IE26033

Introduction to Geographical Information System

Prof. Ling Pei

Email: ling.pei@sjtu.edu.cn

Institute of Sensing and Navigation,

Shanghai Jiaotong University

09/2017
IE26033

Chapter 5 GIS Data Acquisition

IE26033 Chapter 5 GIS Data Acquistion

Contents

5.1 Existing GIS Data

5.2 Metadata
5.3 Conversion of Existing Data
5.4 Creation of New Data
IE26033

Existing GIS Data

IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

Spatial Data Infrastructure, Clearinghouse, and Geoportal

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

https://www.fgdc.gov/

An interagency committee that has led the development of policies, metadata

standard, and training to support national spatial data infrastructure and
coordination efforts since 1990

SDI: spatial data infrastructure,

a distribution system that allows for acquiring, processing, distribution, using,
maintaining, and preserving of spatial data

Access
Clearinghouse Infrastructure Standards

Meta Data Policies

Foundamental Human Recourses

Geospatial Datasets SDI and Partnership
IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

Spatial Data Infrastructure, Clearinghouse, and Geoportal

Clearinghouse: one of mechanisms to support SDI, data-centric

provides access to geospatial data and related online services for data
access, visualization, and order.
Geoportal: one of mechanisms to support SDI, service-centric
offers multiple services, including links to data services, news, references, a
community forum, and often an interactive data viewer

Data.gov, 2009, US government geoportal

www.data.gov
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

Geospatial Platform

Geospatial Platform, 2011, allow users to create map combining their data
with public-domain data
https://www.geoplatform.gov
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

INSPIRE

INSPIRE, EU,
http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS)

GEOSS, GEO(Group of Earth

Observation),
http://www.geoportal.org/).
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS)

National Elevation Dataset (NED)
a nationwide coverage of DEM data in raster format
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS)

National Elevation Dataset (NED)
Many new NED DEMs were produced from LiDAR data
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS)

Digital line graphs (DLGs)
the digital representations of point, line, and area features
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Geological Survey (UCGS)

National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)
a comprehensive set of geospatial data about surface water.
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

U.S. Census Bureau

http://www.census.gov
offers the TIGER/Line les, which are extracts of geographic/cartographic
information from its MAF/TIGER (Master Address File/Topologically
Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) database

Natural Resources Conservation Service

http://soils.usda.gov/
distributes soils data nationwide through its website
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

Examples of Statewide, Metropolitan and County-Level Data

http://nris.mt.gov/gis/
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

Examples of Statewide, Metropolitan and County-Level Data

http://www.sandag.org
 IE26033 5.1 Existing GIS Data

GIS Data from Other Sources

IE26033

MetaData
 IE26033 5.2 MetaData

Metadata
provide information about geospatial data
let us know if the data meet our specific needs for area coverage,
data quality, and data currency
how to transfer, process, and interpret geospatial data
include the contact for additional information.

Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

(CSDGM)
These standards cover the following information: identification, data
quality, spatial data organization, spatial reference, entity and attribute,
distribution, metadata reference, citation, time period, and contact
 5.2 MetaData

Metadata is the data, or information, about the data.

It is the:

of your data

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 5.2 MetaData

Who created the data?

manages the data?

Where is the study area?

can I access the data?

What is the data content?

source data was used?

How was the data created?

is the data distributed?

When is the time period of the content?

was the data created?

Why was the data created?

are there missing values?

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 5.2 MetaData

A Label For Your Data

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 A Label For Your Data

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 Metadata Is Part of the Data

Metadata gives context to data content

DATA
content context
Metadata
Title
Responsible Party
Purpose
Abstract
Geographic Extent
Time Period of Content
Sources Used
Process Description
Positional Accuracy
Entities and Attributes.

phenomena map / image / database metadata

abstraction abstraction

25
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 5.2 MetaData

Metadata Aids Data Discovery

Metadata enables users to search for data by:

Location Publisher

Theme Attributes

Time more
Period

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 5.2 MetaData

Metadata Aids Data Discovery

Metadata enables users to search their own:
Data Geographic Information System (GIS)
Management Database Management System (DBMS)
System other

Metadata enables user to search external:

Data Catalogs
Data Data Servers
Distribution
Systems Web-mapping Applications
other

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 5.2 MetaData

Spatial Data Infrastructure

tools
Data communities and organizations
can facilitate data sharing by
establishing a
people
standards Spatial Data Infrastructure
that coordinates
the type of data to be shared
and establishes tools, standards
policies
and policies for the benefit of
data producers and consumers

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IE26033

Conversion of Data
 IE26033 5.3 Conversion of Data

Data conversion is defined here as a mechanism for converting GIS

data from one format to another

Direct Translation
translator in a GIS package to directly convert geospatial data from one format
to another
IE26033 5.3 Conversion of Data

Neutral Format
a public or de facto format for data exchange.

Spatial
Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)
IE26033

Creation of New Data

IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Scnning
Scanning uses a scanner to convert an analog map into a scanned
file in raster format.
 IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Scanning
Scanning uses a scanner to convert an analog map into a scanned
IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

On-Screen Digitizing

also called heads-up digitizing, is manual

digitizing on the computer monitor using a
data source such as Google Maps or DOQ as
the background
 IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table

Digitizing is the process of converting data from analog to digital
format
 IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Importance of Source Maps

The accuracy of the digitized map can be only as good or as
accurate as its source map.
Paper maps generally are not good source maps for
digitizing because they tend to shrink and expand with
changes in temperature and humidity
The quality of line work on the source map will determine
not only the accuracy of the digital map but also the
operators time and effort in digitizing and editing
 IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Remotely Sensed Data

IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Field Data
Survey data
typically provides data for determining parcel boundaries. An
angle and a distance can de ne a parcel boundary between two
stations (points).
 5.4 Creation of New Data

Under water vehicle

Shallows, offshore
Coastline survey

Mobile mapping system

Terrain Active Radar

Lidar

UAV

Mini SAR

Aviation 3D SAR

Airborne based Lidar

Digital camera

Aerospace Micro satellites

Shadow, indoor All sources geospatial data acquisition

Underground Underground survey, tunnel, cave, underground pipeline

IE26033

Creation of New Data

GNSS
IE26033 5.4 Creation of New Data

Field Data
Global positioning system (GPS) data
5.4 Creation of New Data
5.4 Creation of New Data
5.4 Creation of New Data
IE26033

Creation of New Data

Oblique photogrammetry
 Oblique photogrammetry

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 Oblique photogrammetry

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IE26033

Creation of New Data

Laser Scanning
 Mobile mapping system

ALS TLS MLS

Airborne Laser Scanning Terrestrial Laser Scanning Mobile Laser Scanning

MLS
Personal Laser Scanning
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 Characteristics of MLS
Mobile Laser Scanning
Point density in the range of 100 to several
thousands pts/m2
More homogeneous point density
Point accuracy of few centimeters (egg) when
collected with good GNSS coverage
Getting GNSS and IMU is critical research
needed, when solved optimum for field
refernce data collection
Robotic SLAM can be applied in
georeferencing, HW and SW improvements
in positioning and georefencing possible
Applicable range of few tens of m
Viewing angle different from ALS
Relatively high variation in the range data
(e.g. round traffic poles are not round in the
data)
Vast data sets when data collection is done
continuously
Need for automatic and interactive algorithms
Airborne mini-UAV
scanning
New research area (idea in Zhao et al.,
2006, first demo for mapping Jaakkola et
al. 2010)
Small areas: few hectares
Low cost IMU should work: short ranges
and GNSS satellites should be available all
the time
Possible plot level data collection
technique in future
Combined UAV LS and MLS
Point density 10-several hundred pts/m2
Elevation accuracy 5-30 cm
Altitude tens of m
Usable for research and multitemporal
studies
Presently commercial applications
Reduces CO2 consumption of research
 Multiplatform MLS

ROAMER sensor equipment

FARO Photon 120 scanner
122-976 000 pts/s, user selectable, typically 244 or
488 kHz
320 maximum field of view
3-61 Hz scan frequency , user selectable, typically
48 or 61 Hz
785 nm wave length
NovAtel SPAN GPS-IMU
NovAtel DL-4plus receiver and GPS-702 antenna,
L1 and L2 frequencies
Honeywell HG1700 AG11 tactical-grade RLG IMU
Gyro bias 1.0 deg/h
Random walk 0.125 deg/rt-hr
Data rate 100 Hz
Bi-trigger synchronization
In-house built electronics
Scanning start-stop
Delivers scanner triggers to receiver log

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 Mobile backpack laser scanning system =
PLS

Specilalized application of MLS

GNSS-INS Positioning
Ultra high speed laser scanner
Mobility

Suitability for many

new applications

Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., Hyypp., J. and Y. Chen, 2012.

Multiplatform Mobile Laser Scanning: Usability and
20162 Performance. Sensors 12 (9), 11712-11733 55 55
 Advantages of the PLS

Homogeneous data collection possible

Dense point cloud collections
Complementary data to ALS, MLS, TLS
High accuracy (in our case)
In future: indoor, forests and cities covered
(required multisensoral positioning
development)
Low weight (vs. TLS in forestry)
Difficult working conditions (vs. sand areas
with MLS, riverine)
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 Complementary data

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 PLS in Forest data collection

For collecting complete structural

data in complex environments
Automation in tree inventories at
plot and individual tree level

Liang et al., 2014

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Indoor
Combined Indoor Outdoor PLS for seamless modeling

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 Mobile mapping Raw data

Kukko, Kaartinen, Hyypp, Virtanen, Kurkela, Vaaja

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 Kukko, Kaartinen, Hyypp, Virtanen, Kurkela, Vaaja

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 3D structure dataplenty of classes

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 3D structure dataeach object is accessible

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 3D structure dataeach object has rich properties

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IE26033

Concept