Introduction to

Concrete Structures
CE32006 Steel & Concrete
Structures
What will we do in this module?
Design Philosophy
Materials used in reinforced concrete structures
Partial Safety Factors on materials
Loadings and Partial Safety Factors on loadings
Cover for Durability and Fire Protection
Design of Beams by calculation and design chart
Design of Slabs by calculation and design chart
Design of Columns by design chart
Sub frame analysis
Detailing.
What will you be able to do after this
module?
Understand how reinforced concrete behaves
Design beams
Singly reinforced, Doubly reinforced and T-beams for bending,
shear and deflection by calculation and design chart methods
Design Slabs using calculations and design charts for
bending, shear and deflection from standard
coefficients
Design Columns using design charts
Make Detail sketches for above items.
So why do we use concrete?
Important building material for buildings and other
structures
Moulded to virtually any shape
Foundations, slabs, beams, walls, columns, corbels
Durable
Fire resistant
Specification and method of construction must follow best
practice
Codes of Practice give requirements or guidance.
Concrete v Steel

Concrete Steel

Tension poor good

good
Compression good (but slender bars can
buckle)

Shear fair good

Durability good corrodes if unprotected

Fire resistance good (if properly detailed) poor (rapid loss of strength at high
temperatures)
So why do we use concrete?
Two materials complementary
Steel provides tensile strength
Concrete provides compressive strength
Lower compressive strength resolved by larger
section sizes than steel
Concrete provides alkaline environment to protect
steel from corrosion
Concrete provides fire protection to steel bars
Slabs and beams easily made composite to improve
efficiency.
Design philosophy
Loading conditions difficult to define
Design for maximum load uneconomic
Design for likely loads applied
Actions (Loadings) variable
Live, Wind, Snow etc
Statistical approach used to define risk and
characteristic values of actions
EC1 Actions on Structures quantifies all requirements
Dead load can vary but less
Material properties vary
Factors used to take account of variations.
Limit states
Serviceability limit state
Conditions of structure in use
Deformation, cracking, vibration
Governs stiffness of structure

Ultimate limit state

Collapse or failure
Governs strength of structure

Figure relates load to limit

states.
History of Limit State Design
CP114 (Permissible stress design) 1948, 57, 65, 69
(metric version)
CP110 1972
BS8110 1985
EC2 now
BS 8110 withdrawn May 2008.
Methods of analysis
At ultimate limit state (ULS) type of analysis should
be appropriate to problem considered. Following are
commonly used:
Linear elastic analysis
Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution
Plastic analysis

At serviceability limit state (SLS) linear elastic

analysis may be used.
Elastic analysis
Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming:
Cross-sections un-cracked and remain plane (i.e. may be based
on concrete gross sections)
Linear stressstrain relationships
The use of mean values of elastic modulus.
Redistribution
For ULS, moments derived from elastic analysis may
be redistributed provided that resulting distribution of
moments remains in equilibrium with applied actions.
Continuous beams or slabs with fck 50 MPa
minimum ratio of redistributed moment to moment in
linear analysis, , is
0.70 Class B or Class C reinforcement used
0.80 Class A reinforcement used

Fully covered in Lecture 10.

Regular structures
Within limits set, coefficients for moment and shear
derived from elastic analysis may be used to
determine forces in regular structures
Limited redistribution applied to range of load cases
to get realistic design moments and shears
Design of columns based on elastic moments without
redistribution.
Plastic analysis
Plastic analysis may be used for design at ULS
provided required ductility can be assured, for
example, by:
Limiting xu / d (to 0.25 for concrete strength classes C50/60)
Using Class B or C reinforcement
Ensuring ratio of moments at intermediate supports to moments
in spans between 0.5 and 2.0.
Partial factors (F) in design situations
Materials - Concrete
Specified by cylinder strength (fck) and cube strength
C25/30 is cylinder strength of 25MPa (N/mm2) and cube
strength 30MPa (all 28 days)
Standards C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50,
C45/55, C50/60
Partial safety factor (c) 1.5 at ULS, 1.0 at SLS
For ULS multiply fck by cc (0.85 in UK practice)
Takes account of long term effects on compressive strength
f ck
f cd cc .
c
Stress Strain relationships
Strain and Stress blocks for design

Parameters defining design stress-strain curves for concrete

Grade cu c2 c3 n
C50 0.0035 0.0020 0.00175 2.0 0.800 1.000
C55 0.0031 0.0022 0.00180 1.75 0.788 0.975
C60 0.0029 0.0023 0.00190 1.60 0.775 0.950
C70 0.0027 0.0024 0.00200 1.45 0.750 0.900
C80 0.0026 0.0025 0.00220 1.40 0.725 0.850
C90 0.0026 0.0026 0.00230 1.40 0.700 0.800
Materials - Steel
Defined by characteristic yield stress (fyk) or 0.2%
proof stress
Generally 500MPa in UK
Hot rolled bars - ductile
Cold formed bars less ductile

Ductility classes for bars, decoiled rods and wire fabrics

Ductility class A Ductility class B Ductility class C

k = (f t /fy )k
1.05
1.08
1.15 but < 1.35
uk (%)
2.5
5.0
7.5
Durability and cover
SECTION 4 Durability and cover to reinforcement
4.1 General
(1)P A durable structure shall meet the requirements of
serviceability, strength and stability throughout its design
working life, without significant loss of utility or excessive
unforeseen maintenance (for general requirements see also EN
1990).
(2)P The required protection of the structure shall be
established by considering its intended use, design working
life (see EN 1990), maintenance programme and actions.
(3)P The possible significance of direct and indirect actions,
environmental conditions (4.2) and consequential effects shall
be considered.
Note: Examples include deformations due to creep and shrinkage (see 2.3.2).
SECTION 4 Durability and cover to reinforcement
(4) Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement depends on
density, quality and thickness of concrete cover (see 4.4) and
cracking (see 7.3). The cover density and quality is achieved
by controlling the maximum water/cement ratio and minimum
cement content (see EN 206-1) and may be related to a
minimum strength class of concrete.
Note: Further information is given in Annex E.
(5) Where metal fastenings are inspectable and replaceable,
they may be used with protective coatings in exposed
situations. Otherwise, they should be of corrosion resistant
material.
(6) Further requirements to those given in this Section should
be considered for special situations (e.g. for structures of
temporary or monumental nature, structures subjected to
extreme or unusual actions etc.).
4.2 Environmental conditions
(1)P Exposure conditions are chemical and physical
conditions to which the structure is exposed in addition to the
mechanical actions.
(2) Environmental conditions are classified according to Table
4.1, based on EN 206-1.
(3) In addition to the conditions in Table 4.1, particular forms
of aggressive or indirect action should be considered
including:
chemical attack, arising from e.g.
- the use of the building or the structure (storage of liquids, etc)
- solutions of acids or sulfate salts (EN 206-1, ISO 9690)
- chlorides contained in the concrete (EN 206-1)
- alkali-aggregate reactions (EN 206-1, National Standards)
physical attack, arising from e.g.
- temperature change
- abrasion (see 4.4.1.2 (13))
- water penetration (EN 206-1).
4.4.1 Concrete cover
(1)P The concrete cover is the distance between the
surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest
concrete surface (including links and stirrups and
surface reinforcement where relevant) and the nearest
concrete surface.
(2)P The nominal cover shall be specified on the
drawings. It is defined as a minimum cover, cmin (see
4.4.1.2), plus an allowance in design for deviation,
cdev (see 4.4.1.3):
cnom = cmin + cdev (4.1)
4.4.1.2 Minimum cover
(1)P Minimum concrete cover, cmin, shall be provided in order to ensure:
- the safe transmission of bond forces (see also Sections 7 and 8)
- the protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
- an adequate fire resistance (see EN 1992-1-2)
(2)P The greater value for cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond and
environmental conditions shall be used.
cmin = max {cmin,b; cmin,dur + cdur, - cdur,st - cdur,add; 10 mm} (4.2)
where:
cmin,b minimum cover due to bond requirement, see 4.4.1.2 (3)
cmin,dur minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see 4.4.1.2 (5)
cdur, additive safety element, see 4.4.1.2 (6)
cdur,st reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see 4.4.1.2(7)
cdur,add reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see 4.4.1.2 (8)
(3) In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate
compaction of the concrete,
the minimum cover should not be less than cmin,b given in table 4.2.
4.4.1.2 Minimum cover
(5) The minimum cover values for reinforcement and
prestressing tendons in normal weight concrete taking
account of the exposure classes and the structural
classes is given by cmin,dur.
Note: Structural classification and values of cmin,dur for use in a
Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4 for the
indicative concrete strengths given in Annex E and the
recommended modifications to the structural class is given in
Table 4.3N. The recommended minimum Structural Class is S1.
The recommended values of cmin,dur are given in Table 4.4N
(reinforcing steel) and Table 4.5N (prestressing steel).
UK National Annex to Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings
4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation
(1)P To calculate the nominal cover, cnom, an addition to the
minimum cover shall be made in design to allow for the
deviation (cdev). The required minimum cover shall be
increased by the absolute value of the accepted negative
deviation.
Note: The value of cdev for use in a Country may be found in its National
Annex. The recommended value is 10 mm.
(2) For Buildings, ENV 13670-1 gives the acceptable
deviation. This is normally also sufficient for other types of
structures. It should be considered when choosing the value of
nominal cover for design. The nominal value of cover for
design should be used in the calculations and stated on the
drawings, unless a value other than the nominal cover is
specified (e.g. minimum value).
Cover for Fire
Fire cover
Cover specified to centre of bars
Axis distance