VALVE

Unit 1: Process Control Loop

Process control loop

Pressure
Flow
Level
Process Temperature
pH

dP cell
Capacitance
I/P
Sensor Radar, Sonic
Magnetic
Resistance
IR/Laser

4-20 mA
Transmitter 1-5 Vdc

Controller PID
Fuzzy logic

4-20 mA
Transducer 3-15 psig

Linear
Control valve Equal percentage

Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)

 Valve
Selection of action
Fail position
Capacity and sizing
Flow characteristic
Gain
Transfer function
Type of valve
 Action (A)
Control valve
Most common final control elements
Adjusting the flow that affect the controlled
variables.
Act as a variable restriction in a process pipe.
The controller output signal positions the valve,
determining the valve position.
The controller output signal is the input to the
valve, and the flow is the output of the valve
 Introduction

Purpose
to regulate flow of any phase (liquid, gas, fluid
and mixed phases) that could pass through it.
At the moment, solid phase (such as sand,
flour, sugar) is not possible.

Chemical process applications

>80% of final control element found in chem.
proc. ind.

Symbols

=
 Construction

Actuator

Body

Seat Plug
The control valve actuator

air pressure actuator is the most common to adjust the position of

control valves
The controller signal m(t) is in percent controller output (%CO), as
opposed to mA or psig
the actuator convert the controller output m(t), into the valve
position, vp(t)
The valve position usually expressed as a fraction varies between
zero and unity.
 When the valve position is zero the valve is closed and
the flow is zero
When the valve is unity the valve is fully opened and the
flow is maximum.
For full range valve actuator, a 1% change in controller
output results 0.01 change in fraction valve position.
Most control valves use a full range actuator
Control valve action
What do I want to do when energy supply fails?
When the safest position of the valve is the closed
position
specify a fail-closed (FC) valve
this valve required energy to open and is also called air-
to-open (ATO) valve
When the safest position of the valve is the
opened position
specify a fail-open (FO) valve
this valve required energy to close and is also called air-
to-close (ATC)
 Selection Criteria
Valve action: ATO vs. ATC
Air-to-closed (ATC) or Fail open (FO). Air-to-open (ATO) or Fail closed (FC). Use to
Use to allow flow of fluid during loss of prevent flow when no pneumatic air supply.
pneumatic air supply. This action may This action may prevent hazardous chemical or
save overheating of temperature related flammable fluid from endangering lives.
processes such as catalyst heating or
heating of polimerization process.

compare

compare
compare
compare
 What we want each valves to do if the
3 electrical or air supply were fail?

1-fail-closed prevent high steam flow

that could vaporize all the liquid and
overheat the coil

2 - fail-closed keep the liquid in the

1
tank

3- fail-open allow the vapor to flow

out and prevent the vapor pressurized
2
the tank
 The action of the valve determine the sign of the
gain of the valve
Air-to-open valve has a positive gain
Air to-closed valve has a negative gain
Formula relating valve position to the controller
output
 Exercise
If 10 psig is sent to the control valve, what is the
valve position?
For air-to-close system
For air-to-open system