TOTAL PAGES:-

BATTERY ELIMINATOR
PHYSICS PROJECT
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SHIVANGI THAKUR,
student of Class XII of dav public school,
jasola vihar, new delhi has completed the
project titled BATTERY ELIMINATOR during the
academic year 2017-2018 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2018, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision.

___________________
MRS.VIBHA GERA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

physics mentor MRS. VIBHA GERA , for hER vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without which
this project would not have come forth. I would also
like to express my gratitude to the OTHER staff of
the Department of Physics for their support during
the making of this project.
 ABOUT THE DEVICES

Battery Eliminator is a device used to convert high voltage

alternating current into low voltage direct current. A circuit
arrangement is employed with which 220 volt alternating current is
converted into 4 volt direct current. Since with the help of this
appliance, the use of the battery is eliminated, therefore it is known as
a battery eliminator. It consists of following parts :

TRANSFORMER :

Transformer device used to convert small alternating

current at high voltage into low voltage alternating current or low
voltage alternating current into high voltage alternating current. In our
project step-down transformer is used.

RECTIFIER :

Rectifier device used to convert alternating current into

direct current. Rectifier have two types.

(i) Half wave rectifier

(ii) Full wave rectifier.

In our project full wave rectifier is used which converts a

full wave of alternating current into full wave of direct current.
 TRANSFORMER

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating voltage.
 PRINCIPLE :
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if
a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER :
In our project step-down transformer is used :

This transformer converts high voltage at alternating

current into low voltage alternating current. In step-down transformer
the number of turns in primary coil remains large as compare to
secondary coil.
 CONSTRUCTION :

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each
other by insulated material and wound on a common core. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core
is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit

is called secondary.
 THEORY :
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is N P and
that in the secondary coil is NS.

The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero. Let dq/dt

be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the primary coil. If Ep be
the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then.

EP = NP (1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the

primary and secondary coils. Then, the induced e.m.f. in the
secondary coil will be :

ES = NS (2)

From equations (i) and (ii), we find :

Ns/Np = K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.

For step up transformer K > 1

For step down transformer K < 1

That is for step-up transformer NS > NP, therefore ES>EP.

For the step down transformer NS < NP therefore ES < EP.

 EFFICIENCY:

The efficiency of the transformer is given by :

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary

and secondary circuits.

For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.

Therefore ESIS = EPIP

or

Therefore, for step up, transformer current in the secondary

is less than in the primary (IS < IP). And in a step down transformer we
have IS > IP.
 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER :

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always

less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number
of reasons as explained below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux :

The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with
the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss :

In actual iron cores inspite of lamination, eddy currents are

produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small.
And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

3. Copper Loss :

In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a

part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance
of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss :

The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through
complete cycle of magnetisation. So energy is lost due to
hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction :

The alternating current in the transformer may be set its parts in to

vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus,
a part of energy may be lost due to humming.
 RECTIFIER

Rectifier :

The rectifier is an electronic device used to convert

alternating current to direct current.

The P.N. Junction as Full Wave Rectifier.

It is a device used to convert full wave of alternating

currents into full wave of direct current.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle that a crystal diode conduct only in

forward bias and then an output current flows in the circuit.
When D1 is forward biased, the D2 is reverse biased and vice-
versa. The diode D1 and D2 send current through the load
resistance in the same direction during both halves of the time
period. This cause full wave rectification of the input power.
 CONSTRUCTION
The full wave rectifier consists of two P-N junctions

diodes connected to secondary part of the transformer.When input

A.C. is applied across the primary coil (P) of a transformer. One

terminal of the secondary coil (S) of the transformer is connected to the

positive terminal of the junction diode D2. In the secondary part of the

transformer a load resistance R1 is connected. The output is drawn

across the two terminals of the load resistance.

 WORKING

In case of a crystal diode as full-wave rectifier

the two diodes D1 and D2 are used in such a way that during
0 to II crystal diode D1 becomes forward-bias and on output
current I, flows similarly during next half cycle II and 2II
crystal diode D2 becomes forward bias and on output
current I2 flows in the circuit in this way a crystal diode
converts full wave of alternating current into a full wave of
direct current.

EFFICIENCY OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER :

The efficiency of the full wave rectifier may be 80%.

 WORKING
Working of a Battery Eliminator :

A battery eliminator consist of mainly three working parts,

transformer, Rectifier, Filter circuit. In our project report step
down transformer is used. This transformer converts high voltage
alternating current into low voltage alternating current.

This low voltage alternating current passes from rectifier which

converts alternating current into direct current. In our project
full wave rectifier is used. In full wave rectifier two diodes
D1 and D2 are used in such a way that during 0 to II crystal
diode D1 becomes forward - bias and an output current I, flow
in circuit. Similarly during next half cycle II and 2II crystal
diode D2 becomes forward bias and an output I2 flows in the
circuit. In this way a crystal diode converts full wave
of alternating current into a full wave of direct current. The
direct current which we get from rectifier output circuit is
fluctuating direct current. In order to make it pure direct current
filter circuit are used. In our project capacitor is used as a filter
circuit. It is an electrolytic capacitor of capacity 16V, 1000
microfarad. The output now available is 4 volt direct current
and it may be suitably connected with the transistor.
APPLICATIONS OF BATTERY ELIMINATOR
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics for class XII by pradeep

2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.google.com
4. www.WIKIPEDIA.com
5. www.rediffmail.com