Lesson 1

This is - ...
Introduction -
Please read the sentences below. After completing the sentences we shall go over the rules for this lesson.
In Part 1 of Lesson 1 we learn how to use the pronoun which means 'This' (called the demonstrative pronoun
in grammar). /Hdh/ is pronounced but is written without the first /alif/. The second word is the noun
(object) being referred to, e.g.: means house.

. . . .
This is a book This is a mosque This is a door This is a house
Arabic has no word which is equal to the English word "is" which is referred to as a copula in grammar. We
can see this rule demonstrated above where we see the words for and the noun/predicate being
referred to without any copula. i.e. If read literally this sentence would read "This a mosque", however,
the word "is" can be implied in this sentence so that it reads "This is a mosque".
There is no word in Arabic corresponding to "a" in English as in: "This is a book". The n-sound, i.e. the /tanwn/
(doubled vowel sign) at the end of the Arabic noun (kitbu-n, baitu-n, masidu-n) is the Arabic indefinite article
corresponding to the English "a/an".

Lesson 1

This is - ...
Continued...
In-Sh-Allh (God-willing), we will continue practicing with some more examples of using the phrase
/hdh/ which means 'This is'.

.
. .
This is a pen. This is a chair. This is a key.

. .
This is a bed. This is a desk.
We have learnt how to say 'This is' using the phrase /hdh/. Now, we will learn how to say 'What is this?' to
ask a question followed by the answers to the questions In-Sh-Allh (God-willing).
 Lesson 1

This is - ...
Continued
In this part of lesson 1 we will learn the phrase which means "What's this". We shall then answer the
questions with the phrase we learnt in the earlier parts, i.e. /hdh/ .
We will also learn the phrase ..... which means "Is this...?", for example which means "Is this a
house?.
In addition, we will learn the words for Yes and No in Arabic to answer these questions. The word for Yes in
Arabic is , and the word for No in Arabic is .
As we have already learnt, the Arabic script is read from right to left, please read the sentences below from right
to left.

Picture Answer Question

.
This is a house. What is this?

.
This is a shirt. What is this?

.
No, this is a pen. Is this a key?

.
Yes, this is a house. Is this a house?

.

No, this is a chair. Is this a bed?

.
This is a star. What is this?
In the next parts we will learn the phrase which means "Who is this?" followed by some more sentences
to revise what we have learnt in this lesson, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).

Lesson 1

This is - ...
Who is this? -
In this section we shall cover the phrase which means 'Who is this?'. We shall then answer the questions
and learn some more words, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).

Picture Answer Question

.
This is a doctor. Who is this?
.
This is a boy. Who is this?

.
This is a student. Who is this?
.
This is a man. Who is this?

.
This is a merchant. Who is this?

Lesson 1

This is - ...
Continued
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and we shall learn some new
vocabulary.

Picture Answer Question

.
This is a dog. What is this?

.
This is a cat. What is this?

.
This is a donkey. What is this?

.
This is a horse. What is this?

.
This is a rooster. What is this?

.
This is a camel. What is this?
 Lesson 1

This is - ...
Revision
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and we shall learn some new
vocabulary In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).

Picture Answer Question

.
This is a teacher. Who is This?
.
No, this is a handkerchief. Is this a shirt?
In the next part of this lesson we will practice writing and reading skills, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). Please write
out the following words below including their translation. It is important to practice writing in the duration of
this course and to be able to read without translations. If you are unsure what the words below mean, please
revisit the previous sections of this lesson, all the words below have already been covered earlier.
You will also notice that the words below do not have vowel-marks, i.e. /ammah/, /kasrah/ and /fatah/. The
vowel-marks have been deliberately omitted because when you read Arabic in normal literature, vowel-marks
are seldom used. The context and your experience of words will enable you to read the word properly. The
words below should be apparent without the vowel-marks as we have covered them several times already.

: Read and Write

) (
.) (
.
) (
.) (
.
) ( ) (
. .
) (
.) (
.
) ( ) (
. .
You have now completed lesson 1. To summarise, the areas we have covered are:
o The Demonstrative Pronoun - ' This is'
o The particle as in ... i.e. 'Is This a...?'
o The word which means 'what' as in - 'What is this?'
o The words for Yes and No - and respectively.
o The word which means 'who' as in - 'Who is this?'
o Several new words - these have to be memorized as vocabulary is very important to learn the Arabic language.
The following table shows the new words that we learnt so far in this lesson:

Vocabulary Revision

This (this is) Home
Door Mosque
Book Key
 Chair
Pen
Desk Bed
Shirt Star
Doctor Boy
Student Man
Merchant Teacher
Handkerchief Dog
Cat (masculine)
Donkey
Horse Rooster
Camel Yes
No

If you feel confident with the lesson covered, please move on to the next lesson where we will cover the
Demonstrative Pronoun which means 'That is. The next lesson is a short and relatively straightforward
lesson, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
 LESSON 2

That is.... - ...
Introduction -
In Part 1 of Lesson 2 we learn the noun which means 'That' (called a demonstrative pronoun in
grammar). /dhlika/ is used to refer to objects that are further away whereas /hdh/ is used to refer to objects
that are closer.

Picture Answer Question

.
That is a star. What is That?

.
This is a mosque and that is a house. What is this and what is that?

.
This is a horse and that is a donkey. What is this and what is that?

.
No, that is a cat. Is that a dog?

.
That is a bed. What is That?

.
This is a teacher and that is an imam. Who is this and who is that?

LESSON 2

That is.... - ...
Continued
In-Sh'-Allh (God willing), we will continue practicing the demonstrative pronoun /dhlika/ which refers to
objects that are further away.

Picture Answer Question

.
That is a rock. What is That?

.

This is sugar and that is milk. What is this and what is that?
Please read the words below and then write them down on a piece of paper. Once again, this will enable you to
practice writing Arabic which is a very important part of learning the language.
 Read and Write:

.

.


. .

Vocabulary Revision

English Translation Arabic
Milk
Sugar

Rock
Imam (Muslim Prayer Leader)
Please move onto the next lesson where we cover the use of the definite article (i.e. 'the').

LESSON 3
Definite Article
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn about the definite article which corresponds to the word 'The' in the English
Language (known as the definite article in grammar as it refers to a specific object).
Take particular note of the change in the vowel ending when a word is changed to its definite form, i.e. the
/tanwn/ (double vowel) which represents indefinite form e.g. (a house) has been changed to a single
/ammah/. It is hence also important to remember that a word can never take /alif lm/ at the beginning and
/tanwn/ at the same time (i.e. it can never be both indefinite and definite at the same time).
Remember to always start reading the examples below from right to left. The first example below will illustrate
the change from indefinite form (e.g. a house) to definite form (e.g. the house).

: :
: :


The mosque: A mosque The book: A book The pen: A pen The house: A house

LESSON 3
Definite Article

Continued

which corresponds to 'the' in the English

We will study some practical sentences using the definite article
language In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing).

Picture Answer Question

The pen is broken. .

The door is open. .

The boy is sitting and the teacher is

.
standing.
We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to memorize the words and
common sentence structures.

Picture English Arabic

The book is new and the pen is old. .

.
The donkey is small and the horse is big.
 .
The chair is broken.

The handkerchief is dirty.

.

The water is cold. .

.
The moon is beautiful.

.
The house is near and the mosque is far
away.

The stone is heavy and the paper is light.

.

The milk is hot.

.

The shirt is clean.

.

LESSON 3
Definite Article
The Moon and Sun Letters -


In this section we will learn some new vocabulary and we shall also learn the rules relating to the sun and moon
letters. The most important point to understand with this rule is that it governs the spoken (pronunciation)
Arabic and not the written word.
Arabic has 28 letters. Of these 14 letters are called Solar Letters, and the other 14 are called Lunar letters. In the
articulation (speaking) of the Solar letters, the tip or blade of the tongue is involved as in t, n, r, s, etc. The tip or
blade of the tongue does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters as in b, w, m, k etc.
When /alif-lm/ al is prefixed to a noun beginning with a Solar letter, the l of al is assimilated (joined) to
the Solar Letter, e.g. al-shamsu (the sun) is pronounced /ash-shamsu/.
No change takes place in writing . The assimilation is indicated by the /shaddah/ on the first letter of the

noun after al.
No such assimilation takes place with the Lunar Letters, e.g. /al-qamaru/ (the moon) is pronounced /al-
qamaru/ . Here are some more examples of the assimilation of the l of al to the Solar Letters (don't
worry about the meanings of the words yet):
o /al-namu/ becomes /an-namu/.
 o /al-raulu/ becomes /ar-raulu/.
o /al-dku/ becomes /ad-dku/.
o /al-samaku/ becomes /as-samaku/.
Note that the a of al is pronounced only when it is not preceded by another word. If it is preceded by a word
it is dropped in pronunciation, though it remains in writing, e.g. /wal-baitu/. Here the a is dropped and the
phrase is pronounced /wal-baitu/ not /wa al-baitu/. To indicate this omission in pronunciation, this sign: ( )
is placed above the /alif/.
The initial vowel (a, i, or u) which is omitted when preceded by a word is called /hamazatu l-wasl/.
We have learnt that the /tanwn/ is the indefinite article, and it is to be translated as a e.g.: means a
house. This rule does not apply to adjectives like " open", and
" broken".

LESSON 3
Definite Article
Continued...
The sentence above means "The Moon and The Sun Letters". See section 7 (which should have already been
covered) if you do not already understand the rules relating to the sun and the moon letters. Remember, this
rule affects the pronunciation of the word and not the written form. Please listen carefully to the
pronunciation. Pay attention to how in the Sun Letters , the /lm/ of /alif-lm/ is assimilated to

the first letter in pronunciation. The table below covers each letter in the Arabic alphabet along with an example
of a word which starts with that letter under the relevant column depending on whether it is a sun or moon
letter.

The Sun Letters The Moon Letters

:) (
:) (
:) ( :) (
:) ( :) (
:) (
:) (
:) ( :) (
:) ( :) (

:) ( :) (
:) (
:) (

( ) : ( ) :
( ) :
( ) :
( ) : ( ) :
( ) : ( ) :
( ) : ( ) :

( ) : ( ) :

LESSON 3
Definite Article
Revision -

Vocabulary Revision

Sweet

Sick

Shop

Rich

Tall

Poor

Short

Apple

Cold

Hot


Sitting

Standing

New

Old

Near

Far Away

Clean

Dirty

Small

Big

Light

Heavy

Paper

Water

Beautiful
 Lesson 4

Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things:
o The rules for using prepositions (the words used to connect two or more words or sentences) and the four
most common prepositions.

English Arabic English Arabic

In On
From To
o The rule for the use of interrogative expressions - i.e. the sentences used to ask the questions, and some of
the interrogative (questioning) words like:

English Arabic English Arabic

Where Is
What Who
o Some of the Personal pronouns - e.g.:

English Person Gender Arabic

1 st
I Masculine/Feminine
)person speaking(
2nd
You
)person being spoken to(
Masculine
You
2nd
Feminine
)person being spoken to(
3rd
He Masculine
)person being spoken about - i.e. not present(

She
3rd
Feminine
)person being spoken about - i.e. not present(
o The difference between the masculine and the feminine words and their punctuation and the three ways of
changing a masculine noun to the feminine.

English Arabic Symbol Arabic

By adding /ta marbta/
By adding /alif maqra/

By adding /alif mamdda/

o The difference between the nominal sentences (starting originally- with a noun) and the verbal sentences
(starting originally- with a verb):

The Nominal Sentence The Verbal Sentence

Grammatical term /Al umla tul Ismiyya/ /Al umla tul Filiyyah/


Arabic .

.
Transliteration /Ahmadu dhahaba ilal miati/ /Dhahaba Ahmadu ilal miati/
 Literary Reading Ahmad went to the university Went Ahmad to the university

Lesson 4

The Cases

An important part of learning any language is to learn the grammar. Grammar is the study of how words
combine to form sentences. For example, we may learn that:
o A word is written differently in the past tense as compared to the future tense.
o A word referring to a person may be different depending on the gender (male or female) of the person being
called.
o A sentence starting with a verb (action word - e.g. run, eat, drink) has different rules to a sentence starting
with a noun (object, place or thing - e.g. cat, door, man).
Whilst the examples above are simple, one has to make an effort to understand grammar as this is a very
important part of the language and becomes more complicated later on - in particular relating to verbs. Your
emphasis should be to focus on the rules - e.g. what happens in each circumstance and over time the terms
used for each rule will become easier (both in Arabic and English) - In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
This should be balanced with an effort to increase your vocabulary and general understanding of the
language. Our goal will be to help you to take the rules gradually and understand how they relate to each other
so that you can begin to understand the language In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing).
Cases of the nouns in the Arabic Language:
o A noun in Arabic grammar has three 'cases' which are called nominative, accusative and genitive cases (we
will cover the Arabic terms for these a bit later).
o Something will cause a word to be in one of these 'cases'. For example, where a sentence begins with a
subject noun, the noun will be in nominative case.
o There will be a consequence of a word being in a certain 'case'. In each of these cases the last letter of the
word will change to a different vowel - e.g. if the noun is in genitive case as a result of a certain rule, the last
letter of that noun will change from a /ammah/ to a /kasrah/ (this is assuming that it is not already carrying
the same vowel in which case no change will occur).
o See below for a summary of the cases and the signs used for each of these cases:
A word being in the nominative case will end (originally) with a /ammah/ or /ammatain/.
A word being in the accusative case will end (originally) with a /fatah/ or /fatatain/.
A word being in the genitive case will (originally) end with a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/.
o At this stage it is important to understand the principle that there are causes of a word changing to a certain
case and consequences of a word being in a certain case - i.e. the change in the form or ending of the word.
o The rules of what causes a word to be in each case and what consequences arise in each case will be
discussed and repeated throughout the course, there are many such rules and these are an important part
of learning the Arabic language. Below you will find a summary of the terms used for each of the cases and
the consequences.
 Arabic term
Case Arabic term Consequence
(Transliteration)
Nominative
Hlat-ur-raf A word in this case ends (originally) in a /ammah/ ,/ammatain/

Accusative
Hlat-un-nab A word in this case ends (originally) in a /fatah/,/fatatain/

Genitive Hlat-ul-arr A word in this case ends (originally) in a /kasrah/,/kasratain/

Lesson 4

The Prepositions -

In this lesson we will learn about some of the prepositions, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). A preposition is a word
which shows the relation of one word to another. For example, "....the key is in the car...." or "....the book
is on the table....".
Some of the most common prepositions are:
Preposition (English) Preposition (Arabic)
In
On
From
To
We will also learn about the rule applied for the use of prepositions in Arabic Language. The following rules are
applied for the use of prepositions:
1. A preposition (
- called /harf ul arr/ in Arabic) is a single letter or a word which connects two nouns,
or a verb and a noun to form a sentence. As above this is generally showing the position of one word to
another. It always precedes a word and never follows the word.
2. A preposition always comes before a noun and it does not come before a verb.
3. The noun following a preposition is changed from nominative case to genitive case. This means that the last
letter of the word will be changed from a /ammah/ or /ammatain/ to a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/.
4. The noun followed by a preposition is called /Marr/ which means the preposition has caused a
change in its case (from nominative to genitive case) as mentioned in the previous rule.
Lets look at an example (please read from right to left):
Phrase (preposition before word) Word without preposition Preposition


Arabic
In the house The house In English
We can see here that the preposition has caused the last letter of to change to .
5. When a proposition precedes an indefinite noun (e.g. "a house"), the noun is affected in the same way. As
we learnt earlier, a noun which is indefinite takes two /ammahs/ (ammatain) and is also in the nominative
case. The two /ammahs/ change to two /kasrahs/ (kasratain) when a preposition comes before the noun
. Let us examine the example as above with relation to an indefinite noun:
 Phrase (preposition before word) Word without preposition Preposition

Arabic
In a house A house In English

Some more examples can be found below.

Picture: Phrase with preposition Phrase without preposition

In a kitchen A Kitchen

To a mosque A Mosque

From a house A house

On a book A book

In this part of the lesson we will study some practical sentences using the prepositions and understand the rules
relating to prepositions.
In Arabic language when it is required to make a noun definite, is added to that noun. You have also learnt in
the previous lessons about the solar and the lunar letters.
However when a preposition comes before a definite word the /alif/ - i.e. "a" sound - of is dropped and hence
not pronounced. Please note that the "a" of "al" is pronounced only when it is not preceded by any other word
but when "al" is preceded by any word the letter "a" is dropped and hence not pronounced.
So we will read the sentence as /Fil Baiti/ and not /Fee Al baiti/ but this rule is applicable in reading only and
not while writing the sentence - i.e. the /alif/ will still be written but not pronounced in spoken language.

Picture Translation Transliteration Arabic

The moon is in the sky. /Alhillu fis Sam-i/ .

To the door /Ilal bbi/

From the teacher /Minal muddarrisi/

The key is on the book /Almiftu alal kitbi/ .

We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to memorize the words and
common sentence structures.
 Picture Translation Arabic

A horse in the farm

The man is from India. .

The lion is on a rock. .

.
The boy is in the garden.
In the next part of the lesson we will go over some interrogative expressions (i.e. expressions used for asking
questions) covering the areas you have learnt in this lesson In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).

Lesson 4

The Interrogation -

In this part of lesson 4 we will learn about the formation of the interrogative (questioning) expressions, In-Sh-
Allh (God-Willing).
We know that "Interrogative expression is the term used to refer to a group of words which are used to ask a
question (e.g. Where is the book? What is on the book? Is the key on the book? Who is on the rock? etc are all
interrogative expressions and the words which are used to ask a question are called the Interrogative Articles"
which we cover below:

Interrogative Article

Where? ...
What? ...
Is? ...
Who? ...
Take a look of the following examples of interrogative expressions:

Picture Translation Transliteration Arabic

Where is the key? /Ainal miftu/?

What is on the book? /Mdh alal kitbi/?

/A miftun alal

Is a key on the book?
kitbi/?
 Who is in the kitchen? /Man fil mabakhi/?

What is on the rock? /Mdh alal aari/?

The following are the rules governed for the use of the interrogative articles (i.e. words used for asking questions
such as where?, what? etc.):
When an interrogative article comes before a noun, it will take the nominative case - i.e. the last letter will be
changed to a /ammah/ (if it is not already a /ammah/).

Case Rule Arabic

Interrogative Article proceeding a The definite noun will take one /ammah/ on its

definite noun ending letter
Interrogative Article proceeding a The noun without the definite article will take

noun without definite Article two /ammahs/ on its ending letter
The preposition will not take the nominative
case when preceded by interrogative article -
Interrogative Article preceding a
preposition

see below for the reasons for this.
A definite noun preceded by an interrogative article will take one /ammah/ and the indefinite noun will take
two /ammahs/).
However when a preposition is preceded by an interrogative article, it will not take the nominative case and its
last letter will remain with the same ending sound. This is because the preposition is indeclinable meaning it
does not change its ending - this is an important principle - we will learn in Arabic that some rules take
precedence (priority over other rules).
Please take a careful look to the ending vowels of the nouns in both the interrogative (questioning) sentences
and the answering expressions in the text below.

Picture Translation Arabic

Where is Muhammad?
Muhammad is in the room. .

And where is Yasir?

Yasir is in the wash room. .

Where is Aminah?
Aminah is in the kitchen. .


Where is the book?
The book is on the desk. .

And where is the watch?

The watch is on the bed. .



 Is Muhammad in the wash room?
No, but in the room. .

Who is in the Kitchen?

Aminah is in the kitchen. .

What is on the bed?

The watch is on the bed. .



In the next part of the lesson we will have multiple questions /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God-Willing) to test your
understanding of the principles we have learnt so far.

Lesson 4


The masculine and the feminine -
In Arabic both living things and inanimate (non-living) things are treated as either masculine or feminine.
In this part of the lesson /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God willing) we will learn about the masculine and the feminine words.
We will also learn how to change a masculine word into a feminine word. There are three symbols which change
a masculine word to a feminine word when added on the end of a masculine word and they are:

English Arabic
Symbol of feminine word
Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine

Female student Male student

)(

Left (for feminine words) Left

) (


Noble woman Noble man

) (

It should be remembered that the penultimate (second to last) letter of a feminine word always takes a /fatah/.
Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:

Picture Translation Transliteration Arabic

I am a doctor. /An abbun/

.

I am a femalestudent. /An libatun/ .

You are a male teacher. /Anta mudarrisun/

.
You are a lady doctor. /Anti abbatun/
.

.
He is an engineer. /Huwa muhandisun/
 She is a female nurse. /Hiya mumarriatun/
.

Aminah is in the kitchen. /minatu filmabakhi/

.

Where are you from? /Min ayna anta/

.
I am from China. /Ana min-a ni/

Lesson 4

The Nominal Sentence -

In Arabic language there are two types of sentences:
o The Nominal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Ismiyya/ - this sentence starts (mostly) with a noun.
o The Verbal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Feliyya/ - this sentence starts (mostly) with a verb.
Please read the following carefully and note the difference between the sentences:

The Nominal Sentence The Verbal Sentence

"Al umla tul Ismiyya" "Al umla tul Feliyya"




Arabic .

.

Transliteration Amadu dhahaba ilal miati Dhahaba Amadu ilal miati
Literary Reading Ahmad went to the university Went Ahmad to the university

Arabic .


.
Transliteration Al mudarrisu kharaa min falin Kharaa al mudarrisu min falin
Literary Reading The teacher went out of a class Went out the teacher of a class
Two of the sentences in the above table are the nominal sentences and the other two are verbal sentences.
A nominal sentence is called /al umlatul Ismiyya/ and a verbal sentence is called /al umlatul Feliyya/
A nominal sentence /al umlatul Ismiyya/ follows the following rules:
o It (originally) starts with a noun or a pronoun.
o It has two parts. The first part is the subject of the sentence and is called /Mubtada/ and the second part
is the predicate and called /Khabar/.
o The subject /Mubtada/ should always be a noun or a pronoun but it is not necessary for the predicate
/Khabar/ to be a noun or a pronoun so it may or may not be a noun.
o Each of the subject /Mubtada/ and the predicate /Khabar/ are originally in the nominative case i.e. the last
letter takes a single /ammah/ if definite (with definite article /al/) and takes two /dhammas/ if indefinite
(without the definite article al).
o /Mubtada/ is the subject of the sentence i.e., it represents a person or thing which is described in a sentence
and the /Khabar/ is the description or the explanation of the /Mubtada/ e.g., when it is said Muhammad is
standing then Muhammad is the subject and "is standing" describes his condition and is the predicate.
 Similar is the case with Arabic sentences. The subject is highlighted in red below, the rest of the sentence is
the predicate.

Translation Transliteration Arabic

.
Ahmad is a student /Amadu libun/
.
He is a good student. /Huwa libun ayyidun/
Muhammad went out of the
/Muhammadun kharaa minal miati/ .
university.
.
Khalid went out of the class. /Khlidun kharaa minal fali/
In the above sentences all the words appearing in red are the /Mubtada/ which must be noun or pronoun while
the remaining parts of the sentences in black are the /khabar/. A /mubtada/ must be in the nominative case
and takes originally- single /ammah/ when definite and two /ammas/ when indefinite.
Therefore the subject /Mubtada/ is always a single noun or pronoun, while the predicate /Khabar/ can be of
the following types:

Types of /Khabar/ English Arabic

A Noun
.
/Ismun/
Muhammad is a student.
A nominal Sentence
Ahmad, his father is intelligent. .
/umla Ismiyya/
A verbal Sentence
Khalid went to the hospital. .
/umla Filiyya/
An expression with a
preposition Fatima is in the kitchen. .
/r wa Marr/
When the /Khabar/, is a nominal sentence (/umla ismiyyah/), a verbal sentence (/umla fliyya/) or a
prepositional phrase ( /r wa marr/) it will not be signed with the main sign of the nominative case (a
/ammah/ or /ammatain/) because each word in these structures will be signed according to its own position
in the small sentence.
In this section we have learnt many principles and rules. Please go over this section a few times as the rules we
have learnt are very important for understanding later lessons. Please remember that revision is a very
important part of the learning process and you have to have a foundation to build upon and progress. If that
foundation is weak, then learning the language will become more difficult. Our goal is to make the learning
process an easier and more enjoyable one, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). We will continue revising these principles
so please do not worry if everything is not clear or understood at this stage.
In the next part of the lesson /In-Sh'-Allh/ we will take some exercises to test your understanding of the lesson.

Lesson 4

The Verbal Sentence -
In this part of lesson we will learn The Verbal Sentence In-Sh'-Allh (God-Welling), this is called /umlatun
Feliyyatun/ in Arabic.
Please read the following sentences carefully:

Verbal Sentence /umla Filiyyah/


Arabic .

Transliteration /ahaba Amadu ilal miati/
Literary Reading Went Ahmad to the university

Arabic
.
Transliteration /Kharaa almudarrisu min falin/
Literary Reading Went out the teacher of a class
The two sentences above are the examples of verbal sentence /umlatun Feliyyatun/.
A verbal sentence is called /umla Feliyya/ and the rules relating to such sentences are:
o It mostly starts with a verb.
o It has three parts.
1. The first part is a word that describes an action. This word is called "Verb" in English language and /Filun/
in Arabic. In English language the verb can be a single word or combination of two or more words but in
Arabic verb /Filun/ is always a single word. A verb generally refers to three times: Past, Present or Future.
In Arabic, the verb is the most important part of the language and therefore it is very important to learn
verbs and the verbal sentences to understand Arabic properly.
In this part of lesson we will be discussing the masculine verb used to describe something done in the
past time. This type of verb is called Past Tense in English and /Filun Min/ in Arabic. A
masculine /Filun Min/ always takes accusative case but no nunation - a single /fatah/ and no
/fatatain/. We will learn the present and future tenses at a later stage In-Sh'-Allh (God-
Willing). Unlike English, in Arabic language different types of the verb are used for masculine and
feminine subjects, we will learn the verbs used for feminine subjects later also In-Sh-Allh (God-
Willing).
2. The second part of a verbal sentence /umla Feliyyah/ is the person or the thing doing the action
described by the verb. This person or the thing is called Subject of the verb in English and /Filun/ in
Arabic. A "Filun" always takes nominative case - single /ammah/ when it is definite i.e., appearing
with the definite article al - and /ammatain/ when it is indefinite i.e., appearing without the definite
article al.
3. The third part of a verbal sentence /umla Feliyya/ is the thing on which the action has been done. This
thing is called the Object in English and /Maflun/ in Arabic language. A /Maflun/ can be of the
following types:

Types of Object /Maflun/

Arabic English

A noun . Ahmad ate apples

. Yasir went out of the school

Genitive Construction /rrun wa Marrun/
.
The man went to the home
In the above sentences all the words appearing above the line are the /Maflun/ which might be a noun or the
genitive construction /rrun wa Marrun/.
When a /Maflun/ is a noun it always takes accusative case i.e., it will be originally signed with a single /fatah/
when appearing definite - (i.e. with the definite article al) - and double /fatah/ (fatatain) when appearing
 indefinite (i.e. without the definite article al). However when the object /Maflun/ is an expression with
preposition /rrun wa Marrun/ then it takes the genitive case as a result of the preposition.
We will have some tests in the next part of the lesson to test your understanding In-Sh-Allh (God-Welling).
 Lesson 5

Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things:
o In part one of this lesson we will learn the expression which shows ownership of one thing over another -
e.g., "The teacher's car". This is called The Possessive Expression in English and /Muaf and Muaf Ilaihi/
in Arabic:

English: Transliteration: Arabic:

The book of the student /Kitabu libi/

On the desk of the teacher /ala maktabil mudarrisi/

o In Arabic the letter /Alif/ is used in two different ways. One of them is called /Hamzatul Qa/ and the other
is called /Hamzatul Wal/. Hamzatul Qa is the one which is pronounced while Hamzatul Wal is the one
which is not pronounced:

Translation: Transliteration: Arabic: Type of Alif

Where are you from /Min aina anta/


He is the teacher's son /Huwab nul mudarrisi/



o In Arabic, words normally change their cases with different causes (see Lesson 4-section 2). We will look at
the indeclinable words which do not change their case with different causes and maintain their vowel
ending:

Indeclinable Words /Mabni/

Translation:

This (masculine)
Who
He
o The rule for the use of the vocative particle (the word used to call someone like Oh):

Translation: Transliteration: Arabic:

Oh Muhammad /Yaa Muhammadu/
Oh Allah /Yaa Allahu/
Oh teacher /Yaa Ustadhu/
 Lesson 5

The Possessive Expression -

In this lesson we will cover a new principle which is called the principle of Possessive Expression in English ,
In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing). This expression is a type of the Arabic term which is called /Iafa/.
The /Iafa/ literally means (adding or annexing). It means adding one noun to another to form a relationship
of possession or belonging (one noun being owned or belonging to the other noun e.g. teachers book).
Consider the following examples showing the difference between the possession and the belonging in the
/Ifaa/:

Possession /Iafa/ Belonging /Iafa/

Arabic English Arabic English


The teachers book The city of Roma
Muhammads pen The top of the mountain
This principle is applied when two nouns are joined together to make one structure.
In the possessive expression, one noun is the "possessor" called /Muaf Ilaihi/ while the other is the
"possessed" called /Muaf/ in Arabic. For example, if we say the teacher's book, "the teacher" is the possessor
and "the book" is possessed.
In English this type of expression is constructed with the preposition (of) or using the letter (s) with an
apostrophe before it i.e., 's. The examples of such type of constructions are:
o The book of Hamid
o Hamid's book.
In Arabic however, the possessed noun (e.g., book) comes before the possessor so it would literally read "Book
teacher's".
Let us analyze an example below and we will explain how the rules are applied:
o /Kitb -ul-Mudarrisi/

The first part is the possessed noun (called /Muaf/ -

)in our example this is /Kitb/ (book) as we have
already discussed. The rules of the possessed noun are:
A. Although /kitab/ is not definite - in other words, 'al' (the) - does not come before the noun, it is
implied. Hence this means 'the book' and not 'a book' even though al is not written before /kitb/.
B. The possessed noun can be in any case (genitive - with /kasrah/, accusative - with /fatah/, or nominative
- with /ammah/). We do not need to worry about this at the moment, in normal cases it is nominative so
it ends with a /ammah/ but if preceded by a preposition it takes the genitive case so it ends with a
/kasrah/.
C. Since the possessed noun is definite therefore it cannot take /tanwn/ i.e., it cannot take double
/ammah/

The second part is the possessor (called /Muf Ilaihi/

)this is /Al-Mudarrasi/ (the teacher) in our
example. The possessor can be either:
A. Definite or indefinite (e.g. /Al-mudarrisi/ or /mudarrisin/ - the teacher or a teacher)
B. The possessor is always in genitive case (therefore the last letter originally takes a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/).

Example:
Rule:
English: Arabic:
The Possessed noun /Muaf / takes different cases The book of the student
while the /Muaf ilaihi/ takes the genitive case
only. On the desk of the teacher

The Muaf can be definite (when it is annexed to a
The house's door
definite Muaf ilaihi) and it can be indefinite
(when it is annexed to an indefinite Muaf ilaihi). An Imam of a mosque
In all cases the /Muaf/ is never prefixed with (al)
Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the words:

Picture Translation Arabic

Saeed: Is this Muhammad's book? :

Yasir: No, this is Hamid's book . :

Saeed: Where is Muhammad's book? :

Yasir: It is there on the desk .
:

Saeed: Where is Ammar's notebook? :

Yasir: It is on the teacher's desk . :

Saeed: Whose pen is this? :

Ali: This is the teacher's pen. . :

Saeed: Where is the teacher's bag? :

. :
Ali: It is under the desk.

Lesson 5

Hamzatul Wasl -


In this part of lesson we will learn about a new concept which is the use of letter Alif in Arabic. In Arabic the
letter "Alif" has two types:
o One type of Alif is called "Hamzatul Qa". This type of Alif is always pronounced irrespective of whether it is
preceded by some word or letter.
o While the other form of Alif is called "Hamzatul Wal". This form of Alif appears in the beginning of a word but if
preceded by some word or letter it is not pronounced even if written.
Please read the following examples:

Translation: Transliteration: Arabic: Type of /Alif/

 He is the teacher's son /Huwab nul mudarrisi/ .



.
And the girl's name is Aminah /Was mul binti Aaminatu/

In the above mentioned examples the letter /Alif/ of the words are written but they are not pronounced. In the
first example, the letter /alif/ of the word /ibn/ (meaning son) is written yet not pronounced and the letter /ba/ is
joined together with letter /wa/ of /huwa/ and is pronounced /huwabnu/. This is similar to the letter /alif/ of the
word /almudarrisi/, the letter /alif/ is written yet not pronounced and the letters /nn/ of /Ibn/ (meaning son) and
/lm/ are joined together to become /nul/ and the sentence becomes /huwab-nul mudarrisi/.
Similarly in the second example the letter /wa/ is joined with the word /Ism/ whose /alif/ is written but not
pronounced and the word becomes /wasm/ and the /Alif/ of /Al-binti/ is written but not pronounced so they
become /was-mul-binti/. Therefore the sentence becomes /Was-mul-binti Aaminatu/.

Translation: Transliteration: Arabic: Type of Alif

I am Ahmad Ana Amadu .





Where are you from Min aina anti
Who are you Man anta

In these examples the letter /Alif/ of the words Ahmad, /Aina/ and /Anta/ are written and are pronounced. No
letters are merged together. This type of /Alif/ is called /Hamzatul Qa/.
There is no specific rule for recognizing /Hamza tul Qa/ and /Hamza tul Wal but the pronouns, the
interrogative articles and the nouns beginning with /Alif/ have /Hamza-tul Qa/.
It must be however remembered that when /Hamzatul Wal/ is written in the beginning of a sentence and is
not preceded by any letter or word, it is pronounced. It is dropped only when it is preceded by some letter or
word. /Hamzatul Qa/ is always written and pronounced and is not affected if preceded by any letter or word.
Please read the following sentences carefully and then click on the words to hear the speech, i.e. how the words
should be pronounced.

Pictures: English: Arabic:

Who are you?

I am the son of Abbas .

And whose son is he?

He is the son of Khalid .

.
The teacher's name is
Saeed
and the engineer's name is .

Khalid

Ammar's son is a student
and Yasir's son is a trader .
Where is the son of the
engineer?
He is in the university
 In the next part of the lesson we will In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing) learn a new concept which is the use of Vocative
Articles.

Lesson 5

The Indeclinable Words

In this part of lesson, we will learn a new concept of Arabic Grammar In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing). You have
already learned that in Arabic language the words take different cases i.e., nominative (ammah/ammatain),
accusative (fatah/fatatain) or genitive (kasrah/kasratain) on their last letter. A word takes single case when
it appears with the definite article /al/ and double case when it is without the definite article /al/.
There are certain words however which have to indicate their function therefore they do not change their case
and maintain their vowel ending. The words which do not change their vowel endings in order to indicate their
function are called indeclinable words and have to remain unchanged.
The following are few examples of the indeclinable words (we will study this in detail in later lessons so this is
only an introduction):

Rule Translation ( The Indeclinable Words)

Who .1 .
The interrogative articles are
Where .2 .
indeclinable
What .3 .
This (masculine) .1 .
.
The directing words are mostly
That (masculine) .2
indeclinable
.
This (feminine) .3
On .1 .
The prepositions are indeclinable In .2 .
To .3 .
He .1 .
The pronouns are always
She .2 .
indeclinable
You .3
.
The indeclinable words do not take different cases for different causes and do not take /tanwn/ as well.

Translation: Arabic:
This is a man .
Who are you?
Whose bag is this?
This is a duck .
 Where is the lion?

What is on the desk

The teacher is in front of students

Read the following sentences carefully while taking particular care of the vowel endings
Please note that we will introduce sentences related to Islam occasionally within this course for the benefit of
Muslims studying this course. Those students who are not Muslim may find it beneficial to learn about Islamic
belief which is the main religion in the Arab world and indeed many other parts of the world.:

English: Arabic:

Where is the teacher's house?

It is far away .

.
The Quraan is the book of Allah (God)

.
The Ka'ba is Allah's (Gods) house
The teacher went out of the principal's room .
Abbas's car is in the street
.
.
The door of the mosque is opened
Where is the dog?
It is under the car .

This is the house of Hamid
and that is the house of Khalid .

Lesson 5

The Vocative Particle

In this part of lesson No. 5 we will In-Sh'-Allh (God Willing) learn about the following things:
or
Vocative Particle: A word that is used for calling someone is called the vocative particle and is called

simply . In Arabic language the word used is . The word following the vocative particle is called
and
it takes (mostly) the nominative case. However it takes only one /ammah/ whether it is definite or indefinite
e.g., in order to call a boy it is and not .

Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the words:

A Teacher: O teacher : Allah (God): O Allah (God) :

A Shaikh: O shaikh : Abbas: O Abbas :

Yasir: O Yasir : A Man: O Man :
A doctor: O doctor :
Ammar: O Ammar :

 Ali: O Ali : Khalid: O Khalid :

Lesson 5

Revision -

In this lesson we have learnt the following things:

o Construction of the Possessive Expressions

.
and the vowel ending of the words
The rules of constructing expressions using Vocative particle
o
preceded by the vocative particle.

o which maintain their vowel ending whatever their case may be.
The indeclinable words

o Pronunciation of

.


Vocabulary Revision
English Arabic English Arabic
The Prophet
The Kabah
The name
The son
The paternal uncle The maternal uncle

The bag The car

The road Closed
Under
There

Above In front of

Behind
The female teacher
 Lesson 6



Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things:
o The feminine demonstrative pronoun and its principles:

English: Transliteration: Arabic:

This is a lady doctor /Hdhihi abbatun/ .
This is a bag /Hdhih aqbatun/ .
In Arabic Language, words can be either masculine or feminine. This does not necessarily follow a set logic, e.g.,
whilst we know that the noun "girl" is feminine, the noun for "beard" is also feminine. This should be understood
alongside the rules of how a word is changed from masculine to feminine that are covered in another lesson
(see Lesson 4 section 7). A few examples of nouns and adjectives which do not have any of the symbols for the
feminine nouns but are still considered to be feminine are illustrated below:

Translation: Transliteration: Arabic:

The Earth /Al-Aru/

A pot /Quidrun/
The hand /Al-yadu/
o In this lesson we will learn the use of one new preposition. We have learnt that prepositions are the words
used to connect two or more words or sentences (Lesson 4 section 3).

Preposition:
For

Lesson 6



This is -
In this part of the lesson we learn how to use the demonstrative pronoun which means "This in the feminine
gender. /Hdhih/ is pronounced but is written without the first /Alif/. The word following /Hdhih/ is the
noun (object) being referred to and it should be a feminine word. e.g. ( a girl).
When a noun (whether definite or indefinite) is preceded by the demonstrative pronoun - it takes the
nominative case which is represented by a single /ammah/ in the case of a definite noun and by double
ammas in the case of an indefinite noun.

This is a lady doctor .

This is a fruit. .

This is a car. .

This is a girl. .

We will also learn differentiating between the two words and with examples:
 This is the son of Hamid .
and this is the daughter of Yasir .
Hamid's son is sitting .
and Yasir's daughter is standing
.
Whose car is this?
This is the car of the principal. .

Lesson 6



Feminine nouns
In Arabic language words are either masculine or feminine. A masculine word can be changed to a feminine by
adding any of the following three symbols at the end of a masculine word:
o called T Marbah,
o called Alif Mamddah or
o called Alif Maqrah.
However there are certain Feminine nouns and adjectives which do not have any of these three signs and are
considered Feminine, e.g.,
and the sun
The earth
are feminine in Arabic language.
The double members of the body parts are usually feminine while single members are masculine. i.e., for
example, on the human body there are two eyes and therefore they are considered as feminine, while we have
one nose so this part of the body masculine. We have two hands therefore they are feminine but one face so it
is masculine.

This is a head .
Masculine

This is an eye . Feminine
This is a nose . Masculine

This is an ear . Feminine

.
This is a tongue Masculine
This is a foot . Feminine
This is a face . Masculine

This is a hand . Feminine

Lesson 6



The preposition /li/
In this part of Lesson No. 6 we will learn a new preposition and the principles for its use In-Sh-Allh (God
Willing):
This new preposition is means "for". When a preposition is followed by a noun, it changes the noun from the
nominative case to the genitive case. e.g., when precedes a noun then it becomes but there are
 certain words which do not change their cases with different causes and maintain their vowel endings. These
words are called Indeclinable words. When a preposition precedes an indeclinable word like meaning who, it
will become for whom and not .
When this precedes a definite noun like the alif in the beginning of the word is dropped and the word

becomes
On the other hand when this precedes a noun like the Alif in the beginning of the word is dropped and no
lam is added and the word simply becomes meaning belongs to Allah (God).
Please read the following sentences carefully taking good care of the vowel endings.

English Transliteration Arabic

This is for Muhammad Hadha li Muhammadin .
and that is for Hamid Wa dhalika li Hamidin .
Whose bag is this? Liman Hadhihil Haqueebatu?
This bag belongs to Yasir Hadhihil Haqueebatu li Yasirin
.

.
All praise belongs to Allah (God) Alhamdu lillah

Lesson 6


Revision -
In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
o The Demonstrative Pronoun for the Feminine Articles ""
o The Feminine Nouns without any of the symbols of feminine words.
o A new preposition " "meaning "For" or "Belongs To".

Vocabulary Revision


The Earth This (feminine)
The hand A pot
A car Fruit
The lady doctor
A girl

A head
The sun

A nose An eye

A tongue An ear
A face A foot
 Lesson 7


Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following:
o The noun which means "That" and is used for the feminine nouns. This noun is called a demonstrative
pronoun in English Grammar and in Arabic Grammar. Tilka is used to refer to objects that are further
away in the same way as Hdhih is used to refer to closer objects representing the feminine nouns. e.g.,

English: Transliteration: Arabic:

That is a lady teacher Tilka Mudarrisatun
.
That is a bag Tilka aqbatun .
o When a definite article "al" precedes a solar letter (the letters with which lam of the definite article "al" is
not pronounced), the letter lam of "al" is dropped and its assimilation is shown by a diacritical mark ' '
which is known as "Shaddah" e.g.,

Translation Transliteration Arabic

A doctor abbun
Indefinite Noun
The doctor A-abbu Definite Noun
A fish Samakun
Indefinite Noun
The fish As-samaku
Definite Noun

Lesson 7


That is -
In this part of Lesson No. 7 we will learn another pronoun ( which means that) Tilka is used for the
feminine nouns. Tilka follows the same principles as followed by Dhlika and is used to refer to objects that are
further away whereas hdhihi (this in feminine form) is used to refer to objects that are closer.
The demonstrative pronouns are called
in Arabic language and have two types:

o The pronouns which refer to the near objects like and meaning (this for masculine and feminine
respectively) are called
and

o The pronouns which refer to the distant objects like and meaning (that for masculine and feminine
respectively) are called
.

Answer Question:

Who is this?
This is Amina. .

and who is that?
That is Fatima.
.
This is a lady .
and she is from Indonesia
.
 That is a child .
and she is from India .
.
This is an elder
.

That is a little one (child)

What is that?
.
That is a dog

and what is that?

.
That is an egg

What is that?
.
That is a hen.

Is that a hen?
.
No, that is a duck

Lesson 7

Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
o The Demonstrative pronoun for That in the Feminine form
o The use of Shaddah and the dropping of the letter 'lam' of the definite article 'al' when used with solar
letters.

Vocabulary Revision

Demonstrative pronouns
That (feminine)
A lady A fish
An egg A female child
Small Elder
Heaven Indonesia
News A guest
A dress

Lesson 8-

Revision

This is a revision lesson in which we will review all the concepts we have learnt so far. We will have multiple
questions on the rules related to demonstrative pronouns , possessive expression
and

prepositions
In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the prepositions In-Sh'-Allh (God-
Willing).
I-
II Read the following example then change the following sentences in the same
manner:

:




1
This car belongs to the director
2
That watch is from Switzerland

3
That handkerchief is dirty

4
This doctor is from India

5
That boy is Khalid's son
6
This house belongs to the engineer

II- II Read the following example then change the following sentences in the same

manner:
:
) (

) (:

(
) 1

)
( 2

) ( 3

(
) 4

) ( 5

) ( 6
 III- II Translate the following sentences to Arabic as in example:
Ahmad went to England :

1
This watch is from Germany


2
This black board is behind the teacher
3
Khalid went to the hospital
4
This door is closed

5
This is a knife

6
This window is open

Lesson 8-

Vocabulary Revision
In this lesson we have revised all the rules we have studied so far and have learnt the following new words.

Switzerland

The spoon
The cow
Daughter of the farmer

The farmer
Germany
Closed
Open

A knife


Lesson 9 -

Adjective Clause -
Introduction
In this lesson we will In-Sh-Allh learn the following things:
o in Arabic (called "The Adjective Clause" in English). The
The formation of a new expression called
Adjective Clause is an expression formed by two or more words to describe a pronoun.

Adjective Clause

A small boy
The new bag
o A new type of pronoun which shows reference or relation between the nouns. This pronoun is called a
Conjunctive pronoun or Relative pronoun in English and in Arabic. If the pronoun refers to a
human being it is to be translated "who" and if it refers to non-human beings or an object it is translated as
which (or that).

Relative pronoun

Who (for human beings)

Which / That (for non-human beings / objects)

Lesson 9 -

Adjective Clause -
Continued
in Arabic and "The Adjective
In this lesson we will learn the formation of a new clause called
Clause" in English, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In Arabic the adjective (a word describing the noun e.g. red book, large house etc) is either called "Nat" or
"A-iffah" ,
and the noun it qualifies is called "Mant or "Al-mawf" and the clause thus
or
formed is called either . We will also learn the rules for the formation of the

Adjective Clause.
Following are the rules pertained for the formation of the adjective clause:
o In the English language, when we want to describe a noun we say for example, "Good boy" or "Lazy student"
etc. - i.e., the adjective (description) comes before the noun. However in Arabic the word being used for the
description (adjective) comes after the noun, e.g. or
if translated linguistically means "Boy
good" or "student lazy" but literally it means "Good boy" or "Lazy student".

Translation Transliteration

A dirty handkerchief Mindlun Wasikhun
An intelligent student libatun Dhakiyyatun

o The adjectives that express feelings normally end with (-an) and bear no Tanwn on their ending letters e.g.:
English Arabic
Thirsty
Hungry
Full
Angry
Happy
o The adjective always follows the noun which it is describing in gender. The adjective of a masculine noun is
masculine and that of a feminine noun is feminine .e.g.: we say meaning A young boy and


meaning A young girl.
Translation Transliteration Arabic
A famous engineer Muhandisun Shahrun
A tasty apple Tuffatun Ladhdhatun
o Both the adjective and the noun are either definite or indefinite. Therefore if the noun is definite, then the
adjective which is describing the noun will also be definite e.g. meaning "The old table" and when
the noun is indefinite the adjective will also be indefinite e.g. meaning "A new book".
Translation Transliteration Arabic
The big city Almadnatu Alkabratu

A poor man Raulun Faqrun
o The adjective also has the same case as the noun i.e., if the noun is in the nominative case, the adjective will
also be in the nominative case e.g.,
meaning "The difficult lesson", if the noun is in the accusative
case then the adjective will also be in the accusative case and if the noun is in the genitive case then the adjective

will also be in the genitive case e.g. Ahmad went to an ill friend.
Translation Case Arabic
This is a new teacher Nominative .
The pen is in the small bag Genitive .

The old book is at home Nominative .
The water is in a broken glass Genitive .

English Arabic
America is a big country .
This is the new fan .
Ahmad entered into a vast building .
.
A sparrow is a beautiful bird
This is a crowded road .

.
The clean room

Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
who -
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it e.g., if we say:
English Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed
This is the door which is in front of the mosque

This is the cat that has sat

In the above sentences, the nouns Muhammad, door and cat are called antecedents and the words who, which
and that refer to them respectively. In Arabic however all these three words (who, which and that) are
represented by a single word
Translation Transliteration

Allah who has created humans Allh al-ladh khalaqa al insn .

 The student who is in a school A-libu al-ladh fi madrasatin
.

English Arabic
The beautiful pen which is on a desk belongs to the teacher .
The bed that is in Khalid's room is broken .
The student who is sitting is from Indonesia .

The house which is in front of the mosque belongs to the
Muadhin (person who gives the Adhaan - call for prayer).
.

The road that is near the school is crowded
.

Lesson 9 -

Adjective Clause -
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
o
The Adjective Clause
o which shows a relation or a reference between the nouns.
Use of Relative Pronoun

Vocabulary Revision

The described noun
The adjective

Described noun
Adjective

Thirsty
Lazy
Full Hungry
Happy Angry

The fan Famous

Bird Sparrow

Crowded Road
Passed That, who, which
Created Sat

Thing The humans
Tall
Useful