Active Site

 A restricted region of an enzyme

molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active Site

Substrate
Enzyme

5
Enzymes can act in several ways, all of which lower Ea .
• Lowering the activation energy.
• Lowering the energy of the transition state, but
without distorting the substrate.
• Providing an alternative pathway. For example,
temporarily reacting with the substrate to form an
intermediate E+S complex, which would be impossible
in the absence of the enzyme.
• Reducing the reaction entropy change by bringing
substrates together in the correct orientation to react.
 Enzymes
Without Enzyme
With Enzyme

Free Free energy of activation

Energy
Reactants

Products

Progress of the reaction

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 Enzymes are usually very specific as to
which reactions they catalyze and the
substrates that are involved in these reactions.
Complementary shape, charge and
hydrophilic / hydrophobic characteristics of
enzymes and substrates are responsible for this
specificity.
* "Lock and Key" Model
* “Induced Fit" Model
 Enzymes are very specific, and it was suggested by
in 1894 that this was because both the
enzyme and the substrate possess specific
complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into
one another.
This is often referred to as "The Lock and Key"
model. However, while this model explains enzyme
specificity, it fails to explain the stabilization of the
transition state that enzymes achieve. “The Lock and
Key" model has proven inaccurate.
In 1958, Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to the
lock and key model: since enzymes are rather flexible
structures, the active site is continually reshaped by
interactions with the substrate as the substrate interacts
with the enzyme.
As a result, the substrate does not simply bind to a
rigid active site; the amino acid side chains which make
up the active site are moulded into the precise positions
that enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function.
 Induced Fit
A change in the
shape of an
enzyme’s active
site
Induced by the
substrate
 A co-factor is a non-protein chemical compound that is
bound (either tightly or loosely) to an enzyme and is required for
catalysis. They can be considered "helper molecules / ions" that
assist in biochemical transformations.

Co-factors can be divided into two broad groups  Co-

enzymes and Prosthetic groups.

Co-enzymes are small organic non-protein molecules that

carry chemical groups between enzymes. Co-enzymes are
consumed and recycled continuously in metabolism. Co-enzymes
molecules are often vitamins or are made from vitamins.
Six factors:
1. Effect of Enzyme Concentration
2. Effect of Substrate Concentration.
3. Effect of Temperature.
4. Effect of pH.
5. Effect of Activators.
6. Effect of Inhibitors.
1. Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Reaction Velocity

Enzyme Concentration
2. Effect of Substrate Concentration.

Reaction Velocity

Substrate Concentration
3. Effect of Temperature.

Reaction Velocity

Temperature
4. Effect of pH
5. Effect of Activator

Some substances increase the catalytic

activity of enzymes in biochemical reactions.
They activate the distorted active site. Enzyme
activators are molecules that bind to enzymes
and increase their activity.
An example is fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate,
which activates phosphor-fructokinase 1 and
increases the rate of glycolysis in response to
the hormone glucagon
6. Enzyme Inhibitors
a. Competitive inhibitors: are
chemicals that resemble an
enzyme’s normal substrate and
compete with it for the active
site.
Substrate
Enzyme
Competitive inhibitor

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 Inhibitors
b. Noncompetitive inhibitors:
Inhibitors that do not enter the
active site, but bind to another part
of the enzyme causing the enzyme to
change its shape, which in turn
alters the active site.
Substrate Noncompetitive
Enzyme Inhibitor
active site
altered

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