13th Century Alfonso X

He was the King of Castile in the 13th century. He

believed that God created a disordered universe and
that if he had been there to help create it, it would
have been better. This was blasphemous and his reign
was ridden with misfortune. The story of his life
became a morality tale that served as a warning.




Martin Luther: (1483-1546)



An Augustinian monk who began the tradition of
clerical marriage (allowing a clergy man to marry
and have a family) between a couple religions.
Augustine was very influential in Luthers religious
writings. Evil (suffering) drives us toward God (peace)






1596 Rene Descartes

Ren Descartes, the father of modern

philosophy (1596-1650): Belief that people,
things, and the earth cannot be trusted
because evil is in these things.


1641 Rene Descartes
when men or devils cause us suffering it is the
alien work of God to teach us to have patience

and peace




1662 Blaise Pascal






Nothing jolts us more rudely than this
doctrine, and yet, but for this mystery we
remain incomprehensible to ourselves.

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662): Opposed to the
traditional ways of proving Gods existence.











Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716):

Coined the term "Theodicy" which defended

the views of Bayle (Evil, whether natural or
moral, shows contradictions of Christian
beliefs of God.) He believed that evil was a
metaphysical necessity, the world does not
need any divine intervention to keep it
going.

Voltaire (1694-1778):


Voltaire (1694-1778): Based on the
enlightenment age, defied the excuse for evil
and protested the injustice of the human
condition. Voltaire distrusted democracy,
because he thought all of the people were
unintelligent.


















1711, David Hume

Worked to devise a naturalistic science of
man as part of the Scottish Enlightenment.






1712 Jean Jacques Rousseau

He argued natural evil should be understood
to ha no inherent meaning.











1724 Immanuel Kant

Providence itself requires that we cannot
know it

1740 Marquis De Sade




Supported rebellious tradition defying

the explanation of evil. Protested

injustice of human condition.






1755 Lisbon Earthquake




Exposed Leibniz to ridicule
and discredited the effort to
explain natural evil.

1770 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Hege

Hegel has influenced many thinkers and

writers whose own positions vary
widely.[21] Karl Barth described Hegel as a
"Protestant Aquinas"






1778 Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed evil had no meaning and we can do no

more than worry about the evils for which we are
responsible." He told that morals overcome our
natural state.

1788 Arthur Schopenhauer





Life Presents itself as continual
deception in small matters as in great.

He rejected the excuse of evil and

protested the injustice of the human
condition.








1804 Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (German philosopher 1724-
1804): He believed that reason was the
foundation for human morality and that we
must assume responsibility of evil in our lives.

1831 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831): He

viewed the role of philosophy was to eliminate
contingency. He believed that reality can be put
into different rational categories.












Nietzsche (1844-1900)

He Believed the human spirit will be
attacked by evil and that human bring
it upon themselves, by their own
actions. This idea was that people
could live their life in a wrong way.

Hannah Arendt (1906-1975)





She Coined the phrase "the banality of evil."
Described the phenomenon of Eichmann of
whether evil is radical or simply a function
of thoughtlessness. She believed the
tendency of people to obey orders and
submit to conformity.





WW1 (1914-1918)

The war that brought about old-
fashioned imperialism and early modern
technology. The bad things that occur in
war remains outside of our normal
thoughts.

Auschwitz- holocaust (1940-1945)




A Nazi concentration camp that most
people declare as evil. The intention
manslaughter showed the horrendous side
humans could exhibit. The memory and now
story grew in the imagination over time. It

acquired significance in relation to the web


of beliefs in which it occurred.












Daniel Gold Hagen (1959-present)




He writes that during the Holocaust many killers
were ordinary people (Germans), who anti-Semitic
(prejudice against Jews), because of the culture
they had been raised in. This means they were
acculturated "ready and willing" to execute
the Nazi's genocidal plans.






Ahmed AL Bouri

Professor Sinclair

LBST 2101

11/7/2017

A HISTORY of EVIL IN MODERN THOUGHT