
the
Torre
de
Manila?
5) What
are
the
points
raised
against
the
construction
of
the
Torre
de
Manila?
6) What
is
your
stand
on
the
issue?
7) Reflect
on
the
question,
Can
cultural
heritage
and
development
co-exist?.
23
DMCI:
Heritage,
progress
can
coexist
By
Jerome
Aning
23
August
2015
Whats
wrong
with
the
Rizal
Monument
having
Torre
de
Manila
and
a
cluster
of
other
skyscrapers
as
background?
Saying
its
possible
for
development
and
heritage
to
go
hand
in
hand,
the
construction
firm
DMCI
recently
distributed
an
unnamed
artists
perspective
of
the
Rizal
Monument
with
a
background
sight
line
of
tall
buildings
not
unlike
the
skyline
of
New
Yorks
Manhattan
area
or
Hong
Kongs
Victoria
Harbor.
What
we
are
trying
to
convey
is
that
it
is
not
really
bad
if
we
have
that
kind
of
background
for
the
Rizal
Monument
because
if
you
look
at
the
Constitution,
there
is
actually
a
marriage
between
heritage
and
development.
Because,
otherwise,
Manila
would
remain
the
same,
DMCI
legal
counsel
Roberto
Dio
said
in
a
media
briefing.
Dio
referred
to
Article
XIV,
Section
14
of
the
Constitution,
which
provides:
The
State
shall
foster
the
preservation,
enrichment
and
dynamic
evolution
of
a
Filipino
national
culture
based
on
the
principle
of
unity
in
diversity
in
a
climate
of
free
artistic
and
intellectual
expression.
The
Knights
of
Rizal,
in
its
suit
in
the
Supreme
Court,
is
invoking
the
same
constitutional
provision
and
other
laws
to
preserve
the
sight
line
or
visual
corridor
of
the
monument.
The
group
wants
the
46-story
Torre
de
Manila
torn
down.
The
Supreme
Court
earlier
stopped
the
Torre
de
Manila
construction
and
impleaded
the
City
of
Manila,
the
National
Commission
for
Culture
and
the
Arts,
the
National
Historical
Commission
of
the
Philippines
and
the
National
Museum
to
get
their
side
on
the
controversy.
The
high
tribunal
is
conducting
oral
arguments
on
the
case.
Accommodate
changes
For
Dio,
the
preservation
of
heritage
should
also
accommodate
changes.
Dynamic
evolution
refers
to
the
course
of
changes,
the
lawyer
said.
How
can
you
move
forward
if
you
stick
to
the
past?
Dio
referred
to
30
St.
Mary
Axe,
popularly
known
as
the
The
Gherkin,
or
the
egg-shaped
or
bullet-
shaped
building
that
was
allowed
to
be
constructed
in
Londons
financial
district,
which
has
a
lot
of
centuries-old
historic
buildings.
Deceptive
However,
conservationist
and
architect
Richard
Tuason-Sanchez
Bautista
criticized
the
artists
rendition
of
the
Rizal
Monument
with
a
background
sight
line
of
tall
buildings,
calling
it
unrealistic,
impractical
and
deceptive.
Thats
not
going
to
happen.
The
picture
is
not
clear
as
to
what
its
about.
There
should
be
proper
sensitivity
when
you
develop,
he
told
the
Inquirer
when
asked
about
his
expert
opinion
on
the
possible
cluster
of
skyscrapers
that
would
join
Torre
de
Manila
in
the
area
east
of
Rizal
Park.
24
Based
on
his
estimate,
the
architect
said
the
buildings
depicted
in
the
picture
would
encompass
large
parts
of
the
Paco
district
and
reach
all
the
way
to
Nagtahan
and
probably
even
Pandacan.
Bautista
said
there
were
many
recognized
heritage
sites
and
institutions
in
the
area
that
could
not
be
demolished
to
give
way
to
skyscrapers.
Rezoning
the
area
so
that
those
buildings
can
be
constructed
wont
do.
There
would
be
a
lot
of
land
use-related
problems
like
ground
subsidence
and
sewerage
system
as
well
as
traffic
and
even
security.
Buildings
that
overlook
Malacaang,
the
seat
of
government,
just
across
the
Pasig
River,
will
certainly
not
be
allowed,
he
said.
Bautista
said
that
in
the
past,
there
were
several
plans
to
construct
buildings
that
would
affect
the
visual
corridor
of
the
Rizal
Monument
but
the
architects
made
sure
there
was
proper
sensitivity
and
symmetry
in
their
designs.
In
those
planned
constructions,
the
Rizal
Monument
is
the
focal
point.
Streets
and
buildings
seem
to
radiate
from
it.
Everything
is
in
harmony.
Here
[in
the
artists
rendition],
its
just
a
jagged
view
of
skyscrapers,
he
added.
Bautista
was
referring
to
abortive
proposals
during
the
American
colonial
period
and
the
early
days
of
the
Philippine
Republic
for
the
construction
of
massive
buildings
right
inside
what
is
todays
Rizal
Park
and
even
behind
the
Rizal
Monument.
The
so-called
Burnham
plan
for
Manila,
as
conceptualized
by
the
architect
Daniel
Burnham
during
the
early
American
era,
envisioned
the
area
behind
and
beside
the
Rizal
Monument
as
a
national
government
center.
William
Parsons,
the
consulting
architect
tasked
by
the
colonial
government
with
implementing
the
Burnham
plan,
designed
a
cluster
of
neoclassical
buildings
surrounding
the
monument.
The
centerpiece,
immediately
to
the
back
of
the
monument,
was
to
be
the
Philippine
version
of
the
US
Capitol,
the
Casa
de
la
Nacion
(House
of
the
Nation),
which
would
house
the
legislature.
According
to
the
general
scheme
of
improvement,
this
site
[around
the
Rizal
Monument]
has
been
reserved
for
the
government
center
and
here
will
be
grouped
the
capitol
for
the
legislature,
the
executive
offices
for
the
governor-general,
the
Supreme
Court,
and
buildings
for
the
various
departments
and
bureaus,
which
are
now
scattered
about
in
different
parts
of
the
city,
read
an
article
on
the
1911
issue
of
Century
Magazine
on
the
plans
to
beautify
Manila.
In
composition,
this
group
takes
the
form
of
a
vast
quadrangle,
open
on
one
side,
with
an
uninterrupted
view
of
Manila
Bay
and
Mt.
Mariveles,
at
the
entrance
to
the
bay,
25
miles
to
the
west,
the
article
added.
The
Burnham
plan
was
slowly
abandoned
due
to
lack
of
funds
and
shift
in
government
priorities.
The
former
buildings
of
the
legislature,
and
of
the
agriculture
and
finance
departments,
all
now
occupied
by
the
National
Museum,
were
the
only
structures
in
the
park
built
from
the
Burnham
plan.
Cultural
center
25
During
the
administration
of
President
Ramon
Magsaysay,
when
the
country
was
preparing
for
Rizals
birth
centenary
(1961),
another
cluster
of
buildings,
the
Jose
Rizal
Cultural
Center,
designed
by
Juan
Nakpil
in
the
modern
architecture
style,
was
proposed
to
be
built
right
inside
the
park.
The
Rizal
Memorial
Theater
was
to
be
put
up
behind
the
Rizal
Monument,
while
a
library
and
a
museum
would
be
constructed
on
either
side
of
the
park.
Only
the
library,
now
the
National
Library,
was
constructed.
Hall
of
justice
In
the
early
2000s,
the
Supreme
Court
also
planned
to
construct
the
Manila
City
Hall
of
Justice
on
the
grounds
of
the
demolished
Jai
Alai
building
but
this
was
also
aborted.
Dio
said
DMCI
was
mindful
of
aesthetics,
the
reason
the
companys
design
of
the
Torre
de
Manila
more
or
less
reflected
the
designs
of
buildings
around
the
park.
There
is
a
principle
in
architecture
that
whenever
there
is
a
new
construction
on
an
area
dominated
by
buildings
of
a
certain
era,
then
the
new
construction
would
as
much
as
possible
fit
itself
in
the
prevailing
design.
Thats
what
we
did.
Thats
why
you
can
see
that
it
is
not
a
glass
building.
We
tried
as
much
as
possible
to
copy
the
theme
of
the
area
and
make
it
conform
to
the
general
design
of
the
area,
he
said.
Critics
demonize
Torre
The
DMCI
counsel
cautioned,
however,
that
the
Supreme
Court
suit
was
not
whether
a
design
was
good
or
not.
If
we
go
into
the
design,
that
would
be
aesthetics.
[As
one
justice
said,]
the
Supreme
Court
is
not
a
court
of
aesthetics.
What
might
be
ugly
to
you
is
beautiful
to
me,
the
lawyer
added.
He
lamented
that
Torre
de
Manila
was
continually
being
demonized
by
critics
and
many
people
tended
to
believe
the
criticism
even
if
they
did
not
yet
know
all
the
facts
of
the
construction.
DMCI
maintained
that
it
complied
with
all
the
requirements,
including
obtaining
all
permits
and
clearances,
before
undertaking
the
construction
of
the
condominium
and
that
the
location
of
the
building
was
not
a
historical
or
cultural
site.
7.
Is
it
historical
conservation
or
destruction?:
The
Dilemma
Behind
Las
Casas
Filipinas
de
Acuzars
Heritage
Resort.
Read
the
article
of
Edgar
Allan
Sembrano
entitled,
2nd
oldest
house
in
the
Philippines
demolished
published
on
8
August
2016
retrieved
from
http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/234674/2nd-oldest-house-in-the-
philippines-demolished/
and
provide
your
reaction.
Guide
Questions:
1) What
was
the
issue
discussed?
2) What
are
the
points
raised
in
favor
of
Las
Casas
Filipinas
cultural
heritage
conservation
efforts?
3) What
are
the
points
raised
against
Las
Casas
Filipinas
cultural
heritage
conservation
efforts?
4) What
is
your
stand
on
the
issue?
Is
it
historical
conservation
or
destruction?
26
2nd
oldest
house
in
the
Philippines
demolished
Nearly
three
centuries
old,
Casa
Ordoveza
in
Majayjay,
Laguna,
has
been
destroyed
to
be
transferred
to
and
reconstructed
in
a
controversial
heritage
resort
in
Bataan
By: Edgar Allan M. Sembrano (contributor) / @inquirerdotnet
Philippine Daily Inquirer / 04:00 AM August 08, 2016
THE OLDEST house in Luzon and the second oldest in the Philippines has been demolished without
any national culture agency or local government unit coming to its rescue.
It will be reconstructed at the controversial Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar in Bagac, Bataan, sources
said.
Although Acuzar has been praised for saving the structures, he has also earned criticism for
removing them from their original geography, thus destroying their physical, social
and historical moorings.
Since Bagac is a seaside town, Acuzar has also been criticized for exposing the structures to the
elements that might only hasten their deterioration.
Casa Ordoveza was constructed in 1744. It is believed to be the oldest bahay-na-bato in the country
after the still-existing Jesuit House (built 1730), now the Museo de Parian, in Cebu City.
In the journal article, Casa Ordoveza of Majayjay, Laguna: The Evolution of a Provincial Ilustrado
Family (1637-1990) published in the Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society in March 1991,
historian Luciano P.R. Santiago writes that Casa Ordoveza was located on what was then camino
real or the royal street (now Blumentritt Street) built by Majayjay gobernadorcillo Don Lorenzo
Pangotangan.
Pangotangan (money-lender in Tagalog) changed their familys surname to Ordoveza in 1849, notes
Santiago.
Santiago takes notice the historical significance of the dilapidated but still at that time, surviving,
structure.
The longevity of the Ordoveza house as well as its continuous possession by the same family for
two and a half centuries, writes Santiago, constitutes a rare occurrence in the Philippines,
a country which has suffered since time immemorial from many a calamity both natural and
manmade.
Last year, a book about the house and the family was published. Casa Ordoveza: The Story of an
Illustrious Filipino Clan was authored by Santiago.
A source told the Inquirer that the house, demolished late last year was reportedly bought by Las
Casas Filipinas de Acuzar of Bagac, Bataan where it will be reconstructed.
In a text message, Las Casas management confirmed to the Inquirer the house was indeed under
construction in Bagac.
27
Sad
story
Danny
de
Luna
of
the
Quezon
Heritage
Council
said
the
demolition
was
a
sad
story.
We
from
the
Quezon
Heritage
Council
can
only
do
as
much
as
we
can
preserve
in
Quezon
province
thats
why
we
encourage
local
people
to
stand
and
preserve
their
own
heritage,
De
Luna
said.
However
selling
it
(Ordoveza
house)
to
the
Acuzar
is
the
lesser
evil
[since]
at
least
the
whole
house
can
still
be
seen
in
Bagac,
Bataan.
The
Heritage
Conservation
Society
(HCS)
lamented
the
demolition.
Based
on
Republic
Act
10066,
all
these
old
houses
being
transferred
to
Bagac,
Bataan,
are
presumed
to
be
Important
Cultural
Properties,
and
therefore
are
protected
by
law,
unless
the
presumption
is
lifted,
HCS
said.
Our
government
cultural
agencies
should
come
out
with
a
definitive
statement
on
the
transfer
of
heritage,
especially
since
it
goes
against
international
conservation
standards
and
deprives
communities
of
their
heritage,
HCS
added.
Further
Readings
Martinez-Carter,
Karina
(2013).
How
the
elderly
are
treated
around
the
world.
The
Week,
July
23,
2013
from
http://theweek.com/articles/462230/how-elderly-are-treated-
around-world.
28
Lesson
III
Looking
Back
at
Human
Biocultural
and
Social
Evolution
Learning
Outcomes:
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Understand
the
human
biocultural
and
social
evolution
in
the
Philippines;
2. Trace
the
biological
and
cultural
evolution
of
humans
and
identify
its
contributions
to
the
21st
century
individuals;
3. Identify
the
extent
of
development
of
the
society
from
start
of
civilization
to
modern
civilization;
and
4. Appreciate
museums,
archaeological
and
historical
sites
in
understanding
cultural
and
social
evolution.
Introduction
Philippine
society
has
been
constantly
evolving.
A
testament
to
this
is
the
change
that
we
can
easily
notice
from
our
environment
and
even
way
of
life.
Since
the
society
is
evolving,
cultural
practices
evolve
as
well
with
the
society.
Class
Activity
3
-
The
Evolution
Challenge
Reflect
on
the
picture
above,
and
analyze
the
pattern
presented.
Can
you
provide
other
examples
of
present
practices
that
can
be
traced/compared
to
the
practices
before?
Discussion
There
were
many
theories
that
try
to
explain
how
human
development
eventually
started.
We
have
the
divine
right
theory,
evolution,
land
bridge
theory,
migration
theory,
etc.
In
the
Philippines,
Peter
Bellwood
(2004),
an
Archaeology
professor,
proposed
the
out
of
Taiwan
hypothesis
suggesting
that
there
was
a
massive
migration
of
people
from
Asia
to
the
Pacific
by
means
of
Taiwan
5,000
years
ago.
These
people
were
called
Austronesians,
after
passing
from
one
territory
to
another
eventually
they
were
able
to
reach
the
Philippines,
which
explain
the
reasons
behind
the
similarities
in
culture,
language,
characteristics
in
most
Asian
countries
today.
Apparently,
the
migration
of
29
Austronesians
is
due
to
the
possible
increasing
population
in
the
area
that
forced
them
to
move
out.
Their
enhanced
maritime
skill
combined
with
their
agricultural
skill
that
provided
them
great
advantage.
Moreover,
Henry
Otley
Beyers
proposed
another
possibility
in
his
wave
migration
theory
suggesting
that
migration
of
human
individuals
to
the
Philippines
came
in
various
waves.
The
first
waves
of
migration
were
from
the
Dawn
Man,
who
were
mostly
cave-
man
just
like
the
Java
man
and
Peking
man.
Then
this
was
followed
by
the
migration
of
Negritoes
via
land
bridges,
and
by
the
Malays
group
of
people
who
came
through
the
sea.
From
such,
civilization
started
to
flourish
in
the
Philippines.
According
to
F.
Landa
Jocano,
an
anthropologist
from
the
University
of
the
Philippines
and
a
protge
of
Otley
Beyer,
it
is
possible
that
there
were
already
inhabitants
in
the
island
before
the
coming
of
the
Negritoes
and
Malays
as
proven
by
the
discovery
in
1962
of
a
human
skullcap
and
a
portion
of
a
jaw
in
the
Tabon
caves
in
Palawan
dating
back
to
42,000
years
by
the
anthropologist
Robert
Fox
and
Manuel
Santiago.
According
to
Jocano
in
his
core
population
theory,
human
individuals
are
products
of
the
long
process
of
evolution
and
movement
of
people,
which
paved
the
way
to
the
so-called
Neolithic
revolution.
The
Neolithic
revolution
is
characterized
by
the
use
of
agriculture
in
human
civilization
in
which
people
became
less
mobile
and
tends
to
be
inactive
that
caused
the
development
of
non-portable
possessions
such
as
clay
pots.
According
to
Christopher
Paik
(2011)
the
development
of
agriculture
and
craftsmanship
led
to
population
increase
and
the
rise
of
large
hierarchical
states
that
paved
the
way
for
the
development
of
feudalism
later
on.
Moreover,
as
early
communities
improved
on
their
agricultural
skills
they
became
less
dependent
to
other
tribes
that
led
to
a
decentralized
community,
each
living
on
its
own.
Later
on,
as
they
will
defend
their
community
to
external
threats
such
as
food
hunters
there
will
be
development
in
their
military
and
technological
skills
therefore
establishing
a
self-governing
institution.
As
intense
fortification
and
production
will
be
needed,
the
use
of
metal
will
be
introduced
starting
with
the
use
of
bronze
metal
or
copper
that
will
trigger
further
social,
cultural
and
political
developments.
Thus
with
the
growing
population
of
the
community
that
indicates
the
increasing
demand
for
food
security,
the
urge
to
establish
a
government
that
can
represent
the
most
became
imperative
therefore
leading
to
democratization.
Filipino
Community
Today
The
Filipino
community
today
is
a
result
of
a
continuous
evolution
as
dictated
by
its
environment.
The
presence
of
a
community
was
already
established
even
before
the
coming
of
the
Spaniards
in
the
Philippines.
According
to
the
memoirs
of
Antonio
Pigafetta,
one
of
the
voyagers
together
with
Ferdinard
Magellan
when
they
arrived
in
the
Philippines
in
1521,
there
is
already
a
system
of
society
headed
by
a
datu
or
raja
that
led
the
community
in
political,
social,
and
economic
aspects.
Documentations
provided
by
the
voyager
Pigafetta
even
narrated
how
systematic
the
society
was
with
hierarchy
of
its
own
and
set
or
rules
and
ethical
principles.
This
was
later
on
identified
as
barangay.
Everything
was
simple
as
reflected
by
the
simple
lifestyle
of
the
community
during
that
time.
Everything
revolves
around
community
preservation
and
food
preservation.
After
the
Spaniards
colonized
and
Christianized,
they
gradually
influenced
the
30
community
by
altering
its
structure
to
form
the
Philippine
plaza
complex.
According
to
Meliton
Juanico
(2013)
it
was
part
of
the
Spanish
reduccin
policy
that
implies
putting
the
community
as
close
as
possible
to
the
seat
of
power
and
control
of
the
church
for
monitoring
purposes
Such
explains
the
strategic
lay
out
of
Philippine
plazas
surrounded
by
a
church
or
convento,
beside
it
is
a
school,
on
the
other
side
is
the
tribunal
or
municipal
building
and
located
nearby
are
other
important
government
buildings
and
the
public
market.
The
plaza
serves
as
the
focal
point
of
the
town
that
plays
an
important
role
for
the
community.
When
the
Americans
came
it
to
colonize
the
country,
the
community
landscape
was
completely
altered.
When
much
of
the
structures
were
heavily
damaged
if
not
totally
destroyed
by
the
outrage
of
the
World
War
II,
not
everything
were
reconstructed
by
the
Americans
particularly
churches
and
minor
government
structures.
This
paved
the
way
for
the
development
of
commercial
centers
and
complexes
that
deconcentrated
key
structures
usually
centered
at
the
plaza.
Commercial
centers
such
as
Escolta
in
Manila
was
developed
as
economic
business
districts
rather
than
a
command
post
of
political
power.
Much
remained
the
same
when
the
Japanese
came
in
until
the
end
of
the
American
reoccupation
leading
to
the
granting
of
independence
in
1945.
Post
colonization
era
contributed
as
well
to
the
reconfiguration
of
the
community
landscape.
As
new
demands
were
imposed
by
the
fast-phased
modern
lifestyle,
changes
in
the
landscape
are
really
inevitable.
Such
that
today,
it
is
normal
to
see
high
rise
structure
in
the
heart
of
every
community,
displacing
old
structures
in
favor
of
new
and
innovative
ones,
and
reinventing
the
community.
We
now
have
24
hours
convenience
stores,
commercial
centers
that
remain
open
until
late
nights,
freeways
at
the
middle
of
residential
areas,
water
reclamation,
and
other
sorts
of
community
reinventions.
Soon,
there
will
new
set
of
community
demands
altering
the
existing
current
situation.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
The
Philippine
society
is
constantly
evolving.
It
continues
to
respond
to
the
pressure
exerted
on
it
by
the
people,
environment,
and
technology.
Peter
Bellwood
proposed
in
the
out
of
Taiwan
hypothesis
that
there
was
a
massive
migration
of
people
from
Asia
to
the
Pacific
also
known
as
Austronesian
by
means
of
Taiwan
5,000
years
ago.
Henry
Otley
Beyer
suggested
in
the
wave
migration
theory
that
human
individuals
came
to
the
Philippines
in
various
waves
starting
from
the
Dawn
Man
up
to
the
arrival
of
the
Negritoes
and
Malays.
F.
Landa
Jocano
argued
in
the
core
population
theory
it
is
possible
that
there
were
already
inhabitants
in
the
island
before
the
coming
of
the
Negritoes
and
Malays
as
proven
by
the
discovery
in
1962
of
a
human
skullcap
and
a
portion
of
a
jaw
in
the
Tabon
caves
in
Palawan
dating
back
to
42,000
years
by
the
anthropologist
Robert
Fox
and
Manuel
Santiago.
Neolithic
revolution
is
characterized
by
the
use
of
agriculture
in
human
civilization.
This
paved
the
way
for
the
development
of
early
civilization
and
the
rise
of
a
democratic
state.
31
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Multiple
Choice.
1) It
is
the
oldest
human
artifact
discovered
in
the
Philippines.
a.
Callao
Man
b.
Tabon
Man
c.
Iron
Man
2) This
theory
explains
that
human
beings
travelled
to
the
Philippines
from
Taiwan.
a.
Core
population
theory
b.
Out
of
Taiwan
hypothesis
c.
Wave
migration
3) This
theory
explains
that
humans
migrated
in
various
series
of
waves.
a.
Core
population
theory
b.
Out
of
Taiwan
hypothesis
c.
Wave
migration
4) This
theory
explains
that
humans
are
a
product
of
a
long
process
of
evolution.
a.
Core
population
theory
b.
Out
of
Taiwan
hypothesis
c.
Wave
migration
5) It
is
characterized
by
the
use
of
agriculture
in
human
civilization.
a.
Neolithic
b.
Paleolithic
c.
Mesolithic
2. In
1973,
the
Philippine
government
declared
the
Banaue
Rice
Terraces
as
a
national
cultural
treasure.
Looking
at
its
landscape
and
the
history
of
the
Ifugao
in
the
Mountain
province,
assess
what
could
have
been
the
factors
that
influence
the
community
to
facilitate
such
land-use
pattern
and
farming
strategy.
3. Research
on
any
local
artifact
that
was
discovered
or
preserved
in
your
community,
either
it
is
exhibited
in
any
museums
or
part
your
of
your
personal
family
collections.
Identify
the
history
of
the
artifact
and
the
evolution
that
it
went
through
to
achieve
its
form
today.
E.g.
the
evolution
of
steam
iron,
the
evolution
of
medium
of
communication,
etc.
4. Lakbay-Aral:
Visit
any
museum,
historical
shrines,
and
places
with
historical
and
cultural
importance
or
watch
any
cultural
performances,
indigenous
practices,
32
religious
rites
and
rituals
and
identify
their
significance
to
the
present
Filipino
culture
and
society.
Further
Readings
Bellwood,
P.
(2004)
The
Origins
and
Dispersals
of
Agricultural
Communities
in
Southeast
Asia
in
P.
Bellwood,
I.
Glover
(eds)
Southeast
Asia:
From
Prehistory
to
History,
pp.21-40,
Routledge.
Olsson,
Ola
and
Paik,
Christopher
(2016).
Long-run
Cultural
Divergence:
Evidence
from
the
Neolithic
Revolution.
Journal
of
Development
Economics
Volume
122,
September
2016,
pp.
197-213.
Jocano,
F.
Landa
(1967).
The
Beginnings
of
Filipino
Society
and
Culture,
Philippine
Studies
vol.
15,
no.
1
(1967):
9-40.
Retrieved
from
http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/2289/4410.
33
Lesson
IV
Becoming
a
Member
of
Society
Learning
Outcomes:
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Understand
the
rules
of
social
interaction
in
becoming
a
member
of
the
society
to
maintain
stability
of
everyday
life;
2. Identify
values
and
norms
to
be
followed
in
interacting
with
others
in
society,
and
the
effects
of
violating
or
setting
aside
these
rules;
3. Appreciate
the
innovations
role
in
response
to
societys
problems
and
challenges;
4. Explain
the
development
of
ones
self
and
others
as
a
result
of
enculturation
and
socialization;
and
5. Analyze
the
contexts,
meanings,
processes,
and
consequences
of
enculturation
and
socialization.
Introduction
Each
person
has
different
ways
in
becoming
a
legitimate
member
of
a
society.
Some
may
unconsciously,
through
repetition,
adapt
the
culture
and
practices
of
a
given
group
or
society.
Others
may
simply
learn
these
different
cultures
and
practices
through
the
process
of
socialization.
Several
people
may
take
short
time
to
learn
and
adapt
other
cultures
and
practices
while
some
may
take
longer
time.
When
an
individual
is
born,
that
person
becomes
the
bearer
of
a
new
life
separate
from
the
conceiver.
Nevertheless,
the
moment
that
the
person
was
given
a
life
of
its
own,
it
immediately
becomes
part
of
whole.
Thats
were
the
beauty
of
life
comes,
a
part
is
separated
from
the
whole
to
form
a
whole.
Despite
of
being
newly
born,
the
new
life
is
welcomed
to
an
entirely
whole
new
organization,
the
society.
Activity
4.1
-
The
Looking
Glass-Self
:
How
Others
See
Through
You
(taken
from
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/634/649505/Ch3.pdf.)
Choose
a
partner
that
you
do
not
know
well
but
may
want
to
get
to
know,
and
sit
opposite
one
another.
1. Introduce
to
your
partner
and
choose
any
issue
or
topic
that
interests
you
both
such
as
experiences
on
first
day
in
school,
problems
at
school
or
home,
favorite
subject,
where
to
hang
out,
which
professor
to
avoid,
etc.
2. Discuss
the
topic
in
7-10
minutes.
3. After
the
discussion,
write
a
paragraph
on
the
topic,
"My
Partner's
Personality"
but
dont
show
it
to
your
partner.
4. Write
another
paragraph
on
the
topic,
"What
My
Partner
Thinks
of
My
Personality".
5. Exchange
papers
with
your
partner.
6. Describe
the
cues
you
used
in
assessing
your
partner's
personality,
and
whether
these
cues
provided
accurate
or
inaccurate
information.
34
Discussion
In
the
Philippines,
every
member
of
the
community
is
deemed
to
be
part
of
the
society
as
stipulated
in
the
1987
Philippine
Constitution.
According
to
article
5
of
the
section1
of
the
constitution,
the
following
are
considered
as
the
citizens
or
bona
fide
members
of
the
Philippine
society:
Those
who
are
citizens
of
the
Philippines
at
the
time
of
the
adoption
of
the
Constitution;
Those
whose
fathers
or
mothers
are
citizens
of
the
Philippines;
Those
born
before
January
17,
1973,
of
Filipino
mothers,
who
elect
Philippine
Citizenship
upon
reaching
the
age
of
majority;
and
Those
who
are
naturalized
in
the
accordance
with
law.
Aside
from
the
citizens,
foreign
visitors
or
tourist
can
likewise
be
considered
as
members
of
the
Philippine
society.
Thus
when
an
individual
becomes
a
significant
member
of
a
society,
this
is
what
we
called
socialization.
Through
socialization,
an
individual
becomes
a
functioning
and
participating
member
of
the
society,
contributing
to
its
growth
or
development
in
any
form
or
manner
therefore
it
involves
a
lifelong
process
of
learning
and
relearning.
By
becoming
a
member
of
a
society,
it
entails
acceptance
and
understanding
of
societal
norms,
expectations,
beliefs,
practices,
and
values.
Enculturation
is
the
process
of
learning
the
requisites
of
the
culture
of
ones
surroundings
to
adapt
values
and
behavior
necessary
or
appropriate
in
a
given
culture.
The
process
includes
factors
that
limit,
direct,
or
shape
deliberately
or
not
the
individual.
These
factors
basically
include
the
parents,
other
adults,
and
peers.
Successful
enculturation
may
result
to
competencies
in
language,
values
and
rituals
of
the
culture.
It
is
likewise
similar
to
socialization
which
means
the
deliberate
shaping
of
an
individuals
traits,
values,
knowledge
among
other
personality
components.
Enculturation
can
also
be
deliberate
and
informal.
Conrad
Phillip
Kottak
(2010)
defines
enculturation
as
a
process
where
the
culture
that
is
currently
established
teaches
an
individual
the
accepted
norms
and
values
of
the
culture
of
the
society
where
the
individual
lives.
The
individual
can
become
an
accepted
member
and
is
expected
to
fulfill
the
needed
functions
and
roles
of
the
group.
Most
importantly,
the
individual
knows
and
establishes
a
context
of
boundaries
and
accepted
behavior
that
dictates
what
is
acceptable
and
what
is
not
in
that
society.
It
teaches
the
individual
their
roles
in
the
society
including
forms
of
acceptable
behavior
and
lifestyle.
Enculturation
is
also
similar
to
acculturation,
a
word
which
refers
to
exchanges
of
cultural
features
with
foreign
cultures.
Socialization
Through
socialization,
an
individual
earns
obtains
a
status
in
the
community.
Status
is
a
social
position
in
a
group
or
an
individuals
position
in
the
social
structure.
Status
does
not
relate
to
the
individuals
themselves
but
to
the
social
category
or
position
which
one
occupies
within
the
social
structure.
A
social
status
comes
in
two
forms:
ascribed
status
and
achieved
status.
An
ascribed
status
is
assigned
or
given
on
the
basis
of
fixed
category
without
regard
to
a
persons
ability
or
performance.
Examples
are
sex
or
gender,
age,
race,
and
ethnic
origin
which
are
intrinsically
acquired
without
efforts
exerted.
An
achieved
35
status,
on
the
other
hand,
is
earned
by
the
individual
by
working
hard
for
it
like
being
a
professional
or
a
skilled
worker.
Every
status
provides
for
a
social
role
or
the
responsibility
attached
to
the
status
of
an
individual.
Role
is
our
part
in
the
society
expected
to
be
played
in
a
given
status.
Being
the
father
of
the
family
is
his
status
and
as
the
father,
he
has
the
role
which
society
requires
him
to
nurture,
educate,
guide,
support
and
protect
his
family
members.
Role
specifically
calls
for
duties
and
responsibilities
usually
directed
towards
others.
Membership
in
a
social
group
provides
us
a
set
of
roles
and
statuses.
It
is
normal
for
people
to
have
multiple
and
overlapping
roles
and
statuses.
A
woman
is
a
mother
to
her
children,
and
an
auntie
to
her
nieces
and
nephews.
Thus,
one
is
expected
to
play
different
roles
well,
and
should
be
able
to
switch
successfully
from
one
role
to
another
Nevertheless,
there
are
some
instances
wherein
overlapping
roles
provide
mounting
pressures
leading
to
role
conflict
causing
to
the
person
to
experience
role
strain.
Such
strain
makes
it
too
stressful
for
the
individual
leading
to
leaving
breaking
social
ties,
leaving
the
social
group,
or
taking
a
role
exit
to
cut
off
some
of
the
imposing
social
roles.
However,
because
of
social
dynamics
role
expectation
might
change
overtime
such
that
before
mothers
are
expected
to
stay
at
home
and
perform
their
child-rearing
obligations.
But
due
to
social
dynamics
mother
can
still
perform
such
obligations
to
the
family
but
in
a
different
form
already
such
working
for
the
family
as
well
or
in
some
cases
being
breadwinners
as
the
father
takes
on
the
child-rearing
obligations
from
the
traditional
breadwinner
character.
Nature
or
Nurture:
Theories
of
Self
Development
Identity
Formation
is
the
formation
of
an
individuals
distinct
personality
which
is
considered
as
a
persisting
entity
in
a
particular
stage
of
life
by
which
a
person
is
known
or
recognized
by
some
people.
This
process
characterizes
individuals
to
others
and
themselves.
Sense
of
continuity,
sense
of
uniqueness
from
others
and
a
sense
of
affiliation
are
included
in
ones
actual
identity.
Identity
formation
affects
personal
identity
in
which
the
individual
thinks
of
himself
or
herself
as
a
separate
and
discrete
entity,
and
at
the
end,
the
person
may
become
unique
through
discipline
and
fulfillment
of
aspiration.
Such
as
when
an
individual
is
born,
soon
the
individual
will
become
active
member
of
the
society,
through
the
process
of
socialization.
Apparently,
the
development
of
human
individual
is
highly
anchored
on
socialization.
Human
development
deals
with
the
changes
that
occur
in
individuals
as
they
age
from
conception
to
death.
When
we
are
born,
we
absorb
some
of
our
genetic
and
biological
make
up
from
our
parents,
this
is
what
we
called
nature.
As
we
socialize
and
develop
we
absorb
other
factors
that
greatly
influence
our
human
development,
this
is
characterized
as
nurture.
The
psychoanalyst
Sigmund
Freud
was
among
the
one
who
provided
a
theory
that
tries
to
explain
human
development.
According
to
Freud,
socialization
involves
a
process
characterized
by
the
internal
struggle
between
the
biological
components
and
the
socio-cultural
environmental
factors.
He
characterized
the
development
process
into
five
psychosexual
stages
which
involves
oral,
anal,
36
(The
clash
of
the
titans:
id,
ego,
superego)
phallic,
latency,
and
genital.
Such
stages
of
development
characterize
the
struggle
of
a
human
individual
to
seek
greater
pleasure
and
avoid
pain.
This
is
how
Freud
considers
the
human
psyche,
composed
of
three
interrelated
parts
that
includes
the
id,
ego
and
superego
influencing
the
psychosexual
development
of
an
individual.
The
id
is
considered
as
very
unconscious
therefore
always
looking
for
the
greatest
pleasure
(pleasure
principle)
without
regarding
to
anything.
The
ego
works
the
same
looking
for
pleasure
and
avoiding
pain
but
implies
that
not
everything
will
be
pleasurable
(reality
principle).
Then
superego
incorporates
the
values
and
morals
of
the
society.
This
is
the
stage
where
an
individual
learns
to
observe
the
rules,
customs,
and
expectations
of
the
society.
Charles
Cooley
provided
a
sociological
perspective
on
human
development
in
his
looking
glass
self
theory
in
which
an
individual
visualizes
oneself
through
the
eyes
of
others.
It
is
based
on
how
we
imagine
we
appear
to
others
which
involve
three
elements:
(1)
the
imagination
of
our
appearance
to
the
other
person;
(2)
the
imagination
of
his
judgment
of
that
appearance,
and
(3)
a
self-feeling,
such
as
pride
or
mortification.
George
Mead
further
advanced
Cooleys
perspective
suggesting
that
an
individuals
distinct
identity
is
only
developed
through
social
interaction.
Mead
provided
his
own
stages
of
development
that
includes
three
stages:
(1)
preparatory
stage
which
entails
having
no
ability
to
imagine
how
others
see
things
like
children
who
only
imitates
the
behavior
of
the
people
that
they
always
interact
with;
(2)
play
stage
which
involves
imitating
some
of
the
roles
of
other
persons
that
they
see
such
as
talking
on
a
telephone
or
acting
like
a
doctor
however
they
are
still
not
able
to
take
on
those
roles
fully
and
consistently;
and
(3)
game
stage
in
which
complete
understanding
of
the
roles
of
other
individuals
take
place
that
includes
observance
of
rules
and
expectations;
before
finally
developing
the
idea
of
generalized
other
or
the
common
expectations
of
general
society.
Agencies
of
Socialization
As
such
socialization
serves
as
the
link
between
the
individual
and
the
society.
There
can
be
many
factors
that
can
influence
the
socialization
process,
these
are
called
agencies
of
socialization.
37
Family
The
family
serves
as
the
very
first
agent
of
socialization.
It
is
considered
as
the
most
influential
group
in
the
life
of
an
individual
during
its
formative
years.
It
is
the
family
that
serves
as
the
first
society
that
an
individual
becomes
part
of.
Peer
Groups
But
as
an
individual
gradually
matures,
the
peer
groups
absorb
a
portion
of
the
familys
influence.
They
take
over
some
of
the
roles
of
the
family.
They
become
the
new
source
of
approved
social
behavior
or
they
become
the
new
role
model
for
the
individual.
Church
or
Religion
Aside
from
the
family
and
the
peer
groups,
one
of
the
greatest
agents
of
socialization
particularly
in
the
Philippines
is
the
church
or
religion.
It
provides
a
major
influence
on
an
individuals
notion
of
morality
and
ethics.
Such
that
as
an
individual
grows,
much
of
the
values
are
shaped
by
the
religious
orientation
shared
to
the
person.
School
Most
Filipinos
spend
a
great
portion
of
their
day
in
schools.
In
fact
about
17-20
years
of
an
individuals
life
is
shared
in
schools
where
potentials
and
abilities
are
developed
and
improved.
School
serves
as
the
formal
agency
for
weaning
children
from
home
and
further
introducing
them
to
the
society.
It
is
the
first
place
where
an
individual
will
be
consistently
interacting
with
other
member
of
the
society
therefore
introduced
to
other
customs,
mores,
and
values.
Workplace
After
being
prepared
to
take
on
various
roles
in
the
society,
the
workplace
serves
as
the
school
of
life
or
reality.
This
is
where
the
other
bulk
of
an
individuals
life
is
usually
consumed.
This
is
sometimes
referred
to
as
the
university
of
life,
which
still
serves
as
a
learning
avenue
but
realities
come
into
place
that
life
is
not
that
simple
as
it
was
in
the
comforts
of
the
family
and
in
school.
This
is
where
interaction
with
different
persons
from
all
walks
of
life
comes
in,
where
in
the
rule
is
you
cannot
please
everybody.
Mass
Media
As
an
individual
goes
through
the
life
long
process
of
learning,
the
presence
of
mass
media
makes
it
more
interesting
particularly
in
the
advent
of
technological
innovation
it
makes
life
transcendental,
knowing
almost
no
boundaries.
The
presence
of
mass
media
makes
everything
simple
yet
complex
such
that
it
completely
revolutionized
the
life
of
an
individual.
There
are
some
who
cannot
live
a
single
day
without
any
access
to
mass
media
particularly
to
the
Internet.
Activity
4.2
-
The
Power
of
Social
Media
Experiment
taken
from
http://philbowdle.com/powerofsocialmedia/
and
https://www.businessesgrow.com/2012/12/09/the-results-are-in-an-experiment-in-
social-influence/
.
38
Social
Experiment
Example:
How
can
we
mobilize
our
school/community
to
donate
2,000
old
toys,
old
clothes,
old
books
7
days,
using
only
social
media?
Form
a
group
with
5-6
members
or
the
entire
class
can
serve
as
one
group
and
create
an
announcement
to
be
shares
in
different
social
media
platforms
such
as
Facebook,
Twitter
and
Instagram.
Encourage
your
friends
to
like
and
share
the
announcement.
Establish
a
designated
spot/area
to
serve
as
the
collection
area
of
the
donations.
A
big
balikbayan
box
can
be
a
good
idea
to
be
placed
inside
the
classroom,
to
be
monitored
every
meeting.
After
seven
days,
document
the
no.
of
likes,
shares,
and
comments
of
the
posted
announcement
in
different
social
media
platforms,
as
well
as
the
contents
of
the
donation
box.
Present
the
results
to
the
class
and
turn
over
the
donations
to
the
Office
of
Social
Orientation
and
Community
Involvement
Program
of
the
school.
Social
Conformity
and
Deviance
Conformity
and
deviance
are
two
reactions
to
pressures
from
others.
Conformity
is
observance
of
the
norms,
and
thus,
makes
the
person
accepted
in
a
group
or
society.
Robert
Merton
(1957)
defined
conformity
as
acceptance
of
cultural
goals
and
the
legitimate
approved
means
of
achieving
them.
Deviance
pertains
to
acts
that
violate
the
standard
of
conduct,
expectations
or
social
norms
of
a
group
or
society.
Sexual
deviants,
drug
addicts,
latecomers
are
examples
of
deviants
or
deviant
acts.
Social
deviance
constitutes
violations
of
group
norms
and
cultural
expectations.
Standards
of
deviance
vary
from
group
to
group
and
from
time
to
time.
Deviance
may
be
viewed
then
as
a
relative
phenomenon.
A
society
that
has
no
social
order
cannot
function
smoothly,
and
societies
therefore,
must
have
ways
and
means
of
making
people
follow
the
social
norms.
Social
control
is
a
means
to
deter
or
minimize
cases
of
deviance.
A
society
may
have
different
types
of
social
control.
It
may
be
planned
or
unplanned
and
persuasive
or
coercive.
Control
functions
in
two
levels,
internal
and
external.
Internal
is
also
called
self-
control
which
is
from
within
while
external
or
social
control
is
from
without.
Social
controls
that
are
unplanned
or
persuasive
are
gossip,
social
ostracism
while
examples
of
planned
and
coercive
include
laws
and
punishments.
Discipline
is
synonymous
with
restraint
and
control.
Discipline
is
a
situation
in
which
an
individual
suppresses
his
or
her
base
desire.
This
is
when
one
uses
reason
to
identify
the
best
course
of
action
regardless
of
ones
needs.
With
discipline,
one
tries
to
align
values
to
ones
goals,
and
do
gladly
what
is
the
best.
Aspiration
means
a
strong
desire
for
advancement,
striving
after
something
higher
than
ones
self.
At
the
extreme,
socialization
and
its
accompanying
pressures
can
lead
to
deviant
behaviors
or
behaviors
that
do
no
longer
conform
to
the
accepted
norms,
beliefs,
or
values
of
the
group
or
society.
Deviance
can
be
classified
in
four
types
that
include
(1)
Innovators;
(2)
Ritualists;
(3)
Retreatists;
and
(4)
Rebel.
39
The
innovators
are
those
who
still
subscribe
to
the
culturally
approved
norms
but
change
the
way
in
approaching
it,
thus
innovating
the
approved
norms.
Examples
are
those
who
believe
that
life
is
a
social
progress
but
does
not
have
the
patience
to
endure
all
the
hardships
thus
resorting
to
illegal
means
of
acquiring
wealth.
Moreover,
the
ritualists
are
those
who
reject
the
culturally
approved
norms
but
still
comply
with
the
institutional
way
to
achieve
it
in
order
to
still
feel
respectable.
Example
are
those
who
agree
that
in
order
to
earn
salary
one
needs
to
report
to
work
but
does
not
actually
do
anything
but
just
to
render
the
hours
without
productive
output.
For
the
retreatists,
they
reject
both
the
approved
norms
and
the
institutionalized
way
of
complying
with
it.
They
almost
perform
outmost
deviance
for
they
really
commit
acts
that
do
not
conform
to
accepted
values
such
as
taking
prohibited
drugs,
getting
alcoholic,
being
involved
with
criminal
syndicates,
etc.
Furthermore,
aside
from
the
expression
of
rejection,
the
rebel
aspires
to
totally
alter
the
status
quo
and
imposed
a
totally
new
platform
or
set
up
such
as
terrorist
demanding
for
change
in
governance
or
threatening
invasion,
the
secessionist
or
separatists
movements.
Apparently,
according
to
Howard
Becker
(1966),
it
is
not
the
act
itself
that
makes
it
deviant
but
the
reactions
to
the
act
that
makes
it
deviant.
Human
Dignity,
Rights,
and
the
Common
Good
Human
dignity
should
always
be
honored.
The
dignity
of
human
person
is
a
basic
right
in
itself
and
contains
the
very
basis
of
fundamental
rights
required
in
international
law.
It
is
essentially
a
component
of
any
right
by
any
international
human
rights
law,
thus;
it
should
be
respected
even
when
there
is
restriction
on
the
rights.
The
heart
of
human
dignity
includes
a
gay,
lesbian,
bisexual,
transgendered
and
inter-sexed
identity.
Various
legal
human
rights
systems
can
only
assume
real
and
substantive
meaning
if
there
is
the
protection
of
dignity.
Thus
Hector
De
Leon
(2002)
enumerated
the
different
rights
that
a
person
has
which
includes
the
following:
1. Natural
rights
are
rights
independent
of
the
laws
or
customs
of
any
particular
culture
or
government
and
therefore,
universal
examples
are
the
right
to
live,
the
right
to
be
happy
among
others;
2. Constitutional
rights
are
rights
enumerated
and
protected
by
the
constitution;
3. Political
rights
are
the
rights
of
the
people
to
participate
in
any
governmental
activities.
Examples
are
right
to
citizenship,
right
to
vote,
and
right
to
information;
4. Civil
rights
are
personal
liberties
that
belong
to
an
individual
due
to
her
status
as
a
citizen
or
resident
of
a
particular
country
and
community.
Examples
are
liberty
of
abode,
and
right
to
travel;
5. Social,
economic
and
cultural
rights
are
rights
of
a
person
to
enjoy
life
economically
and
socially
like
the
right
to
own
property,
right
to
receive
compensation
for
properties
taken
away
from
him;
6. Rights
of
the
accused
are
rights
of
a
person
accused
of
committing
a
crime
like
right
to
be
presumed
innocent
of
the
crime,
right
to
due
process
of
law;
and
40
7. Statutory
rights
are
rights
of
a
person
provided
by
a
statute
or
a
particular
law
like
the
right
to
receive
minimum
wage,
the
right
to
work
for
eight
hours
only,
etc.
Such
rights
were
further
given
emphasis
by
the
United
Nations
in
its
Universal
Declaration
of
Human
Rights
on
December
10,
1948
as
a
common
standard
for
all
nations.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
Enculturation
is
similar
with
that
of
socialization.
Through
socialization
an
enculturation,
identity
formation
is
done
and
an
individual
becomes
a
functioning
and
participating
member
of
the
society
where
norms
and
values
are
established
and
followed
by
the
people.
Through
socialization,
an
individual
earns
obtains
a
status
in
the
community.
An
individuals
social
status
can
be
considered
as
ascribed
or
something
that
is
achieved,
each
status
provides
for
a
social
role
or
the
responsibility
attached
to
the
status
of
an
individual.
There
are
instances
wherein
a
status
has
more
than
one
role
associated
with
it,
if
this
happens
an
individual
can
experience
role
conflict
that
can
lead
to
role
strain
and
forcing
role
exit.
Sigmund
Freud
characterized
the
human
development
process
into
five
psychosexual
stages
that
involves
oral,
anal,
phallic,
latency,
and
genital.
Furthermore,
Freud
suggested
that
there
are
three
interrelated
parts
that
includes
the
id,
ego
and
superego
influencing
the
psychosexual
development
of
an
individual.
Charles
Cooley
provided
a
sociological
perspective
on
human
development
in
his
looking
glass
self
theory
in
which
an
individual
visualizes
oneself
through
the
eyes
of
others.
George
Mead
further
advanced
Cooleys
perspective
suggesting
that
an
individuals
distinct
identity
is
only
developed
through
social
interaction
that
includes
three
stages:
(1)
preparatory;
(2)
play;
and
(3)
game
stage.
There
are
six
common
factors
that
can
influence
the
socialization
process,
which
includes
the
family,
peer
groups,
church
or
religion,
school,
workplace,
and
mass
media.
At
the
extreme,
socialization
and
its
accompanying
pressures
can
lead
that
do
no
longer
conform
to
the
accepted
norms,
beliefs,
or
values
of
the
group
or
society.
Deviant
behaviors
include
four
types:
(1)
Innovators;
(2)
Ritualists;
(3)
Retreatists;
and
(4)
Rebel.
In
all
societies,
conformity
is
required
where
people
must
have
to
follow
the
norms
and
societal
values.
However,
it
is
also
true
that
in
all
societies,
there
are
some
people
who
tend
to
deviate
from
the
norms
and
values
espoused
upon
them.
Societies
have
different
ways
in
motivating
their
people
conform
to
norms
and
values
which
are
called
social
control.
Social
control
is
expected
to
lead
people
to
live
harmoniously
with
one
another
where
each
and
every
one
considers
every
person
with
utmost
human
dignity
and
honor.
41
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
A.
Enumeration.
Agencies
of
Socialization
Cooleys
Stages
of
Development
1)
10)
2)
11)
3)
12)
4)
Freuds
Stages
of
Psychoanalysis
5)
13)
6)
14)
Types
of
Deviant
Behavior
15)
7)
8)
9)
B.
Match
the
concepts
found
on
the
left
column
to
the
ideas
given
on
the
right
column.
1) Psychoanalysis
A)
George
Mead
2) Looking
glass
self
B)
Role
Strain
3) Pleasure
Principle
C)
Socialization
4) Reality
Principle
D)
Ascribed
5) Conscience
E)
Acquired
6) Becoming
a
significant
member
of
a
society
F)
Sigmund
Freud
7) Status
obtained
from
birth
G)
Id
8) Statues
earned
through
merit
H)
Ego
9) Set
of
expectations
from
an
individual
I)
Superego
10)Result
of
pressures
from
conflicting
social
role
J)
Social
Role
2. Heads
or
Tails?
President
Rodrigo
Duterte
immediately
became
controversial
after
his
election
because
of
the
presidents
political
policy
for
common
good
particularly
with
the
campaign
against
illegal
drugs
that
is
often
associated
with
extrajudicial
executions
and
the
restoration
of
death
penalty.
This
caught
the
attention
of
human
rights
advocates
including
the
international
community.
Assessing
the
looming
lawlessness
in
the
Philippines
and
the
concern
for
human
rights
and
common
good,
weigh
in
the
pros
and
cons
of
the
issues,
and
provide
your
stand
on
the
issues
of
illegal
drugs
campaign
in
relation
to
extrajudicial
executions
and
the
restoration
of
the
death
penalty.
Justify
your
argument.
3. Values
Identification
1) Identify
five
(5)
values
that
you
acquired
or
learned
from
the
following
agents
of
socialization:
a. Your
family
b. Your
religion
42
c. Your
teachers
d. Your
peer
group
2) What
value
or
values
from
each
group
do
you
treasure
most?
Arrange
the
values
from
the
most
significant
to
the
least
significant.
Explain
briefly
your
answers.
3) Which
agent
or
agents
of
socialization
do
you
find
most
significant
in
shaping
your
personal
values?
Why
do
you
say
so?
4. Value
is
neither
positive
nor
negative.
Agree
or
disagree?
Explain
your
position.
5. Movie
analysis
Watch
the
Filipino
film
entitled
Anak
(with
Vilma
Santos
and
Claudine
Barreto
as
lead
actresses).
a. In
a
scale
of
1
to
5
(5
as
the
highest),
how
would
you
rate
the
film
in
terms
of
the
following:
Social
relevance
Values
promoted
Lessons
put
across
Personal
connection
b. How
do
you
describe
the
type
of
family
depicted
in
the
film?
c. Do
you
see
your
family
in
the
film?
Why
or
why
not?
d. What
family
issues
can
you
identify
in
the
film?
e. How
do
you
address
or
resolve
those
issues?
6. Why
are
social
roles
and
statuses
differentiated?
7. What
responsibilities
correspond
to
your
role
as:
a) a
member
of
your
family?
b) a
member
in
your
local
community
(barangay
or
municipality)?
c) a
Filipino
citizen?
d) a
global
citizen?
8. In
what
ways
is
conformity
to
norms
significant?
Cite
specific
examples.
9. In
what
contexts
is
social
deviance
positive
and
yields
good
consequences?
10. Identify
three
deviant
acts
of
students
usually
done
in
school
or
at
home.
Discuss
the
negative
effects
on
themselves
and
on
others,
and
provide
remedies
and/or
social
control
implemented
by
persons
in
authority.
Further
Readings
Casey-Sawicki,
Katherine.
"Rev.
of
Tuned
In:
Television
and
the
Teaching
of
Writing,
by
Bronwyn
T.
Williams."
Enculturation
4.2
(Fall
2002).
Retrieved
from
http://enculturation.net/4_2/sawicki.html.
43
Doherty,
Tara
(2013).
Socialisation
and
Class
Identity.
Prezi
presentation
on
4
November
2013.
Retrieved
from
https://prezi.com/fjnmahqeyuqk/socialisation-social-
class/.
Nyamoko,
Eunice
M.
and
Songole,
Rogers
S.
(2014).
Causes
of
Deviant
Behavior
in
Teenagers:
A
Case
Study
of
Eldoret
Childrens
Remand
Home.
International
Journal
of
Novel
Research
in
Humanity
and
Social
Sciences
Vol.
1,
Issue
1,
September-October
2014,
pp.
27-38.
Persell,
Caroline
H.
(1990).
Becoming
a
Member
of
Society
Through
Socialization.
Chapter
5,
Understanding
Society:
An
Introduction
to
Sociology,
3rd
Edition,
New
York,
NY:
Harper
and
Row,
Publishers
Inc.,
pp.
98-107.
Retrieved
from
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/persell/aIntroNSF/Documents/BecomingAMemberOfSociety
37Reading.html.
Sociology
101:
Social
Roles:
Definition
and
Types
of
Social
Roles.
Retrieved
from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/social-roles-definition-and-types-of-social-roles.html.
44
Lesson
V
-
How
Society
is
Organized
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Familiarize
the
concepts
involved
in
the
organization
of
the
society;
2. Analyze
aspects
of
social
organization;
3. Identify
ones
role
in
social
groups
and
social
institutions;
and
4. Trace
kinship
ties
and
social
networks.
Introduction
No
Man
is
an
Island.
According
to
John
Donne,
no
man
is
an
island.
People
cannot
be
considered
as
an
island
for
an
island
can
stand
alone
by
itself.
People
need
people
in
order
to
live.
He
has
to
live
with
people,
and
interact
with
one
another.
People
cannot
be
self-sufficient.
Even
though
how
rich
a
person
is,
he
still
needs
others.
A
baby
will
not
be
able
to
make
it
easily
without
the
assistance
of
the
parents,
and
the
parents
will
be
having
difficulties
as
well
in
losing
their
baby.
Thus,
every
individual
is
really
part
of
a
larger
society.
As
they
live
together,
a
society
is
created
where
each
interest
could
be
taken
care
of
and
protected.
Society
came
then
into
existence
as
a
consequence
of
these
patterns
of
interaction.
Activity
5
-
A
Social
Dilemma
Form
a
group
with
5-7
members
and
arrange
your
chairs
to
form
a
closed
circular
chain
with
each
member
facing
forward
without
being
able
to
see
the
activities
done
by
the
member
behind.
Each
member
should
have
a
piece
of
paper
and
paper
for
score
tallying,
small
brown
envelope,
and
10pcs
3x5
index
cards
of
any
color.
Label
the
index
cards
as
follows:
(2
pcs)
O
point;
(2
pcs)
+
25
points;
(2pcs)
-15
points;
(2pcs)
+
10
points;
(2pcs)
-
5
points.
Every
round,
each
member
will
have
to
pass
an
index
card
to
the
person
in
front.
Every
time
you
receive
a
card,
insert
it
inside
the
brown
envelope.
The
passing
of
index
card
will
continue
up
to
10
rounds.
After
the
10th
round,
open
the
brown
envelope
and
tally
the
scores
that
you
have
and
write
your
tentative
score
in
the
middle
portion
of
your
brown
envelope.
You
will
be
using
the
cards
that
you
receive
for
the
succeeding
rounds.
Using
any
piece
of
paper,
write
a
message
to
the
person
at
your
back
and
the
game
will
continue
again
for
5
more
rounds.
After
the
15th
round,
tally
the
scores
again
and
write
it
again
at
the
bottom
of
your
first
score.
Add
the
cards
that
you
receive
to
the
remaining
cards
that
you
have
from
the
first
round.
This
time
move
your
chair
facing
inward
and
talk
to
the
entire
group
about
the
game
or
the
strategy
that
the
group
needs
to
do.
After
2
minutes,
arrange
the
chairs
back
to
their
circular
position
and
continue
the
game
for
the
last
5
rounds.
At
the
end
of
45
the
20th
round,
tally
the
scores
again
and
the
person
that
gets
the
highest
score
wins
the
game.
Discussion
Society
is
composed
of
small
groups
that
are
somewhat
separate
and
distinct
from
others.
These
groups
came
into
contact
with
others
and
later
grouped
together
to
form
a
bigger
group.
In
forming
these
bigger
groups,
these
small
groups
adapted
other
cultures
and
traditions
resulting
to
a
homogeneous
culture.
But
in
other
places,
these
small
groups
retained
some
of
their
practices
but
adapted
some
of
the
culture
and
practices
of
other
groups
but
still
decided
to
put
up
a
bigger
group,
thus
the
bigger
group
assumes
a
heterogeneous
culture
and
practices.
Primary
groups
are
small
groups
with
members
sharing
close,
intimate,
personal,
and
enduring
relationships.
Members
have
concerns
for
one
another
and
feel
a
sense
of
belongingness.
In
a
secondary
group,
relationships
are
temporary
whose
membership
is
a
matter
of
choice
usually
based
on
common
goals
and
interests.
It
is
usually
large
and
impersonal
relationship
between
members.
Primary
Group
Secondary
group
Few/small
members,
personal
relationship
Scattered
and
large,
non-personal
relation
Near
each
other,
face
to
face
contact
Physically
far
from
each
other
Direct,
personal,
cordial,
close,
informal
Indirect,
impersonal,
lacks
cordiality,
formal
Informal
social
controls
like
mores
Formal
control
means
like
law,
police
Aims,
objectives
are
the
same,
other
interest
as
own
Satisfy
self-interest,
interest
are
interest
divergent
Relationship
is
spontaneous
and
is
an
end
in
itself
Relationship
is
used
for
an
end
Co-operation
is
direct
and
intimate
Cooperation
is
indirect
based
on
division
of
labor
Position
or
status
is
fixed
based
on
birth,
age,
sex
Position
is
determined
by
roles
In-groups
and
Out-groups
An
in-group
is
a
group
that
a
person
strongly
identifies
himself
as
a
member.
The
group
usually
makes
use
of
the
we
and
us
because
the
group
marks
their
identities
with
their
language,
festivals
and
pageants
and
the
dress
code
they
adopt.
They
tend
to
emphasize
characteristics
of
their
group
that
they
like
most.
There
is
such
unqualified
pride
in
their
membership
of
their
group.
46
An
out-group
is
a
group
which
you
do
not
identify
or
a
group
perceived
as
other
than
ones
group.
The
opposing
group
is
seen
as
the
enemy
and
inferior
in
many
ways
to
ones
own
group
despite
the
out-group
doing
nothing.
Reference
groups
A
reference
group
is
a
group
whose
standards
are
used
by
individuals
for
evaluating
themselves
and
their
behavior.
This
is
the
group
that
the
individual
relates
himself
to
psychologically.
The
group
serves
as
a
point
of
reference
and
a
source
for
his
experience,
perceptions
and
ideas
of
what
he
is.
He
uses
the
group
for
decisions,
self-identity,
attitudes
and
social
ties.
An
interesting
example
of
a
reference
group
is
ones
tropa
or
peer
group
whose
members
are
consulted
by
a
peer
member
who
needs
to
solve
a
problem,
make
a
decision,
or
do
anything
else
that
matters.
Nevertheless,
reference
groups
can
also
provide
great
deal
of
pressure
such
peer
pressure
that
makes
them
conforming
and
compelling.
Networks
Networks
are
a
group
of
people
who
share
information,
contacts,
and
experiences
for
professional
or
social
purposes.
This
is
observed
in
a
community
or
in
the
neighborhood,
in
the
workplace,
if
not
in
universities,
but
this
is
more
popular
on
line.
The
internet
is
packed
with
millions
of
individuals
waiting
to
meet
and
know
other
people,
to
get
and
share
first-hand
information
and
experience
about
anything,
finding
employment,
business
to
business
marketing,
and
sharing
of
information
about
anything.
Social
networking
is
distinguished
from
networks
that
are
used
for
business
purposes.
Social
networking
is
extended
to
include
interactive
websites
with
message
boards,
chat
rooms
or
the
ability
to
leave
comments
and
engage
in
discussions
with
other
people.
According
to
Amy
Jo
Martin
(1982),
the
social
media
is
changing
the
way
we
communicate
and
the
way
we
are
perceived,
both
positively
and
negatively.
Every
time
you
post
a
photo,
or
update
of
your
status,
you
are
contributing
to
your
own
digital
footprint
and
personal
brand.
Many
people
use
the
Internet
to
escape
unpleasant
family
dynamics,
drug
abuse,
alcoholism,
or
stressful
work
related
conditions
and
turn
to
Internet
and
social
networks
for
comfort,
familiarity
or
support.
With
Internet,
there
is
a
noticeable
change
on
the
behavior
of
teenagers
which
some
parents
shrug
it
off
to
growing
pains
and
believe
this
will
fleet
over
time.
Sometimes,
it
does
but
sometimes
it
does
not.
Some
network
users
accept
that
they
are
spending
too
much
time
on
social
sites.
Some
have
the
ability
to
wean
themselves
but
some
do
not.
Parents
should
take
a
proactive
stance
on
their
childrens
use
of
computer
and
the
Internet.
Parents
are
advised
to
use
software
that
monitors
websites
that
their
children
visit.
Above
all,
parents
should
set
boundaries
and
limitations
with
their
children.
The
use
of
software
programs
that
can
block
offensive
websites
on
individual
computers
or
networks
is
of
great
help.
We
must
always
put
into
our
minds
that
Internet
and
social
networks
are
not
created
to
disharmonize
our
lives,
but
to
make
life
easier
and
better,
and
under
the
control
of
men,
and
not
the
other
way
around.
47
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. The
Society
is
composed
of
several
small
groups.
These
groups
may
be
classified
as
primary
and
secondary
groups.
Members
of
primary
groups
are
smaller
and
their
relationships
are
more
intimate
and
long
lasting.
Membership
in
a
secondary
group
is
larger
and
relationships
are
short
-lived
and
business
-like.
2. In-groups
are
groups
that
make
use
of
the
words
we
or
us.
Members
of
the
group
are
definitely
proud
of
their
membership
in
the
group.
Out-groups
are
those
that
do
not
belong
to
the
group
for
they
belong
to
another
group.
Members
of
the
out-
groups
are
pertained
to
as
they.
3. Social
networking
is
the
use
of
Internet
and
computers.
Through
this,
people
can
talk
to
other
people,
connect
themselves,
and
share
knowledge
and
ideas.
However,
it
also
yields
disadvantages.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Identify
the
following:
1) These
are
small
groups
whose
members
share
close,
personal,
and
enduring
relationships.
2) The
group
that
usually
makes
use
of
the
we.
3) A
group
which
individuals
make
as
a
standard
for
evaluating
themselves
and
their
behavior.
4) The
group
where
the
word
they
is
always
used.
5) A
group
of
people
who
exchange
information,
contacts,
and
experiences
for
a
professional
or
a
social
purpose.
6) A
group
where
relationship
is
a
means
to
an
end.
7) A
group
where
relationship
is
an
end
in
itself,
and
is
spontaneous.
8) A
group
where
there
is
physical
distance
between
the
members.
9) A
group
where
there
is
an
indirect
and
impersonal
relationship.
10)The
type
of
social
control
observed
in
an
informal
group.
2. What
is
the
essence
or
purpose
of
social
organization?
3. Identify
an
example
of
primary
group
and
provide
reasons
as
to
why
such
group
is
considered
primary.
4. Why
are
primary
and
secondary
groups
necessary
in
individual
and
group
life?
5. What
is
the
significance
of
classifying
social
groups
as
in-groups
and
out-groups?
6. Is
the
family
the
best
example
of
a
reference
group
or
is
it
the
peer
group?
Explain
your
answer.
7. How
does
social
disorganization
take
place?
Justify
your
argument.
48
8. Conduct
an
interview
to
an
elementary
student
and
a
college
student
on
the
use
of
social
networks
like
Facebook
or
Twitter.
Ask
them
on
whether
or
not
social
networking
has
changed
their
life.
Be
sure
to
capture
their
story
and
make
a
comparative
analysis
on
the
effects
of
social
networks
to
them.
Further
Readings
Jung,
Brian.
The
Negative
Effect
of
Social
Media
on
Society
and
Individuals.
Retrieved
from
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-
individuals-27617.html.
Shirky,
Clay
(2011).
The
Political
Power
of
Social
Media:
Technology,
the
Public
Sphere,
and
Political
Change.
Foreign
Affairs
January/February
2011.
Retrieved
from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/Shirky.pdf.
49
Lesson
VI
Cultural,
Social
and
Political
Institutions
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Recognize
forms
of
economic
transactions
such
as
sharing,
gift
exchange,
and
redistribution
in
his
/her
own
society;
2. Describe
the
organized
nature
of
social
life
and
rules
governing
behavior;
3. Compare
and
contrast
different
forms
of
social
organization
according
to
their
manifest
and
latent
functions;
and
4. Analyze
economic
organization
and
its
impacts
on
the
lives
of
people
in
the
society.
Introduction
As
societies
developed,
people
need
to
establish
institutions
to
better
satisfy
their
needs.
There
are
different
needs
of
people
and
for
these,
there
are
also
different
institutions
founded
based
on
such
needs
which
includes
social,
political,
and
cultural.
The
family,
educational
institution,
religious
institution,
economic
institution,
and
the
political
institution
such
as
the
government
are
the
most
important
institutions
as
they
are
established
to
provide
the
peoples
needs.
Activity
6
Whos
the
Boss?
Form
a
group
of
five
members
and
identify
what
are
the
different
important
structures
in
a
community,
such
that
the
community
cannot
exist
with
them
such
as
church,
school,
hospital,
etc.
In
a
one-whole
manila
paper,
create
a
web
diagram
showing
the
connections
of
each
structure
that
your
group
identified
and
select
which
one
is
the
most
crucial
and
important.
Present
the
results
of
your
web
diagram
and
discussion
in
class.
Discussion
Social
Institutions
Social
institutions
refer
to
set
of
social
norms
serving
as
an
authoritative
figure
in
preserving
the
approved
values
of
the
society.
However,
for
an
ordinary
person,
social
institutions
refer
to
structures
that
help
in
satisfying
the
needs
of
the
society
and
keep
it
organized.
Kinship,
Marriage
and
the
Household
Kinship
by
Blood
Kinship
often
refers
to
structural
ties
established
either
through
blood
or
marriage.
Kinship
based
on
blood
or
descent
to
the
level
of
genetic
relatedness
or
intimacy
of
the
relationship
between
people
by
following
their
family
history
or
tracing
their
lineages.
It
can
be
either
matrilineal,
patrilineal,
or
bilienal.
Usually
descent
is
just
unilienal
or
derived
either
through
the
male
(patriclan)
or
the
female
line
(matriclan).
Matrilineal
is
the
descent
through
the
female
line.
Each
person
is
identified
with
their
mothers
lineage
and
this
involves
the
inheritance
of
property
and/or
titles.
Patrilineal
type
is
when
a
persons
family
membership
is
determined
or
tracked
50
through
his
or
her
fathers
lineage.
This
involves
the
inheritance
of
property,
rights,
names,
or
titles
by
person
related
through
the
male
relatives.
Bilineal
is
a
system
in
which
the
relatives
both
on
the
father
and
mother
sides
are
equally
important
for
transfer
of
property
or
wealth.
They
trace
their
descent
through
both
parents
at
the
same
time
and
recognize
multiple
ancestors.
Relatives
by
blood
are
called
consanguineal
kins
like
father
and
his
children,
cousins
whose
fathers
are
brothers,
uncle
and
his
nephew
who
is
the
son
of
his
brother.
Kinship
by
Marriage
Moreover,
one
can
have
different
families
in
ones
lifetime,
even
different
families
at
a
single
time.
How
he
may
choose
to
define
his
family
unit,
may
it
be
traditional
or
unique,
is
the
definition
that
works
for
him.
As
the
saying
goes,
"Family
is
what
he
makes
it."
Whether
made
of
blood
relatives,
friends,
or
pets,
or
a
combination
of
these,
his
family
can
offer
him
the
support
he
needs
(Michelle
Blessing,
2013).
Thus
marriage
is
the
ceremony
in
which
two
people
are
binded
as
one.
Marriage
can
either
be
civil
which
is
officiated
by
a
government
official
or
anyone
that
has
civil
authority
to
organize
the
ceremony,
or
a
church
wedding
officiated
by
a
member
of
a
religious
group
usually
performed
by
a
priest
or
pastor.
Before,
marriage
was
once
between
two
persons
of
different
sex
but
nowadays,
there
are
places
where
same
sex
marriages
are
allowed.
A
person
who
is
married
one
at
a
time
is
monogamous
while
a
person
married
for
several
times
while
the
previous
marriage
still
in
effect
is
polygamous.
Usually,
people
are
allowed
to
choose
whom
to
marry,
but
in
some
cultures,
marriage
is
being
arranged
by
ones
parents
for
economic
or
health
reasons.
The
practice
where
one
is
required
to
marry
somebody
who
belongs
to
the
same
group
is
called
endogamy
while
the
practice
of
marrying
somebody
coming
from
a
different
group
is
exogamy.
The
practice
wherein
a
widow
is
required
to
marry
the
nearest
relative
of
her
deceased
husband
is
levirate,
and
the
practice
where
a
widower
marries
the
nearest
relative
of
the
deceased
wife
is
sororate.
Relatives
because
of
marriage
are
called
affinal
kins
like
brother-in-laws,
mother-in-law,
nephew
and
his
uncle
who
is
the
husband
of
his
fathers
sister.
Isabel
Panopio
(2005)
classified
the
kind
of
families
as
follows:
1. According
to
membership
or
family
structure:
a. Conjugal
is
a
family
where
the
father
considers
his
wife
and
children
as
the
most
important
persons
in
his
life.
b. Consanguineal
is
a
family
where
the
father
considers
those
with
whom
he
has
blood
relationship
as
the
most
important
persons.
His
children,
parents,
brothers
and
sisters
are
more
important
than
the
wife.
c. Nuclear
is
a
family
that
is
composed
of
the
father,
mother
and
children.
With
this
limited
members
of
the
family,
it
is
economically
easier
to
maintain,
privacy
is
more
observed.
d. Extended
is
a
family
composed
of
people
other
than
the
members
of
a
nuclear
family.
This
is
economically
beneficial
on
the
newly
-wed
especially
if
they
cannot
afford
to
live
by
themselves.
Politically,
an
extended
family
is
advantageous.
51
e. Family
of
orientation
is
the
family
into
which
one
is
born.
It
is
in
this
family
where
one
grows,
is
reared
and
socialized.
f. Family
of
procreation
is
a
family
as
a
result
of
marriage.
Juan
and
Juana
upon
marriage
form
a
family
of
procreation.
2. According
to
descent
or
according
to
whom
the
family
is
more
identified
or
closer
with:
a. Patrilineal
is
a
family
where
in
the
members
are
closer
to
the
relatives
on
the
fathers
side.
b. Matrilineal
is
a
family
where
in
the
members
are
closer
to
the
relatives
on
the
mothers
side.
c. Bilateral
is
a
family
where
the
members
are
close
to
relatives
both
on
their
fathers
side
and
mothers
side.
3. According
to
authority
or
who
is
in
control
of
the
family:
a. Patriarchal
is
a
family
in
which
the
father
or
the
eldest
male
in
the
family
is
in
control
of
the
family.
b. Matriarchal
is
a
family
in
which
the
mother
or
the
eldest
female
in
the
family
is
in
control
of
the
family.
c. Egalitarian
is
a
family
where
there
is
equal
sharing
of
power
between
the
father
and
the
mother.
d. Matricentric
is
a
family
where
in
the
mother
is
in
control
of
the
family
because
the
father
is
working
far
from
the
family.
4. According
to
where
the
family
will
stay
or
live:
a. Patrilocal
is
a
family
where
in
the
newly
married
couple
are
required
to
stay
in
or
near
the
grooms
place.
b. Matrilocal
is
a
family
where
in
the
newly
married
couple
are
required
to
stay
in
or
near
the
brides
place.
c. Bilocal
is
a
family
wherein
the
newly
married
couple
is
required
to
stay
in
or
near
the
grooms
place
if
it
is
the
groom
that
is
richer
or
to
the
brides
place
if
it
is
the
bride
that
is
richer.
d. Neolocal
is
a
family
where
the
newly
married
couple
will
stay
in
a
new
or
different
place
from
that
of
the
grooms
or
brides
place.
e. Avunculocal
a
family
wherein
the
newly
married
couple
will
stay
in
or
near
the
maternal
uncle
of
the
groom.
Moreover,
the
functions
of
the
family
can
be
further
classified:
1. Essential
functions
of
the
family
a. To
satisfy
the
sexual
needs
of
its
members
in
a
balanced
and
desirable
way
b. Performs
the
function
of
procreation
thus
family
contributes
to
the
continuity
of
family
and
ultimately
human
race.
c. Provide
a
home
for
common
living
to
all
its
members
d. Family
plays
an
important
role
in
the
socialization
process.
2. Non
essential
or
secondary
function
of
the
family
52
a. To
fulfill
all
the
economic
needs
of
its
members
like
food,
clothing,
and
housing.
b. Educational
functions
by
looking
after
the
primary
education
of
its
members.
c. Religious
functions
where
in
children
learn
religious
values
from
parents
d. Health
related
functions
by
looking
after
the
health
and
vigor
of
its
members.
e. Recreational
functions
by
entertaining
members
in
different
way.
f. Cultural
functions
by
preserving
culture
and
transferring
culture
to
succeeding
generations.
g. Social
functions
by
teaching
about
social
customs,
mores,
traditions,
norms
and
etiquette
Economic
Institutions
Economic
Institutions
are
the
structures
that
address
the
distribution
of
scarce
resources
such
as
manufacturers,
producers,
wholesalers,
retailers
and
buyers
that
formed
groups
in
order
to
produce,
distribute
and
sell
goods
and
services.
They
produce
goods
and
services,
distribute
and
sell
them
to
consumers.
Production
and
distribution
of
goods
and
services
are
the
two
most
important
functions
of
an
economic
institution.
Social
Institutions
bring
socialization
which
results
to
distribution
of
powers
and
eventually
influences
the
culture
and
social
stratification
among
people
in
a
given
society.
As
such,
usual
activities
of
economic
institutions
include
reciprocity,
transfer,
redistribution,
and
general
market
transaction.
Reciprocity
People
exchange
things
with
others
for
common
benefits.
It
could
be
in
the
form
of
a
barter
where
there
is
immediate
exchange
like
when
a
person
exchanges
a
kilo
of
rice
for
a
half
kilo
of
fish
caught
by
another
person
or
a
delayed
exchange
like
the
bayanihan
in
the
provinces
where
a
person
helps
in
repairing
his
neighbors
house,
and
once
it
is
his
turn
to
repair
his
house,
his
neighbor
is
expected
to
extend
help
as
well.
In
an
immediate
exchange,
there
is
no
social
relationship
created
while
in
a
delayed
exchange,
relationship
is
created
and
obligation
is
also
established.
If
this
is
not
repaid,
hierarchy
may
be
established.
The
one
who
usually
distributes
may
be
viewed
as
higher
in
position
or
authority
since
ones
leadership
is
established.
Transfer
Transfer
involves
taking
or
withdrawal
of
something
from
one
place,
person
or
things
to
another
that
entail
a
change
of
ownership.
Common
transactions
include
transfer
of
house
and
lot
but
it
may
also
involve
transfer
of
money
from
one
account
to
another
account
like
from
savings
account
to
a
checking
account
or
a
bank
account
transferred
to
another
bank.
Money
in
the
bank
can
be
transferred
within
the
same
person
but
of
different
accounts,
and
so
with
a
bank-to-bank
transaction.
This
is
done
for
one
kind
of
account
to
possibly
yield
higher
earnings.
Inter-account
transfer
can
also
be
done
on
line.
Redistribution
This
is
a
situation
where
something
that
was
already
distributed
will
be
subject
for
redistribution
just
like
taxes.
Taxes
collected
are
then
redistributed
through
services
and
53
protection
provided
by
the
government.
People
pay
their
taxes
based
on
the
incomes
they
receive
then
distributed
in
what
is
called
as
income
distribution.
It
can
also
take
place
with
the
properties
taken
by
the
government
under
the
agrarian
reform
program
subject
to
redistribution
to
beneficiaries.
Through
redistribution,
people
may
now
have
access
to
whatever
they
were
not
able
to
previously
avail
or
enjoy.
State-Market
Transactions
A
place
where
demand
and
supply
forces
are
actually
determined
and
operate
is
called
market.
It
is
where
sellers
and
buyers
interact
to
sell
and
buy
goods
and
services.
It
is
also
a
process
where
prices
of
goods
and
services
are
established.
Trade,
distribution
and
allocation
of
resources
in
a
society
are
facilitated
in
the
market.
Market
may
dictate
on
the
increase
or
decrease
in
the
equilibrium
price
based
on
the
interaction
between
the
supply
and
the
demand
for
goods
and
services.
Market
has
indeed
become
limitless
since
transactions
between
sellers
and
buyers
can
be
done
even
without
them
meeting
together
via
technology
like
the
Internet.
They
may
transact
using
the
Internet
and
once
they
agree,
goods
will
be
moved
or
transferred
from
one
place
to
another
by
a
courier.
Such
transactions
are
factors
in
determining
or
measuring
gross
domestic
product
(GDP)
of
a
country.
Thus
if
production
fails
to
meet
the
public
demand,
the
state
may
intervene
in
order
to
avoid
further
economic
problems
caused
by
market
disequilibrium.
Education
and
Health
Institutions
Education
and
health
institutions
are
also
among
the
crucial
components
of
social
institutions.
Education
Education
provides
the
training
that
member
of
the
society
needed
in
order
to
become
productive
and
functioning
citizens.
According
to
Isabel
Panopio
(2005),
the
functions
of
education
in
a
society
include
the
following:
1. Preserve
and
transmit
cultural
heritage;
2. Help
individuals
select
social
roles
and
train
them
for
the
role
they
have
chosen;
3. Develop
the
persons
ability
to
think
rationally
and
independently;
4. Expand
ones
intellectual
and
aesthetic
horizons;
5. Make
people
adjust
easier
and
faster
through
courses
like
applied
psychology,
sex
education;
and
6. Serves
as
a
source
of
social
and
cultural
innovations.
Education
can
either
be
an
informal
or
a
formal
institution
delivered
through
public
or
private
schools.
Informal
education
happens
outside
the
classroom,
in
after-school
programs,
community-based
organizations,
home-based
learning,
museums,
and
libraries;
while
classroom-based
provided
by
trained
teachers
is
a
formal
education.
Moreover,
public
schools
are
schools
owned
and
management
by
the
government
where
people
could
study
for
free.
Private
schools
can
either
be
profit
or
non-profit
and
sectarian
or
nonsectarian.
Elementary
education
is
the
first
part
of
the
educational
system
which
includes
the
first
six-year
compulsory
formal
education
providing
basic
education.
The
Department
of
54
Education
(DepEd)
manages
and
regulates
the
education
of
the
Philippines.
DepEd
controls
the
educational
system
from
creation
and
implementation
of
the
curriculum,
utilization
of
funds
allotted
by
the
national
government
to
managing
construction
of
schools,
acquisition
of
books
and
other
school
materials,
and
the
recruitment
and
training
of
teachers.
For
several
decades,
it
was
a
10-year
basic
educational
system
but
in
2013
it
was
changed
to
a
K
to1
2
educational
system.
The
K
to
12
system
is
compulsory
alongside
the
adoption
of
a
new
curriculum
for
all
schools.
Secondary
education
is
a
continuation
of
the
basic
education
but
expanding
it
to
include
the
learning
of
employable,
gainful
skills,
usually
corresponding
to
four
year
junior
high
school
and
two
years
of
senior
high
school.
The
basic
12
year
education
is
a
right
of
the
people,
thus,
the
government
must
guarantee
that
this
could
be
enjoyed
by
the
people.
That
is
why
public
schools
had
been
put
up
and
maintained
to
provide
free
education
particularly
for
the
poor
to
avail
such
right.
Meanwhile,
tertiary
education
will
provide
skills
specialization
and
is
regulated
by
the
Commission
on
Higher
Education
(ChED).
Vocational
Education
is
varied
in
duration
from
a
week
to
two
years
and
this
is
managed
and
regulated
by
the
Technical
Education
and
Skills
Development
Authority
(TESDA).
Health
As
commonly
perceived,
health
is
wealth.
No
matter
how
rich
you
are,
if
you
are
sickly,
you
will
end
up
spending
your
wealth
seeking
for
cure
and
medication.
People
have
different
beliefs
and
practices
when
it
comes
to
maintaining
their
health
based
on
the
on
their
culture
or
availability
of
resources.
Traditional
forms
of
medication
were
popular
in
the
Philippines
because
of
non-
availability
of
modern
medicine
particularly
in
rural
areas.
Furthermore,
such
practices
were
further
reinforced
because
of
culture
specific
beliefs
suggesting
that
illnesses
were
punishments
rendered
by
ancient
deities
for
doing
something
unacceptable.
Apparently,
traditional
illnesses
were
equated
as
well
to
two
common
factors
such
as
pasma
or
movement
irregularities
in
the
body
of
a
person
caused
by
exposure
to
warm
and
cold
conditions
and
binat
or
the
recurrence
of
a
previous
illness
because
of
an
incomplete
healing
process.
Such
that
the
most
common
form
of
traditional
medicine
is
called
hilot
done
by
shamans
or
albularyo
that
involves
physical
manipulations
to
correct
body
imbalances
brought
by
improper
posture.
Such
treatments
might
also
involve
using
any
ornaments
considered
as
talisman
blessed
with
special
healing
power
because
of
stories
connected
to
it
or
a
ritual
performed
over
it.
If
not,
the
shaman
might
try
application
of
leaves,
betel
nuts
tobacco
or
a
tree
bark
just
like
the
traditional
herbal
medicine
of
the
Chinese.
But
as
technology
improves,
western
medicine
became
more
popular.
Health
practitioners
underwent
rigorous
training
to
be
experts
on
health
sciences.
Thus
medication
and
treatment
were
also
reinvented.
Instead
of
using
natural
medication
using
natural
organisms,
technology
made
it
easy
to
produce
and
consume
medicines,
though
some
might
have
harmful
effects
to
the
overall
body
system
of
the
person.
As
such,
considering
the
potential
damages
inflicted
unintentionally
by
modern
western
medicine
to
the
human
body,
alternative
medicines
were
also
greatly
considered.
Alternative
medication
involves
a
holistic
treatment
of
the
body,
mind,
and
spirit.
Its
all
about
striking
balance
and
harmony
in
the
overall
feature
of
a
person
to
strike
out
the
55
negative
factors
and
maintain
the
positive
factors
that
affects
the
health
of
a
person.
Usually,
such
treatments
involve
natural
cures,
massage
therapy,
meditations
and
acupuncture
thus
sparring
the
unintended
consequences
of
modern
medicine.
Political
Institutions
Political
institutions
refer
to
the
sources
of
power
and
authority
in
the
society.
Jean-
Thomas
Hobbes
(1651
characterized
human
individual
as
in
constant
pursuit
of
their
own
individual
desires
who
would
do
anything
to
better
off
their
selves,
thus
have
consented
to
other
members
of
the
society
in
exchange
of
protection
and
harmonious
relationship.
Jacques
Rousseau
(1762)
referred
to
this
as
the
social
contract
theory.
It
implies
a
need
for
a
political
structure
that
will
regulate
the
affairs
of
the
state
to
avoid
chaos,
nevertheless
such
force
has
to
be
very
powerful
and
undivided
just
like
strength
of
a
leviathan
or
sea
monster
as
described
by
Hobbes.
Thus
a
political
institution
like
the
state
is
formed
to
unite
people
together
of
common
interest
and
purpose.
Political
Structures
and
Organizations
Early
political
structures
started
with
informal
arrangements
such
as
mutual
agreements
between
bands,
tribes
and
chiefdoms
that
gradually
evolved
to
form
states
and
nations.
Bands
A
group
of
nomadic
individuals
connected
by
family
ties
that
move
and
camp
together
and
live
by
hunting
and
gathering.
They
stay
on
a
place
depending
on
the
availability
of
foods,
prompting
the
family
to
move
to
another
place
once
source
of
food
is
depleted.
Families
under
this
category
are
mostly
egalitarian
or
equal.
No
one
is
considered
rich
or
poor.
Adults
of
the
same
gender
of
a
band
are
all
equal
as
far
as
community
decision
making
but
there
is
no
clear
differentiation
between
people
of
different
age.
The
band
is
so
small
so
that
they
know
each
other
and
people
with
different
power,
skills
may
be
looked
up
to,
from
them
a
leader
may
be
chosen
but
his
power
is
temporary.
Quarrels
may
often
happen
among
individuals
which
can
lead
to
a
split
of
the
band
through
family
lines.
However,
this
can
be
evaded
by
making
it
sure
that
people
get
along
with
each
other.
There
is
no
leadership
position
in
the
band
that
is
authorized
to
settle
disputes,
punish
criminals,
to
stop
a
family
to
leave.
Decision
is
usually
made
by
consensus.
Tribes
Tribe
is
a
lot
bigger
than
a
band
usually
composed
of
the
combination
of
smaller
kins
or
bands.
As
the
size
of
the
group
became
bigger
they
tend
to
settle
in
one
place
and
depend
on
animal
raising
and
horticulture.
Families
are
still
essentially
egalitarian
for
no
family
is
considered
as
more
economically
better
off.
The
tribe
is
headed
by
the
headmen,
and
they
are
the
most
self-sufficient
with
regard
to
food
and
other
basic
necessities.
The
village
headmen
perform
limited
leadership
roles
such
us
ensuring
the
security
and
survivability
of
the
tribe.
They
have
political
powers
because
of
their
senior
position
within
the
group
and
their
ability
to
persuade
or
criticize
others.
56
Chiefdoms
In
contrast,
chiefdom
is
a
more
formalized
grouping
forming
a
political
organization
headed
by
the
chief.
According
to
Robert
Carneiro
(1981),
chiefdoms
are
autonomous
political
unit
comprising
a
number
of
villages
or
communities
under
the
permanent
control
of
a
paramount
chief.
The
chief,
who
usually
is
the
most
senior
or
oldest
in
the
group,
holds
power
over
more
than
one
community
or
group.
Since
the
status
of
the
chief
is
usually
ascribed
rather
than
achieved
making
it
hereditary
in
nature,
the
principle
of
succession
is
immediately
established
thus
extending
the
power
and
privilege
to
his
family
forming
the
elites
or
the
aristocrats
in
the
society.
On
one
hand,
a
single
simple
chiefdom
is
composed
of
the
primary
community
surrounded
by
subsidiary
communities.
Such
arrangement
provides
for
a
very
centralized
power
to
the
primary
community.
Though
the
subsidiary
communities
have
their
own
leaders,
still
they
are
oblige
to
pay
tributes
or
render
services
to
the
primary
community,
particularly
to
the
ruling
elite
or
family.
On
the
other
hand,
complex
chiefdoms
have
more
than
one
political
hierarchy
thus
distinguishes
the
commoners
or
the
workers
from
the
nobility
or
the
higher
class
who
consume
the
goods
paid
to
them
as
tributes.
States
and
Nations
With
a
highly
diverse
community,
the
need
for
more
encompassing
political
structures
becomes
imperative
thus
forming
states
or
nations.
A
state,
on
one
hand,
is
a
political
or
a
juridical
entity
controlled
by
a
government
chosen
or
formed
by
the
people
themselves.
Accordingly,
state
has
four
components
which
include
the
people,
territory,
sovereignty,
and
government.
The
state
is
sovereign
which
means
that
it
should
be
free
or
independent
from
other
countries
without
their
interference
with
the
internal
affairs
of
the
state.
If
the
people
in
that
state
decided
to
have
their
election
every
year,
then
no
other
states
should
interfere.
A
nation
on
the
other
hand
is
an
ethnic
grouping
composed
of
people
united
by
ethnic
origin,
culture
or
language.
A
nation
that
lacks
sovereignty
is
not
free
or
independent.
Examples
of
states
are
South
Korea
and
North
Korea
such
that
South
Korea
is
politically
free
and
independent
from
North
Korea,
with
a
distinct
and
separate
government
from
the
latter.
However,
North
and
South
Korea
could
form
a
nation
such
that
their
people
belong
to
one
ethnic
group,
having
the
same
culture
and
language.
Political
Dynasty
and
Alliances
Eventually,
initial
political
organization
led
to
the
formation
of
political
dynasty
that
refers
to
group
or
family
where
most
of
its
members
are
into
politics
to
guarantee
and
secure
extensive
control
over
the
politics,
power,
and
the
state.
Political
dynasties
from
families
have
been
part
or
in
control
of
the
government
for
several
generations
now.
A
political
dynasty
can
be
structured
in
two
ways.
Firstly,
in
every
election,
members
of
the
family
occupy
the
same
political
position
alternately.
As
the
term
of
the
elected
official
comes
to
an
end,
one
of
the
relatives
is
elected
for
the
same
position,
thus
it
becomes
a
dynasty.
Secondly,
several
family
members
occupy
various
government
positions
at
the
same
time.
It
has
become
institutionalized
already
that
it
has
been
deemed
to
be
part
of
the
prevailing
political
culture
in
the
country
already.
57
Political
dynasties
have
long
been
part
in
the
Philippine
political
structure.
They
are
typically
practiced
in
rich
families
that
have
established
control
of
a
province
before
moving
on
to
the
national
government
with
a
strong
support
base.
They
are
not
limited
to
politics,
for
they
can
also
be
active
in
socio-economic
spheres.
Political
dynasties
in
the
Philippines
can
be
traced
back
to
the
formative
years
of
the
First
Republic
as
the
clash
between
the
clan
of
Aguinaldo
took
on
the
clan
of
Bonifacio.
Over
time,
newer
dynasties
have
emerged
such
that
members
of
political
dynasties
currently
control
most
of
the
positions
in
the
Philippine
government.
Prominent
Philippine
political
dynasties
include
the
Aquino
and
Marcos
families
among
others.
Generally,
political
dynasties
are
usually
associated
to
higher
levels
of
poverty
and
cases
of
corruption.
Thus
until
now,
there
is
an
absence
of
an
enabling
law
that
officially
defines
and
sets
the
parameters
of
a
political
dynasty
in
the
Philippines.
However,
a
number
of
legislative
bills
have
been
filed
but
to
no
success
attempting
to
define
the
parameters
of
political
dynasty
such
as
the
Anti-Dynasty
Bill.
However,
there
are
instances
in
which
political
groups
or
families
merge
to
consolidate
their
power,
such
are
called
political
alliances.
Political
alliances
reinforce
the
original
power
structure
by
forming
blocs
or
networks.
Usually,
alliances
are
established
when
political
opponents
are
deemed
to
be
so
strong
and
unbeatable
by
a
single
political
force.
Such
became
a
normal
political
strategy
in
the
Philippines
in
the
post-martial
law
era
when
political
parties
started
to
merge
such
as
the
LAKAS-NUCD
and
PDP-LABAN
to
name
a
few.
Political
Leadership:
Authority
and
Legitimacy
Usually,
leaders
of
political
structures
and
organizations
enjoy
massive
influence
thus
provides
them
great
source
of
authority
and
legitimacy.
Authority
is
the
power
to
maintain
public
order
and
makes
laws
that
are
obeyed
by
the
citizens.
It
also
includes
the
power
to
make
and
impose
laws
successfully
(Parkar,
2015).
A
state
where
its
people
violate
laws
and
have
conflict
with
the
state
implies
a
state
with
no
authority.
It
only
assumes
authority
once
the
citizens
obey
the
laws
such
that
they
recognize
that
the
state
has
authority
over
them.
Moreover,
a
state
where
people
obey
the
law
because
of
threat
and
coercion
is
an
indication
of
no
authority
but
only
power.
Thus
a
government
is
legitimate
if
it
exists
and
operates
according
to
a
binding
law.
If
the
power
is
right,
then
people
ought
to
obey
it;
if
it
is
not
right,
then
people
do
not
have
the
obligation
to
obey.
Max
Weber
(1958)
discussed
three
types
of
legitimate
rule
which
includes
traditional,
charismatic
and
rational
authority
suggesting
that
authority
legitimizes
political
leadership.
Traditional
Traditional
authority
is
the
type
of
authority
vested
by
tradition
or
custom
practices
such
that
transition
from
one
to
another
is
based
on
heredity
not
on
ability
or
by
democracy.
Perfect
examples
of
such
can
be
traced
from
monarchies
and
aristocracies
wherein
the
male
head
of
a
common
family
is
considered
as
a
traditional
leader
if
applied
in
a
family
owned
business,
directors
and
other
leaders
are
chosen
based
on
family
ties
and/or
age.
58
Charismatic
Charismatic
authority
is
authority
derived
from
the
charisma
of
the
leader
or
the
ability
to
inspire
others.
Thus
political
power
is
based
on
the
leaders
exceptional
personal
qualities
or
the
demonstration
of
extraordinary
insights
and
accomplishments
which
inspire
followers
of
their
obedience
and
loyalty.
Heads
of
new
social
movement
groups
or
religious
organizations
that
can
command
followers
based
on
claimed
divine
or
supernatural
powers
usually
resemble
such
charismatic
authority.
Rational
Rational
authority
is
authority
sourced
from
legality
and
bureaucracy
that
compels
members
to
comply
because
of
the
set
of
uniform
principles
that
applies
to
all.
It
is
authority
based
not
on
the
talent
of
the
speaker
but
rather
relies
upon
the
order
and
form
of
the
speech
itself.
The
content
of
the
speech
is
more
important
than
its
delivery.
Modern
states
exemplify
this
type
of
authority.
Religious
Institutions
and
Organizations
Aside
from
political
institutions,
religious
institutions
and
organizations
can
also
exert
great
pressure
on
the
society,
particularly
in
the
Philippines
which
is
characterized
as
predominantly
religious.
Religion
is
a
social
institution
that
provides
and
explains
answers
to
questions
that
seem
to
be
beyond
human
understanding.
Anything
that
is
beyond
human
and
scientific
comprehension
is
often
attributable
to
religion.
It
explains
why
things
happen
making
the
ideas
of
birth
and
death
clear
and
easier
to
understand.
Religion
is
something
that
exists
as
time
exists,
but
when
it
is
changed
or
tempered
with,
separated
and
ripped
in
different
directions,
it
simply
becomes
an
institution.
Humans
institutionalized
things
that
they
cannot
trust
or
do
not
understand.
It
makes
them
feel
as
though
they
are
in
a
box,
and
that
they
somehow
have
control
over
things.
Isable
Panopio
(2005)
further
emphasized
the
significance
of
religion
to
the
society
as
follows:
1. It
provides
explanation
about
the
unknown
and
some
measure
of
certainty
in
an
unknown
world;
2. It
gives
meaning
and
purpose
to
certain
beliefs
and
provides
people
with
a
perspective
for
looking
the
world;
3. It
integrates
and
maintains
the
fundamental
form
the
ultimate
value
of
the
Supreme
Being
to
the
subordinate;
4. It
allays
the
fear
of
the
individuals
by
reassuring
them
the
care
of
their
deity;
5. It
integrates
functions
and
is
a
means
of
social
cohesion
or
group
solidarity;
6.
It
performs
welfare
education
and
recreation
functions;
7. It
serves
as
a
means
of
social
control;
and
8. It
legitimizes
the
foundation
of
the
societys
culture
and
integrates
the
value
system
of
the
society.
Thus
for
institutionalized
religion
or
organized
religion,
rituals
and
belief
system
are
formally
established
and
systematically
arranged
such
that
it
follows
a
certain
dogma
or
59
faith.
Their
usual
practices
involve
worship,
sacrifices,
ritual,
and
ceremonies.
Popular
organized
religion
today
includes
Christianity,
Islam,
Hinduism,
Buddhism
and
Judaism.
The
forms
of
religion
include
the
following:
1. Animism
-
This
is
a
belief
that
natural
objects
have
souls
that
may
exist
aside
from
their
material
body
and
that
these
are
capable
of
helping
or
harming
human
interest.
This
belief
exemplifies
the
practice
of
non-violence
against
all
creatures.
2. Polytheism
-
This
is
a
doctrine
or
a
belief
in
more
than
one
god
or
in
many
gods.
Polytheists
have
their
world
into
a
variety
of
domains
and
each
domain
has
its
own
god
like
god
of
the
sea,
god
of
the
mountain,
god
of
peace,
god
of
war.
One
may
please
one
god
but
anger
the
other
god.
A
polytheist
may
say
that
there
is
one
highest
god
with
multiple
lesser
gods
but
this
is
contrary
when
God
is
considered
as
a
Supreme
Being
for
lesser
gods
cannot
be
referred
to
as
the
Supreme
Being.
3. Monotheism
-
A
belief
that
there
is
only
one
god
or
in
the
oneness
of
god
though
it
is
not
the
oneness
of
god
that
is
important
but
his
uniqueness.
One
god
is
an
expression
of
divine
might
power.
Monotheism
cannot
fully
explain
the
answer
to
the
question
regarding
the
origin
of
evil
in
a
universe
under
the
government
of
one
god.
Separation
of
Church
and
the
State
The
1987
Philippine
Constitution
declares
that
the
separation
of
the
Church
and
the
State
shall
be
inviolable,
and
Article
II,
Section
6
of
the
same
constitution
provides
for
a
free
exercise
and
enjoyment
of
religion
profession
and
worship,
and
Article
III,
Section
5
provides
that
there
should
be
no
religious
test
required
for
the
exercise
of
civil
or
political
rights.
Churches
and
religious
institutions
are
tax-exempt.
No
money
may
be
spent
in
support
of
any
religion
and
since
Church
and
State
are
separate,
no
public
funds
should
be
appropriated
for
the
Church
or
any
of
its
activities.
But
in
the
Philippines,
a
very
thin
line
has
divided
the
two
structures
such
that
the
two
often
are
found
on
the
extremes
ends
of
a
line.
Non-State
Institutions
These
are
establishments
that
are
not
owned
and
controlled
by
the
government
in
which
some
are
for
profit,
and
others
are
nonprofit
but
serve
significant
functions
in
the
organization
of
the
society.
Banks
These
are
institutions
offering
financial
services
such
as
safekeeping
of
money,
conversion
of
domestic
currency
to
foreign
currencies
or
from
foreign
currency
into
local
currency,
lending
of
money
with
interests
and
acceptance
of
bills
of
exchange.
For
those
who
have
plenty
of
money,
it
is
of
major
risk
keeping
their
money
inside
their
house
for
them
to
entrust
these
in
the
banks
for
safekeeping
while
earning
interests
at
the
same
time.
People
who
need
foreign
currencies
have
to
go
to
the
bank
to
have
their
local
currencies
exchanged.
A
Filipino
travelling
outside
the
Philippines
has
to
go
to
the
bank
and
exchange
his
money
to
currency
acceptable
to
the
country
where
he
will
go.
People
putting
up
their
businesses
with
limited
capital
need
to
borrow
money
with
an
interest
from
the
bank.
For
easy
access,
people
who
need
to
pay
bills
will
just
have
to
go
to
the
bank,
and
have
their
bills
paid.
60
Corporations
Corporations
are
entities
created
and
treated
as
an
individual
person
under
the
law
with
legally
enforceable
rights
like
to
acquire
debt
and
pay
out
profits,
to
hold
and
transfer
property,
to
enter
into
contracts,
to
pay
taxes
and
to
sue
and
to
be
sued.
These
entities
are
owned
by
several
people
through
corporate
shares.
A
person
may
buy
a
share
of
a
corporation,
and
at
the
end
of
the
year,
it
will
earn
profit
or
dividend
based
on
the
income
of
the
corporation
to
be
distributed
proportionately
among
the
number
of
shares.
Cooperatives
A
cooperative
is
a
business
owned
and
run
jointly
by
the
members
who
share
the
same
profits
and
benefits.
Most
cooperatives
start
as
credit
cooperatives
where
people
agree
to
put
this
up
and
share
the
same
amount
as
initial
capital
with
an
agreement
that
each
must
continuously
contribute
for
their
capital
build
up.
If
one
of
them
needs
money,
he
may
borrow
money
from
the
credit
cooperative
and
pay
corresponding
fees
and
interests.
At
the
end
of
the
year,
fees
and
interests
collected
by
the
cooperative
are
considered
as
income,
and
are
distributed
as
dividends
to
the
owners.
Cooperatives
encourage
people
to
save
and
earn.
As
the
asset
of
the
cooperative
grows
over
time,
it
provides
other
services,
and
thus,
transforms
to
a
multi-purpose
cooperative.
Trade
Unions
A
trade
union
is
an
organization
consisting
of
workers
and
union
leaders,
united
to
protect
and
promote
their
common
interests.
Their
usual
concerns
include
wages
and
benefits
negotiations,
workers-employers
relations,
collective
bargaining
agreements,
and
venue
for
grievances.
Ideally,
an
individual
workers
can
bargain
for
themselves
but
bargaining
becomes
better
if
workers
are
united
as
one,
and
bargaining
becomes
one
as
well.
Transnational
Advocacy
Groups
These
are
groups
that
champions
political,
economic
and
social
causes
with
the
aim
of
empowering
the
unpowered
and
often
disadvantage
minority
groups
such
as
womens
rights,
environmental
advocacies,
and
international
peace.
Usually
they
include
diverse
group
of
national
and
international
organizations
that
form
ties
to
influence
international
policy
and
practice.
Development
Agencies
These
are
local
or
international
groups
committed
to
pursuing
specific
developmental
agenda
of
the
state.
This
could
be
within
government
like
AusAID,
USAID,
EuropeAid
or
between
governments
as
multilateral
donors
like
UNDP
or
private
voluntary
organizations
or
non-governmental
organizations
like
ActionAid,
Oxfam,
World
Vision.
The
International
Committee
of
the
Red
Cross
is
the
first
humanitarian
organization
and
is
sanctioned
by
the
Geneva
Convention.
They
provide
either
humanitarian
aid
like
emergency
relief
efforts
in
response
to
a
natural
disaster
or
a
development
aid
or
foreign
aid
to
help
a
country
achieve
long-
term
and
sustainable
economic
growth
like
poverty
reduction.
61
International
Organizations
These
are
organizations
that
transcend
national
bounders
in
terms
of
members,
scope,
presence
and
impacts.
They
can
be
non-governmental
or
governmental
that
operates
internationally
such
as
the
United
Nations,
European
Nations,
and
World
Health
Organization.
Their
role
is
to
help
identify
international
agenda,
settle
disputes
concerning
international
issues,
and
facilitate
international
cooperation.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. There
is
a
continuous
change
in
the
definition
of
a
family
so
that
even
people
who
are
not
related
but
living
together
and
cooperating
with
each
other
can
also
be
called
as
a
family.
2. A
family
based
on
descent
can
any
be
of
these:
unilineal,
matrilineal,
patrilineal,
or
bilateral.
3. A
family
based
on
marriage
can
have
different
forms.
4. Economic
Institutions,
education,
and
religion
are
some
of
the
institutions
that
a
person
may
become
a
part
of.
5. There
are
also
non-state
institutions
that
can
complement
other
cultural,
social
and
political
structures.
Evaluation
and
Enrichment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Identify
the
following:
1) The
practice
of
having
one
marriage
at
a
time.
2) The
practice
of
having
two
or
more
marriages
at
a
time.
3) These
are
relatives
based
on
marriage.
4) These
are
relatives
based
on
blood.
5) The
practice
of
belief
in
one
god.
6) The
practice
of
belief
in
many
gods.
7)
It
treats
the
body,
mind,
spirit
as
a
whole
rather
than
so
many
separate
parts.
8)
It
is
a
business
owned
and
run
jointly
by
the
members
who
share
the
same
profits
and
benefits.
9)
It
is
the
removal
or
conveyance
of
something
from
one
place,
person
or
things
to
another
that
could
mean
a
change
of
ownership
of
a
house
and
lot.
10)
It
is
the
part
of
the
educational
system
that
includes
the
first
six
year
compulsory
formal
education
providing
basic
education.
2. Distinguish
or
differentiate
social
institution
from
social
organization.
3. Why
is
the
family
the
most
basic
social
institution?
4. What
is
your
concept
of
an
ideal
family?
5. How
do
you
think
the
government
can
strengthen
the
family
as
an
institution?
62
6. What
is
the
role
of
the
Philippine
government
in
developing
our
economy?
7. Look
for
a
person
who
is
a
member
of
a
cooperative
and
also
has
a
bank
account.
Interview
him
as
to
the
comparison
of
a
bank
and
cooperative
based
on
the
benefits
they
got
from
these
two
institutions.
8. In
what
specific
instances
should
separation
between
the
government
and
the
church
be
strictly
observed?
9. Those
who
have
provinces,
look
for
a
person
that
had
undergone
treatment
by
an
albularyo.
How
was
he
treated?
Describe
the
process.
Was
the
treatment
effective?
10. Look
for
a
documentary
film
on
traditional
medicine,
and
write
a
brief
and
yet
meaningful
reaction
paper
highlighting
how
you
see
the
importance
of
traditional
medicine.
Further
Readings
Asuncion,
Jun
(2008).
Political
Dynasties
in
Local
Politics
A
Lucrative
Family
Business?
April
11,
2008.
Retrieved
from
https://bulanobserver.wordpress.com/2008/04/11/political-dynasties-in-local-politics-a-
lucrative-family-business/.
Cabigao,
Stephanie
(2013).
It
Runs
in
the
Family
The
Making
of
Political
Dynasties
in
the
Philippines.
April
30,
2013.
Retrieved
from
http://www.up.edu.ph/it-runs-in-the-
family-the-making-of-political-dynasties-in-the-philippines/.
Sneath,
David
(2007).
The
Headless
State:
Aristocratic
Orders,
Kinship
Society,
and
Misrepresentation
of
Nomadic
Inner
Asia.
Columbia
University
Press.
Lacewing,
Michael.
Authority
and
Legitimacy.
Routledge.
Retrieved
from
http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/alevelphilosophy/data/AS/WhyShouldIBeGoverned/
Authorityandlegitimacy.pdf.
Mansukhani,
Roseann
and
Resurreccion,
Ron
(2009).
Spirituality
and
the
development
of
positive
character
among
Filipino
adolescents,
Philippine
Journal
of
Psychology,
2009,
42
(2),
pp.
271-290.
Retrieved
from
http://lynchlibrary.pssc.org.ph:8081/bitstream/handle/0/1548/09_Spirituality%20and%
20the%20Development%20of%20Positive%20Character%20Among%20Filipino%20Adol
escents.pdf?sequence=1.
63
Lesson
VII
Social
and
Political
Stratification
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Familiarize
the
various
ways
that
society
and
politics
is
classified;
2. Examine
social
stratification
from
the
functionalist
and
conflict
perspectives;
3. Identify
characteristics
of
the
system
of
stratification;
and
4. Identify
ways
and
remedies
to
address
global
inequalities.
Introduction
Categorizing
people
as
rich
or
poor
comes
about
subconsciously
in
our
everyday
lives.
Social
ranking
is
arrived
at
depending
on
various
bases.
Social
ranking
is
a
basic
component
of
social
organization.
It
is
found
in
all
human
groups.
Individuals
and
groups
are
ranked
into
strata
that
share
unequally
and
unevenly
in
the
distribution
of
social
rewards.
Class
Activity
7
Which
Social
Class
Do
I
Belong
To?
Group
yourselves
into
five
and
ask
each
member
to
assume
under
what
class
of
the
society
does
their
family
belong
(e.g.
Upper
class,
Upper
Middle
class,
Middle
class,
Lower
Middle
class,
and
Lower
class).
After
the
self-assessment,
answer
the
online
survey
at
https://thatsurveysite.net/tests/which-social-class
and
discuss
the
results
to
the
group.
Discussion
Social
Stratification
Social
Stratification
is
a
system
by
which
members
of
the
society
are
ranked
in
a
certain
hierarchy.
It
can
be
a
form
of
inequality
in
which
groupings
of
people
are
systematically
ranked
on
the
basis
of
their
access
to
scarce
but
valued
resources
such
as
wealth,
power,
and
prestige
or
what
are
called
social
desirables.
Thus,
stratification
is
the
relative
position
of
persons
within
a
social
group,
category,
geographic
region,
or
social
unit.
Social
stratification
provides,
and
identifies
functions
within
the
social
structure
as
such
each
stratum
has
its
own
role
to
perform
and
accomplish.
Social
stratification
is
basically
the
categorization
of
society
into
three
social
classes:
1. The
upper
class
-
elite
families
who
are
the
most
abundant
and
successful
in
their
respective
areas
owning
the
means
of
production
and
distribution
of
goods
and
services,
and
valuing
heritage
over
wealth;
2. The
middle
class
-
successful
professional
people
like
doctors,
lawyers,
owners
and
managers
of
small
businesses
with
comfortable
lifestyles
due
to
their
relatively
bigger
income,
and
valuing
education
as
the
most
important
basis
of
social
status;
and
3. The
lower
class
-
the
employees,
skilled
or
unskilled
craftsman,
underemployed
and
indigent
families
whose
incomes
are
meager,
and
are
thus,
reliant
on
their
paycheck.
64
Each
class
may
be
further
divided
into
strata
like
upper-stratum,
middle-stratum,
lower-stratum
established
based
on
kinship
or
caste
or
both.
This
is
called
a
sub-
stratification.
Prestige
Prestige
goes
with
the
status,
it
refers
to
the
respect
and
recognition
attached
to
such
status.
Prestige
is
not
given
to
you
as
a
person
but
to
the
social
category
or
status
to
which
you
are
in.
You
have
the
prestige
of
a
president
whether
you
perform
or
not
since
the
assessment
is
based
on
your
status,
and
not
on
your
personality
or
capability.
Your
status
as
a
president
has
a
corresponding
responsibility
or
expected
behavior
which
is
to
lead
and
perform
as
a
leader.
Esteem
refers
to
the
assessment
of
our
role
behavior.
It
depends
on
how
you
carry
out
our
roles
such
that
as
you
perform
well,
you
get
to
boost
your
esteem.
Perspectives
on
Social
and
Political
Stratification
An
analysis
of
social
and
political
stratification
can
be
approached
using
three
distinct
lenses,
which
includes
the
functionalism,
conflict
theory,
and
the
symbolic
interactionism.
Functionalism
considers
that
every
part
of
the
society
has
its
own
function
to
perform
to
ensure
the
stability
of
the
overall
system
such
that
stratification
is
seen
as
a
form
of
division
of
labor,
assigning
relevant
and
significant
role
and
responsibility
for
every
classification.
The
conflict
theory
takes
on
the
clash
of
the
different
levels
of
classification
with
each
pursuing
its
own
interest
and
maximizing
the
greatest
possible
benefit
over
scarce
resources.
As
such,
the
stratification
is
seen
as
a
source
of
conflict
as
inspired
by
the
works
of
Karl
Marx.
While
symbolic
interactionism
relates
the
idea
of
wealth,
authority,
prestige
and
power
to
the
levels
of
stratification,
that
those
in
the
upper
tier
enjoys
more
of
the
social
desirables
compared
to
those
at
the
bottom
such
that
those
in
the
upper
are
living
an
extravagant
life
trying
to
match
their
classification
as
against
to
those
at
the
bottom.
Social
Mobility
System
Social
mobility
is
moving
from
one
status
to
another.
Thus,
as
an
individual
strives
hard
to
improve
his
life,
his
social
mobility
improves
as
well.
There
are
four
kinds
of
society
based
on
mobility.
The
first
one
is
an
open
society.
An
example
is
the
egalitarian
or
the
age
set
society
where
people
have
the
same
chances
of
moving
to
a
higher
status
and
prestige.
A
food
gathering
or
hunting
society
is
considered
as
one
because
the
number
of
people
who
will
become
skilled
hunters
is
not
limited;
anybody
could
become
skilled
hunters
once
they
have
honed
their
skills
and
once
they
become
skilled
hunter
then
they
will
have
prestige.
A
specific
example
of
an
age
set
society
is
a
society
where
there
is
election,
where
people
can
vote
as
they
reach
the
age
of
eighteen.
Everybody
will
have
their
time
to
turn
18,
there
is
no
limitation.
Second
is
an
open
and
closed
society.
The
rank
society
where
access
to
wealth
is
open
to
all
but
when
it
comes
to
prestige
only
a
selected
few
have
access
on
this.
The
King
owns
all
the
wealth
in
the
place
but
the
king
practice
providing
food
to
his
people
and
that
makes
them
accessible
to
wealth
but
when
it
comes
to
becoming
a
ruler
only
those
that
are
related
to
the
king
have
the
access
to
this.
65
Third
is
a
closed
society.
An
example
of
this
is
the
caste
or
the
close-class
system
where
access
to
wealth
and
prestige
are
both
closed.
Once
you
are
born
poor,
then
you
will
die
poor
and
once
you
are
born
rich
then
you
will
die
as
rich.
Intermarriage
among
members
of
different
castes
is
even
prohibited.
Fourth
is
an
open
class
system
where
access
to
wealth
and
prestige
are
both
open,
the
only
problem
here
is
people
do
not
have
the
same
chance
with
the
others.
Between
two
girls
born
from
a
rich
family
and
a
poor
family,
the
one
born
from
the
rich
family
has
more
or
greater
chance
ever
since
from
birth
to
wealth
and
prestige.
Types
of
Social
Mobility
Vertical
Mobility
takes
place
when
one
moves
from
one
status
to
another,
i.e.,
from
being
born
poor
to
becoming
rich
due
to
ones
education.
A
teacher
was
able
to
put
up
his
own
school
and
did
well
with
it
is
a
specific
example
to
illustrate
this
category
of
social
mobility.
This
shows
that
anyone
who
works
hard
and
improves
ones
self
has
big
chances
of
becoming
become
rich.
Thus,
this
type
of
mobility
implies
a
significant
change
in
ones
social
class.
Horizontal
mobility
is
observed
when
a
person
who
is
poor
in
the
province
moves
to
another
place
where
he
is
still
considered
poor.
A
teacher
in
the
province
who
moves
to
another
place
but
maintains
ones
works
as
a
teacher
is
an
example
of
this
type
of
social
mobility.
This
implies
that
wherever
he
goes
and
whatever
he
does,
he
unfortunately
remains
poor.
No
change
in
ones
social
class
is
therefore,
illustrated
by
this
type
of
social
mobility.
Social
Inequality
Social
inequality
occurs
when
resources
in
a
given
society
are
distributed
unevenly.
Distribution
is
based
on
the
categories
or
groupings
of
people.
The
most
frequently
studied
type
of
social
inequality
is
economic
inequality
usually
described
in
terms
of
unequal
distribution
of
income.
Social
inequality
is
influenced
by
several
factors
like
geographical
location
or
citizenship
status.
In
simple
societies
with
few
social
roles
and
statuses
occupied
by
its
people,
social
inequality
may
be
low.
A
tribal
head
may
have
several
privileges
but
his
daily
life
is
very
much
similar
to
any
tribal
member.
Egalitarian
societies
are
kinship-oriented
that
value
social
harmony
than
wealth
and
status,
while
materially
oriented
cultures
where
status
and
wealth
are
most
valued,
competition
and
conflict
are
common.
Gender
Inequality
and
the
Struggle
for
Equal
Rights
Another
form
of
social
inequality
can
be
seen
based
on
sex
and
gender.
Most
societies
have
division
of
labor
based
on
sex
or
gender.
Gender
inequality
is
a
result
of
worsening
division
in
the
roles
assigned
to
men
and
women,
in
the
economic,
political
and
educational
aspects.
There
are
still
lesser
women
in
the
political
arena.
Gender
discrimination
like
the
lower
social
status
of
women
has
been
subjects
in
several
debates
internationally.
These
debates
are
intended
to
identify
solutions
to
improve
the
status
of
women.
Researchers
use
gender
analysis
in
examining
social,
economic
and
environmental
factors
that
influence
womens
roles
and
decision-making
capacity.
66
How
women
are
treated
in
a
society
can
also
affect
men
whose
outward
expression
is
considered
feminine.
Transgender
and
variant
persons
through
their
appearance
and
their
statement
express
their
gender.
A
number
of
societies
are
still
conservative
or
unresponsive
to
trans-identities,
homosexuality
and
femininity.
The
concept
of
modern
women
pertains
to
people
with
full
legal
rights.
There
are
now
a
number
of
organizations
that
fight
for
the
equality
of
women
and
men.
As
early
as
1848,
was
a
convention
in
Seneca
Falls,
New
York
which
discussed
womens
rights
and
this
started
womens
suffrage
movement
and
in
1920,
they
finally
got
the
right
to
vote
as
provided
by
the
19th
Amendment
to
the
US
Constitution.
In
1923
the
Equal
Rights
Amendment
(ERA)
was
first
introduced
to
Congress.
Todays
Women
Movement
There
are
factors
that
laid
the
foundation
of
womens
movement.
One
was
the
history
of
the
suffragist
activity
in
the
USA.
Second
was
when
most
all
men
were
busy
with
the
Second
World
War,
women
were
ask
to
go
out
and
work.
Third
were
the
advances
in
medical
science
and
public
health
where
women
are
given
more
option
with
regard
to
spending
their
time
brought
about
by
taking
care
of
fewer
children.
Fourth
were
the
advances
in
technology
which
shortened
their
time
in
doing
their
household
chores.
Consequently,
women
somehow
had
more
choices
other
than
being
a
mere
wife
and
a
mother.
She
can
now
become
a
part
of
the
labor
force
but
landing
as
one,
found
that
there
are
inequalities.
With
what,
women
learned
to
fight
for
their
rights
on
a
political
battle.
One
of
the
first
political
battles
centered
on
the
Civil
Rights
Act
of
1964,
a
law
that
forbade
discrimination
in
employment
on
the
ground
both
of
race
and
sex.
The
law
from
the
start
was
not
enforced
but
they
were
able
to
get
a
writ
of
mandamus
for
the
law
to
be
enforced.
Gradually,
things
inevitably
had
to
change.
Laws
against
sex
discrimination
were
enforced
such
that
women
started
to
get
top
level
jobs
in
government
and
businesses.
Racial
and
Ethnic
Inequality
The
traditional
groupings
of
people
based
on
race
were
established
presumably
by
people
who
would
be
greatly
advantaged
or
benefitted
of
such
classification.
The
white
people
has
presumably
introduced
race
based
on
color
of
the
skin
such
that
they
would
be
considered
first
before
anybody
else.
Race
became
then
became
an
enabling
or
restricting
social
status.
Race
or
ethnic
inequality
can
be
observed
through
biased
hiring
and
pay
practices.
There
are
employers
who
prefer
hiring
employees
based
on
the
ethnicity
of
a
candidates
given
name.
Thus,
racial
inequality
and
other
forms
of
discrimination
are
still
practiced
even
with
the
rise
of
globalization.
Ethnic
Minorities
Indigenous
people
also
called
ethnic
minorities
are
those
with
a
social
or
cultural
identity
distinct
from
the
dominant
or
mainstream
society
which
makes
them
vulnerable
to
being
disadvantaged
in
the
process
of
development.
According
to
the
Asian
Development
Bank
(2002),
the
Philippines
is
the
only
country
in
Asia
that
has
officially
used
the
term
indigenous
peoples
(IPs)
and
recognized
their
rights
as
such.
In
1997,
the
Indigenous
Peoples
Right
(IPRA),
provided
a
definition
of
IPs
and
identified
significant
factors
such
as
historical
continuity,
self-identification,
and
group
membership.
67
The
IPRA
provided
some
rights
of
these
people
which
include
the
right
to
ancestral
land/domain,
right
to
self-governance
and
empowerment,
right
to
cultural
integrity,
social
justice
and
human
rights.
The
National
Commission
on
Indigenous
Peoples
had
been
created
as
the
primary
government
agency
for
the
formulation
and
implementation
of
policies,
plans
and
programs
to
promote
and
protect
the
rights
and
well-being
of
the
indigenous
cultural
community`
and
their
ancestral
domains
as
well
as
their
rights
thereto.
Persons
with
Disabilities
The
United
Nations
during
the
convention
on
the
rights
of
persons
with
disabilities
(PWD)
considers
those
persons
with
disabilities
are
those
who
have
long-term
physical,
mental,
intellectual,
or
sensory
impairments
which
in
interaction
with
various
barriers
may
hinder
their
full
and
effective
participation
in
society
on
an
equal
basis
with
the
others.
Mostly,
PWDs
are
victims
of
social
inequality
and
exclusion.
The
convention
describes
discrimination
as
any
distinction,
exclusion
or
restriction
on
the
basis
of
disability
which
has
the
purpose
of
effect
of
impairing
or
nullifying
the
recognition,
enjoyment
or
exercise,
on
an
equal
basis
with
others,
of
all
human
rights
and
fundamental
freedoms
in
political,
economic,
social,
cultural,
civil
or
any
other
field.
It
includes
all
forms
of
discrimination,
including
denial
of
reasonable
accommodation.
The
Convention
further
requires
the
state
parties
to
undertake
measures
to
ensure
and
promote
the
full
realization
of
all
human
rights
and
fundamental
freedoms
for
all
persons
with
disabilities
without
discrimination
of
any
kind
on
the
basis
of
disability.
In
accordance
to
the
convention,
the
Philippine
government
passed
several
laws
protecting
people
with
disabilities
as
follows:
1. RA
No.
10524
dated
July
23,
2012
which
provides
that
at
least
one
percent
(1%)
of
all
positions
in
all
government
agencies,
offices
or
corporations
shall
be
reserved
for
person
with
disability
and
all
private
corporations
with
more
than
one
hundred
(100)
employees
are
encouraged
to
reserve
one
percent
(1%)
of
all
positions
for
person
with
disability;
2. RA
No.
10336
dated
July
23,
2012
this
provides
that
the
state
shall
ensure
that
persons
with
disabilities
be
able
to
exercise
their
right
to
political
participation
and
shall
design
systems
and
procedure
so
that
persons
with
disabilities
and
senior
citizens
can
register
and
can
vote;
and
3. RA
no.
7277
dated
March
24,
1992
which
provides
for
the
rehabilitation,
self-
development
and
self
reliance
of
disabled
persons
and
their
integration
into
the
mainstream
of
society
and
for
other
purposes.
Global
Inequality
Aside
from
social
inequality,
there
is
also
global
inequality
brought
about
by
the
classification
of
countries
in
accordance
to
the
World
Systems
Theory.
This
three-world
model
assumes
that
the
world
was
once
agrarian
where
most
of
the
worlds
work
involved
farming.
European
nations
suddenly
began
the
transition
to
an
industrial
economy
coupled
by
the
capitalist
perspective
brought
about
by
the
expansion
of
the
market
and
the
rise
in
production
and
consumption
such
that
Western
Europe
with
USA,
Canada,
and
Australia
became
wealthy
countries
of
the
world.
They
came
to
be
called
the
First
World
Countries.
Apparently,
most
countries
fundamentally
remained
agricultural.
After
this,
Russia
adopted
the
socialist
economic
model
and
began
to
industrialize,
but
was
one
and
a
half
68
century
behind
Western
Europe.
Socialism
was
found
not
to
be
very
efficient
in
a
society
that
was
geared
toward
capitalism
such
that
countries
that
followed
this
model
which
included
the
USSR,
China,
and
Cuba
became
the
Second
World
Countries.
However,
countries
that
were
not
affected
with
these
two
great
revolutions
are
now
the
Third
World
Countries,
the
poorest
countries
in
the
world.
Under
the
world
system
theory,
it
is
already
anticipated
that
Third
World
countries
will
never
be
equal
to
the
First
and
Second
World
Countries
because
of
the
very
policies
that
created
the
stratification
and
the
different
international
political
structures
that
were
developed
to
maintain
such
stratification.
Furthermore,
it
is
already
conceived
that
those
countries
from
the
upper
two
classifications
control
international
organizations
would
not
want
to
alter
the
existing
political
stratification.
Therefore
following
are
the
potential
solutions
to
address
global
inequality:
education,
redistributive
policies
like
progressive
taxes
and
social
transfer
such
as
public
retirement
benefits,
changes
in
labor
market
institutions
that
foster
economic
dynamism
by
relocating
resources
to
more
productive
firms
and
enabling
firm
restructuring
work
force
development.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. Social
stratification
is
the
division
of
society
into
three
social
classes:
the
upper
class,
the
middle
class,
and
the
lower
class.
A
society
can
either
be
described
as
open
or
closed
when
it
comes
to
mobility.
In
an
open
society,
a
member
of
a
lower
class
can
become
rich
and
be
a
member
of
the
upper
class,
while
in
a
closed
society,
if
you
are
born
as
a
member
of
the
lower
class,
then
you
die
as
a
lower
class.
2. The
two
kinds
of
status
are
ascribed
and
achieved.
An
ascribed
status
is
something
automatically
given
to
you
without
doing
anything
to
get
it.
An
achieved
status
is
something
that
you
have
to
work
for.
3. Different
forms
of
social
inequalities
include
gender,
ethnic,
persons
with
disabilities
among
others.
Males
are
oftentimes
preferred
over
females,
and
there
also
times
when
a
member
of
a
minority
group
is
least
considered
for
a
job.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Identify
the
following:
1) They
own
the
means
of
production
and
distribution
of
goods
and
services
and
they
value
heritage
over
wealth.
2) What
does
prestige
go
with?
3) This
is
the
moving
of
one
status
to
another.
4) This
is
a
social
inequality
described
on
the
basis
on
the
unequal
distribution
of
income.
5) This
is
the
result
of
a
deepening
division
in
the
roles
assigned
to
men
and
women.
6) They
are
the
indigenous
people.
7) Also
called
world
system
theory.
8) This
is
the
Philippine
legislation
that
acknowledges
the
rights
of
indigenous
communities.
69
9) It
refers
to
the
classification
of
societies
based
on
social
desirables.
10)The
landmark
legislation
that
started
the
movement
for
women
empowerment.
2. How
is
an
upward
or
vertical
mobility
in
social
stratification
achieved?
3. What
are
your
views
or
comments
on
how
the
Filipino
society
is
stratified?
Do
you
believe
that
there
is
now
an
emerging
4th
social
class
lower
than
the
lower
class?
4. Identify
the
causes
of
social
inequality.
How
can
we
address
the
various
issues
posed
by
social
inequality?
5. What
programs
of
the
government
do
you
think
can
best
protect
the
welfare
and
interests
of
the
marginalized
and
vulnerable
sectors
of
the
Filipino
society?
6. List
down
five
programs
of
the
government
being
implemented
for
the
protection
or
benefits
of
person
with
disabilities.
7. Look
for
a
person
who
works
in
the
Human
Resource
Department
of
any
company.
Interview
the
person
on
the
ratio
between
men
and
women
working
in
their
company.
Specifically,
ask
the
following
questions:
a. Why
there
are
more
men
than
men
or
is
it
the
other
way
around?
b. What
does
he
know
as
to
the
advantages
of
men
over
women
or
women
over
men
when
it
comes
to
work
attitude
and
work
output?
Further
Readings
Sussman,
Robert
Wald
(2014).
There
is
No
Such
Thing
as
Race.
Newsweek,
8
November
2014.
Retrieved
from
http://www.newsweek.com/there-no-such-thing-race-
283123.
70
Lesson
VIII
Cultural,
Social,
and
Political
Change
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Identify
factors
causing
cultural,
social
and
political
changes
in
contemporary
societies.
2. Identify
challenges
to
the
society
brought
by
cultural,
social
and
political
changes.
Class
Activity
8
Nostalgia
Interview
your
grandparents,
parents,
and
sibling
on
how
life
was
during
their
teenage
years.
Ask
them
what
were
the
famous
cultural
practices,
social
happenings,
and
political
events
that
happened
during
those
days.
Make
sure
to
note
the
time
frame
that
your
interviewees
were
talking
about.
Present
your
output
in
class
by
comparing
it
to
your
own
observations.
Introduction
There
are
three
things
that
people
cant
evade
or
do
away
with
which
include
taxes,
death
and
change.
Whether
we
like
it
or
not,
change
is
an
inevitable
phenomenon.
Men
are
witnesses
of
the
changes
that
happen
around.
Humans
have
no
choice
but
to
be
flexible
and
open
minded
to
such
changes.
They
have
to
adapt
and
make
some
changes;
otherwise,
they
might
get
left
behind
even
to
the
extent
of
being
subject
to
extinction.
Everything
has
and
will
always
change
a
part
of
the
process
all
along.
Cultural,
social
and
political
changes
are
brought
about
by
agents,
institutions
and
processes.
There
is
a
need
to
examine
the
changes
that
happened
in
the
past
to
understand
better
the
present
and
wisely
foresee
or
predict
the
future.
These
could
eventually
make
us
easier
to
adapt
to
changes
and
identify
new
challenges
in
an
ever
changing
world.
But
this
is
easier
said
than
done.
There
will
always
be
risks
and
dangers
to
face
and
battle
with,
and
one
of
these
are
changes
in
our
environment.
A
great
danger
posed
by
climate
change
brought
about
by
global
warming
is
inevitable.
Solutions
are
however
formulated,
studied,
adapted
and
tested
to
avoid
catastrophes.
Scientists,
economists,
politicians
and
even
ordinary
people
must
coordinate
and
help
one
another
to
win
this
battle
against
climate
change.
Aside
from
this,
people
are
faced
with
societal
concerns
like
transmigration,
inter-
ethnic
conflicts,
class
struggle,
armed
conflict,
terrorism,
protests,
and
gender
issues.
Their
existence
and
how
to
mitigate
the
negative
impacts
of
these
issues
must,
therefore,
be
carefully
examined.
Social
Change
Social
change
refers
to
a
transformation
in
the
social
order
of
a
society
which
may
include
changes
in
nature,
social
institutions,
social
behavior,
or
social
relations.
Such
changes
may
be
the
result
of
cultural,
religious,
economic,
scientific
or
technological
forces,
collective
behavior,
social
movements
and
environmental
shifts.
These
changes
may
involve
minor
or
major
social
transformation.
Changes
may
happen
when
powerful
internal
and
external
forces
influence
a
society
which
can
lead
to
either
development
or
retrogression.
People
who
are
not
contented
and
71
unhappy
with
the
present
situation
may
decide
and
act
to
initiate
social
change
through
social
mobilization
or
any
other
means
to
change
the
status
quo.
Social
Change
in
the
Philippines
Philippines
had
undergone
a
lot
of
changes.
These
could
be
viewed
from
the
changes
that
happened
to
Filipino
families
side
by
side
its
traditions,
set-up,
values
and
attitudes.
These
resulted
from
the
economic
well-being
of
the
family.
Family
members
transferring
from
one
place
to
another
contributed
significantly
to
such
changes.
The
onset
of
information
and
communication
technology
has
also
affected
relationships
among
family
members
and
has
changed
dramatically
the
way
the
family
socializes
with
the
other
members
of
the
community
and
the
whole
population.
Theories
of
Social
Change
There
are
different
theories
that
provide
as
to
why
and
how
social
change
takes
place.
Heraclitus,
a
Greek
philosopher
said
that
everything
in
this
world
is
constantly
shifting,
changing,
and
becoming
something
other
than
what
it
was
before.
The
Hegelian
theory
espouses
that
change
happens
as
a
new
synthesis
resulting
from
the
clash
of
a
thesis
and
antithesis.
Karl
Marx
with
his
conflict
theory
argues
that
society
undergoes
evolution
done
by
people
who
are
not
contented
with
the
present
economic
system.
Thus,
people
change
or
transform
the
society
they
live
to
serve
their
own
purposes.
Causes
of
Social
Change
The
following
are
just
some
of
the
major
causes
of
social
change:
1. Technology
or
improved
technology
has
dramatically
and
drastically
changed
the
lives
of
people.
Electricity
has
made
a
big
impact
on
the
lives
of
people
so
that
with
electricity
life
became
easier
and
more
enjoyable.
Because
of
electricity
and
appliances,
household
chores
became
easier
and
faster
to
be
accomplished,
and
thus,
people
can
now
spend
their
time
doing
many
other
things.
Technology
has
made
great
advances
in
trade
such
that
people
need
not
always
travel
and
meet
people
personally
to
negotiate
and
transact.
Education
with
technology
has
become
easier
and
enjoyable
particularly
among
the
youth
of
the
so-called
millennial
generation.
Agriculture
has
improved
significantly
as
a
result
of
technological
advance.
Producers
are
able
to
accelerate
their
desired
levels
of
production
and
thus,
increase
their
productivity.
However,
technology
has
also
brought
some
problems.
Technology
widens
the
social
gap
between
the
technological
have
and
have-nots.
It
has
also
brought
security
risks
such
as
the
loss
of
privacy,
total
system
failure,
and
the
vulnerability
of
being
overly
technology
dependent.
2. Social
Institutions.
Schools
and
corporations
are
only
a
few
of
the
many
social
institutions
that
cause
or
initiate
social
change.
Social
institutions
are
established
sets
of
social
norms
and
subsystems
in
a
society.
These
institutions
try
to
innovate
on
some
changes
within
but
eventually,
this
can
create
changes
or
impacts
on
other
social
institutions.
A
school
through
research
came
up
with
a
new
thing,
makes
use
of
this,
and
eventually,
people
and
other
institutions
will
adapt
and
use
this,
and
thus,
social
change
takes
place.
72
3. Population.
Changes
in
population
be
it
a
population
composition,
increase
or
decrease,
will
create
a
great
impact
on
the
society.
A
population
where
the
workforce
is
greater
than
the
young
and
the
elderly
provides
a
bigger
economy
which
in
itself
constitutes
a
change
in
the
society.
A
country
that
has
a
high
fertility
rate
with
a
growing
population
but
with
a
low
gross
domestic
product
(GDP)
requires
a
government
capable
of
implementing
programs
to
respond
to
issues
and
problems
brought
about
by
its
deteriorating
economy.
4. Environment.
A
change
in
the
environment
will
also
affect
the
people
and
the
society.
A
lot
of
lives
had
been
claimed
by
natural
disasters.
Most
of
the
time
people
are
blamed
of
these
disasters.
The
way
people
treat
and
use
their
environment
can
make
the
impact
of
these
natural
disasters
more
fatal.
Because
of
this,
there
are
several
social
movements
that
are
into
bringing
social
awareness
and
educating
the
people
for
them
to
treat
and
utilize
resources
better
in
more
responsible
ways.
Sources
of
Social,
Cultural
and
Political
Change
1. Innovations
Innovations
are
modifications
or
new
techniques
used
to
achieve
an
intended
goal
or
end.
Some
individuals
might
tend
to
disregard,
neglect
moral
or
legal
standards
just
to
achieve
what
they
need
or
want.
An
example
is
a
producer
who
intends
to
double
or
increase
his
production
does
not
mind
resorting
to
an
act
or
activity
that
is
even
hazardous
to
the
environment.
Everett
Rodgers
(1995),
in
his
publication
entitled
Diffusion
of
Innovation
suggested
that
failure
or
success
of
innovations
depends
on
five
factors:
1)
relative
advantage
means
surpassing
similar
existing
ideas
in
terms
of
satisfaction
and
convenience;
2)
compatibility
of
the
new
idea
with
the
needs
and
practices
of
the
groups;
3)
simplicity
of
the
innovations
-
the
simpler
the
innovation,
the
more
it
is
adopted;
4)
trialability
is
where
it
can
be
tested
without
commitment
to
a
period
of
time;
and
5)
observability
is
whether
there
are
observable
results,
with
the
use
of
the
innovation,
and
the
more
positive
and
visible
results
,the
higher
the
likelihood
that
it
gets
adopted.
2. Diffusion
The
process
of
diffusion
can
be
characterized
as
the
fragmentation
or
spreading
of
ideas
that
lead
to
the
formation
of
new
concepts
such
as
technology
According
to
Everett
Rogers
(1995)
diffusion
takes
several
steps:
a. Knowledge
-
an
individual
becomes
aware
of
the
new
innovations,
but
lacks
information
and
inspiration
b. Persuasion
-
the
individuals
interest
in
the
innovation
spikes,
and
he
or
she
begins
to
research
c. Decision
-
the
individual
weighs
the
positive
and
negative
results
of
changing
to
the
new
idea
d. Implementation
-
the
individual
adds
the
innovation
into
the
system
and
starts
to
determine
the
innovations
usefulness
e. Confirmation
-
the
individual
decides
to
continue
with
the
new
innovation
73
Studies
of
the
diffusion
of
innovation
have
shown
that
new
ideas
must
fit
with
already
established
system
in
order
for
changes
not
only
to
occur,
but
also
to
occur
easily.
An
innovation
faced
with
structural
or
ideological
barriers
cannot
diffuse.
On
the
other
hand,
if
a
new
idea
or
innovation
has
few
obstacles
and
recognizes
places
where
change
is
logical,
movement
to
diffuse
will
occur.
3. Acculturation
and
Assimilation
Acculturation
refers
to
the
process
of
adopting
some
aspects
of
the
cultural
traits
and
practices
of
another
group.
Examples
of
such
are
migrant
workers.
When
they
leave
the
home
country
to
work
in
a
foreign
country,
they
need
to
adapt
to
some
of
the
cultural
practices
and
behaviors
of
the
recipient
country
otherwise
they
might
experience
culture
shock
and
structural
strain.
Despite
of
the
adaption
of
foreign
practices,
still
they
maintain
their
original
identity
and
practices
separate
from
the
newly
absorbed
ones.
Assimilation
refers
to
process
of
full
adoption
of
the
culture
of
another
group.
This
leads
to
the
loss
of
original
identity
such
the
new
cultural
traits
and
practices
have
taken
over
the
previous
and
entail
rejection
of
original
identity.
Example
of
such
is
the
adoption
of
Roman
Catholic
practices
as
inspired
by
the
Spaniards
when
they
conquered
the
Philippines
in
which
during
the
Spanish
colonization
the
traditional
way
of
life
of
Filipinos
prior
to
the
arrival
of
foreigners
were
rarely
practiced
such
as
the
profession
of
faith
to
many
inanimate
gods.
4. Social
Contradictions
and
Tensions
Social
contradictions
and
tensions
among
or
between
people
exist
as
the
number
of
people
increases
continuously
and
everything
becomes
scarce
thus
people
fight
with
each
other
over
the
control
of
these
scarce
things.
Tension
is
produced
as
people
try
to
overpower
each
other
for
material
things
and
even
simple
things
like
belief
and
differences
become
irreconcilable.
In
the
Philippines,
one
of
the
common
forms
of
social
contradictions
is
manifested
through
ethnic
conflicts.
Such
form
of
conflict
is
a
product
of
antagonistic
actions
by
one
party
over
the
other
in
which
one
party
felt
deprived
of
something
the
they
believe
is
rightfully
theirs
such
as
the
ethnic
conflict
between
the
forces
of
the
Philippine
government
and
the
separatists
group
Moro
Islamic
Liberation
Front
in
Mindano.
The
conflict
started
with
the
claims
of
the
latter
than
they
were
being
taken
for
granted
by
the
national
government
such
that
they
wanted
to
break
away
and
establish
their
own
government
that
will
cater
to
their
needs.
Such
contradiction
and
class
struggle
eventually
lead
to
the
decades-long
tension
between
the
two
forces
and
even
extended
to
the
development
of
new
break
away
groups
such
as
the
Abu
Sayaff
that
manifest
terroristic
behaviors.
Acts
of
terrorism
are
characterized
by
escalated
level
of
tension
that
motivation
is
no
longer
based
on
ideals
but
more
on
inflicting
harm
and
damage
even
to
innocent
civilians.
Terrorism
can
be
considered
as
political,
religious
or
ideological
oriented
though
uses
intentional
indiscriminate
terror
or
violence.
There
are
also
instances
in
which
social
contradictions
and
tensions
are
produced
because
of
power
struggle
as
contending
parties
vie
for
the
limited
political
positions
available.
Such
was
the
case
for
the
series
of
People
Power
Revolution
that
was
stage
in
the
so-called
EDSA
Revolution
series.
Every
party
believes
that
they
can
do
better
than
those
74
who
are
in
control
but
since
they
have
no
legal
way
on
getting
their
business
done
have
resorted
to
extraordinary
ways
of
doing
it.
Moreover,
recently
advocacy
groups
empowering
the
poor
and
the
marginalized
have
been
serious
source
of
social
contradictions.
Groups
promoting
for
the
plight
of
the
workers,
women
and
gender
empowerment,
environmental
protection,
etc.
are
beginning
to
raise
their
concerns
that
if
not
given
consideration
might
lead
to
the
development
of
tension
and
potential
class
struggle
and
conflict.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. Change
is
something
inevitable
as
a
phenomenon.
Social
change
is
an
alteration
in
the
social
order
of
a
society.
2. Innovation
is
an
example
of
change
in
which
new
techniques
are
introduced
to
achieve
an
intended
goal
or
end.
3. Diffusion
is
the
spread
of
new
technology
which
can
bring
about
change
in
the
society.
4. Acculturation
and
assimilation
significantly
contribute
to
social
change.
5. Ethnic
conflicts,
class
struggle,
armed
struggle,
terrorism,
protest
and
gender
issues
are
examples
of
social
contradictions
and
tensions.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Enumeration
Five
Steps
of
Diffusion
Different
Types
of
Ethnic
Group
1)
6)
2)
7)
3)
8)
4)
9)
5)
10)
2. Give
an
example
on
how
acculturation
and
assimilation
took
place
between
the
Filipinos
and
the
Chinese.
The
Filipino-Chinese
community
serves
as
your
reference
point
in
your
descriptions
and
analysis.
Prepare
a
visual
presentation
on
this.
3. What
theory
do
you
think
best
explains
social
change
in
the
Filipino
society?
4. How
does
technology
and
innovation
play
a
significant
role
in
the
societys
progress
and
development?
5. What
critical
factors
can
be
attributed
to
social
change?
Identify
and
explain
how
each
factor
creates
impacts
on
individuals,
institutions,
and
the
entire
society.
6. Should
the
government
declare
an
all-out
war
against
terrorist
groups
or
should
peaceful
negotiations
be
pursued?
Make
a
stand
and
defend
it.
75
7. Is
there
a
need
to
rigidly
implement
a
population
control
policy?
Why
or
why
not?
Further
Readings
Castells,
Manuel
(2014).
The
Impact
of
the
Internet
on
Society:
A
Global
Perspective.
MIT
Technology
Review,
8
September
2014.
Retrieved
from
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530566/the-impact-of-the-internet-on-society-a-
global-perspective/.
Brown,
Graham
and
Stewart,
Frances
(2015).
Economic
and
Political
Causes
of
Conflict:
An
Overview
and
Some
Policy
Implications.
CRISE
Working
Paper
No.
81,
February
2015.
Retrieved
from
http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/crisewps/workingpaper81.pdf
.
76
Unit
IX
New
Challenges
to
Human
Adaptation
and
Social
Changes
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Understand
the
new
challenges
to
the
society
brought
about
by
social
changes;
2. Describe
and
explain
how
human
societies
adapt
to
new
challenges
in
the
physical
environment;
3. Propose
remedies
to
mitigate
the
impact
of
global
warming
and
climate
change;
and
4. Provide
alternatives
and
solutions
to
mitigate
the
adverse
social
consequences
of
migration.
Introduction
In
todays
fast-phase
modern
world,
there
are
many
changes
in
the
world
that
had
been
observed
and
experienced
by
people
and
almost
all
dimensions
of
the
society
have
changed.
But
such
changes
did
not
come
freely,
it
also
brought
new
challenges
to
the
Filipino
culture,
society
and
politics.
Filipino
culture
is
no
longer
the
same
as
before,
it
has
never
been
as
dynamic
as
it
is.
Society
has
also
changed,
it
has
transcend
boundaries
and
no
longer
just
confined
to
the
extended
corners
of
a
community.
Politics
as
well,
nothing
can
be
so
complicated
as
politics.
Global
warming
and
migration
are
two
of
the
most
critical
new
challenges
to
human
adaptation
brought
about
by
social
changes.
Now
when
it
is
summer,
temperature
would
be
really
hot,
and
while
is
it
winter,
it
would
also
be
really
cold.
Typhoons
had
changed
in
such
a
way
that
they
are
very
strong,
and
that
scientists
had
predicted
to
becoming
stronger
and
stronger.
There
are
flash
floods
as
a
result
of
typhoons.
Things
that
are
happening
like
having
stronger
typhoons,
extreme
weather
conditions,
flash
floods
among
others
are
just
some
of
the
consequences
of
environmental
destructions
done
by
people.
These
scenarios
get
worse
with
too
much
industrialization
in
different
countries
where
carbon
emissions
are
excessive
and
intolerable
causing
damage
to
the
ozone
layer.
Moreover,
demands
of
the
society
has
also
forced
the
Filipino
to
be
an
overseas
worker,
such
decision
was
not
really
easy
for
some,
and
for
some
it
became
beneficial
but
for
some
the
benefits
were
outweighed
by
the
consequences.
Class
Activity
9
A
Mothers
Story
Watch
the
movie,
A
Mothers
Story
of
Star
Cinema
starring
Pokwang
or
the
documentary
Inconvenient
Truth
by
Al
Gore
and
identify
five
social
and
cultural
effects
of
transnational
migration
or
global
warming
and
climate
change
to
the
Filipino
society.
Discussion
Global
Warming
and
Climate
Change
The
extreme
dependence
of
the
society
to
technology
paved
the
way
for
global
warming
and
77
climate
change.
Global
warming
refers
to
the
rise
in
the
climates
average
temperature
brought
by
climate
change.
Global
warming
is
mostly
attributed
to
human
activities,
such
as
the
increase
in
carbon
emission
brought
by
the
use
of
greenhouse
chemicals,
rampant
environmental
degradation
and
rapid
increase
in
population.
Such
that
there
is
a
call
on
different
nation-states
to
enact
ways
to
address
the
issue
of
climate
change
and
make
it
sustainable.
Apparently,
global
warming
and
climate
change
has
created
threats
to
the
sustainability
of
societies.
Sustainability
can
be
defined
as
the
responsible
use
of
present
resources
without
compromising
the
future.
It
is
perceived
that
in
the
way
the
present
society
is
consuming
up
and
wasting
resources,
everything
will
be
depleted
soon.
Such
that
on
September
25,
2015,
the
United
Nations
moved
to
adopt
17
Sustainable
Development
Goals
as
an
offshoot
of
the
Millennium
Development
Goals
with
each
goal
provides
for
specific
targets
to
be
achieved
in
the
next
15
years.
Thus
for
the
goals
to
be
achieved,
everyone
needs
to
do
their
part.
In
the
Philippines,
the
devastative
impacts
of
typhoons
and
unusual
weather
patterns
are
attributed
to
climate
change
such
that
the
defense
mechanism
of
nature
were
deemed
inutile
against
natural
calamities.
We
have
seen
the
impacts
of
typhoon
Ondoy
which
caused
so
much
panic
and
dealt
massive
damage
to
lives
and
properties
in
Metro
Manila
same
as
how
Typhoon
Yolanda
will
never
be
forgotten
by
the
people
in
the
Visayas
region
and
Typhoon
Lawin
in
the
Ilocos
Region
with
its
Signal
no.
5
weather
implication.
Not
only
that
climate
change
has
provided
direct
effects
to
the
society
but
it
can
be
expected
that
there
will
be
more
massive
implication
of
global
warming
if
not
addressed
properly.
Thus
possible
responses
to
global
warming
are
mitigation
by
emissions
reduction,
adaptation
to
its
effects,
building
systems
resilient
to
its
effects,
and
possible
future
climate
engineering.
At
present,
the
use
of
renewable
energy
are
greatly
encourage
such
that
gradually
commercial
establishments
are
adapting
the
use
of
solar
and
wind
power
as
sources
of
renewable
energy.
Also,
many
have
subscribed
to
the
use
of
LED
lights
to
minimize
carbon
emissions.
There
were
also
moves
by
certain
local
governments
to
stop
the
use
of
plastic
and
Styrofoam
which
are
considered
as
great
source
of
environmental
degradation.
Furthermore,
the
Philippine
national
government
crafted
legislation
that
will
minimize
the
pollution
to
air
and
water
and
regulate
solid
waste
Transnational
Migration
and
Overseas
Filipino
Workers
The
Philippines
has
been
exporting
all
kinds
of
skilled
and
non-skilled
workers
to
the
world's
more
progressive
and
developed
countries.
Millions
of
Filipinos
are
dying
to
work
abroad
despite
the
risks,
vulnerabilities,
and
problems
they
are
likely
to
face.
The
remittances
workers
send
home
have
become
a
pillar
of
the
country's
economy.
The
Philippines
involvement
into
organized
international
labor
migration
was
supposed
to
be
temporary
and
it
should
only
last
until
the
country
recovered
from
its
economic
problems.
But
according
to
Maruja
Asis
(2006),
the
absence
of
political
instability,
sustained
economic
development,
low
wages,
a
growing
population,
78
and
double-digit
unemployment
levels
continue
to
force
people
to
work
abroad
and
has
become
one
of
the
central
tenets
of
every
administrations
campaign
against
poverty.
Several
women
are
very
much
engaged
in
international
migration
from
the
Philippines.
Women
are
as
prominent
as
men
in
labor
migration.
Since
1992,
men
were
outnumbered
by
female
among
the
newly
hired
land-based
workers
in
contrast
to
the
situation
during
the
1980s
where
overseas
work
was
male-dominated
engaged
in
construction
work
mostly
in
the
Middle
East.
Most
of
the
female
OFWs
are
in
the
entertainment
and
domestic
work
which
is
predominantly
unprotected
sectors
thus
raising
more
concerns
about
the
safety
and
well-being
of
women
migrants.
The
Philippine
Overseas
Employment
Administration
(POEA)
became
the
government
agency
responsible
for
processing
workers'
contracts
and
pre-deployment
checks,
as
well
as
for
licensing,
regulating,
and
monitoring
private
recruitment
agencies;
while
the
Overseas
Workers
Welfare
Administration
(OWWA)
provides
support
and
assistance
to
migrants
and
their
families.
The
usual
problems
encountered
by
overseas
workers
includes
excessive
placement
fees
despite
of
the
governments
pronouncement
of
no
placement
fee
collection
policy,
tedious
process
of
securing
travel
documents
and
requirements,
contract
substitution
in
which
the
actual
salary
given
is
different
from
the
terms
provided
in
the
signed
contract,
non
payment
or
delayed
wages,
abusive
employers,
passport
being
confiscated
by
employers
to
prevent
running
away,
exposure
to
violence
and
sexual
harassment
and
other
social
impacts
of
the
migration
to
the
migrant
worker
leaving
and
the
families
left
behind
Although
there
are
also
instances
in
which
migrant
workers
have
been
used
by
syndicates
in
their
illegal
operations
such
as
serving
as
drug
couriers,
being
the
subject
the
mail
to
order
bride,
and
serving
as
accomplice
in
money
laundering
or
smuggling.
There
are
also
those
called,
professional
extortionists
who
will
apply
for
overseas
work
through
licensed
overseas
manpower
agency
then
after
arriving
in
the
destination
country
will
run
away
and
file
unreasonable
complains
against
the
deploying
agency
to
extort
money.
As
such,
the
Philippine
government
implemented
the
Migrant
Workers
and
Overseas
Filipino
Act
in
1995
"to
establish
a
higher
standard
of
protection
and
promotion
of
the
welfare
of
migrant
workers,
their
families
and
overseas
Filipinos
in
distress."
Furthermore,
the
government
also
adopted
the
Anti-Trafficking
in
Persons
Act
of
2003,
the
Overseas
Absentee
Voting
Act
of
2003,
and
the
Citizenship
Retention
and
Reacquisition
Act
of
2003
to
address
some
migration
issues.
Despite
of
such,
still
the
cultural,
social,
and
political
effects
of
migration
to
the
Filipinos
remain
to
be
unaddressed.
Working
outside
of
the
country
helps
in
solving
the
problem
of
unemployment,
Filipinos
who
work
abroad
send
home
remittances
that
contributed
to
the
Philippine
economy.
The
remittances
are
usually
spent
on
fulfilling
the
basic
needs
of
the
family,
housing
improvement,
educational
opportunities
for
children,
and
investing
in
potential
businesses.
In
fact,
remittances
have
become
one
of
the
central
foundations
of
the
Philippine
economy.
According
to
the
Bangko
Sentral
ng
Pilipinas,
remittances
by
overseas
Filipino
workers
already
reached
USD
2.7
billion
as
of
March
2016.
It
has
boosted
the
Philippine
economy
through
increase
spending
of
OFW
families.
According
to
Maruja
Asis,
labor
migration
will
most
likely
continue
because
of
social
capital,
social
networks,
and
social
remittances
that
abound
in
the
country.
With
the
government
powerless
to
stop
people
from
moving;
hence,
the
government
has
to
develop
79
necessary
measures
to
protect
Filipinos
from
the
social,
cultural
and
political
effects
of
migration.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. Global
warming
and
climate
change
are
the
observed
century
scale
rise
in
the
earths
climate
average
temperature,
and
their
related
impacts.
2. Climate
change
and
its
effect
s
vary
from
places
to
places.
Effects
include
warming
global
temperature,
rising
sea
level,
and
expansion
of
desert.
3. Transnational
migration
poses
positive
and
negative
impacts
on
the
society.
4. Social
impacts
of
international
migration
can
be
visibly
seen
in
the
Filipino
family.
5. The
government
is
challenged
to
vibrantly
protect
the
welfare
and
well-being
of
both
the
overseas
Filipino
workers
(OFWS)
and
their
families.
Learning
Assessment
1. Test
of
Comprehension:
Enumeration
A. Positive
Effects
of
Transnational
Migration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Negative
Effects
of
Transnational
Migration
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
2. If
you
will
have
to
work
after
graduation,
will
you
work
here
in
the
Philippines
or
abroad?
Why?
3. Do
you
personally
agree
that
there
is
indeed
global
warming
and
climate
change?
Why?
4. How
can
you
contribute
to
the
deterrent
of
global
warming
and
climate
change?
Further
Readings
Asis,
Maruja
M.B.
(2004).
Not
Here
for
Good?
International
Migration
Realities
and
Prospects
in
Asia.
The
Japanese
Journal
of
Population,
Vol.
2,
No.
1
(March
2004).
Retrieved
from
http://www.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/webjournal.files/population/2004_3/maruja2004mar.pdf.
80
Reyes,
Melanie
(2007).
Migration
and
Filipino
Left-Behind:
A
Literature
Review.
Retrieved
from
https://www.unicef.org/philippines/Synthesis_StudyJuly12008.pdf.
81
Unit
X
Responding
to
Social,
Political,
and
Cultural
Change
Learning
Outcomes
At
the
end
of
the
lesson,
students
are
expected
to:
1. Evaluate
factors
causing
social,
political,
and
cultural
change;
2. Develop
advocacy
on
how
human
societies
should
adapt
to
such
change;
and
3. Design
a
plan
of
action
for
community-based
response
to
change.
Introduction
As
people
continue
to
exist
and
live,
change
will
always
be
there.
Change
can
be
initiated
by
people
in
order
that
the
status
quo
will
be
replaced
by
a
new
and
a
better
one.
If
such
change
occurred
but
people
are
unsatisfied
with
it,
then
they
will
opt
for
another
change
until
such
time
that
they
will
get
what
they
want.
But
since
people
have
different
standards,
some
may
not
be
satisfied
and
would
still
look
for
another
change,
and
thus,
some
people
continuously
work
for
change.
Class
Activity
10
Music
and
Lyrics
Analysis
Listen
to
the
song
of
Bob
Marley
entitled
Get
Up,
Stand
Up,
and
share
you
insights
to
the
class
regarding
the
background
of
the
artist
and
the
context
of
the
song.
Discussion
Inclusive
Citizenship
and
Participatory
Governance
Citizenship
implies
more
than
just
mere
membership,
it
also
demands
set
of
responsibilities
and
obligations
thus
involve
a
two-way
process.
Citizenship
provides
an
array
of
rights
and
protection
from
the
state
and
in
return
demands
allegiance,
compliance,
and
cooperation.
Article
III
of
the
1987
Philippine
Constitution
provides
for
the
Bill
of
Rights
that
the
state
should
provide
to
its
citizens
and
that
the
citizens
could
expect
from
the
state.
Moreover,
Article
V
provides
as
well
one
of
obligations
of
the
citizen
to
its
state,
the
obligation
and
right
to
suffrage.
As
such,
the
government
and
its
constituents
should
be
working
side-by-side
to
improve
the
social
and
political
condition
a
country.
However,
there
are
instances
in
which
some
sectors
of
the
society
are
sparred
from
decision-making
and
governance
thus
jeopardizing
the
mere
essence
of
democratic
governance.
As
the
famous
Gettysburg
address
of
US
President
Abraham
Lincoln
indicates,
government
of
the
people,
by
the
people,
for
the
people.
This
has
been
the
issue
of
inclusive
citizenship
in
which
marginalized
groups
are
empowered
to
become
active
participants
of
governance.
Such
gave
birth
to
the
rise
of
women
empowerment
groups,
environmental
advocacy
groups,
ethnic
group
representation,
and
culture
conservation
advocates.
Mechanisms
for
citizen
participation
are
provided
under
Article
V
of
the
1987
Philippine
Constitution
that
includes:
1. Election-
the
means
by
which
people
chose
their
leaders
and
officials;
2. Plebiscite
the
means
by
which
people
express
their
choice
over
a
proposed
law
submitted
for
approval;
3. Referendum
the
means
by
which
people
ratifies
a
legislation
passed
by
the
legislative
and
submitted
for
approval
to
the
people;
82
4. Initiative
the
means
by
which
people
directly
proposes
laws
for
the
government
to
enact;
and
5. Recall
the
means
by
which
an
elected
public
official
is
submitted
to
a
process
of
removal
from
office
prior
to
the
end
of
his
term.
Despite
of
such
mechanisms
and
avenues
for
citizen
participation,
still
certain
groups
were
left
out
in
the
democratic
process.
In
1995,
the
government
adopted
Republic
Act
7941
or
the
Party-List
System
Act
to
enable
Filipino
citizens
belonging
to
the
marginalized
and
underrepresented
sectors,
organizations
and
parties
to
become
members
of
the
House
of
Representatives.
It
implies
for
a
proportional
representation
such
that
the
no.
of
seats
to
be
allotted
per
qualified
party-list
group
is
proportional
to
the
no.
of
votes
casted
and
votes
obtained
during
an
election.
This
has
been
an
attempt
to
introduce
horizontal
representation
to
level
the
playing
field
complimenting
the
traditional
vertical
representation
for
the
district
representatives.
Nevertheless,
there
were
recommendations
for
the
Party-List
System
Act
to
be
abolished
due
to
failure
to
provide
adequate
representation
of
the
marginalized.
Furthermore,
the
Supreme
Court
ruling
emphasizing
that
party-list
need
not
represent
marginalized
sectors
to
be
accredited
somehow
confuses
the
idea
thus
making
it
prone
to
abuse
and
corruption.
It
has
been
reported
that
politicians
are
using
the
system
as
an
avenue
to
get
a
seat
in
the
House
of
Representatives
since
party-list
election
is
more
lenient
than
competition
in
the
district
representation
such
that
the
party-list
system
is
utilized
as
back-door
alley
for
crooked
politicians.
As
an
alternative,
grassroots
participation
is
encouraged
which
resembles
genuine
participatory
governance.
There
have
been
initiatives
to
further
empower
the
local
community
in
decision
making
such
as
the
KALAHI-CIDSS
project
initiated
by
the
Asian
Development
Bank.
It
is
a
community-driven
development
project
that
enhances
service
delivery
and
governance.
Accordingly,
it
aims
for
empowerment
of
local
communities
through
their
involvement
in
the
design
and
implementation
of
poverty
reduction
projects
and
improved
participation
in
local
governance.
In
1996,
a
coalition
of
civil
society
organizations
introduced
the
idea
of
participatory
local
governance
by
conducting
capacity
building
project
that
will
empower
barangay
governance.
This
paved
the
way
for
the
development
of
non-governmental
organizations
and
civil
society
groups
such
as
the
Bantay
Kalikasan
and
Bantay
Dagat.
Such
initiatives
devolves
power
to
the
community
in
identifying
development
projects
needed
in
the
area
and
taps
their
services
as
well
in
its
implementation,
monitoring,
and
evaluation
in
a
reversal
of
what
used
to
be
a
top-down
governance
approach
to
the
remodeled
bottom-up
participatory
governance.
New
Forms
of
Media
and
Social
Networking
In
responding
further
to
the
calls
for
inclusive
citizenship
and
participatory
governance,
participation
has
been
reinvented
through
the
use
of
new
forms
of
media
and
social
networking.
The
21st
century
witnessed
the
golden
age
for
communications
and
which
became
the
hype
for
the
explosion
of
Internet-based
message
transmitted
through
social
media.
The
reinvention
of
technology
paved
the
way
for
better
participatory
governance.
If
the
crucial
element
for
the
success
of
the
1986
EDSA
People
Power
was
the
rapid
mobilization
of
the
people
brought
by
the
pronouncement
made
by
Cardinal
Jaime
Sin
over
83
radio
broadcast
that
was
responded
by
the
use
of
placards
and
fliers,
the
same
technology
became
influential
as
well
in
the
succeeding
political
demonstrations
such
as
the
EDSA
People
Power
II
that
utilized
the
conduciveness
of
text
messaging
system
in
mobilizing
participants.
Today,
citizen
participation
in
governance
is
inevitable
and
this
was
made
possible
because
of
new
forms
of
media,
particularly
the
social
media.
Social
media
used
in
citizen
participation
in
governance
includes
Twitter,
Facebook,
and
video
sharing
channels
such
as
YouTube.
Netizens
immediately
post
their
reactions
and
political
sentiments
online
as
it
happens
real
time
such
that
immediately
the
pulse
of
the
community
is
easily
monitored
and
observed.
Moreover,
blogs
and
webpages
were
also
utilized
as
another
venue
for
citizen
participation.
Commonly,
a
person
puts
up
a
blog
to
express
his
emotions
over
a
hot-button
issue
just
like
cultural
activitst
Carlos
Celdran,
known
for
his
straightforward
comments
involving
governance
and
cultural
heritage.
Recently,
the
bloody
dispersal
of
protestors
in
front
of
the
US
Embassy
on
October
19,
2016
became
trending
on
social
media
as
video
footages
of
police
vehicle
ramming
over
protesters
were
depicted
together
with
Juan
Lunas
masterpiece
Spoliarium.
Author
of
the
Facebook
post
immediately
denounced
the
behavior
as
unruly
thus
posting
the
collage
over
social
media.
Netizens
immediately
provided
their
reactions
to
it
while
some
were
praising
the
authors
but
others
were
bashing
them
for
being
one
sided
and
unreasonable.
(Courtesy
of
Matt
Baguinon
and
Hector
Brizuela)
With
that,
the
power
of
social
media
is
subject
to
abuse.
Despite
of
the
limitations
imposed
by
the
Cybercrime
Prevention
Act
of
2012,
still
social
media
has
been
commonly
used
and
abused
in
obtaining
citizen
participation.
Aside
from
such
usual
functions,
the
use
of
social
media
is
also
being
tapped
for
infomercial
or
ad
campaign.
During
elections,
candidates
allot
great
percentage
of
their
campaign
war
chest
for
political
ads
whether
through
traditional
mass
media
or
social
media.
According
to
Maria
Buenaobra
(2016),
with
41
million
active
Facebook
users
between
ages
of
18
and
65,
social
media
has
become
a
game
changer
in
Philippine
elections.
84
Social
Movement
and
Collective
Behavior
The
transition
from
the
traditional
way
to
the
use
of
new
social
media
of
citizen
participation
in
governance
is
one
of
the
recent
social
movements
that
continuously
respond
to
social,
political,
and
cultural
changes.
A
social
movement
is
a
collective
behavior
in
which
people
sharing
the
same
sentiments
and
aspirations
gather
and
unite.
It
is
a
loosely
organized
but
sustained
campaigns
in
support
of
a
social
goal,
either
for
the
implementation
or
the
prevention
of
a
change
in
societys
structure
or
values
(Monnier,
2010).
It
is
somehow
different
to
a
simple
collective
behavior
or
any
behavior
that
is
not
guided
by
any
group
norms
where
conventional
rules
cease
to
guide
social
actions.
Apparently,
there
are
three
theories
that
explain
the
reason
on
why
collective
behavior
is
formed.
First
is
the
convergence
perspective,
collective
action
takes
place
when
people
that
share
same
characteristics
or
interest
such
as
social
positions
and
experiences
suddenly
converge.
Second
perspective
is
the
emergent
norm,
it
argues
that
the
behavior
involves
convergence
of
people
despite
of
not
sharing
same
sets
of
goal
and
interest
such
as
the
fun
run
events.
Participants
joining
do
not
necessarily
have
same
reasons
for
doing
so,
others
do
it
because
of
passion
while
others
do
it
for
lifestyle
and
socialization
thus
out
of
the
diversity
of
interest
a
new
established
norm
emerges.
Third
is
the
value-added
approach
which
suggests
that
there
are
pre-existing
conditions
or
chain
of
initiating
events
that
encourages
collective
behavior
to
take
place.
If
collective
behavior
might
place
for
no
definite
reason
at
all,
social
movement
suggest
otherwise.
Instead
of
just
a
group
of
people
acting
coherently,
social
movement
acts
as
a
response
to
an
event
either
in
support
of
it
or
resisting
it.
Thus
they
challenge
the
existing
social
order
in
an
unconventional
manner
such
as
the
movements
inspired
by
Mahatma
Gandhi
of
India,
Aung
San
Suu
Kyi
of
Burma,
and
Benigno
Aquino
Jr.
of
the
Philippines.
Thus
for
a
social
movement
to
arise
out
of
collective
behavior,
there
needs
to
be
discontentment
on
the
part
of
the
people
that
can
lead
to
frustration
if
not
resolved.
Such
frustration
will
be
triggering
a
social
unrest
in
which
a
charismatic
leader
will
emerge
suggesting
for
a
new
ideological
framework,
and
once
successful
leading
to
the
formation
of
a
social
movement.
Types
of
Social
Movement
A
social
movement
can
be
considered
just
an
expressive
movement
in
which
the
objective
is
just
to
given
information
and
for
the
people
to
know.
It
is
usually
a
dissent
against
existing
power
structure
but
not
really
directed
to
bring
massive
change
such
as
environmental
awareness
or
health
awareness
campaign.
There
are
also
resistance
movement
in
which
aside
from
information
campaign,
it
aims
to
change
the
existing
social
value
structure
and
institutions.
It
is
usually
opposing
social
policies
or
programs
such
as
protest
against
oil
price
hike
or
public
commute
fare
hike,
Moreover,
there
are
also
reform
movements
that
are
directed
at
changing
certain
aspects
of
the
existing
social
structure
to
make
it
work
more
effectively
such
as
campaign
85
against
corruption
in
governance,
movement
against
extrajudicial
executions,
and
movements
promoting
fair
treatment
to
members
of
the
LGBT.
Meanwhile,
revolutionary
movements
cause
massive
changes
such
that
it
aims
to
change
the
whole
social
order.
It
often
involves
changing
of
leadership,
structure,
or
system
making
it
a
more
drastic
and
radical
change
such
as
the
industrial
revolution
and
independence-related
revolution.
Recently,
there
have
been
new
variations
of
social
movements
which
started
from
cause-
oriented
groups
until
a
social
unrest
was
established
thus
promoting
social
change.
This
includes
gender
empowerment
movements
that
is
not
only
limited
to
feminism
but
to
recognition
of
the
LGBT
community
as
well.
In
addition,
environmental
advocates
are
no
longer
contented
with
just
plain
awareness
campaign,
they
have
been
demanding
for
support
and
better
enforcement
of
ecological
legislations.
Cultural
conservationist
were
also
gaining
ground
as
recognitions
for
cultural
heritage
have
been
wanting
because
of
recent
societal
changes.
It
can
be
expected
that
soon,
there
will
be
more
social
movements
that
will
develop
advocating
for
change.
As
the
song
of
Bob
Marley
suggests,
Get
up,
stand
up,
stand
up
for
your
right.
Get
up,
stand
up,
dont
give
up
the
fight.
Summary
These
are
the
key
points
to
remember
under
this
lesson.
1. Participatory
governance
is
based
upon
individuals
having
a
voice
in
decisions
that
affect
them.
2. In
order
for
a
participatory
governance
to
work,
there
must
be
a
covenant
of
mutual
trust,
honesty,
equity,
and
respect
for
differing
views.
3. There
have
been
new
forms
of
media
and
social
networking
that
keeps
on
evolving
depending
on
the
needs
of
people.
4. Social
movements
come
and
go
as
people
needs
and
desires
change.
5. Modern
movements
often
utilize
technology
to
mobilize
people.
Learning
Assessment
1. Pick
one
theory
of
social
change
that
you
find
interesting.
How
do
you
see
the
applicability
of
the
theory
in
your
life,
in
your
family,
in
your
community,
and
in
the
Filipino
society?
2. If
you
were
to
introduce
or
bring
change
to
the
Filipino
community,
what
would
it
be,
and
why?
3. If
you
were
to
design
a
program
for
your
local
community
(barangay
or
municipality),
what
would
it
be
and
how
would
you
implement
the
program?
You
have
the
option
to
work
in
tandems
or
in
groups
of
four
to
five
members
for
this
activity.
Present
outputs
to
the
class.
4. Group
Research
Activity:
Do
a
library
research
on
the
history
of
a
specific
type
of
social
movement
in
the
Philippines
that
you
find
interesting.
Once
done
with
the
literatures,
formulate
five
(5)
relevant
and
meaningful
questions.
Make
use
of
these
86
as
you
interview
an
authority
(a
professor
or
a
researcher)
who
can
best
answer
your
questions.
Present
your
outputs
to
the
class.
Further
Readings
Escobar,
Arturo.
Imagining
a
Post-Development
Era?
Critical
Thought,
Development
and
Social
Movement.
Pante,
Ronaldo
(2014).
Participatory
Governance
in
the
Philippines:
Empowering
Selected
Cities
in
Metro
Manila
through
Community
Involvement.
87
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