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All content following this page was uploaded by Hakim S Abdelgader on 13 October 2014.
Hakim S. Abdelgader, Adel M. Elwefati, were studied. The test results regarding research. The cement properties were test-
Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya. acceptance criteria of fresh and hardened ed according to Libyan standards [9 and
Sana A. ElbajegniBonyan Consulting Engineers, SCC such as slump flow, J-ring, V-funnel, L- 10]. Its physical-mechanical properties and
Tripoli, Libya Box, absorption and compressive strength chemical composition are presented in Tab.
are presented hereinafter. 1 and 2, respectively.
This paper summarizes the know-how thus
far gathered from ongoing research with Experimental programme Silica fume
the aim of obtaining self-compacting con- Silica fume or micro-silica (very fine amor-
cretes using local materials in Libya. For this Materials used phous particles) imported from the Sika
purpose, silica fume as powder material Cement company was introduced to the mixes as a
was introduced to the mixes as a replace- Ordinary Portland cement supplied by the partial replacement for Portland cement.
ment for Portland cement and its effects on Zliten factory (about 200 km east of Tripoli Only 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total
the fresh and hardened properties of SCC City) was used in all mixes throughout this cement weight was replaced by silica fume.
Tab. 1: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste Tab. 2. Bulk Oxide and Chemical Cement Compound Composition
Hakim S. Abdelgader is Professor of Civil Engineering Department at Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya. He
received his MSc and Ph.D. degrees in 1990 and 1996 respectively from Gdask University of Technology,
Gdask, Poland. The main focus of his professional activities is on concrete technology and concrete elements.
His research interests include two-stage concrete technology (Preplaced aggregate concrete), concrete mix design,
self-compacting concrete, concrete with recycled materials, and concrete casing in fabric forms. He is a voting
member of American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committees 221, 304, 444 and 555 and a reviewer and contributor
to ACI, Elsevier and ASCE publications. hakimsa@poczta.onet.pl
Sana A. Elbajegni is a holder of M.Sc. Degree from the Department of Civil Engineering, the University of
Tripoli, Libya, 2010. Working since 2008 with Bonyan Consulting Engineers, Tripoli. She has been engaged in a
lot of the firms projects, especially in the area of repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. Member within
Libyan National Committee for Building Material Specification, Libya, since 2010. sana.elbajegni@gmail.com
Adel M. Elwefati is Professor of Civil Engineering, Tripoli University. Chairman of the board Bonyan Consulting
Engineers. Chairman, Libyan National Committee for Building Material Specification. PhD, Civil Engg. Dept, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 1980; MS, Civil Engg Dept Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA,
1972. adelelwefati@bonyan-ce.com
KNIELE
Mischtechnik
Fig. 1: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate Gemeindebeunden 6 D-88422 Bad Buchau
Tel: +49(0)7582-93030 Fax: +49(0)7582-930330
www.cpi-worldwide.com CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014
info@kniele.de www.kniele.de
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
mixer. Mixing was carried on for three min- Tab. 6: Test Results of Fresh Concrete
utes and then stopped for one minute for
absorption. Finally, mixing was resumed Slump V-
and continued for another 2 minutes. SF T50 J-ring L-box Bleeding VSI
Mix W/B Flow Funnel
%
(mm) (Sec) (mm) (H2/H1) (Sec.)
Test specimens and curing 1 0.375 730 3.7 10 0.89 10 Medium 2
Standard SCC cubes of size 150x150x150 730 3.4 10 0.89 6 Medium 2
2 0.400
mm were used to investigate compressive 0
3 0.425 760 1.2 10 0.94 6.9 Non 1
strength and absorption. A total of 144
770 1 20 0.81 5 Non 1
specimens were cast with an average of 9 4 0.450
specimens per each mix. The cubes mould 1 0.375 700 5.3 20 0.71 6.2 Non 0
was cleaned and oiled to facilitate easy 690 4 10 0.64 6 Small 0
2 0.400
demoulding. After conducting the experi- 5
750 1.2 20 0.88 4 Non 0
3 0.425
ments on workability characteristics, the con-
4 0.450 750 1.5 10 0.94 5.5 Non 1
crete mix was poured in the mould for
assessment of strength. The concrete did not 1 0.375 700 3.2 30 0.76 7.3 Non 0
require compaction or any finishing opera- 2 0.400 720 3 10 0.79 7 Small 1
tion. After 24 hours of casting, the speci- 10
720 2 10 0.9 5 Non 0
3 0.425
mens were demoulded and transferred to
4 0.450 720 2 10 0.92 4 Non 1
the curing water tanks. After the curing peri-
od of 7, 28 and 90 days, the specimens 1 0.375 660 5 30 0.61 7.4 Non 0
were removed from the curing tank and all 2 0.400 720 2 10 0.75 5 Non 1
specimen faces were screeded off and sub- 15
720 3 10 0.89 5.1 Non 1
3 0.425
jected to testing.
4 0.450 720 2.2 10 0.9 5 Non 1
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
3: V- funnel 4: J-Ring
L-box test
The L-box test is used to evaluate the fluidi-
ty of SCC and its ability to pass through
rebar. The results of the L-Box test presented
in Fig. 5 indicated that all mixes show val-
ues above 0.8 as recommended by
EFNARC, however, except for mixes with
lower w/b ratio (0.375) and high SF con-
tent (15%). This is clearly due to the effect
of SF on concrete viscosity which, in turn,
affects the fillability of concrete as shown in
Fig. 6: Compressive strength after 7 days of curing Tab. 6.
Compressive strength
For each curing period using different per-
centages of SF and various water/binder
ratios, the compressive strength was deter-
mined. Results are given in Tab. 7. Com-
pressive strength development up to 90
days is presented in Figs. 6-8, respectively.
The following observations were made:
Absorption
The process of absorption mainly depends
upon the w/c ratio and both the quantity
and the kind of binder additives used in the
mixes. In the course of this research, as pre-
sented in Tab. 7, it was found that mixes
without SF incorporation showed higher
Fig. 8: Compressive strength after 90 days of curing rates of absorption (5.76%-6.46%), where-
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as mixes with SF incorporation showed a Literature 13. LSS 256,Aggregate From Natural Sources: Standard
decrease in absorption as the percentage Test Method for Measuring Unit-Weight and
of SF increased (2.01%-4.05%). This could 1. Mehta, P. K., Concrete Structure: Properties and Wasserabsorption, Libyan Standard Specifications,
be attributed, as explained earlier, to a Materials, Prentice~Hall,pp. 367-378, 1986. Libyan National Centre for Standardization and
densification in the paste structure due to 2. Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya, 2006.
the pozzolanic action of SF. Longman Group,1986. 14. LSS 255,Aggregate From Natural Sources: Standard
3. Okamura H. and Ouchi M., "Self-Compacting Concrete", Test method for Impact Value, Libyan Standard
Conclusions Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol. 1, No.1, Specifications, Libyan National Centre for
April 2003. Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya,
On the basis of the experimental investiga- 4. ACI 238.1R-08 "Report on Measurements of Workability 2006.
tions carried out, the following conclusions and Rheology of Fresh Concrete" 2008. 15. LSS 253,Aggregate from Natural Sources: Standard Test
can be drawn: 5. European Research Project, Guidelines for Testing Fresh Method for Crushing Value, Libyan Standard
1) It is possible to produce SCC using Self Compacting Concrete, September 2005. Specifications, Libyan National Centre for
superplasticizers if a suitable selection 6. EFNARC, Specifications and Guidelines for Self Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya,
of basic materials is ensured and if the Compacting Concrete, February 2002. 2006.
maximum size of coarse aggregate 7. Aggarwal, P., Siddique, R., Aggrwal, Y., and Gupta, S.M., 16. LSS 294, Specifications for Drinking Water, Libyan
does not exceed 14 mm to avoid a Self-Compacting Concrete-Procedure for Mix Design, Standard Specifications, Libyan National Centre for
segregation problem. Leonado Electronic Journal of Practices and Technology, Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya,
2) Blending of fine aggregate is one of Vol. 2, No.12, 2008. 1988.
the effective solutions to control the 8. ACI 304Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, 17. Elbajegni, S. A. Implement Self-Compacting Concrete
fineness modulus of the fine aggregate and placing concrete, American concrete Institute , Using Local Materials, M.Sc. Theses Submitted to Civil
used and also plays an important role 2000. Engineering Department, Tripoli University, Libya, 2010.
in improving SCC flowability. 9. LSS 340, Specifications for Portland cement, Libyan 18. Al-Sanusi, S. K. and Gumma, W. A., Use of Lime Stone
3) Using SF as a replacement for Portland Standard Specifications, Libyan National Centre for for Developing Self Compacting Concrete: Proceedings
cement is a good solution to prevent Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya, of 3rd ACI-KC International Conference and Exhibition,
bleeding, to improve the consistency, 1997. Kuwait, May 2012.
and to prevent SCC segregation. On 10. LSS 340 Parts 2-6, Methods for Testing Physical 19. El.Baein, W.A.G., Developing Self-Compacting Concrete
the other hand, SF increases the com- Properties of Cement, Libyan Standard Specifications, Using Local Materials, M.Sc. Theses Submitted to Civil
pressive strength of concrete and Libyan National Centre for Standardization and Engineering Department, Benghazi University, Libya,
reduces its absorption dramatically. Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya, 2005. 2010.
4) The pozzolanic activities of SF result in 11. LSS 49,Aggregate From Natural Sources, Libyan 20. ASTM C642, Standard Test Method for Density,
lower strength rates for a curing period Standard Specifications, Libyan National Centre for Wasserabsorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete,
up to seven days, but this behaviour is Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
reversed at later curing ages. 2002. Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.
5) SCC mixes with 15% SF as a replace- 12. LSS 252,Aggregate from natural sources: standard test
ment for cement content display higher method for sieve analysis of aggregate, Libyan FURTHER INFORMATION
values in a concretes compressive Standard Specifications, Libyan National Centre for Department of Civil Engineering,
strength compared to concretes with- Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya, Tripoli University, Tripolis, Libya
out or with lower percentages of SF. 2006. www.uot.edu.ly
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