( -)

10.02.04

:
,
, ..

2016
 2

................................................................................................... 49

.................................................................................... 10152

1.
....................................................................................... 1073

1.1. .................................................. 1025

1.2. ........................................ 2539

1.3. - .................................... 4044

1.4.
- .......................................................... 4451

1.5. .................................. 5163

1.6. ............. 6370

1 ....................................................................................... 7173

2.
- ........... 74

2.1. ........................................................... 7476

2.2. ........................................................................... 7677

2.3. ............................................................................... 7778

2.4. .............................................................................. 7879

2.5. ............................................................... 8081

2.6.
.................................................................... 8182
 3

3.
- ... 83152

3.1. ......... 8384

3.1.1.
............................................ 84114

3.1.2.
............................................ 115132

3.1.3.
................................................... 133149

3 ..................................................................................... 150152

.......................................................................................... 153154

.......................................................................... 155171

- ()
......................................................... 172172

.......................................................................................... 173175
 4

,
.
,

.

,
. ,
,
,
.
-
,
.
, ,
.

(.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
. ), (.. , .. , .. ,
.. , . , . , . -, . ,
. ), (.. , .. , . ,
.. , . , . . , . ),
(.. , .. , . . ,
. -, . . ).
 5

.
,
(.,
, .., 2002; .., 2009; .., 2010;
.., 2005; Amenta S., Balconi M., 2008; Anolli L., Ciceri R.,
Infantino M.G., 2002; Attardo S., 2003; Bryant G.A., 2010, 2011, 2012; Bryant
G.A., Fox Tree J.E., 2005; Cheang H.S., Pell M.D., 2008; Kreuz R.J., Roberts
R.M., 1995; Nakassis C., Snedeker J., 2002; Scharrer L., Christmann U., Knoll M.,
2011; Woodland J., Voyer D., 2011).

.


,
-
.
,

.

. ,

. -
,
:
.
.

.
 6

,
.

.
:

;
-
;
- ,
;
;
(-
, ) .
.
,

, , ,
, -

.
-
-,
.
4 .
,

, -
.

 7

.
,

- , .

.
,

, , ,

.
:
1.
-
.
2.
,
.
.
3. -
,
.
4.
.
5.
: , ,
, , .
.
-
2013 2014 ,
 8

, 90- .. (27-28
2014).
11 , 3 , .
. , ,
, .
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
;
; ,
, ;
; .

, ,
.

.

.
, .

- .


.
 9

,
.
-
, , .
1 ,
-, -
.
 10

1.

1.1.

,
,
. ,
,
: , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
(Amenta S.,
Balconi M., 2008: 8).
.
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
, . -
 11

, ,
,
( .., 2006: 141).
.

, . ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
,
, (
),
( .., 2006: 141).
,
.
, , ,
.
,

.
,
,
 12

, , ,
, ,
(Mariscal Chicano J.M., 1993: 188).
(yronye)
1502 ,
(ironick).
,
. , 1755
: [Irony is] mode of speech in which the meaning is clearly contrary to
the words (Winokur J., 2007: XIII).

, . , . . ,
.
1841 ,
.
(The Concept of Irony),
.
,
.
,
, - ,
.
, , , , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
,

.
 13

, ,
,
, .. , , ,
, . ,

,
, .
:
, .


. ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
. ..
, ,
( .., 2002). ,

, , .
,
,
. , ,
, , , ..

. ,
, ,
:
 14

, ;
, ;
;
;
;
..
,
:
, , , , (..
);
, , , (. , ..
).

, . ,
.
, ,
, ,
(Hornby A.S., 2005: 822), .. ,
; , ,
,
( ). , ,
, ( ).
, ,
, (Winokur J.,
2007: 14). ,
.
,
. ,
- - ,
 15

( .., .., 1998: 42).

.
.. ,
( ..,
2012: 168).

,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
(
) (, 1989: 305-306).
,
, irony is subtle, sarcasm is blunt (Winokur J., 2007: 7).
. , ,
,
, , , ,
;
, ,
(Partridge E., 1995).
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , ,

, , .

 16

, (.. , .. ,
.. , .. ). ,
, .
.

.
.

.


.
, , ,
, ,
. This is an irony of
situation, or an irony of existence; it is as though human life and its understanding
of the world is undercut by some other meaning or design beyond our powers...
(Colebrook C., 2004). , .. ,
, ,
, ( .., 1999). ,

.
. ,
,
, , ,
(Winokur J., 2007: XV).
, ,
-
,
,
 17

,
(
, 2012).
,
; ,
,
, (
, 1985: 505).

: !; ,
!
.
.

, ,
( : , 1979: 98).
..

: ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
( .., 2013: 10).
,
,
( ), ( )
( , 1987).
, ,
(.. , .. ).
 18

, .
.. , [] .

(, )
( .., 2000: 7).
, ,
,
,
( 4- , 1981-1984: 675).
,
( :
, , ) (..
, .. , .. , .. , ..
).
, ,
.
,
.

. ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,

.
,
. ,
, . ,
, , .
 19

, , ,
, .
. ,
, . ,

,
.
,
. , , ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,

,
.
, , - ,

.

(, ,
, ),
. ,
, (
) , ;
, .
, ,
, , ( .., 1991: 36-37).
,
 20

, .
, ,
,
( , ,
..) ( ., 1986: 378).
, ,
, . ,

.
, ,
( ., 1986: 378).


, , ,
. ,
,
,
( .., 1996: 221). ,
,

.
, ,
, , .
, ,
, ()
. (

) ,

().
 21

,
. , ,
,
.
,
. .
:
Our friends are always there when they need us (Martin R., 1992: 81).
.
,

( , 83).
, Heui-Joo Jeoung,
(truth-telling irony) (Jeoung H.J., 2006).

.
, :
.. ;
. -;
. . ;
. . ;
..
.. (1975) ,
, Maxims of
Conversation. ,
(Maxim of Quality),
, , ,
(Grice P., 1975).
, ,

 22

, , . ,
, ,
(Curc C., 1995).

.
, . -
(pragmatic insincerity),
,
, (Kumon-Nakamura S., Glucksberg S.,
Brown M., 1995).
, (Pretense Theory) .
. ,
,
; , , ,
(), ,
,
(Clark H.H., Gerrig R.J., 1984: 121).
, ,
(Relevance Theory), . .
(1986/1995), ,
( , )
,
. ,
,
,
. -
(relevance-theoretic)
, ,
, ,
, ,
 23

, ,
(Sperber D., Wilson D., 1996: 239).
-
(
. . ) (
. . ).
, ,

,
(Wilson D., Sperber D., 2012: 128-129).
, -
,

,
. . ,
,
. ,

,
: Irony is particularly notable for its ability
to forcefully highlight the discrepancy between some reality and what some people
expected or desired (Gibbs R.W., Jr., 2012: 104).
, . .
, ,
,
, ,
(Escandell-Vidal V., Leonetti M., 2014).
,
.
 24

(Tinge Hypothesis),
-
,
.
,
(echoic theories of irony),
(Sperber D., Wilson D., 1996; Kreuz R.J., Glucksberg S., 1989).
,

.
(,
, , : How I
love winning!).
,

. ,
,

, .

,
,
.


. . , ,
,
. , , ,

 25

,
(Keenan T.R., Quigley K., 1999).
, ,
, , ,
, , .
, , (
) (
).
(
, ).
,
, , , .,
,
.

, - ,
, , ,

().

1.2.

,
.
, , ,
, :
, , ,
 26

..
.
,
, ,
( ), .
, ( . contextus ,
, )
(),
, ..
( , 1985: 621).
,

, , .
,
,
( .., 1947: 74).
-
.

.
.. , : ,
? ,
,
, ,
( ).
,

. , ,
,
: ,
 27

,
( ).
,
, ,
, , :
.
..
,
( .., 2009).
..
( .., 2008). ,
, ,
:

, .

. ,


.
,
,
, ,
1.3.

. ,
, , ,
,
. ,
:
 28

,
, - .
. .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
(Auer P., 1992: 4).
. ,
,
, ,

.
:
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
:

(Gumperz J.J., 1992: 43). ,
,
():
,
, ,
; ,
( , . 43-44).
, ,
,
 29

. , ,
:
,
( , . 51).
, ,
. , ,
, , . ,
,
,

, (Blommaert J., 2005).
, :
- -
. ,
, ,
. , .
, ,
. , . . : it does
not seem possible at the present time to give a single, precise, technical definition
of context, and eventually we might have to accept that such a definition may not
be possible. At the moment the term means quite different things within alternative
research paradigms, and indeed even within particular traditions seems to be
defined more by situated practice, be use of the concept to work with particular
analytical problems, than by formal definition (Goodwin Ch., Duranti A.,
1992 : 2).

, ,
.

. , . ,
 30

[]: , ,
, ,
[]
( .., 1999: 92).
.. ,
,
,
,
( .., 2000: 61). ,
,
.
,

( , 65).

.. , ,
,

( .., 2004: 21).

.
,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
uptake (). , . ,
,
 31

- ,
(Gumperz J.J., 2003: 113).

,
, , .. (1982, 1986); .. (1973)
. (1986, 1989),
( ) ,
, .
:
, , , ..
,
,
. .. responsive
understanding ( ): , ..
,
, , .., ,
(Bakhtin M.M., 1986: 125).
,
, ,
, ,
, .. ( )
.
,
, ,
:
,
.
, .. ,
.
,
 32

(sentence meaning)
(speaker meaning) ( .. ), .. ,
, , , .

. , ,
(Rahtu T., 2006: 48). ,
, ,
,
, ( ).
,
.
.
,
.
,
.

.
,


. ,
,

( .., 2009).
,
(, ), ,
( , .. ( ..,
1979). ,
 33

.
,
,
.
,
,

, .
. ,
(Rahtu T., 2006: 48),
, , ,
.
,
.. , ,

. ,
,
( .., 2008).
, .. ,
, -,
, -,
.

.
() .
,
() ,
,
( .., 2008).
 34

,
.
.
,
- ( .., 2008).
,
,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
( ). ,
,
, .. ,
,
.
, ,
, ,

(Katz A.N., Lee C.J., 1993).
,
.

:
,
;
,
;
 35

,

;
,

.

.
, (Gibbs R.W., Jr., 1994; Gibbs R.W., Jr.,
OBrien J.E., Doolittle S., 1995) , ,

. , ,
, Standard
Pragmatic Model (Grice P., 1975; Searle J.R., 1985; Temple J.G., Honeck R.P.,
1999),
.
, , Standard Pragmatic
Model, ,
, ,

.
, , direct access,
,

, ..
. ,
,
. , , ,
, , ,
,
 36

,
(Gibbs R.W., Jr., OBrien J.E., Doolittle S., 1995).
,
(modular view),
, ,
,
(nonlexical) . ,

, ,
(Fodor J.A., 1983).
.
, ,
, .
(
) .
, ,
,
,
.

,

(Giora R., Fein O., Schwartz T.,
1998; Schwoebel J., Dews S., Winner E., Srinivas K., 1999). ,

,
.
, ,
,
. ,
 37

graded salience hypothesis (. , . )

,
,
. ,
,
(salience) . , (
) ,
, . ,
,
( )
. ,
:
, , .
bank. ,
bank (.. financial institution river edge)
() , ,
, ,
-
, bank (=financial institution)
, (.. / salient).
, , bank river
edge (Giora R., Fein O., 1999).
,
, ,
(.. ) (salient) . , ,
I needed money, so I went to the bank money
financial institution
bank. Standing on the riverbank she noticed some fish river
river edge bank.
, river riverbank
 38

bank riverside, ,

bank financial institution, ,
,
. , , graded
salience hypothesis ,

- .
, graded salience hypothesis
.
, (),
. ,
, ,
, ( ),
.
,

,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
(Giora R., Fein O.,
1999).
, ,

,
 39

, ,
, .
1.2 ,
: ,
, ..

, .

,
, ,
, , -
.
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
, , , -
,
.
- .
 40

1.3. -

,
, ,
,
, , ,
- .
,
,
(.. , .. , .. , .. .).
,
,
. ,
.. ,
(-, , )
, ( . )
( . ) ( .., 2004).
, ..
. ,
-
( .., 2006).
,
,
, -
.
,
(), () ( .., 1998: 214-221)
.
 41

, ,
,
,
.
,
,
, .

,

. ,
, ,
,
.
, . ,
,

.
,
.
,
, , ,
, .. (Fox K., 2004).
, .. ( ..,
2013)
():
;
;
;
;
 42

;
..
,
, ,
:
;
;
;
( .., 2013).
, , ,
,
. , , , ,

. ,
, ,

. ,
, , (Fox K., 2004).
, ,


. , . . , ,
The 100 Words that Make the English, ,
default
conversational mode ( ).
. , , , ,

(Thorne T., 2011). , ,
,
.
 43

,
:
,
, . ,
- ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
. , ,

.
, , , , ,
, ,

.
. , ,
, .
, ,
. , . ,
, (Fox K., 2004: 65). ,
,
 44

. .
, . , .
, (Fox K., 2004: 65).
, . , , , ,
,
, : Its like a kettle to us [the
British]: its always on, whistling styly in the corner of our daily interactions
( 1).
,
, .
, . :
, , ; ,
(Fox K., 2004: 65).
, 1.3
. ,
,

.

1.4.
-

,
, , , .
, , ,
, , .
, ,
.
 45

, M. Selting E. Couper-Kuhlen,

, , ,
, (Couper-
Kuhlen E., Selting M., 1996).

. ,
, .
,
, . ,

. ,
,
: , ,
, .

.
, .
, .. ( .., 2011: 136) ,

:
, ,
. , - ,
,
, , (Crystal D., 2008: 393).
(Roach P., 2009)
, .
, , ,

 46

, .. (Crystal D., 2008:

252).
, . ,
(Roach
P., 2009: 15). .
,
(Ladefoged P., 2003).
,

, , ,
.
, .. ,
,

: , , ,
( .., 2011: 137).
, ,
(
) ,
, .
,
( ,
138). , ,
, :

: , ,
, , .


, ,
 47

(Vassilyev V.A., 1970: 290).
, , ,
(pitch),
(loudness) (tempo). ,

( .., 2005).
,
;
, ,
.
,
.

. ,
, (Rise)
(Fall) .
(High Fall),
(Low Fall), - (Fall-Rise),
(High Rise), (Mid-Level Rise),
(Low Rise). ,
( .., 2005).
,
,
:
;
;
;
- ();
;
 48

-;
.
,
-
(attitudinal) . ,
.

. , , ,
( ),

( .., 2005).
,
,
.
, .. ,
, ,
,

( .., 1996).
,

- , ,
..
.. , ,
, ,
( .., 1990). ,
, .

.. . ,
( .., 1964).
 49

- , .. ,
,
.
, :
() ()
,
( .., 1964).
,
(Wells J.C., 2007).
,
. ,
-
. ,
,
, .
,
,
( .., 2011: 148).
, .. ,

, ( , 149). ,
, , ;
, .
, ,
, .
- ,
,
.
,
,
 50

,
.
,
.

, ,
.. ( .., 2011: 150), :
;
,

;

.
, ,

,
,
. ,

.
, ,
- ( attitudinal meanings)
,
. . ,

- .


(Roach P., 2009: 227).
 51

, ,
,
.


, ,
1.5.

1.5.

, , ,
,
.
, , ,
,
,

(Harada T., Itakura S., Xu F., Lee K., Nakashita S., Saito D.N., Sadato N., 2009).

,

(Winner E., Brownell H., Happ F., Blum A., Pincus D.,
1998).

,
, , . ,
 52

, ,
, ,
, .

,
, ,
,
..

, , ,
,
. .. :
,
.
,
-
( .., 1997: 10).
,
,

(, ,
) (Kreuz
R.J., Glucksberg S., 1989; Gibbs R.W., Jr., 1994; Kumon-Nakamura S.,
Glucksberg S., Brown M., 1995; Utsumi A., 2000).
. . ,
,
-
(discourse context)
(target statement) (Ivanko S.L., Pexman P.M., 2003).
 53

,
,
. ,


, . ,
, ,

. , . (2005)
. (1990) ,

(Bryant G.A., 2002;
Capelli C.A., Nakagawa N., Madden C.M., 1990).
. . ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
. ,

?,
? (Nakassis C., Snedeker J., 2002).
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
 54

- , ,

. ,

,
(Bryant G.A., Fox Tree J.E., 2002, 2005).
(. 1.2)
. , ,
,

. , ,
, , ,
,
(Couper-Kuhlen E., Selting M., 1996: 13).
, , ,
( ). , P. Auer
,
(Auer P., 1992).
,
,
.
, Lisa Scharrer,
(Scharrer L., Christmann U., Knoll M., 2011).
, -
(,
, )
(, , -
), (,
)
(, )
 55

(Muoa Barredo I., 1997), - (discourse markers)

(Schiffrin D., 1988).
( )
, ..
(Gibbs R.W., Jr., 2000; Bryant G.A., 2010;
Scharrer L., Christmann U., Knoll M., 2011).
, .
,
. , .. ( ..,
1993) ,
. ..
( .., 1977), , ,
, . ,
(,
,
), ,
.
,
. , ,

.
,

.
. ,
, ,
(Woodland J., Voyer D.,
2011).
 56

.. .
.. ( .., 2002)

. ,
:
) ,
;
)
-;
)
;
)
.
,
, ,
.

,
(Bryant G.A., 2010; Scharrer L., Christmann U.,
Knoll M., 2011).
, ,
(,
(pitch peaks), (pitch range),
(average pitch), (e.g., intensity
range, average intensity) (e.g., average, main syllable duration, ).
,

.
 57

-
, ,

.. ( .., 1969).
,
: , ,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, ,

,
(D. Brazil, D. Crystal, .. ).
. ,
How Important is Intonation?, :
?
. ,
. ,
RP ( ) ( .., 2005: 76).
.
. ,
,

(Bryant G.A., 2010). , . ,

(.. , )
( ).
 58

, - ..
,
( .., 1969).
, ..
: , ,
, ,
( .., 2002).
,
,
, .
.. ,
, ,
:
. , ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,

( .., 2009).
..
,
-
- ,
( .., 2010).
, ,
,
,
 59

(Bryant G.A., 2010).

(Cutler A., 1976),
,
, (Nakassis C., Snedeker J., 2002).
,
, ,
(nasal, stressed intonation) ( ) ,
.
,
.
. , ,
, , : Great way to
start the day, , - ,
: I really appreciated waiting for you on the street corner
for an hour.
,
,
(positive tone of voice) (Winner E., 1997).
,
.

(, ).
, ,

, .
, (),
, , ,
, , ,
 60

(speech rate). . ,
,
: Slowing down speech gives the listener more time to process the
relatively higher proportional load often contained in verbal irony, compared to
literal interpretations of the same utterances (Bryant G.A., 2010: 556).
, ,

( )
, ,
,
(Bryant G.A., 2011; Scharrer L., Christmann U., Knoll M., 2011).
,
. ,

,
, ,
,
.
, , ,

. , ,

,

.

, ,

.
 61

, .

-
(form-function approach)
,
,
, ,
()
(Bryant G.A., 2011: 294).
-
, ,
,
. H.S. Cheang M.D. Pell
,
(by harmonics-to-
noise ratio), ,
. ,
, , ,
(Cheang H.S., Pell M.D., 2008).
, ,
-,

- .

, (.. )
,

(Morton E.S., 1977).
. ,

 62

, ,

(Anolli L., Ciceri R.,
Infantino M.G., 2002).
, , ,
,
,
,
.
:
;
;
().
, ,
, ,
(Attardo S., 2003).

, ,
(Bryant G.A., 2011; Smoski M.J., Bachorowski J.A., 2003), ,
, :
1) () ( ) ;
2) .

(Williams J.A., Burns E.L., Harmon E.A., 2009). , .
,
( ).
. :
, , ,
, , ..
(Stanel T., 2006).
 63

, ,
,
.
,
,

.
,
.

1.6.

,
,
, . :
,
,
, (Molini G., 1992: 180).

, .
, ,

, ,
,
.
-
, ,
. ,
 64

:
, ( .., 2015).
,
, , ,
, . , -
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
(
.., 2015: 284).
,
.
.. ,
,
,
:
, , , , ,
, , , ,
.. ( .., 2000: 4, 16-17).

.
, . ,
, (tenor of
discourse) ,
(Halliday M.A.K., 1978).
.. ,
,
( .., 1987: 60).
 65

,


, , (
) ( )
( .., .., 2011: 104).
.. ,
,
: ,
, ,
( .., 2009: 304).
, , ,
, -
,

( ). ,
, ,

, .
, ,
, , .
,
(Gregory M., Carroll S., 1980).

,

. ,
,
, ,
..
 66

,
,
,
.
,
,
XIX XX
, .. : ,
, , , ( ..,
2000).

.. , ,
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
..
:
( .., 1989: 140).
,
,
,
( .., 2009: 305).
.. , ,
.
: 1) /
, 2) / , 3)
/ , 4) /
, 5) / , 6) /
.
 67

, ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
.

, ,
,
.
,
, .
.
, ,
.
,
, , .
,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
, .
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
, -
, ,
 68

( .., 2015: 284). ,

.
, .
,
-
, ,
. .. ,
, ,
(
.., 2015: 285).
.
, ,
,
. , ,
, , :
,
. , ,
,
.
, .. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
( .., 2009). ,


( ).
 69

, ..
,

( .., 2009).
, ,

, :

;
;
,
,
( .., 2015).
,
- , ,
. ,

,
(small talk),
, , , -
,
. , -
: , ,
.. ,

(, ,
..) , :
;
- ;
;
 70

..
,

.
,
,
. ,

, ,
.

,
,
,
. ,
, ,
.


.
 71

-, ,
,
,
.
:
1. ,
.
, , , , ,
,
, .

.
: ,
, , ,
.
2.
: ,
, -
. ,
.
.
3. :
.. , . . ,
. -,
. . , .
4.
,
 72

, ,
.
5. .
, -,
, -,
.

.
() .
,
() ,
, .
6. ,
,
, : Standard Pragmatic Model,
Direct Access Theory, Modular Theory Graded Salience Hypothesis.
7.

,
: ,
, , ,
..
8.

.
9.
.
. -
,
, .
 73

10.
,
(-, , , ),
.
.
11.
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
: ,
. , ,
, .
12. ,
,
,
, -
, ,
. .

- ,
, .
13.
,
.

.
 74

2.
-

:
2.1. ;
2.2. ;
2.3. ;
2.4. ;
2.5. ;
2.6.
.

2.1.

.
.
- :
: Teachers (2001 2004), State of Play (2003), Absolute
Power (2003 2005);
-: Graham Norton Show (2007 ), Chelsea
Lately (2007 2014), Chatty Man (2009 ).
 75

( ),
, ,
, (!),
. 4 .
48.

, (5
26 38 3 22 57 ).
-
( 1), ,

.
, :

;
;
, ,
;

;
..
35 ,
( 120 ).
.
, 15 80 .
,

, ,
,
 76

,
.

.
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
.

2.2.

,
(), () .
,
,
, ,
.

:
( , ,
, , ..);
 77

(
, ,
..);
(, ..);
(
, , ..);
( ,
..) ..

2.3.

.
,
,
.
,
, :
( /; /);
( : (, ..),
(: , ..; );
(/; / ..);
, ..) ();
( ).
 78

Windows Media ( 12).
:
,
;
- DVD-,
;
-/ ;
.


,
.
,
, ,
, .. ,
( 4 )
, ,
, ,
4 .

2.4.

.
3 ,
.
 79

:
1. ;
2. ,
.

:
: , , ;
: , , ;
: (, , ),
(, , ), , -
;
: , , ;
: , , ;
: , , ,
, .

,
.
, , (
),
. ,
, ,
( ..,
2012).

120 .
,
,
.
 80

2.5.

() .
, ,
MP4 MP3 -
online-convert.com ( 2). ,

.

Speech Analyzer (v.3.0.1) ( 3),
,
;
,

();

();
().

( )

( ).
:
. .
=
-
 81

( ).

.
, ,
( /50 ),
:
( . .) 50
V . = ,

. .
( ),
( ), .

.

2.6.

,

,
, :
1
/

( )
06
7 12
13 19
20 29
 82

2
/

( )
125
125 180
185 230
> 235

( )
< 200
200 400
401 600
601 1000
> 1000

4
// /

/ ( / 50 )
0,1 2
2,1 3,5
3,6 5
> 5,1
 83

3.
-

,

- , ,

, .

3.1.

, ,

.
, ,

, ;
, ,
,
-
;
, .
,
( ).
(95%) ,
.
(65%)
. ,
 84

50%
; 30%
,
,
; 20%
. 70%
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

.

3.1.1.

,
, .
, ,
,
, .
,
.
, , ,

 85

,
,
, .
,
.

1.1

Louis: /Dad! ||
Stephen ( S1): /Louis. |||
Stephen ( S2): Wheres your /mum?
Louis: oShe wouldnt \come. (Sliding Head)
Stephen ( S3): Well, youve not ocome on your /own?
Louis: I oheard a >message | osaying which \train you were getting.
Stephen ( S4): She odoesnt even oknow youre \here?
Louis: \No.
Stephen ( S5): \Great. (!)
(Stephen Collins)
. .

.

, . ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
 86

,
, ,
.
, .
:
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
,
, : .
,
,
,
, . 1.

. 1. Great

\Great. ||
 87

, ,
, ,
. ,

. great, ,
-
. , great
,
() ,
, ( .., 2005: 172).
, great,
, .
,
,
, , , ,
(OConnor J.D., 1973: 106).
, ,

,
, ,

,
.
(. 1),
,
(great) -0,55/50 ,
.
(1,43 ). 130 .
,
(, , ) , 5,
 88

(22,5 17,41 1,43 ),
(101,5 102,7 130 )
.
5. ( 1.1)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

2,66 2,51 22,5 17,41 1,43
()

148 80 101,5 102,7 130

()

. , .
, ,
,
,
, .
,


.
,
-
.

1.2
Anne ( A1): Am I avoiding the opapers a\gain toomorrow?|||||
Anne ( A2): You dont think you |shouldve at oleast \warned the
okids?

Stephen: I didnt want them to ogo to bed odwelling on \all that.

Anne ( A3): \Oh,|| thats movingly \caring, Stephen. (!)
 89

, .

,
.
;
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
, -
,


.

,
,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
( .., 2011).
.
, ,
,
, , ,
 90

, .
, Low Pre-
Head + Sliding Head + Low Fall + Tail,
,
, (OConnor J.D., 1973:
106).

. 2. Oh, thats movingly caring, Stephen

Oh, || thats movingly \caring, Stephen.||

\

. 2 ,
,
-2,91/50 ,
. 399 .
,
,
,

 91

. (325 )
.
14,55 ,
. ,
226 .
(caring) -1,90/50 , .

6. ( 1.2)
A1 A2 A3

9,84 8,5 23,23
()

119 147 282
()

, 6,
: (119
147 282 ), (9,84
8,5 23,23 ).
,

: , -,
;
.
,
-
,

, ,
(
, 2012).
 92

,

not.

1.3

Dan Foster: Sheena /Gough?|

Sheena Gough ( SG1): oWho are \you?
Sheena Gough ( SG 2): Im onot otalking about /Sonia or Stephen
\Collins.

Dan Foster: Im not ointerested in the a\ffair.

Sheena Gough ( SG 3): Yeah, of \course youre onot. (!)

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,

not.
, Suppression Hypothesis,
-

(Kaup B., Zwaan R.A., 2003; MacDonald M.C., Just M.A., 1989).
 93

. ,
, ,
- (Giora R., Fein O., Ganzi J., Levi
N.A., Sabah H., 2005: 83).
. ,

, , ,
. ,
, (Colston H.L., OBrien J., 2000;
Gerrig R.J., Goldvarg Y., 2000; Ivanko S.L., Pexman P.M., 2003; Utsumi A.,
2000).
, , , ,
(Colston H.L., OBrien
J., 2000; Ivanko S.L., Pexman P.M., 2003).
, .
,
, :
)
() ,

: Yeah, of course youre absolutely
uninterested ( );
) ,
,
,

, : Yeah, of
course youre not (a bit) (interested) ( );
) Yeah,
of course you are (interested) ( )
 94

, , , .
,
, , ,
: , ,
,
.
, ,
,
,

.
,
-
, . 3.

. 3. Yeah, of course youre not

Yeah, of \course youre onot.||

 95

,
. (course)
-1,12/50 , .
,
(118,8 ).
(5,6 ). ,
.
,
().

course, .
,
.
(D. Ladd, A. Cruttenden)
: (broad) (narrow),
,
.
, ,
.

, ,
,
(Cruttenden A., 1986: 80-82).
, ,
, , ,

,
,
,
.
 96

7. ( 1.3)
SG1 SG2 SG3

2,48 26 5,6
()

97,6 193 118,8
()

, , 7,
(2,48 26 5,6 ),
(97,6 193
118,8 ), , .
.
, ,

.

1.4

(KNOCKS ON DOOR)
Cameron Foster: Come \on. oCal oMcCaffrey, | Yvonne \Shaps, olegal
e\xecutive.| As from ~now,| Yvonne will be |making all my \headline decisions
ofor me.||
Yvonne Shaps: \Nowhere onear otrue.||| \Im here to a\void us printing
ma\terial that invites more |writs than \readers.|| Ive with\drawn the aoppeal
against the in\junction.||
Cal McCaffrey ( MC): Oh, great ofirst ~move. (!) (High Pre-Head
+ Sliding Head + Rise-Fall-Rise)

Yvonne Shaps. ,
 97

. ,
.
Yvonne Shaps
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
(- ,
;
. (Winokur J., 2007: 89); )
.
(. 4),
High Pre-Head + Sliding
Head + Rise-Fall-Rise.
, , ,
.

. 4. Oh, great first move

Oh, great ofirst ~move.||

 98

,
, oh,
, (2,28 ),
great first move
(13,81 , ).
, oh
101 , ,
great first move
, 440 ( ).

move .

,
.
great,
: -,
,

; -,

; -,
.
, ,
- ,
; , .
,
,

. Yeah, right, Yeah,
sure, Like I do, Not + Adjective / Noun + at all .. ,
 99

,
,
.
,
,
.

1.5

Adam: Camerons looking for me.

Secretary ( SEC 1): His doors locked, so its the Famous Five
knock.
Cameron Foster: Adam... Thanks.
Secretary ( SEC 2): oLike Im \interes/ted.|| (!)

,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
, , -
.
.
, , ,
, ,
.
, .
 100

, ,
( , ),
( , ).
,
, . 5.

. 5. Like Im interested

Secretary: oLike Im \interes/ted.||

,
. .
(. 5),
High Pre-Nucleus + Fall-Rise. , ,
, .
,
, , ,
(Low Pre-Nucleus +) Fall-Rise (+ Tail).
, ,
, ( .., 2005: 188).
 101

7,1 ,
.
165 .
.

, .

,
(18,7 7,1 ), ,
(179 165 ).
8.

8. ( 1.5)

SEC1 SEC2

18,7 7,1
()

179 165
()

-.
.

1.6

Policeman: (CHEWY) Its confirmed. Foy is on the earlier plane.

Hes on the half nine.
Dan Foster: Did you try Cals mobile?
Della: Its off.
Della: Foys arriving an hour early.
Cal: Sorry.
Della ( D1): A\gain.| ( D2) oLike you \/mean it. (!)
 102

,
- . ,
Dominic Foy,
.

.
, ,
.

,
, .
, ,
, .
: , ,
: . ,
again ,
, ,
. , like,
/
,
.
, ,
(. 6):
Low Pre-Nucleus + Fall-Rise + Tail.
(12,66 ).
147,8 .
(OConnor J.D., 1973: 170).
 103

. 6. Again. Like you mean it

Della Smith: A\gain.| oLike you \/mean it.||

:
-,
(20,42 12,66 ); -,
(190,5 147,8 ).
(742 ).
9.

9. ( 1.6)

D1 D2

20,42 12,66
()

190,5 147,8
()

,
.
 104

1.7

Dan Foster: Bloody hell! Dominic Foy. Hows it going?

Dominic Foy: Do I know you?
Dan Foster: Yeah, were connected through work.
Dominic Foy: How come?
Dan Foster: Im a journalist.
Dominic Foy: Yeah.
Dan Foster: And youve been avoiding me.
Dominic Foy: Yeah.
Dan Foster: And now I know...
Cal McCaffrey: How was Spain?
Della: Can you get that tanned in 24 hours?
Dan Foster: Some people do. Naturally I mean. Depends on your UV
exposure. Me, I just go pink, then medical.
Dominic Foy: Listen, forget it, all right? I dont wanna talk here.
Della Smith ( DS): Like \we /do. (!)

,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
. ,

, , ,
.
:
,
,
 105

,
:
.
.

. 7. Like we do

Della Smith: Like \we /do.||

,
. 7, -
.
(4,51 )
. ,
230,6 . , - ,
.
, , ,
, ,
-

, .
 106

, like,
E. Camp,
, Like we do, Like
Im interested, Like you mean it .. . ,
, , ,
,
,

Like As if.
Like-Prefixed Sarcasm. ,
, E. Camp, ,
. :
Like thats a good idea.
Like theyre ever going to find the real killer.
Like that relationship is going to last long.
,
,
: (als ob = as if), (si tu
crois = if you think) ( = it is possible to think).
, like


/ .
, / like
,
. , like,
,
,
.
 107

, ,
/ like,
,
, ,
, . ,
Your fine friend is here , ,
, ,
. ,
Like your fine friend is here ,
( like
).
, , like,
, .
, like, ,
/,
/,
(Camp E., 2012).
,
.

1.8

Stephen Collins: Dan Foster. What, as in Cameron Foster? Your dads the
editor? ( SC 1) So all this was laid on a plate to you, eh, Dan, working for
Daddy?
Dan Foster: Cal McCaffrey sent me on this cause Im good.
Stephen Collins ( SC 2): \Yeah,| ~sure.|| (!)
Dan Foster: My dad doesnt agree with that which is why it took me five
years to get a job there.
 108

,
.
(Stephen Collins)
(Dan Foster) .
.
,
,
, . ,
,
, , ,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
Yeah, sure, No
way. ,
. -
,
.
. 8 ,
, (222 ).
,
, , ,
, -
- .
-1,42/50 ,
.
5,69 . ,
 109

228,5 . , ,
, , .
.

. 8. Yeah, sure

Stephen Collins: \Yeah,| ~sure.||

, 10,

(23,8 5,69 ),
(155 228,5 ),
.

10. ( 1.8)

SC1 SC2

23,8 5,69
()

155 228,5
()
 110

, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
, yeah, sure
. , XXI
,
, 23%
yeah, right ( 4).
,

, .
big deal, my heart bleeds for you (

tell it to someone who cares) arent you special (
). , , ,
. , ,
( ).
,
, .
, Youre distancing yourself, youre making yourself superior
( ).


.
( -
,
)
, ,
 111

intonational misfit (Haiman J., 1998: 33). ,

, -
, , ,

, - ,
.
, ,
,

attitudinal meanings.

, , ,
, ,
. , ,

.
, ,
,
.
,

. , , ,

,
.
.
,


( 11).
 112

11. ,

S5 SG3 A3 MC
--


(1,43 ) (5,6 ) (14,55 ) (13,81 )
(-0,55/50 ) (-1,12/50 ) (-1,90/50 )
- (130 ) (118,8 ) (226 ) (387 )


.

-
(,
,


-

,
;

;
)


 113

,
,
,
.
, , , ,
.
.
,
-
,
,
( /
-- ).

,
. , ,
, , ,
.
,
, .

:
:
, -- -
, ;
: ,
;
: 46% (1,435,6 ),
36% (7,312,6 ), (18%)
(13,8114,55 );
 114

:
( 0,55/50 1,90/50 ),
(2,91/50 );
: , , , ,
, , ; , (
).

, .

,
. ,
,
yeah, of course, great, movingly caring,
, ,
.
oh, , ,
.

( ,
, , ..).
,
, ,
: .
 115

3.1.2.

,
,
, , .
, , ,

, -
, ()
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.

2.1

Stuart ( ST1): /Della oSmith?||

Della: Thats the /password.||

Stuart ( ST2): Stuart /Brown.|| ( ST3/1) Smith and
>Brown| ( ST3/2) sophisticated \ance/stry.||| (!)

(Della Smith) (Stuart Brown)

. , ,

 116

. ,

.
Smith Brown ,
,
,
Smith
. ,
,
.
, , . ,

. ,

. ,

, (Fox K., 2004: 68-70).
,
. 9, , , ,

(3,46 ) High Head + Mid-Level Tone,
Low Pre-Head + Falling Head + Fall-Rise,
(3,46 17,79 ). -

, ,
. ,
. ,
202 ,
144 .
 117

. 9. Smith and Brown sophisticated ancestry

Smith and >Brown| sophisticated \ance/stry.|||

12. ( 2.1)

ST1 ST2 ST3/1 ST3/2

5,3 3,67 3,46 17,79
()

144 159,6 202 144
()

, 12,
(5,3 3,67 3,46
17,79 ),
(202 144 ) .

, ,
, ,
.


,
 118

, .
,
.
,
.

2.2

Della: You pay| and Ill make us some \coffee.||

Helen ( H): That sounds oreally ~fair.||| (!)

, , ,
, . ,
, Della (Helen) , ,
, .
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,

, - .
(. 10) ,
, -
-
.
--
, ,
 119

-.
23 ,
. 253 .
63 82 ,

fair.
. 10. That sounds really fair

o
That sounds really ~fair.|||

, , ,

.
,
.

2.3

Cal McCaffrey: Youve cheered up.

Ann: Thats true.
Cal McCaffrey: I like compilations.
 120

Cal McCaffrey ( CM 1): \Anyway,| how \sad| is managing a

\record store| at your \age?|| ( CM 2) I >bet| six |years doing
geoopolitics came in /really \handy,| \didnt it?||| (!)

(Cal McCaffrey), ,
(Ann),
,
.
, , ,

. ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
, , ,

. ,
( 5),
.
,
. 11,
, Low Pre-Head
+ Mid-Level Tone, Mid Head + Rise-Fall,
.
 121

. 11. Anyway, how sad is managing a record store

at your age? I bet six years doing geopolitics came in really handy, didnt it?

Cal McCaffrey: I >bet| six |years doing geo\politics| came in \really handy,| \didnt it?|||

, ,
(. 11), ,
, (11,81 19,08 ).
, ,
, -,
, ,
.
, .
164 179
,
114 . (didnt)
-4,81/50 , .
(289 ) .
really, ,
, , ,
, .
 122

, 13, ,

(19,08 16,77 )
(302 164 ).

.
.

13. ( 2.3)

CM1 CM2

19,08 16,77
()

302 164
()

,
, -
, .
,
-,
.
-,
.

2.4

Alan Carr: Now... Youre filming X-Factor, American X-Factor, at the

moment. So youre meant to be mentoring, what the hell are you doing over here?
Youre gonna get into trouble...
Nicole Scherzinger ( NS1): I know. >Well,| Im mainly here for
~you...|
 123

Alan Carr: Yeah, of course.

Nicole Scherzinger: ... ( NS2) and then,| ( NS3) you know,|
( NS4) per|forming on >X-Factor.
A. Carr
N. Scherzinger, 2011
- X-Factor
.
, ,
- .

, .
,

.
.

. 12.
Well, Im mainly here for you. And then, you know, performing on X-Factor

Nicole Scherzinger: >Well,| Im mainly here for ~you...| And >then,| you know,|
per|forming on >X-Factor.|||
 124

(. 12),

-- .
25,8 ,
. 254 .

( ,
, -
, ,
)
.
,
, ,
,
.
(3,5 ),
(25,8 3,5 ).
, ,
(254 132 ).
14.

14. ( 2.4)

NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4

25,8 3,6 4,7 3,5
()

254 146,5 91,5 132
()

:
and then,
you know..., ,
 125

, , ,
,
. ,
you know,
,
performing on X-Factor ,
, , ,
, .
, , ,

(
X-Factor).
.
, ,
.

:
,
.
, ,



.
- Chelsea
Lately, ,
T.I.
 126

2.5

Chelsea: Did you have a good time? I mean what happened?

T.I.: ( T.I.1) Phe\nomenal!| ( T.I.2) Phe>nomenal.|
( T.I.3) Out\standing.| ( T.I.4) Cant wait to go \back.|||

27 2009
,
, .
,
.
.
,
. ,
, , -
. -
.
.
, . 13,
,
, ,

.
12,27 ,
. 155 .
.
 127

. 13.
Phenomenal! Phenomenal. Cant wait to go back

T.I.: Phe nomenal.| Phe>nomenal.| Out standing.| Cant wait to go \back.|||

\ \

,
(. 15):
(12,27 ) ,
(2,28 ; 4,89 ), (8,85 ,
);
(178,5 ) ,
(110 ), 190 ,
,
(141,8 ).

15. ( 2.5)

T.I.1 T.I.2 T.I.3 T.I.4

12,27 2,28 4,89 8,85
()

178,5 110 190 141,8
()
 128

,

,
.
.
, 16,

,
.
 129

16. ,

ST3 H CM2 T.I.1-4

- -
-
- + / /


(17,79 ) (23 ) (16,77 ) /
(-1,47/50 ) (-1,22/50 ) (-4,81/50 )
- (144 ) (253 ) (164 )
/

.

- -;

-
,
; ;
-
;

, ;
;


 130

, , ,

,
.

:
1) - --
,
,
( /
-- )
.
, -, -
;
2)
,

;
- ,
.
,

:
: ,
- --
;
: , ;
: 46%
(2325,8 ), 27% (16,7719,08 ), 18%
(3,463,6 ), (9%) (9,212,12 );
 131

:
( 1,22/50 1,47/50 ),
(4,81/50 );
: , -, -,
; .

.
, , ,

.
,
,
.
, , ,
sophisticated, fair,
to love, phenomenal, outstanding, , ,

.

really, , , , ,
,
, ,

, , .

, .
:
I bet six years doing geopolitics came in really handy, didnt it?
But then I wouldnt have a TV show, would I?
 132

,
( ,
, , , , ..),
,
.
,

, ,
, ,
.
 133

3.1.3.

, .
,
,
, , -
, ,
.
,
:
, , ,
, ;
;
-
;
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
- (, Chatty Man, Graham Norton Show),
, ,
.

, Graham Norton Show,
 134

- ,
.
. -
Graham Norton Show
. ,
-.

. ,
,
, , , -
. , Thanks for having
me on the show . ,
.
, ,
,
.

3.1

Graham Norton: And, you know, were thrilled we never thought this day
would come.
Maggie Smith: \No,| neither did \I.||

. 14 ,
,

. 4,7 ,
.
146 . no had
 135

-1,51/50 -0,53/50 ,
. .

. 14. No, neither did I

Maggie Smith: \No,| neither did \I.||

, ,
,
.
, .
, .
,
,
The Lady in the Van,
,
.
,
,
, . ,
 136

,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,

.
3.2

Graham Norton: And was Alan Bennett there the whole time?
Maggie Smith: \Yeah.|| So it was \creepy.| There were so \many of them.||
They were \everywhere.||
. 15.
Yeah. So it was creepy. There were so many of them. They were everywhere.

Maggie Smith: \Yeah.|| So it was \creepy. | There were so \many of them.|| They were
\everywhere.||
 137

, . 15,
(yeah)
(3,6 ), (53 ).
-1,69/50 ,
.
.
(3,6 12,6 )
(53 160 ).
The Lady in the Van
, , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
. , ,
.

3.3

Graham Norton: Cause its quite a starry street, isnt it? Its quite...

Maggie Smith: I othink \thats owhat they osaid.|| I kinda didnt
>notice.|| I was >just...| I was in the ~van.||
 138

. 16.
I think thats what they said. I kinda didnt notice. I was just... I was in the van.

Maggie Smith: I othink \thats owhat they osaid.|| I kinda didnt >notice.|| I was
>just...| I was in the ~van.||

.
(. 16),
. 10,6 ,
.
200 . (-1,23/50 ).

(10,6 3,9 ),
. (200
226 ).
. -
- ,
(7,9 ),
(3,9 7,9 ). ,
, (226 192,8 ).
. ,
 139

,
.
,
.
Harry
Porter, . ,
,
, ,

. , ,
,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
,

.
.

3.4

Graham Norton: But the thing is you have had this extraordinary career, you
know, I mentioned the Oscars in the introduction and things, but Harry Potter,
weirdly... But that did change your life in a way...
Maggie Smith: >Well,| \yes,| a lot of very |small opeople >kind of| oused
to say \hello to me| and that was \nice...|| It was a whole |different |lot of
\people.||
 140

. 17. Well, yes, a lot of very small people kind of

used to say hello to me and that was nice... It was a whole different lot of people.

Maggie Smith: >Well,| \yes,| a lot of very |small opeople >kind of| oused to say \hello
to me| and that was \nice...|| It was a whole different lot of \people.||
| |

, . 17, ,

, 4 11,8 .
(421 ) (156 ),
257,8 ,
.
, .
.
.
, (574 )
(1,489 ).
.
,
(6,8 17,3 ).
(421 221 ).
 141

-0,77/50 , .
- .
,
,
Harry Potter,
,

. , ,
, , ,
, .

3.5

Graham Norton: Yes, but also its weird that they only know you for that
one thing, like youd never existed before.
Maggie Smith: \No,| I never \had.|| And except one kid oonce \said to

me,|| Were you oreally a \cat?|| And I heard myself >say,| oJust pull
yourself to\gether.| oHow \could I obe?||

, . 18, ,

. (no)
-1,44/50 , .
(6 )
.
162,4 . -.
.
,
(4,1 6,8 13 ).
( 235 ). ,
 142

,
, , - -
.

. 18.
No, I never had. And except one kid once said to me, Were you really a cat?
And I heard myself say, Just pull yourself together. How could I be?

Maggie Smith: No,| I never had.|| And except one kid oonce \said to me,|| Were

you really a \cat?|| And I heard myself >say,| oJust pull yourself to\gether.| oHow
o
\
could I obe?||

,
,
,
.
(15,7 ) (26,8 ).
(370 ) (73,25 ).
-.
,
, ,

 143

, .
, ,
, , ,
, .

3.6

Graham Norton: But the people coming up to you now, like they are very,
Americans, well, you know, they are not shy Americans...
Maggie Smith: \No, well,| \/no...|| >But| I dont |go| \anywhere| \real/ly|
owhere they \can oget oat me.|| Because its usually in |museums and oart
\galleries and things,| so that \limits things.|| So I keep oaway from \/there.|
And \Harrods,| I |dont \go in there.||

.19.
No, well, no... But I dont go anywhere really where they can get at me. Because
its usually in museums and art galleries and things, so that limits things. So I
keep away from there. And Harrods, I dont go in there.

Maggie Smith: \No, well,| \/no...|| >But| I dont |go| \anywhere| \real/ly| owhere they \can
me.|| Because its usually in museums and oart \galleries and things,| so that
|
oget oat
limits things.|| So I keep oaway from \/there.| And Harrods,| I dont \go in there.||
\ \ |
 144

, . 19,
.
,
, - .
19,62 ,
. 334 .
.

, (149 )
(588 ).
, .
(1,2 5,6 ).

(8,58 ).
(238 ) (104 ).
,
.
anywhere really.
: can.
.

(14,4 )
.
213,5 .
(14,4 7,3 ),
354,6 . ,
.
.
-, ,
.
 145

(0,6 ) (8,2 ).
(175 ),
(389 ),
143
(0,6 ) .
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
,
, . ,
,
.
,

.
:
\No,| I never \had.||
\No,| neither did \I.||
And \Harrods,| I |dont \go in there.||
,

. :
oJust

pull yourself to\gether.||
,

:
1) :
 146

So it was \creepy.| There were so \many of them.||

2)
:
oHow
\
could I obe?||
3) :
>But| I dont |go| \anywhere| \real/ly| owhere they \can oget oat me.||
, ,
, , -
-- .
, ,
,
.
, ,
,

. ,
:
1)
:
I kinda didnt >notice.|| I was >just...| I was in the ~van.||
It was a whole |different |lot of \people.||
2)
:
He \said, Were you oreally a \cat?||
3) :
I heard myself >say,| oJust pull yourself to\gether.|
4)
:
>But| I dont |go| \anywhere| \real/ly| owhere they \can oget oat me.||
 147

, :
: (29,4%)
, (20,5%)
(17,6%);
: , ;
: 45% , 29% , 16%
, (10%);
:
, ;
: (42%),
(29%),
(19%) (10%);
: , -, -,
; .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, - .
:
\No,| I never \had.||
\No,| neither did \I.||
I keep oaway from \/there.| And \Harrods,| I |dont \go in there.||
I heard myself >say,| oJust pull yourself to\gether.| oHow \could I obe?||
 148

,
. , , ,
. :

I othink \thats owhat they osaid.|| I kinda didnt >notice.|| I was >just...| I
was in the ~van.||
,
:
\Yeah.|| So it was \creepy.| There were so \many of them.|| They were

\everywhere.||

,
.

, , . ,
,
.
,
.
, .
,
:
, ..
,

;
, ,
;
,
,
 149

,
;
, .. ,
.
 150

,


, :
1. ,
,
,
. ,
,
:
. ,
,
.
2. :
,
; ,

.
3. , ,

,
.
4. , ,

,
.
 151

5. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
-- -
. , ,
,
.
6. ,
, .
7. , ,

,

.
8. ,
,
:
, .
9.
. ,
, , , ,
, , , ; ,
( ).
,
, , ,
-, -, ;
.
.
 152

10.
.
.

. :
, , .
11. ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
12. , ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
13.
.
, ,
, , ,
.., .
 153

,

.
, ,
,
, ,
.

, .

,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
,
, - ,
.
,

,
, -
.
 154

,

.
.

. ,
, ,
. ,

.
,
,
:
, .
, ,

. ,
,
.
,
, .
, ,

,
;

,
.

.
 155

1. , .. ,
: / .. . 3- ., .
.: , 2012. 488 .
2. , ..
:
: . . . . :
10.02.04 / . ., 2002. 28 .
3. , . .
( ): . ... . .
: 10.02.19 / . , 2000.
175 .
4. , .. :
: . . . : 10.02.20 /
. , 2006. 210 .
5. , .. /
.. . .: , 1991. 216 .
6. , .. : /
.. , .. . .: - , 2011. 236 .
7. , ..
/ .. //
. .: , 2007. . 6.
. 3-10.
8. , .. [
]: / .. . 3-, .
.: , 2000. 381 .
9. , .. : /
.. . .: , 1983. 271 .
 156

10. , .. -

( . , .. , . ): .
. . : 10.02.04 / .
., 2004. 170 .
11. , .. (
): . - . : 10.02.04 /
. ., 2000. 312 .
12. , .. /
.. , .. //
. ., 1998. . 41-44.
13. , .. / .. .
2- . .: , 1977. 334 .
14. , ..
: . . . . : 10.02.20 /
. ., 2013. 23 .
15. , ..
: / .. . .: - ,
2013. 240 .
16. , .. ,
/ .. . .: -
, 1989. 172 .
17. , . / . , . , . , . ,
.-. , . . .: , 1986. 392 .
18. , . / . , . , . , .,
.-. , . . - 2- ., . .: , 2006.
360 .
19. , .. : /
.. . 2- ., . .: , 2011. 204 .
 157

20. , .. : /
.. . 4- . .: , 2002. 480 .
21. , .. / .. . .: , 2009.
406 .
22. , .. / .. , .. . .:
, 2001.
592 .
23. , ..
: / .. . .,
- , 2009. 92 .
24. , ..
(-
): . . .
. : 10.02.04 / . ., 1981. 23 .
25. , .. ,
: . . . . : 24.00.04 /
. ., 2000. 290 .
26. / . .
.. , .. . .: ,
1987. 751 .
27. , .. (
) / .. . .: , 1996.
139 .
28. , ..
: . . . : 10.02.19 /
. , 2009. 519 .
29. , .. //
. 2:
, 2009. 1. . 150-155.
 158

30. , .. . : /
.. . .: , 1996. 416 .
31. , .. .
/ .. . 2- .,
. . .: , 1979. 304 .
32. , .. : . 53 000 / . .
. .. . 24- ., . .: ,
, 2007. 1200 .
33. , ..
/ .. // XXI . 2016. 2.
. 300-309.
34. , .. / .. .
: -
, 2000. 104 .
35. , .. : (
) / .. , .. .
: , 1990. 165 .
36. , .. : /
.. . .: , 2006. 464 .
37. , .. / .. .
.: , 1997. 69 .
38. , ..
// / .. . .: ,
1990. 240 .
39. , ..
(
): . . . . :
10.02.04 / . ., 2000. 16 .
 159

40. , .. - :
/ .. , .. . 3- ., .
. .: , 1985. 399 .
41. : / . .. . .:
, 1979. 432 .
42. , .. : . . -
. / . .: , 1999. 20 .
43. 4- . .1. / . .. .
2- ., . . .: , 1981-1984. 2990 .
44. , ..
XIX .. : / .. .
: , 2004. 134 .
45. , .. -
, ,
(- ): . . .
. / .. ., 1969. 26 .
46. / . .. .
.: , 1985. 1600 .
47. . 1. .
. . . /
. .. . 3- ., . .: , 1979.
583 .
48. , .. :
,
/ .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. . .: . .
, 2005. 382 .
49. , .. / ..
, .. , .. , .. . :
+, 2010. 192 .
 160

50. , .. //
XXXVIII : .
- . : 2010. . 225-229.
51. , ..
//
. , 2010. . 106-114.
52. , .. /
.. //
. 1998. . 1. . 214-221
53. , ..

: . . . /
. ., 1964.
54. , ..

/ .. // . 2015. 8. . 82-85.
55. , ..
( -
) / .. // Rhema. . 2016. 2. . 88-101.
56. , ..
/ .. // XXI . 2014. 4. 2.
. 356-360.
57. , .. :
/ .. .
.: -, 2005. 104 .
58. , .. :
/ .. . 2- ., . .
.: , 1987. 158 .
59. , .. /
.. //
 161

-

2013 . .: , 2014.
. 169-173.
60. , .. / .. .
.: , 2005. 192 .
61. , ..
/ .. // XXI . 2015. 1,
1. . 282-290.
62. , .. : ,
: / .. .
: , 1999. 166 .
63. , .. :
, , ,
/ .. , ..
, .. , .. , .. . :
+, 2012. 120 .
64. , .. :
/ .. . 2- .,
. .: , 2016. 240 .
65. , .. :
/
.. . : +, 2011. 256 .
66. , .. /
.. // . 2008. 2. . 10-15.
67. , .. .
/ .. . .-.: - ,
1947. 96 .
68. : / . . .. . .: ,
1989. 447 .
 162

69. ( ): -
/ .. , .. , .. ;
. .. . : -
, 2012. 882 .
70. , ..
/ .. . .: , 2008. 312 .
71. Akimoto Y., Sugiura M., Yomogida Y., Makoto Miyauchi C., Miyazawa S.,
Kawashima R. Irony Comprehension: Social Conceptual Knowledge and
Emotional Response // Human Brain Mapping, 35(4), 2014.
Pp. 1167-1178.
72. Amenta S., Balconi M. Understanding Irony: An ERP Analysis on the
Elaboration of Acoustic Ironic Statements // Neuropsychological Trends, 3,
2008. Pp. 7-27.
73. Anolli L., Ciceri R., Infantino M.G. From blame by praise to praise by
blame: Analysis of vocal patterns in ironic communication // International
Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 2002. Pp. 266276.
74. Attardo S. Multimodal Markers of Irony and Sarcasm // International Journal
of Humor Research, 16(2), 2003. Pp. 243-260.
75. Auer P. Introduction: John Gumperz approach to contextualization //
P. Auer, A. DiLuzio (Eds.). The Contextualization of Language.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992. Pp. 1-37.
76. Bakhtin M.M. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. 2nd edition. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1986. 208 p.
77. Bakhtin M.M. The Dialogic Imagination. - Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1982. 480 p.
78. Barbe K. Irony in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995. 208 p.
79. Bennett J. The Critical Problem of Cynical Irony Meaning What you Say and
Ideologies of Class and Gender // Social Semiotics, 26(3), 2016.
Pp. 250-264.
 163

80. Blommaert J. Discourse a Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2005. 299 p.
81. Brazil D. The Communicative Value of Intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997. 188 p.
82. Bryant G.A. Is Verbal Irony Special? // Language and Linguistics Compass,
6(11), 2012. Pp. 673-685.
83. Bryant G.A. Prosodic Contrasts in Ironic Speech // Discourse Processes,
47(7), 2010. Pp. 545-566.
84. Bryant G.A. Verbal irony in the wild // Pragmatics and Cognition, 19(2),
2011. Pp. 291-309.
85. Bryant G.A., Fox Tree J.E. Is there an ironic tone of voice? // Language and
Speech, 48(3), 2005. Pp. 257-277.
86. Bryant G.A., Fox Tree J.E. Recognizing Verbal Irony in Spontaneous
Speech // Metaphor and Symbol, 17(2), 2002. Pp. 99-117.
87. Burgers C., Mulken M., Schellens P.J. Finding Irony: An Introduction of the
Verbal Irony Procedure (VIP) // Metaphor and Symbol, 26(3), 2011.
Pp. 186-205.
88. Calmus A., Caillies S. Verbal Irony Processing: How do Contrast and
Humour Correlate? // International Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 2014.
Pp. 46-50.
89. Camp E. Sarcasm, Pretense, and the Semantics / Pragmatics Distinction //
Nos, 46(4), 2012. Pp. 587-634.
90. Camp E., Hawthorne J. Sarcastic Like: A Case Study in the Interface of
Syntax and Semantics // Philosophical Perspectives, 22(1), 2008. Pp. 1-21.
91. Capelli C.A., Nakagawa N., Madden C.M. How children understand
sarcasm: The role of context and intonation // Child Development, 61(6),
1990. Pp. 18241841.
92. Cheang H.S., Pell M.D. The sound of sarcasm // Speech Communication,
50(5), 2008. Pp. 366-381.
 164

93. Clark H.H., Gerrig R.J. On the pretense theory of irony // Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 113(1), 1984. Pp. 121-126.
94. Clift R. Irony in Conversation // Language in Society, 28(4), 1999.
Pp. 523-553.
95. Colebrook C. Irony. London: Routledge, 2004. 205 p.
96. Colston H.L., OBrien J. Contrast of Kind versus Contrast of Magnitude:
The Pragmatic Accomplishments of Irony and Hyperbole // Discourse
Processes, 30(2), 2000. Pp. 179-199.
97. Couper-Kuhlen E., Selting M. Prosody in Conversation: Interactional
Studies. Volume 12 of Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics.
Cambridge University Press, 1996. 471 p.
98. Cruttenden A. Intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
197 p.
99. Cruttenden A. The Relevance of Intonational Misfits // Intonation, Accent
and Rhythm: Studies in Discourse Phonology, 1984. Pp. 67-76.
100. Crystal D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell,
2008. 8th edition. 529 p.
101. Crystal D. The English Tone of Voice: Essays in Intonation, Prosody and
Paralanguage. London: Edward Arnold, 1975. 198 p.
102. Curc C. Some observations on the pragmatics of humorous
interpretations: a relevance theoretic approach // Working Papers in
Linguistics, 7, 1995. Pp. 27-47.
103. Cutler A. Beyond parsing and lexical look-up: an enriched description of
auditory sentence comprehension // North-Holland Linguistic Series, 30,
1976. Pp. 133-149.
104. Dews S., Kaplan J., Winner E. Why Not Say it Directly? The Social
Functions of Irony // Discourse Processes, 19(3), 1995. Pp. 347-367.
105. Escandell-Vidal V., Leonetti M. Fronting and Irony in Spanish // Left
Sentence Peripheries in Spanish: Diachronic, Variationist and Comparative
Perspectives. - Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2014. Pp. 309-342.
 165

106. Fodor J.A. The modularity of mind. MIT Press, 1983. 145 p.
107. Fox K. Watching the English. The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour.
London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2004. 424 p.
108. Gerrig R.J., Goldvarg Y. Additive Effects in the Perception of Sarcasm:
Situational Disparity and Echoic Mention // Metaphor and Symbol, 15(4),
2000. Pp. 197-208.
109. Gibbs R.W., Jr. Are Ironic Acts Deliberate? // Journal of Pragmatics, 44(1),
2012. Pp. 104-115.
110. Gibbs R.W., Jr. Irony in Talk among Friends // Metaphor and Symbol,
15(1-2), 2000. Pp. 5-27.
111. Gibbs R.W., Jr. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and
Understanding. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
527 p.
112. Gibbs R.W., Jr., Colston H.L. Irony in Language and Thought: A Cognitive
Science Reader. Psychology Press, 2007. 607 p.
113. Gibbs R.W., Jr., OBrien J.E., Doolittle S. Inferring meanings that are not
intended: Speakers intentions and irony comprehension // Discourse
Processes, 20(2), 1995. Pp. 187-203.
114. Giora R., Fein O. Irony comprehension: The graded salience hypothesis //
International Journal of Humor Research, 12(4), 1999. Pp. 425-436.
115. Giora R., Fein O. Irony: Context and Salience // Metaphor and Symbol,
14(4), 1999. Pp. 241-257.
116. Giora R., Fein O., Ganzi J., Levi N.A., Sabah H. On Negation as
Mitigation: The Case of Negative Irony // Discourse Processes, 39(1),
2005. Pp. 81-100.
117. Giora R., Fein O., Schwartz T. Irony: Graded salience and indirect negation
// Metaphor and Symbol, 13(2), 1998. Pp. 83-101.
118. Gonzlez-Fuente S., Escandell-Vidal V., Prieto P. Gestural Codas Pave the
Way to the Understanding of Verbal Irony // Journal of Pragmatics, 90,
2015. Pp. 26-47.
 166

119. Goodwin Ch., Duranti A. Rethinking Context: Language as an interactive

phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 42 p.
120. Gregory M., Carroll S. Language and Situation: Language Varieties and
Their Social Contexts // Language in Society, 9(1), 1980. Pp. 80-84.
121. Grice P. Logic and conversation // Syntax and Semantics, 3, Speech Acts,
ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. New York: Academic Press,
1975. Pp. 41-58.
122. Gumperz J.J. Contextualization revisited // In Peter Auer & Aldo Di Luzio
(eds.). The Contextualization of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
1992. Pp. 39-53.
123. Gumperz J.J. Response essay // In Eerdmans, S., Prevignano, C., and
Thibault, P. (eds.). Language and Interaction: Discussions with John
Gumperz. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. Pp. 105-126.
124. Haiman J. Talk is Cheap: Sarcasm, Alienation, and the Evolution of
Language. Oxford University Press, 1998. 232 p.
125. Halliday M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of
Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978. 256 p.
126. Hancil S. Role of Prosody in Affective Speech. Verlag Peter Lang, 2009.
403 p.
127. Harada T., Itakura S., Xu F., Lee K., Nakashita S., Saito D.N., Sadato N.
Neural correlates of the judgment of lying: A functional magnetic
resonance imaging study // Neuroscience research, 63(1), 2009.
Pp. 24-34.
128. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 7 th edition. Oxford
University Press, 2005. 1899 p.
129. Hutcheon L. Ironys Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony. London:
Routledge, 1994. 264 p.
130. Ivanko S.L., Pexman P.M. Context Incongruity and Irony Processing //
Discourse Processes, 35(3), 2003. Pp. 241-279.
 167

131. Jeoung H.J. Irony intended: The Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Irony //
Journal of English and American studies, 5, 2006. Pp. 145-161.
132. Katz A.N., Lee C.J. The Role of Authorial Intent in Determining Verbal
Irony and Metaphor // Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 8(4), 1993.
Pp. 257-279.
133. Kaup B., Zwaan R.A. Effects of Negation and Situational Presence on the
Accessibility of Text Information // Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(3), 2003. Pp. 439-446.
134. Keenan T.R., Quigley K. Do young children use echoic information in their
comprehension of sarcastic speech? A test of echoic mention theory //
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 1999. Pp. 83-96.
135. Kotthoff H. Responding to Irony in Different Contexts: On Cognition in
Conversation // Journal of Pragmatics, 35(9), 2003. Pp. 1387-1411.
136. Kowatch K., Whalen J.M., Pexman P.M. Irony Comprehension in Action:
A New Test of Processing for Verbal Irony // Discourse Processes, 50(5),
2013. Pp. 301-315.
137. Kreiman J., Sidtis D. Foundations of Voice Studies: An Interdisciplinary
Approach to Voice Production and Perception. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
1st edition. 512 p.
138. Kreuz R.J. The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony // Metaphor and
Symbol, 15(1-2), 2000. Pp. 99-107.
139. Kreuz R.J., Glucksberg S. How to be Sarcastic: The Echoic Reminder
Theory of Verbal Irony // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
118(4), 1989. Pp. 374-386.
140. Kreuz R.J., Link K.E. Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony // Journal of
Language and Social Psychology, 21(2), 2002. Pp. 127-143.
141. Kreuz R.J., Roberts R.M. Two Cues for Verbal Irony: Hyperbole and the
Ironic Tone of Voice // Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10(1), 1995.
Pp. 21-31.
 168

142. Kristeva J. Language: The Unknown An Initiation to Linguistics.

Columbia University Press, 1989. 366 p.
143. Kristeva J. The Kristeva Reader. Columbia University Press, 1986.
327 p.
144. Kumon-Nakamura S., Glucksberg S., Brown M. How about another piece
of pie: The allusional pretense theory of discourse irony // Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 124(1), 1995. Pp. 3-21.
145. Ladefoged P. Phonetic Data Analysis: An Introduction to Fieldwork and
Instrumental Techniques. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003. 208 p.
146. Lecointre S. Humour, Ironie signification et usage // Langue franaise,
103, 1994. Pp. 103-112.
147. Leggitt J.S., Gibbs R.W., Jr. Emotional Reactions to Verbal Irony //
Discourse Processes, 29(1), 2000. Pp. 1-24.
148. MacDonald M.C., Just M.A. Changes in Activation Levels with Negation //
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
15(4), 1989. Pp. 633-642.
149. Mariscal Chicano J.M. Distintos anlisis de la oposicin irnica //
Pragmalingstica, 1, 1993. Pp. 187-209.
150. Martin R. Irony and universe of belief // Lingua, 87(1-2), 1992.
Pp. 77-90.
151. Molini G. Dictionnaire de rhtorique. Librairie gnrale franaise, 1992.
350 p.
152. Morton E.S. On the Occurrence and Significance of Motivation-Structural
Rules in Some Bird and Mammal Sounds // The American Naturalist,
111(981), 1977. Pp. 855-869.
153. Muecke D.C. Irony and the Ironic. London: Methuen, 1986. 110 p.
154. Muoa Barredo I. Pragmatic Functions of Code-Switching among Basque-
Spanish Bilinguals // Proceedings of Actas do i Simposio Internacional
sobre o Bilinguismo, 1997. Pp. 528-541.
 169

155. Nakassis C., Snedeker J. Beyond Sarcasm: Intonation and Context as

Relational Cues in Childrens Recognition of Irony // Proceedings of the
26th Boston University Conference on Language Development.
Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2002. Pp. 429-440.
156. Neshkovska S. Stylistic Signals of Verbal Irony // International Journal of
Language and Linguistics, 2(2), 2015. Pp. 1-8.
157. OConnor J.D. Phonetics. Penguin Books, 1973. 320 p.
158. OConnor J.D., Arnold G.F. Intonation of Colloquial English. London:
Longman, 1973. 271 p.
159. Owren M.J., Rendall D. Sound on the Rebound: Bringing Form and
Function Back to the Forefront in Understanding Nonhuman Primate
Vocalization // Evolutionary Anthropology, 10(2), 2001. Pp. 58-71.
160. Partridge E. The Wordsworth Dictionary of the Underworld. New
Edition. Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1995. 624 p.
161. Peters S., Wilson K., Boiteau T.W., Gelormini-Lezama C., Almor A. Do
you hear it now? A native advantage for sarcasm processing //
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 2016. Pp. 400-414.
162. Rahtu T. Sek ett: ironia koherenssina ja inkoherenssina (Both and irony
as coherence and incoherence). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden
Seura, 2006. 240 p.
163. Roach P. English Phonetics and Phonology: A practical course.
4th edition. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 242 p.
164. Rockwell P. Lower, Slower, Louder: Vocal Cues of Sarcasm // Journal of
Psycholinguistic Research, 29(5), 2000. Pp. 483-495.
165. Scharrer L., Christmann U., Knoll M. Voice Modulations in German Ironic
Speech // Language and Speech, 54 (Pt. 4), 2011. Pp. 435-465.
166. Schiffrin D. Discourse Markers. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
364 p.
 170

167. Schwoebel J., Dews S., Winner E., Srinivas K. Obligatory Processing of
the Literal Meaning of Ironic Utterances: Further Evidence // Metaphor and
Symbol, 15(1-2), 2000. Pp. 47-61.
168. Searle J.R. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.
Cambridge University Press, 1985. 204 p.
169. Smoski M.J., Bachorowski J.A. Antiphonal Laughter between Friends and
Strangers // Cognition and Emotion, 17(2), 2003. Pp. 327-340.
170. Sperber D., Wilson D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition.
2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. 338 p.
171. Stanel T. Linguistic Approaches to Irony: An Analysis of British
Newspaper Comments. Technische Universitat Chemnitz, 2006. 128 p.
172. Temple J.G., Honeck R.P. Evidence for the availability of conventional and
of literal meaning // Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28, 1999.
Pp. 41-70.
173. Thorne T. The 100 Words That Make the English. Great Britain:
Hachette Digital, 2011. 352 p.
174. Tubau S., Gonzlez-Fuente S., Prieto P., Espinal T. Prosody and Gesture in
the Interpretation of Yes-answers to negative Yes/no-questions // The
Linguistic Review, 32(1), 2015. Pp. 115-142.
175. Utsumi A. Verbal Irony as Implicit Display of Ironic Environment:
Distinguishing Ironic Utterances from Nonirony // Journal of Pragmatics,
32(12), 2000. Pp. 1777-1806.
176. Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics: A Theoretical Course. Moscow:
Higher school publishing house, 1970. 324 p.
177. Voloshinov V.N. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Harvard
University Press, 1986. 205 p.
178. Wells J.C. English Intonation: An Introduction. Cambridge University
Press, 2007. 276 p.
 171

179. Williams J.A., Burns E.L., Harmon E.A. Insincere Utterances and Gaze:
Eye Contact during Sarcastic Statements // Perceptual and Motor Skills,
108(2), 2009. Pp. 565-572.
180. Wilson D., Sperber D. Explaining Irony // Meaning and Relevance.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012. Pp. 123-145.
181. Winner E. The Point of Words: Childrens Understanding of Metaphor and
Irony. Harvard University Press, 1997. 224 p.
182. Winner E., Brownell H., Happe F., Blum A., Pincus D. Distinguishing Lies
from Jokes: Theory of Mind Deficits and Discourse Interpretation in Right
Hemisphere Brain-damaged Patients // Brain and Language, 62 (1), 1998.
Pp. 89-106.
183. Winokur J. The big book of irony. 1st edition. St. Martins Press, 2007.
174 p.
184. Woodland J., Voyer D. Context and Intonation in the Perception of
Sarcasm // Metaphor and Symbol, 26(3), 2011. Pp. 227-239.
185. Zellner Keller B. Speech Prosody, Voice Quality and Personality //
Logopedistics Phoniatrics Vocology, 30(2), 2005. Pp. 72-78.
 172

- ()

1. The Guardian,
What are you laughing at? [ ]. - :
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/feb/10/comedy.television. -
. .
2. MP3 [
]. - : https://audio.online-convert.com/convert-
to-mp3. - . .
3.
Speech Analyzer [ ]. - :
https://www-01.sil.org/computing/sa/index.htm. - . .
4. Smithsonian,
The Science of Sarcasm? Yeah, Right [ ]. -
: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-
science-of-sarcasm-yeah-right-25038/?no-ist. - . .
5. :
, [ ]:
- : http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le4/le4-
5711.htm. - . .
 173

Name: _______________________ Age: ________________ Sex: ___________________ Nationality: ____________________

1) Would you interpret the given utterance as ironic? / Is the given utterance perceived as ironic?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) yes
b) no

2) The given utterance is perceived as containing...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) negative irony
b) positive irony
c) routine irony
d) sarcasm
e) ironic manner
f) self-irony
g) other

3) The utterance is perceived as ironic due to the...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) context
b) intonation
c) nonverbal means of
communication
d) all of the above
 174

4) Is there any discrepancy / incongruity between the lexical content of the utterance and the intended meaning?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) yes
b) no
5) How would you describe the tone (of voice)?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) annoyed / irritated
b) arrogant
c) friendly / humorous
d) sneering / mocking
e) sarcastic
f) feigned / pretended
g) vexed / angry
h) other

6) How would you characterise the role of the context provided?

a) crucial, would not
see irony without it
b) important, would see
the irony, but would not
get the meaning of it
c) insignificant, would
see and understand
irony without the
context

7) Would it help you identify irony provided you could see speakers facial expressions?
a) yes
b) no
 175

8) Is the use of irony determined by the situation or is it an ironic manner of speech?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
a) situation
b) ironic manner

9) Is irony typical of British speech?

a) yes b) no c) not sure

10) Is irony typical of American speech?

a) yes b) no c) not sure

11) Additional comments: