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ABSTRACT
The seismic protection of buildings has been a successful strategy for the
past 30 years. Seismic protection systems ensure the safety of any type of
building even under most severe earthquakes. Seismic devices not only
protect the buildings against earthquake damage, but also provide
comfortable movement of the whole structure. Seismic protection devices
ensure the proper functioning of the structure during all service condition
such as effects of temperature, wind, braking forces or impacts. In the
occurrence of an earthquake, the protection system will ensure the safety
of the structure, by avoiding damage to structural elements.
1. INTRODUCTION
Earthquake resistant design of building 2. SEISMIC ISOLATION
structures has been based on a ductility design The principle of seismic isolation is to
concept. The performances of the intended introduce flexibility at the base of a structure in
ductile structures during major earthquakes the horizontal plane, while at the same time
have proved to be unsatisfactory and below introducing damping elements to restrict the
expectation. To enhance structural safety and amplitude of the motion caused by the
integrity against severe earthquakes, more earthquake. The concept of seismic isolation
effective and reliable techniques for seismic became more feasible with the successful
isolation design of structures based on development of mechanical energy dissipators
structural control concepts are desired. Among and elastomers with high damping properties.
the structural control schemes developed, The objective is to decouple the building
seismic base isolation and energy dissipation structure from the damaging components of the
are the most promising alternatives. It can be earthquake input motion, i.e. to prevent the
adopted for new structures as well as the superstructure of the building from absorbing
retrofit of existing buildings and bridges. the earthquake energy. The entire
Seismic isolation is most often installed at the superstructure must be supported on discrete
base level of a building and is called base isolators whose dynamic characteristics are
isolation. This concept meets all the criteria for chosen to uncouple the ground motion. Some
a classic modern technological innovation: the isolators are also designed to add substantial
necessary imaginative advances in conceptual damping.
thinking, new materials available to the There are three basic elements in any
industry and as it can be seen when using practical seismic isolation system. These are as
isolators, simultaneous development of the follows:
ideas worldwide. A flexible mounting so that the period of
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FASCICLE XIV THE ANNALS OF DUNAREA DE JOS UNIVERSITY OF GALATI
vibration of the total system is lengthened body. Some of the commonly used isolation
sufficiently to reduce the force response; systems are laminated rubber (or elastomeric)
A damper or energy dissipator so that the bearings and sliding isolation systems. A base
relative deflections between building and isolated structure is supported by a series of
ground can be controlled to a practical design bearing pads, which are placed between the
level; superstructure and the building's foundation.
A means of providing rigidity under low There are different types of bearing pads, for
(service) load levels, such as wind and minor example lead-rubber bearings.
earthquakes.
a1
a2
0 T1 T2 T
Fig. 3. Lead Rubber Bearing
Fig. 1. Reduction of acceleration by seismic
isolation
Laminated rubber bearings are used with
Seismic isolation achieves a reduction in passive dampers for control of excessive base
earthquake forces by lengthening the period of displacement. Laminated rubber bearings with
vibration in which the structure responds to the inherent energy dissipation capacities are also
earthquake motions. The most significant developed. Lead rubber bearings and high
benefits obtained from isolation are thus in damping rubber bearings are examples of this
structures for which the fundamental period of category of isolation system.
the building without isolation is short-less than A lead-rubber bearing is a sandwich of
one. Seismic isolation can significantly reduce many layers of rubber and steel. In the middle
both floor accelerations and interstory drift and of this system there is a solid lead "plug". At
provide a viable economic solution to the the top and bottom, two steel plates attach the
difficult problem of reducing nonstructural bearing to the building and foundation. The
earthquake damage, as illustrated in Fig.1 and bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical
2. direction, but flexible in the horizontal
direction.
a Increase damping
5%
a1
10%
15%
a2 20%
25%
30%
0 T1 T2 T
Fig. 2. Reduction of acceleration by additional
damping Fig. 4. 3D-Model of Lead Rubber Bearing
Displacement and yielding are concentrated The forces, f, mobilized in the laminated
at the level of the isolation devices, and the rubber bearings can be modelled by a visco-
superstructure behaves very much like a rigid plastic model such as:
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THE ANNALS OF DUNAREA DE JOS UNIVERSITY OF GALATI FASCICLE XIV
REFERENCES
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accelerations and smaller shear forces lead to
[3] N. Kravchuk, R. Colquhoun, A. Porbaha,
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transfer of energy among different modes of
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