Adjective Phrase Examples

The movie was not too terribly long.

A person smarter than me needs to figure this out.
The final exams were unbelievably difficult.
This pie is very delicious and extremely expensive.
Everyone was extremely delighted when the winner was announced.
The new outfit was very pricey but really beautiful.
Mom said the cost of a car is way too high.
Faster than a speeding bullet, Superman was finished in no time.
Students upset about the rising cost of tuition staged a rally.
That complex has quite small but cheap apartments.
Her eyes were very mesmerizing to the young man.
The highly emotive actor gave a wonderful performance.
Your apple pie smells very tempting.
Eating out is usually not very healthy.
The extremely tired kitten fell asleep by her food dish.
She is rather fond of skiing.
By the end of the date, I was fairly bored with him.
The overly enthusiastic fans painted their bodies with the teams colors.
A dog covered in mud makes a mess in a car.
The valedictorian was far too serious about her GPA.
A tapestry beautifully stitched by hand is worth the cost.
Cowboys riding into the sunset were in the final scenes of many movies.
The foundation is raising money for children deformed with birth defects.
That movie is getting scarier and scarier.
I really wanted to paint it eggplant purple.
The man covered in sweat took a well-deserved break.
Grass-fed organic beef is the best choice.
She was proud of her son winning the science fair.
The animal cowering in the corner was rescued.
My brother is older than me.
This stone is the heaviest of all.
I am quite enamored with him.
The music from next door was annoyingly loud.
Jorge was merely anxious to get on his way.
I love the taste of a sweet juicy peach.
The boys were angry about the long lines.
I feel sorry for people living on the streets.
The dancing was exquisitely graceful.
Beaming with joy, her face lit up the room.
She is the chief pediatric surgeon at the institute.
The candy was dark chocolate brown.
Workers demanding their rights picketed for hours.
That old food tastes awfully bad.
People with a strong immune system are most likely to recover quickly.
The very small kitten jumped at the big dog.
 The cost of the car was way too high.
The man covered with sweat, trudged his way home.
Something in the corner was moving.
The big bug under the blanket is moving towards me.

Adjective Phrases in Literature

It was cold, bleak, biting weather. - Charles Dickens in A Christmas Carol
He's an extraordinary looking man, and yet I can really name nothing out of the
way. - Robert Louis Stevenson in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Marge, you're as pretty as Princess Leia and as smart as Yoda." - Homer
Simpson
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. - Edgar Allan
Poe in The Raven
As you can see from the examples, an adjective phrase can be a very helpful grammar
tool to better describe the subject of the sentence.

Adjective Phrase
6th grade7th grade8th grade9th grade10th grade11th grade12th gradeMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolCollege

image:
http://www.yourdictionary.com/index.php/image/articles/18863.ThinkstockPhotos-
500446149_adjPhrase.jpg

Most people know what an adjective is, but when it comes to describing an adjective
phrase, they get confused. Some are mistaken and think that this type of phrase is a group
of words that has an adjective in it. Although this may be true, this is not an effective
phrase. This type of phrase is actually a group of words that serves to describe a noun or
pronoun in a sentence, thus functioning as an adjective. You do not have to be and English
teacher or grammar buff to understand what an adjective phrase is or how it works: in
fact, we use these phrases all of the time in writing and in spoken English without
thinking about them.

How Can I Identify an Adjective Phrase?

Many people wonder how to pick out adjective phrases within sentences. The trick to
identifying one in a sentence is to look at the first word of the group of words. If the first
word is an adverb or preposition, there is a good chance that the phrase is an adjective
phrase. Ask yourself, what is this phrase modifying? Is it describing the noun? If the group
of words does in fact modify the noun or subject of the clause or sentence, then the phrase
is in fact an adjective phrase.

What Is An Adjective Phrase Made Out Of?

An adjective phrase is formed out of either an intensifier and an adjective, or alternatively,
more than one adjective in a row. In the first case, an example might be very beautiful in
the sentence, The very beautiful woman walked down the street.

What Can These Phrases Do In a Sentence?

Many people are surprised to learn that adjective phrases do not just modify nouns: they
can also modify pronouns! Look at the following two examples: He is from Boston and
Tom is from Boston both have an adjective phrase, namely, from Boston.
It does not matter if the noun is a pronoun or not: the adjective phrase still functions in
the same way. If you are looking for a more complex way to modify a noun than just using
a simple adjective, try using this type of phrase! Use many adjectives in a row, use a
phrase with a preposition, or a phrase starting with an adverb to modify the noun at
hand.

Strings of Adjectives
Why use one adjective when you could be very descriptive and use several to describe an
object? A string of adjectives can come together as an adjective phrase in order to
describe a noun.
For example in the sentence, Sally is a nice girl, there is one adjective, namely, nice.
However, in the sentence, Sally is a nice, intelligent, beautiful, and kind girl, an adjectival
phrase is employed in order to come together and describe Sally.

Examples of Adjective Phrases

The best way to understand this type of phrase and how it functions is to examine some
examples of these phrases in action. Lets take a look at an example with an adjective:
The beautiful house and The house that is beautiful mean the same thing, but the
former has an adjective, whereas the latter has an adjectival phrase.
Another set of examples is, the angry dog and the dog that is acting very angry. The
latter phrase uses the phrase that is acting very angry to modify the subject, which is the
noun dog. Thus, the latter example has an adjectival phrase.
Some adjective phrases modify nouns or noun phrases. Following are some sentences
with the phrases underlined:
The very small kitten jumped at the big dog.
The cost of the car was way too high.
The man covered with sweat, trudged his way home.
Something in the corner was moving.
The big bug under the blanket is moving towards me.
Other adjective phrases modify the predicate of the sentence. Here are some examples:
Extra buttons came with the coat.
Gremlins cause mischief inside of machines.
We were saddened by the news of his demise.
The brownies smell deliciously sweet.
I was delighted that he was chosen.
Adjective phrases can also modify objects and will follow the word they are modifying.
Examples are:
She wanted to paint her room lemony yellow.
My new kitten makes me very happy.
I sometimes pity people living in large cities.
We are collecting money for children born with heart defects.
They were proud of their team winning the championship.

Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-

speech/adjectives/adjective-phrase.html#HQvLLiIdXle2yTv2.99

Examples of The Adjective Phrase:

Examples of prepositional phrases functioning as adjective
phrases with explanations:
The woman on the boat is my aunt Carol.
The object of this prepositional phrase is "boat". The preposition "on" is
telling us the relationship between the boat and the "woman". Woman is a
noun, so this is an adjective phrase.
The announcement during class interrupted my work on the math test.
The object of this prepositional phrase is "class". The preposition "during" is
telling us the relationship between the class and the announcement.
Announcement is a noun, so this is an adjective phrase.
More examples of adjective phrases:
1) Please wash the dishes in the sink. (gives relationship between dishes
and sink)
2) The girl in the red shirt is my little sister. (gives relationship between girl
and shirt)
3) Are the shoes under the chair yours? (gives relationship between shoes
and chair)
4) The house across the street is mine. (gives relationship between house
and street)
5) The show after this one is my favorite! (gives relationship between show
and one)
6) I want the doll on that shelf. (gives relationship between doll and shelf)
7) The superhero behind the sofa belongs to Sam. (gives relationship
between superhero and Sam)
8) I think the light over the table has stopped working. (gives relationship
between light and table)
 http://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/08/15/us-higher-education-
glossary

U.S. Higher Education Glossary

What's the difference between a college and a university? Who are undergraduate
students versus graduate students? What's the FAFSA? Studying in the United
States can be confusing if you don't fully understand the words used in U.S. higher
education. With that in mind, U.S. News has compiled a glossary of important terms
specifically for international students and parents. While this list is not exhaustive, it
offers a key starting point as you explore the best U.S. universities for you.
We want to hear from you! What words are missing from this glossary? Comment
below or send us an E-mail with your thoughts and suggestions.
1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

6. F

7. G

8. H

9. I

10. J

11. K

12. L

13. M

14. N

15. O

16. P

17. Q

18. R
19. S

20. T

21. U

22. V

23. W

24. X

25. Y

26. Z

A
Academic adviser: A member of a school's faculty who provides advice and guidance
to students on academic matters, such as course selections.
Academic year: Annual period during which a student attends and receives formal
instruction at a college or university, typically from August or September to May or
June. The academic year may be divided into semesters, trimesters, quarters, or other
calendars.
Accredited: Official recognition that a college or university meets the standards of a
regional or national association. Although international students are not required to
attend an accredited college or university in the United States, employers,
other schools, and governments worldwide often only recognize degrees from
accredited schools.
ACT (American College Test): A standardized college entrance exam administered
by the American College Testing Program. Four separate, multiple-choice tests
measure knowledge of English, math, reading, and science, and one optional writing
test measures essay planning and writing skills. Most students take the ACT during
their junior or senior year of high school, and most colleges and universities accept
scores from either the ACT or SAT. Some schoolsmay recommend, but not require,
international students to take the ACT or SAT. (See the U.S. News college test prep
guide for more information.)
Affidavit of Support: An official document proving adequate funding from an individual
or organization to cover an international student's educational and living expenses
while enrolledat a U.S. college or university.
AP (Advanced Placement program): A program offered by the College Board, a
U.S.-based nonprofit educational organization, that allows students to take college-
level courses while inhigh school. Students can then take standardized AP exams;
those with qualifying scores can earn credit at certain colleges and universities.
 Assistantship: A financial aid award granted to a graduate student to help pay
for tuition that is offered in return for certain services, such as serving as a teaching
assistant or research assistant.
Associate's: An undergraduate degree awarded by a college or university upon
successful completion of a program of study, usually requiring two years of full-time
study. An associate's is typically awarded by community colleges; it may be a career or
technical degree, or it may be a transfer degree, allowing students
to transfer those credits to a four-year bachelor's degree-granting school.
Audit: To take a class to gain knowledge about a subject, but without
receiving credit toward adegree.
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B
Bachelor's: An undergraduate degree awarded by a college or university upon
successful completion of a program of study, typically requiring at least four years (or
the equivalent) of full-time study. Common degree types include bachelor of arts (B.A.
or A.B.), which refers to theliberal arts, and bachelor of science (B.S.). A bachelor's is
required before starting graduate studies.
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C
Campus: The grounds and buildings where a college or university is located.
Coed: Open to both men and women (often used to describe a school that admits both
sexes and a dormitory that houses both genders).
College: A postsecondary institution that typically provides only
an undergraduate education, but in some cases, also graduate degrees. "College" is
often used interchangeably with "university" and "school." Separately, "college" can
refer to an academic division of a university, such as College of Business. (See U.S.
News's rankings of Best Colleges.)
Commencement: A graduation ceremony where students officially receive
their degrees, typically held in May or June at the end of the , though
some colleges and universities also hold August and December ceremonies.
Common Application: A standard application form that is accepted by more than 450
membercolleges and universities for admissions. Students can complete the form
online or in print and submit copies to any of the participating colleges, rather than
filling out individual forms for eachschool. However, international students will typically
need to submit additional application materials unique to each college.
Community college: A public, two-year postsecondary institution that offers
the associatedegree. Also known as a "junior college." Community colleges typically
 provide a transfer program, allowing students to transfer to a four-year school to
complete their bachelor'sdegree, and a career program, which provides students with a
vocational degree.
Conditional admission: An acceptance to a college or university that is dependent on
the student first completing coursework or meeting specific criteria before enrollment.
For an international student, this can include a requirement to attain a certain level of
English-language proficiency if the student's TOEFL score doesn't meet the minimum
required.
Core requirements: Mandatory courses that students are required to complete to earn
adegree.
Course: A regularly scheduled class on a particular subject.
Each college or university offersdegree programs that consist of a specific number of
required and elective courses.
Course load: The number of courses or credits a student takes during a specific term.
Credits: Units that a school uses to indicate that a student has completed and
passed coursesthat are required for a degree. Each school defines the total number
and types of credits necessary for degree completion, with every course being
assigned a value in terms of "credits," "credit hours," or "units."
Culture shock: Feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that can occur when
adjusting to a new country and culture that may be very different from your own.
International students may also experience "reverse culture shock" upon returning to
their home country, after they have become accustomed to the new country and
culture.
Curriculum: A program of study made up of a set of courses offered by a school.
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D
Dean: The head of a division of a college or university.
Deferral / Deferred admission: A school's act of postponing a student's application
for early decision or early action, so that it will be considered along with the rest of the
regular applicant group. A "deferral" can also refer to a student's act of
postponing enrollment for one year, if theschool agrees.
Degree: A diploma or title awarded to students by a college or university after
successful completion of a program of study.
Department: A division of a school, made up of faculty and support staff, that gives
instruction in a particular field of study, such as the history department.
Discipline: An area of academic study.
Dissertation: An in-depth, formal writing requirement on an original topic of research
that is typically submitted in the final stages before earning a doctorate (Ph.D.).
 Doctorate (Ph.D.): The highest academic degree awarded by a university upon
successful completion of an advanced program of study, typically requiring at least
three years of graduate study beyond the master's degree (which may have been
earned at a different university). Ph.D. candidates must demonstrate their mastery of a
subject through oral and written exams and original, scholarly research presented in
a dissertation.
Dormitories (dorms): Student housing provided by a college or university, also known
as "residence halls," which typically includes rooms, bathrooms, common areas, and
possibly a kitchen or cafeteria.
Double major: A program of study that allows a student to complete
the course requirements for two majors at the same time.
Drop: To withdraw from a course. A college or university typically has a period of time
at the beginning of a term during which students can add or drop courses.
Dual degree: Program of study that allows a student to receive two degrees from the
samecollege or university.
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E
Early action: A program offered by some colleges and universities that allows students
to submit their applications early, typically in November or December, and receive
decisions early, usually in mid- or late December. Students are not required to accept
the admissions offer and have until May 1 to decide. Although some schools allow
international students to apply via early action, applicants who request financial
aid may not receive a decision any earlier than those who apply through the regular
decision process.
Early decision: A program offered by some colleges and universities that allows
students to submit an application to their top-choice school early, typically in November
or December, and receive the decision early, usually in mid- or late December. If
accepted, students are required to enroll at that school and withdraw all applications to
other schools. Although some schools allow international students to apply via early
decision, applicants who apply for financial aidmay not receive a decision any earlier
than those who apply through the regular decisionprocess.
Electives: Courses that students can choose to take for credit toward a degree, but
are not required.
English as a Second Language (ESL): A course or program of study used to teach
English to non-native English speakers.
Enroll: To register or enter a school or course as a participant.
Exempt: Not required to do something that other students may be required to do. For
example, a school may require all students to take a freshman English course, but
 some students may be exempt based on their high scores on a college entrance exam
or their previous coursework.
Extracurricular activities: Optional activities, such as sports, that students can
participate in outside of academic classes.
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F
Faculty: A school's teaching and administrative staff who is responsible for designing
programs of study.
FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid): Application used by U.S. citizens
and permanent residents to apply for financial aid from U.S. federal and state
governments. International students are not eligible for U.S. government aid,
but schools may ask international students to submit a FAFSA to determine financial
need. (Note: A social security number is required to complete the FAFSA.)
Fees: An amount of money charged by colleges and universities, in addition to
their tuition, to cover costs of services such as libraries and computer technology.
Fellowship: An amount of money awarded by a college or university, usually
to graduatestudents and generally based on academic achievement.
Financial aid: All types of money offered to a student to help pay tuition, fees, and
other educational expenses. This can
include loans, grants, scholarships, assistantships, fellowships, and work-study jobs.
(See the U.S. News paying for college and paying for grad school guides for more
information.)
Fraternity: A student organization, typically for men, formed for social, academic,
community service, or professional purposes. A fraternity is part of
a college or university's Greek system. Some fraternities, such as those with an
academic or community service focus, may be coed.
Freshman: A student in the first year of high school or college / university.
Full-time student: A student who is enrolled at a college or university and is taking at
least the minimum number of credits required by the school for a full course load.
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G
GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test): A standardized graduate business
school entrance exam administered by the nonprofit Graduate Management Admission
Council, which measures verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing skills. Some
business schools accept either the GMAT or GRE. In June 2012, the GMAT will
incorporate an integrated reasoning section designed to assess how applicants
 analyze different types of information at once. (See the U.S. News business school test
prep guide for more information.)
Grade: A score or mark indicating a student's academic performance on an exam,
paper, or in a course. A "grade" can also refer to which year a student is in while at
elementary, middle, orhigh school, but that usage typically does not apply at
the college or university level.
Grade point average (GPA): A student's overall academic performance, which is
calculated as a numerical average of grades earned in all courses. The GPA is
determined after each term, typically on a 4.0 scale, and upon graduation, students
receive an overall GPA for their studies.
Graduate school: The division of a college or university, or an independent
postsecondary institution, which administers graduate studies and
awards master's degrees, doctorates, or graduate certificates. (See U.S. News's
rankings of Best Graduate Schools.)
Graduate student / graduate studies: A student who already holds
an undergraduate degreeand is pursuing advanced studies at a graduate school,
leading to a master's, doctorate, or graduate certificate. A "graduate" can also refer to
any student who has successfully completed a program of study and earned a degree.
Grant: A type of financial aid that consists of an amount of free money given to a
student, often by the federal or a state government, a company, a school, or a charity.
A grant does not have to be repaid. "Grant" is often used interchangeably with
"scholarship."
GRE (Graduate Record Examination): A standardized graduate school entrance
exam administered by the nonprofit Educational Testing Service (ETS), which
measures verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing skills. The exam is generally
required by graduate schools, which use it to assess applicants
of master's and Ph.D. programs. Some business schools accept either the GMAT or
GRE; law schools generally require the LSAT; and medical schools typically require
the MCAT. Effective August 2011, the GRE will incorporate key changes in the content,
length, and style of the exam. (See the U.S. News GRE guide for more information.)
Greek life / Greek system: A college or university's collection
of fraternities and sororities oncampus, whose names originate from letters in the
ancient Greek alphabet.
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H
High school: A secondary school that offers grades 9 to 12.
Humanities: Academic courses focused on human life and ideas, including history,
philosophy, foreign languages, religion, art, music, and literature.
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I
Independent study: An academic course that allows students to earn credit for work
done outside of the normal classroom setting. The reading or research assignment is
usually designed by the students themselves or with the help of a faculty member, who
monitors the progress.
Institute: An organization created for a specific purpose, usually for research, that may
be located on a college or university's campus.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS): The U.S. government agency that collects income
taxes. International students who work on or off campus or receive
taxable scholarships must pay taxes. A college or university's international student
adviser can provide further information, including on relevant tax treaties between the
United States and specific countries that may allow certain benefits.
International student adviser: A school official who assists international students,
scholars, and faculty with matters including orientation, visas, income taxes, insurance,
and academic and government rules, among other areas.
Internship: An experience that allows students to work in a professional environment
to gain training and skills. Internships may be paid or unpaid and can be of varying
lengths during or after the academic year.
Ivy League: An association of eight private universities located in the northeastern
United States, originally formed as an athletic conference. Today, the term is
associated with universities that are considered highly competitive and prestigious. The
Ivy League consists of the highly ranked Brown University, Columbia
University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College,Harvard University, Princeton
University, University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.
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J
Junior: A student in the third year of high school or college / university.
Junior college: A two-year postsecondary institution that offers the associate degree.
(See "community college.")
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L
Letter of recommendation: A letter written by a student's teacher, counselor, coach,
or mentor that assesses his or her qualifications and skills. Colleges, universities,
and graduate schools generally require recommendation letters as part of the
application process.
 Liberal arts: Academic studies of subjects in the humanities, social sciences, and the
sciences, with a focus on general knowledge, in contrast to a professional or technical
emphasis. "Liberal arts" is often used interchangeably with "liberal arts and sciences"
or "arts and sciences."
Liberal arts college: A postsecondary institution that emphasizes
an undergraduate education in liberal arts. The majority of liberal arts colleges have
small student bodies, do not offergraduate studies, and focus on faculty teaching rather
than research. (See U.S. News's rankings of Best Liberal Arts Colleges.)
Loan: A type of financial aid that consists of an amount of money that is given to
someone for a period of time, with an agreement that it will be repaid later. International
students are generally not eligible for U.S. federal government loans and will typically
require an American cosigner to apply for a private bank loan.
LSAT (Law School Admission Test): A standardized law school entrance exam
administered by the nonprofit Law School Admission Council, which measures reading
comprehension, analytical reasoning, and logical reasoning skills. There is also a
writing section; although it is not scored, it is sent to each law school to which a student
applies. (See the U.S. News LSAT test prep guide for more information.)
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M
Major: The academic subject area that a student chooses to focus on during his or
herundergraduate studies. Students typically must officially choose their major by the
end of theirsophomore year, allowing them to take a number of courses in the chosen
area during theirjunior and senior years.
Master's: A graduate degree awarded by a college or university upon successful
completion of an advanced program of study, typically requiring one or two years of
full-time study beyond thebachelor's degree. Common degree types include master of
arts (M.A.), which refers to theliberal arts; master of science (M.S.); and master of
business administration (M.B.A.).
Matriculate: To enroll in a program of study at a college or university, with the intention
of earning a degree.
MBA: A master of business administration degree.
MCAT (Medical College Admission Test): A standardized U.S. medical school
entrance exam administered by the nonprofit Association of American Medical
Colleges, which measures verbal reasoning and writing skills and physical and
biological sciences knowledge. The MCAT will likely undergo significant changes in
2015, with new areas added, such as genetics, cell and molecular biology, psychology,
and sociology.
Merit aid / merit scholarships: A type of financial aid awarded by
a college or university to students who have demonstrated special academic ability or
 talents, regardless of theirfinancial need. Most merit aid has specific requirements if
students want to continue to receive it, such as maintaining a certain GPA.
Midterm exam: An exam given after half of the academic term has passed and that
covers all material studied in a particular course until that point. Not all courses have
midterm exams.
Minor: An academic subject area that a student chooses to have a secondary focus on
during their undergraduate studies. Unlike a major, a minor is typically not required, but
it allows a student to take a few additional courses in a subject different from his or her
major.
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N
Need-based financial aid: Financial aid that is awarded to students due to their
financial inability to pay the full cost of attending a specific college or university, rather
than specifically because of their grades or other merit.
Need-blind admissions: A college or university's policy of accepting or declining
applications without considering an applicant's financial circumstances. This policy
does not necessarily mean that these schools will offer enough financial aid to meet a
student's full need. Only a handful of U.S. colleges or universities offer need-blind
admissions to international students.
Net price calculator: An online tool that allows students and families to calculate a
personalized estimate of the cost of a specific college or university, after taking into
account any scholarships or need-based financial aid that an applicant would
receive. By Oct. 29, 2011, each higher education institution in the United States is
required by law to post a net price calculator on its respective website.
Nonmatriculated: Enrolled in a college or university's courses, but not in a program of
study leading to a degree.
Nonresident: A student who does not meet a state's residence requirements.
A college oruniversity may have different tuition costs and admissions policies for
residents versus nonresidents. In most cases, international students are considered
nonresidents. A "nonresident alien" is a person who is not a U.S. citizen and is in the
country on a temporary basis.
Notarized: Certified as authentic by a public official, lawyer, or
bank. Colleges and universitiesoften require international students to submit notarized
documents, such as the Affidavit of Support or high school transcripts.
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O
 Open admissions: A college or university's policy of accepting all students who have
completed high school, regardless of their grades or test scores, until all spaces are
filled. Mostcommunity colleges have an open admissions policy, including for
international students.
Orientation: A college or university's official process of welcoming new, accepted
students tocampus and providing them with information and policies before classes
begin, usually in a half-day or full-day event. Many colleges and graduate schools offer
a separate orientation just for international students to cover topics such as how to
follow immigration and visaregulations, set up a U.S. bank account, and handle culture
shock.
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P
Part-time student: A student who is enrolled at a college or university but is not taking
the minimum number of credits required for a full course load.
Pass-fail: A grading system in which students receive either a "pass" or "fail" grade,
rather than a specific score or letter grade. Certain college or university courses can be
taken pass-fail, but these typically don't include ones taken to
fulfill major or minor requirements.
Ph.D.: A doctor of philosophy degree. (See "doctorate.")
Plagiarism: The use of another person's words or ideas as your own, without
acknowledging that person. Schools have different policies and punishments for
students caught plagiarizing, which tends to occur with research papers and other
written assignments.
Postdoctorate: Academic studies or research for those who have completed
a doctorate. A "postdoc" can refer both to a person who is pursuing a postdoctorate
and to the postdoctorate itself.
Prerequisite: A required course that must be completed before a student is allowed
to enroll in a more advanced one.
Priority date: The date by which an application must be received in order to be given
full consideration. This can apply to admissions, financial aid, and on-campus housing.
After the priority date passes, applications may be considered on a case-by-case or
first-come-first-served basis.
Private school: A postsecondary institution controlled by a private individual(s) or a
nongovernmental agency. A private institution is usually not supported primarily by
public funds and its programs are not operated by publicly elected or appointed
officials. Stanford University, for example, is a private school.
Probation: A status or period of time in which students with very low GPAs, or whose
academic work is unsatisfactory according to the school, must improve their
performance. If they are unable to do so, they may be dismissed from the school.
 Students may also face "disciplinary probation" for nonacademic reasons, such as
behavioral problems in the dorms.
Professional school: A higher education institution for students who have already
received their undergraduate degree to gain training in specific professions, such as
law, medicine, and pharmacy.
Provost: The senior academic officer of a college or university who typically oversees
all academic policies and curriculum-related matters.
PSAT: The Preliminary SAT, a standardized practice test cosponsored by the nonprofit
College Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corp., which measures reading,
writing, and math skills, giving students experience with the SAT. Students usually take
the PSAT in their junioryear of high school, and U.S. citizens and permanent residents
can submit their scores to qualify for National Merit scholarships. (See the U.S.
News college test prep guide for more information.)
Public school: A postsecondary institution that is supported mainly by public funds
and whose programs are operated by publicly elected or appointed officials.
The University of CaliforniaBerkeley, for example, is a public school.
[Back to Top]

Q
Quarters: Periods of study that divide the academic year into four equal segments of
approximately 12 weeks each, typically including the summer.
[Back to Top]

R
Registrar: The college or university official who is responsible for registering students
and keeping their academic records, such as transcripts.
Registration: The process in which students choose and enroll in courses to be taken
during the academic year or in summer sessions.
Regular decision: An admissions process used by colleges and universities that
typically requires applicants to submit their materials by January 1; an admissions
decision is generally received by April 1, and if admitted, students usually have until
May 1 to respond to the offer. The majority of applicants are evaluated during regular
decision, rather than early action andearly decision.
Resident assistant (RA): A student leader who works in campus dormitories and
supervises issues and activities related to dorm life. RAs often receive free housing in
the dorm in return for their services.
Rolling admissions: An admissions process used by
some colleges and universities in which each application is considered as soon as all
the required materials have been received, rather than by a specific deadline. Colleges
 and universities with this policy will make decisions as applications are received until all
spaces are filled.
Room and board: Housing and meals. "Room and board" is typically one of the costs
thatcolleges and universities will list in their annual estimated cost of attendance, in
addition totuition, fees, and textbooks and supplies. If students choose to live
in dormitories, they may be required to buy into a meal plan to use on-campus dining
facilities.
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S
SAT: A standardized college entrance exam administered by the Educational Testing
Service (ETS) on behalf of the nonprofit College Board, which measures reading,
writing, and math skills. Most students take the SAT during their junior or senior year
of high school, and most colleges and universities accept scores from either the SAT
or ACT. In addition, students may choose to take the SAT Subject Tests in English,
history, languages, math, and science to demonstrate their knowledge in specific
academic areas. Some schools may recommend, but not require, international
students to take the SAT or ACT. (See the U.S. News college test prep guide for more
information.)
Scholarship: A type of financial aid that consists of an amount of free money given to
a student by a school, individual, organization, company, charity, or federal or state
government. "Scholarship" is often used interchangeably with "grant." (See the U.S.
News scholarship guidefor more information.)
School: Any educational institution, including those that provide elementary,
secondary, and postsecondary education. In the latter case, "school" is often used
interchangeably with "college" and "university."
Semesters: Periods of study that divide the academic year into two equal segments of
approximately 15 to 18 weeks each. Some schools also offer a shorter summer
semester, beyond the traditional academic year.
Seminar: A course offered to a small group of students who are typically more
advanced and who meet with a professor to discuss specialized topics.
Senior: A student in the fourth year of high school or college / university.
SEVIS (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System): A computerized U.S.
government database used to track international students and scholars in the United
States. Once an international student is accepted by a U.S. college or university,
the school is required to mail the student a Form I-20, which is a paper record of the
student's information in SEVIS. A student must pay a SEVIS fee and use the payment
receipt and I-20 to apply for a visa.
Social Security number: A nine-digit number issued by the U.S. government to
people who are authorized to work in the United States and collect certain government
 benefits. Manycolleges and universities use the Social Security number as the student
identification number. International students who are in the United States and are
authorized to work either on or off campus must apply for and obtain a Social Security
number, which is then used to report their wages to the government.
Sophomore: A student in the second year of high school or college / university.
Sorority: A student organization for women formed for social, academic, community
service, or professional purposes. A sorority is part of a college or university's Greek
system.
Standardized tests: Exams, such as the SAT, ACT, and GRE, which measure
knowledge and skills and are designed to be consistent in how they are administered
and scored. Standardized tests are intended to help admissions officials compare
students who come from different backgrounds.
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T
Teaching assistant (TA): A graduate student who assists a professor with teaching
anundergraduate course, usually within his or her field, as part of an assistantship.
Tenure: A status offered to high-level faculty members at a college or university that
allows them to stay permanently in their positions, after demonstrating a strong record
of teaching and published research.
Term: Periods of study, which can include semesters, quarters, trimesters, or summer
sessions.
Thesis: A formal piece of writing on a specific subject, which may be required to earn
abachelor's or master's degree.
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language): A standardized exam administered
by the nonprofit Educational Testing Service (ETS), which measures English-language
proficiency in reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Many
U.S. colleges and universities require non-native English speakers to take the TOEFL
and submit their scores as part of the admissions process.
Transcript: An official record of a student's coursework and grades at a high
school, college, oruniversity. A high school transcript is usually one of the required
components of the college application process.
Transfer credit: Credit granted toward a degree on the basis of studies completed at
anothercollege or university. For instance, students who transfer from a community
college to a four-year college may earn some transfer credit.
Trimesters: Periods of study that divide the academic year into three equal segments
of approximately 10 to 12 weeks each.
Tuition: An amount of money charged by a school per term, per course, or per credit,
in exchange for instruction and training. Tuition generally does not include the cost of
textbooks,room and board, and other fees.
 [Back to Top]

U
Undergraduate student / undergraduate studies: A student enrolled in a two-year or
four-year study program at a college or university after graduation from high school,
leading to anassociate or bachelor's degree.
University: A postsecondary institution that typically offers
both undergraduate and graduatedegree programs. "University" is often used
interchangeably with "college" and "school."
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V
Visa: An official mark or stamp in a passport that allows someone to enter a country for
a particular amount of time. Common visa types for international students and scholars
in the United States include the F-1 (student visa) and J-1 (exchange visitor visa). To
apply for a U.S. visa, student applicants must first receive a Form I-20 from
the college or university they plan to attend, which is created by the U.S.
government's SEVIS database.
[Back to Top]

W
Wait list: A list of qualified applicants to a school who may be offered admission if
there is space available after all admitted students have made their decisions. Being on
a wait list does not guarantee eventual admission, so some students may choose not
to remain on the list, particularly if the school is not their first choice.
Withdraw: To formally stop participating in a course or attending a university.
Work-study: A financial aid program funded by the U.S. federal government that
allowsundergraduate or graduate students to work part time on campus or with
approved off-campus employers. To participate in work-study, students must complete
the FAFSA. In general, international students are not eligible for work-study positions.
http://www.lindentours.com/glossary/

Glossary of Terms
The following glossary of important U.S. academic terms was prepared by the U.S. Educational
Advisory Service, The Fulbright Commission, United Kingdom.

A
Academic Adviser
A member of faculty who helps and advises students purely on academic matters.
Academic Year
The period of formal instruction, usually late August/early September through late May/early June;
may be divided into terms of varying lengths semesters, trimesters, or quarters.
Accreditation
Approval of colleges and universities by nationally recognized professional associations or regional
accrediting bodies.
Add/Drop
A process at the beginning of the term when students can change their course schedules, adding or
dropping classes with the instructors permission.
Assistantship
A study grant of financial aid offered by graduate programs in return for certain services in teaching
or laboratory supervision (teaching assistantship) or services in research (research assistantship).
Associate Degree
The degree awarded after a two-year period of study which can be either terminal (vocational) or
transfer (the first two years of a bachelors degree).
Audit
To take a class without receiving a grade or credit towards the degree.
B

Bachelors Degree
The degree awarded upon completion of approximately four years of full time study in the liberal
arts and sciences or professional subjects.
C

Carrel
Individual study area usually reserved for graduate students in a library; available on a first come,
first serve basis (sometimes for a fee).
College
A postsecondary institution that provides mainly undergraduate education. College in a separate
sense is a division of a university, e.g. College of Business.
College Catalog
Also prospectus; an official publication giving information about a universitys academic programs,
facilities, entrance requirements and student life.
Core Requirements
Compulsory courses required for completion of the degree.
Course
Regularly scheduled class sessions of one to five hours (or more) per week during the term. A
degree program is made up of a specified number of required and elective courses and varies from
institution to institution.
Credits
The units which universities use to record the completion of courses (with passing grades) that are
required to complete the degree. The catalog will define the amounts and kinds of credits that are
required for the universitys degrees and will state the value of each course offered in terms of
"credit hours" or "units."
D

Day Student
A student who lives in non-university-administered accommodation (e.g., at parents home) and
commutes to the campus every day for classes.
Dissertation
Substantial academic paper written on an original topic of research, usually presented as one of the
final requirements for the doctorate.
E

Electives
Courses that students may choose to take for credit toward their intended degree, as distinguished
from courses that they are required to take.
Exchange Award
A study grant of financial aid, as a condition of which recipients are expected to return to their home
country upon completion of their study in the United States.
F

Fees
An amount charged by universities, in addition to tuition, to cover costs of institutional services.
Fellowship
A study grant of financial aid, usually awarded to a graduate student without requiring services in
return.
Final
A cumulative exam on a particular course in one term encompassing all material covered
throughout the duration of the course.
Financial Aid
A general term that includes all types of money, loans, and work-study programs offered to a
student to help pay tuition costs and living expenses.
Fraternities
Social and philanthropic organizations found on many U.S. campuses, usually male-only (see
"Sororities").
G

Grade/Grading System
The evaluation of a students academic work. Work rated B or higher is generally required of a
graduate student to continue a program.
Grade Point Average (GPA)
A system of recording achievement based on a numerical average of the grades attained in each
course.
Graduate
A student who has completed a course of study, either at high school or university level. A graduate
program at a U.S. university is, in British English terms, a postgraduate study program. Graduate
study is designed to lead towards a master's or doctorate and generally is open only to students
who have completed an undergraduate degree.
GMAT
Graduate Management Admissions Test, required for applicants to graduate business or
management programs.
GRE
Graduate Record Examination, commonly required of applicants to graduate schools in fields other
than business, law, and medicine.
H

High School
The U.S. term for secondary school.
Honors Program
A challenging program for students with high grades.
I

International Student Adviser

The person associated with a university who is in charge of providing information and guidance to
international students in the areas of government regulation, visas, academic regulations, social
customs, language, financial or housing problems, travel plans, insurance, and legal matters.
L

Language Requirement
Students in some graduate programs must show a basic reading and writing proficiency in one
other language besides their own in order to receive their degree.
LSAT
Law School Admissions Test, required of applicants to JD (professional law) programs and some
graduate law programs in American law schools.
Liberal Arts
A term referring to academic studies of subjects in the humanities, the social sciences, and the
sciences. Also called "liberal arts and sciences" or "arts and sciences."
M

Maintenance
Refers to the expenses of attending a university including room (living quarters) and board (meals),
books, clothing, laundry, local transportation, and incidentals.
Major
The subject in which a student wishes to concentrate for an undergraduate degree.
Masters Degree
Graduate degree following the bachelors degree. This may be completed in only one or two years,
in cases in which the masters stands alone, or it may be a degree attained while working toward a
doctorate. Academic masters degrees usually involve preparing a thesis as well as completing
courses, while a professional masters degree (e.g. education, management, communications, etc.)
may require directed practical training together with course work.
MCAT
Medical College Admissions Test, required of applicants to American medical first professional
degree programs.
Midterm Exam
An exam administered after half the academic term has passed which covers all course material up
until that point.
Minor
A subject in which the student takes the second greatest concentration of courses.
N

Non-resident Student
A student who does not meet the residence requirements of the state while attending a public
(state) university. Tuition fees and admissions policies may differ for residents and non-residents.
International students are usually classified as non-residents.
Notarization
The certification of a document (or a statement or a signature) as authentic and true by a public
official (known in the United States as a notary public) or by a lawyer who is also a commissioner of
oaths.
P

Post-Doctorate
Studies designed for those who have completed a doctoral degree.
Prerequisite
Program or course that a student is required to complete before being permitted to enroll in a more
advanced program or course.
Q

Qualifying Exam
In many graduate departments, students who have completed coursework for a doctoral degree
must pass an examination before embarking on the dissertation. A qualifying examination may be
oral, written, or both, and must be passed in order for the student to continue.
Quarter
Period of study, approximately 10 to 12 weeks duration or one-quarter of the academic year.
R

Registration
Process through which students select courses to be taken during a quarter, semester, or trimester.
S

Scholarship
A study grant of financial aid, usually given at the undergraduate level, which may take the form of a
waiver for tuition and/or fees.
SAT I
A primarily multiple choice test of mathematical and English abilities that is required by most
colleges and universities for admission into an undergraduate program.
School
Usually elementary, middle, or high schools. Also a catch-all term for any place of education e.g.,
law school, graduate school.
Semester
Period of study, approximately 15 to 16 weeks or one-half the academic year.
Social Security Number (SSN)
A number issued by the U.S. government to people for payroll deductions for old age, survivors,
and disability insurance. Anyone who works regularly must obtain a SSN. Many institutions use this
number as the student ID number.
Sororities
Female social, academic and philanthropic organizations found on many U.S. campuses.
Special Student
A student who is not enrolled in a degree program and is therefore independent of the universitys
academic requirements.
Syllabus
An outline of topics covered in an academic course.
T

TA
Teaching assistant, a graduate student acting as instructor for an undergraduate course in their
field, in return for some form of financial aid from the university.
TOEFL
Test of English as a Foreign Language, an English language proficiency examination, required of
applicants whose native language is not English.
Transcripts
A certified copy (see "notarization") of a students educational record. For graduate applications this
will state the date a degree was conferred, indicate the students overall grade point average and
list the courses completed, their value in terms of credits and the final grade attained in each. For
students with British qualifications, certified copies of degree or examination certificates along with a
syllabus for each course from the college or university registrar will suffice.
Transfer
The process of moving from one college or university to another to complete a degree.
Tuition
The money the institution charges for instruction and training (does not include the cost of books).
U

Undergraduate
A student enrolled in a bachelor's or associate degree program. An undergraduate program is a
study program leading to the award of a bachelor or associate degree.
University
A large postsecondary institution that offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs.
http://reference.iam.harvard.edu/glossary

Glossary
See below for a quick glossary of key terms relating to HarvardKey, Harvard's authentication
system, and identity and access management principles in general. Is there something missing
from this list? Contact us.
Authentication
The process used to verify a user's identity. A person using HarvardKey to log in to a website
or application is seeking to be authenticated. The system performs password-type
authentication; in other words, when a user supplies a login ID and password that match, that
user is understood to correspond to the login credentials.

Authorization
Authorization is the process of verifying that a known (authenticated) user has the authority to
perform a certain operation. In order to gain access to an online resource, you must be both
authenticated and authorized.

Digital certificate
A small amount of information stored on a computer that indicates that computer is trusted by
an independent source (known as a certificate authority). The certificate authority acts as a
middleman that multiple computers trust. Authenticating using a digital certificate provides a
stronger level of security, because the process is using something that is physically stored on
the computer in the process of verifying that computer's identity.

Encryption
The process of taking the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it
without adding additional information into a form that makes it unreadable by a human being
or machine. Encryption provides an additional layer of security for data moving across a
network.

HarvardKey
A "single identity for life" spanning the Harvard Community, the
HarvardKey authentication system enables access to a wide range of
applications and services Harvard users need every day using a single
login name and password.
 Harvard University ID number (HUID)
An eight-digit number issued to people actively associated with Harvard University. If you have
been issued an ID card, your ID number is on this card, along with an additional ninth reissue
digit. Individuals who are issued HUIDs include employees, students, library borrowers, and
other special affiliates. Users with HUIDs and associated passwords may use these credentials
to log in to HarvardKey-protected systems by clicking the appropriate tab in the login screen.

HMS eCommons login

An HMS eCommons login is a login type issued to members of the Harvard Medical Area
community, including university and hospital employees. For information on this login type, visit
the eCommons website. Users with eCommons credentials may use these credentials to log in
to some HarvardKey-protected systems by clicking the appropriate tab in the login screen.
Login Name
The unique identifier of a user that must be supplied in combination with a password in order
for the user to be authenticated. In HarvardKey, the login name takes the form of an email
address

Login type
A login type is a specific format of login ID that corresponds to a category of users. The
Harvard authentication system's default login type is HarvardKey, though a variety of protected
sites also accept a range of different login types for authentication. Other login types include:

Harvard University ID (HUID)

XID login (guest accounts)
eCommons login (Harvard Medical Area affiliates)
NetID
Also called ADID, this login name is made up of three letters and three or four numbers
(example: abc1234). It is used in systems where HarvardKey login name is not accepted (due
to technical constraints), or as an alternative login type in Microsoft Active Directory
environments.
Password
A secret string of information that a user supplies with his or her login ID in order to verify
identity. A password may take different forms, such as a random group of characters, a
memorable but not plain-English string of letters and numbers, or even an entire phrase.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Secure Sockets Layer, a popular implementation of public-key encryption, is an Internet
security protocol used by web browsers and servers to transmit sensitive information. SSL has
become part of an overall security protocol known as Transport Layer Security (TLS). You can
look in your browser to determine when a website is using a secure protocol such as TLS;
locations of websites that use SSL begin with the prefix "https" rather than "http," and you will
often see the icon of a closed padlock or a solid, unbroken key in your browser's address bar
to indicate that SSL is enabled.

Two-step verification
Sometimes called "multifactor authentication", two-step verification strengthens the security of
a user's login by combining something the user knows (login name and password) with
something the user has (in may cases, a text-message login code sent to their phone, or a
smartphone push notification). HarvardKey users can set up optional two-step
verification using their cell phone, mobile device, or even landline phone.
XID login
A login type for guest accounts in the Harvard online environment. These may be issued by
someone managing a particular website or application, or obtained by users themselves via a
self-service registration process. For information, visit the XID website. Users with XID
credentials may use these credentials to log in to some HarvardKey-protected systems by
clicking the appropriate tab in the login screen.
http://www.ucdenver.edu/life/services/AcademicAdvising/MyAcademics/Pages/Glossary-of-
Terms.aspx

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Navigating the university environment involves learning and understanding key

terms. Its important to learn these terms as you will hear and use them
throughout your academic career at CU Denver.

Important Academic Terms Defined

Advisor - A university representative that can help guide you through decision-
making and answer questions. There are many types of advisors including:
academic, faculty, career, financial aid, international, and study abroad advisors.

Credit or Semester Hour - The unit of measurement for college credit. For each
credit hour earned, you will spend approximately 50 minutes per week in class.
Most core classes are three credit hours. Most degrees require 120 credit hours to
graduate, however, some require more. You will also hear credit hours referred to
as hours or credits.

Class Level Your classification as a student is based on completed credit hours.

Class level is determined by the following credit-hour breakdown:

First-Year 0-29 completed semester hours

Sophomore 30-59 completed semester hours

Junior 60-89 completed semester hours

Senior 90-120 completed semester hours

College or School - An individual degree-granting unit within the university. At

CU Denver, we have seven undergraduate school and colleges: Architecture and
Planning, Arts and Media, Business, Education and Human Development,
Engineering and Applied Science, Liberal Arts & Sciences, and Public Affairs. All are
part of the University of Colorado Denver, and regardless of what school or college
you have been admitted to, you are a CU Denver student.

Corequisite - A course that must be completed concurrently, in the same

semester, with another course. Some schools and colleges may allow you to
complete corequisites before enrolling in a concurrent course.

Course Withdrawal - Dropping one or more course(s) but not all within a
specific term. When you withdraw from a course, you earn a grade of W,
reflected on your transcript, which does not affect your GPA.

CU Denver Core Curriculum (Core) The set of general education requirements

all students must complete. These classes help make you a well-rounded student
and citizen. The Core includes classes in: English, Math, Arts, Humanities,
Behavioral Science, Social Science, Biological and Physical Sciences, Cultural
Diversity, and International Perspectives.

General Electives - Classes you choose to take in addition to CORE, school or

college, and major requirements.

Full Time/Part Time Enrollment-To be a full time undergraduate student, you

must be registered for at least 12 credits. Part time enrollment is anything below
12 credits. Full time/part time status does not relate to how many days per week
you come to campus for classes. Full time/part time status is defined differently for
graduate students.

Grade Point Average (GPA) - An average on a 4.0 scale calculated based on

your grades and the number of credits you have attempted. Different types of GPA
include cumulative (total), semester/term, and major.

Hold - An alert placed on your student account that requires action. Typically,
holds prevent you from completing specific functions in the student portal (e.g.,
registration).
Incomplete Grade - Based on extenuating circumstances, you can choose to
request an incomplete grade for a course and make arrangements with the course
instructor to complete any remaining assignments or exams. A grade of I is
reflected on your transcript until you complete the course. There are guidelines to
be eligible for an incomplete grade, as well as consequences for not completing a
course, so be sure to see your advisor.

Independent Study - An academic experience created collaboratively with a

faculty member. You and a faculty member would decide the work to be produced,
the hours youll dedicate to the study, the outcomes for the experience, and the
credits youll earn for the study.

Laboratory (Lab) - A class component, in addition to lecture and mostly for

biological and physical science courses, which involves direct application of
concepts and information through activities, experiments, and observations.

Lecture - A class component during which an instructor presents course content.

Lower Division Courses (1000 & 2000 level) - Introductory level survey
courses designed for freshmen and sophomores.

Major As a component of a degree, the area of study chosen by a student to be

hir, her, or his main focus in college. The number of classes required for a major
varies.

Major Electives - Classes you choose to take within your major that may be
required to fulfill your major requirements. Some departments within schools and
colleges have approved lists of major electives from which you choose.

Minor - An optional course of study that allows you to take several classes as an
introduction to a specific subject or discipline area. Minors require significantly
fewer credits than majors and are not required at CU Denver.
Prerequisite - A course that must be completed before, in a semester prior to,
enrolling in a subsequent course.

Recitation - A class component, in addition to lecture, which involves

supplemental discussion of course content.

Repeat - A class you may have re-enrolled in after completing the same course
with a D- or higher. If you have earned credit for a course already and you choose
to re-enroll in the same course, you will not earn additional credit.

Term Withdrawal - Dropping all courses within a specific term. When you
withdraw from all courses, you earn a grade of W for each course, reflected on
your transcript, which does not affect your GPA. A term withdrawal note is
reflected separately on your transcript.

Upper Division Courses (3000 & 4000 level) - Advanced academic courses
designed for juniors and seniors.
https://www.wssu.edu/campus-life/division-of-student-affairs/glossary-of-terms.aspx

lossary of Terms
Home Campus Life Division of Student Affairs Glossary of Terms
Academic Advisor The faculty or staff member designated to assist a student in
selecting the proper academic courses required to earn a degree. The academic advisor
for freshmen and transfer students with less than 30 earned credit hours is their
Freshman Seminar instructor. Students accepted into a major within an upper division
are assigned a faculty advisor for the remainder of their studies at Winston-Salem
State.

Academic Classification Students are designated as freshmen, sophomores,

juniors or seniors by the number of hours officially earned by the close of the previous
term as recorded in the Office of the Registrar. The designations are as follows:
Freshmen earned less than 30 hours Sophomores earned between 30 and 59 hours
Juniors - earned between 60 and 89 hours Seniors earned 90 or more hours

Academic Probation A status for students performing below minimum academic

standards at the close of the previous term but still allowed to continue their
enrollment (please refer to the on-line catalog for details on the standards). Students
in this status must not register for more than 12 hours during the next semester and
must repeat courses in which grades of D or F are earned.

Academic Records The official listing of all courses taken by a student at Winston-
Salem State or accepted by the university for transfer from another institution.
Records include the grades and hours earned in each course along with information on
student status (Deans list, probation or suspension, etc.) The Office of the Registrar
maintains these records.

Academic Resources All information and assistance available to students to assist

in their studies including Library Services, campus computer labs, on-line services and
assistance from WSSU faculty and staff.

Academic Scholars
Address Changes Information provided to the Office of the Registrar to reflect
changes in students permanent, home or campus address.

Admissions The department designated to assist applicants in their request to

become WSSU students. Their duties include evaluating applications and transcripts to
determine if the applicant meets the established academic standards, sending an
enrollment invitation to applicants meeting those standards and completing the
enrollment process. Admissions staff works with high school counselors and other
sources to obtain the information required to complete the enrollment process.
Adult Students Support The department within the Division of Lifelong Learning
that provides advice to students enrolled in the division on university courses or
programs, procedures for admission and transfer of credits and assistance in preparing
for placement tests. The department also oversees the CLEP examinations that award
credit for students demonstrating proficiency within an area of study.

Applications A form completed by individuals seeking to enroll at Winston-Salem

State and submitted to the Admissions Office. Forms are available on-line or by
contacting the Admission Office.

Athletic Passes Provides free admission for students to all WSSU athletic events
through payment of their activity fee. Students can show their Ram Card to gain free
admission.

Auditing a Course An option for students desiring to learn about a courses subject
without earning academic credit for their participation in the course.

Award Letters Notices provided to students to concerning the granting of financial

assistance through the universitys Financial Aid office. Students must sign and return
award letters to indicate their acceptance of the financial assistance being offered.

Blackboard An on-line program that allows instructors to make information on

courses they are teaching available to their students. The information includes course
syllabus, information on upcoming class sessions and other pertinent information.
Students are encouraged to consult their course listings on Blackboard periodically to
keep abreast of developments.

Campus Leaders The officers of the various student organization authorized to have
a presence on the WSSU campus. These positions generally include the president and
officers of the Student Government Association, Pan-Hellenic Council and other social
and service groups along with Miss WSSU and Mr. Ram. Their duties include
overseeing the actions of their respective organization and serving as representatives
to other organizations both within and outside of the university.

Campus Visits Individuals considering enrollment at WSSU are invited to come to

our campus and tour our facilities with their family and friends. Tours are given to
individuals or groups and are scheduled through the Admissions Office.

Career Services The office dedicated to assisting students in preparing for their
professional or educational plans after graduation from WSSU. Assistance is available
in career planning and placement, cooperative education, summer internships and
obtaining admission to graduate and professional schools.

Changing Marital Status Students are required to notify the Office of the Registrar
if their marital status changes while enrolled at the university.
Class A designated time for students to meet with faculty members or staff to obtain
instruction on a designated subject as authorized by school or college division of the
university. Also, a manner in which all WSSU students, faculty, staff and
administrators govern themselves in interactions with other members of the Ram
Family.

Class Disruption Policy A written guideline that outlines willful conduct that
interferes or interrupts instruction within a classroom and the prescribed disciplinary
actions against students engaging in this behavior. The policy is located with the
Student Handbook on or the www.wssu.edu website.

Clubs and Organizations Students have the opportunity to develop their leadership
and social skills through a number of student groups approved and directed by the
Office of Student Activities. The list includes the Student Government Association, the
Campus Activity Board, resident hall councils, Greek-letter organizations and many
other service, social and religious groups.

Community Services In staying true to the Universitys Motto of Enter to Learn,

Depart to Serve, students are required to provide a designated number of service
hours to non-profit organizations both on-campus and in the greater Winston-Salem
community. All freshman students are required to perform community service; all
students are encouraged to become involved throughout their enrollment at WSSU.

Commuter Students Designation for enrolled students not residing in University

owned or operated housing.

Co-ops An opportunity for students to gain practical experience at a company that is

engaged in business or service that compliments their academic work within a specific
course. A designated minimum GPA must be obtained before eligibility is extended and
the company must agree to hire the student. This program is operated through the
Career Services office.

Co-registration Two or more courses that require enrollment in each during the
same semester or term.

Co-requisite A designated second course or lab session that students must

complete while enrolled in a primary course to complete the requirements for each.

Counseling Services provided by faculty and staff to assist students with personal,
academic and social concerns. The Counseling Center serves as the primary point of
contact for obtaining these services.

Credit Hours Each course is designated with a prescribed amount of academic

credits that students earn toward a degree. The specific number of credits is based on
the amount of time both during and out of hours a student must devote to the subject
to complete the course. Each degree granted by the university requires a specific
number of hours to be earned in designated subjects.

Course Numbers Numerical and alphabetical codes assigned to classes that

designate the subject being taught, the recommended year in which the student
should enroll and the number of hours earned for successful completion of course
requirements. Course primarily for freshman and sophomore are designated as 1000
or 2000; junior and senior courses are designated at 3000 and 4000.

Credit Points Values assigned to a letter grade that are used in a formula to
calculate a Grade Point Average (GPA). The values are: A 4 points; B 3 points; C
2 points; D 1 point; F 0 points.

Credit Toward Graduation Hours earned in courses that student must accrue to
meet the requirements for the awarding of a degree.

CSS (Center for Student Success) A division of University College dedicated to

assisting students that are experiencing difficulty in specific courses or have a GPA
below minimum standards. CSS, located on the second floor of the Hauser Building,
provides workshops, tutors or other services that help students address their specific
concerns.

Drop/Add a Course Students may enroll in a course not presently on their schedule
or may end their enrollment in a course currently on their schedule within the dates
established by the university. This can be performed on-line but prior approval from a
faculty or staff advisor is required for freshmen and strongly recommended for upper
classmen.

Early Registration The University will periodically open its on-line system to allow
students to register for courses during the upcoming semester(s). Generally, early
registration for Spring semester is held mid-way through Fall Semester and early
registration for Summer and Fall semesters is held during Spring semester.

EFC (Expected Family Contribution) This formula is used to determine the

amount of financial resources a students family is expected to pay toward tuition,
housing and fees. It is based on information provided on the FAFSA form and
determines that amount of financial aid is awarded.

Enrollment Status Designation of students as full- or part-time dependent upon the

number of hours taken the current semester.

FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) A required form that all
students must complete each year to apply for government grants and loans. The form
is available in the Financial Aid office on the 2nd Floor of the Thompson Center or can
be electronically submitted at www.fafsa.ed.gov.
FAT (Financial Aid Transcript) The official record of all financial aid applications
submitted to the university, all supporting materials and the awards granted.

Financial Aid A range of grants, scholarships, work-study programs and loans that
provide monetary assistance for students to start or continue their enrollment in
courses at the university.

Forms Documents that are required for students and faculty to carry out desired
services such as add/drop a class, change a major, approval to take a course at a
second institution and repeating a course to improve a failing grade.

Freshmen Students generally in their first year of studies at an institution or those

that have earned less than 30 credit hours at the end of the previous semester.

Full-time Students A designation for students enrolled for more than 12 credit
hours during fall or spring semester or 6 or more hours during a summer session.
Some financial aid awards require students to have full-time status.

Grade Point Averages The average of all grades earned in courses not designated
as developmental, pass/fail, incomplete or repeated. It is calculated by multiplying the
credit points assigned to an earned grade by the credit hours for a specific course to
create the quality hours earned for the course. The total number of quality points
earned during a semester or term is then divided by the number of hours taken in
courses where a grade is earned (pass/fail courses are excluded) to determine the
GPA. GPA is used in determining if a student is placed on probation or suspension,
eligibility for scholarships, co-op or internships and designation for Deans List honors.

Grading System The method used by the University to report the academic
performance of students.

Graduate Studies Academic programs designated for students that have earned an
undergraduate degree. Please consult the WSSU web page to learn the graduate
programs offered.

Graduating seniors A designation for students that are certified by the Office of the
Registrar to have earned the appropriate amount of hours and passed the required
courses to earn their degree at the close of the current semester.

Graduation Requirements The specific list of courses that must be passed and
number of credit hours earned for a student to have a degree conferred. The
requirements will vary depending on the standards established by the school or college
awarding the degree.

Health Services The department designated to provide the initial health care
services to students. A.H. Ray Health Services is located near the Anderson Center.
High School Advanced Placement Credits Courses taken during a students high
school studies that may be eligible for credit for corresponding college level courses.
Inquiries into what courses are accepted should be directed to the Office of the
Registrar.

Holds
Most holds are placed on a students account because of outstanding fees or overdue
account balances. However, holds are not always financially related, but require some
action on the part of the student before it can be removed. Financial holds are paid in
the Billings and Receivables Office. Students should bring the paid receipt to the Office
of the Registrar to have the hold removed.
Note: Holds associated with the Financial Aid Office should be handled through that
office.
Students are notified of account holds when they are denied access to their account
information. They will be prompted to contact the Office of the Registrar to identify the
type of hold on their account. Holds are removed from a students account once the
infraction has been resolved.
Students are required to take their immunization record to the Student Health Center
for validation. Once validated, the record should be submitted to the Office of the
Registrar for placement in the students file. If a record is not on file, a hold will be
placed on the students account.

Types of Holds
*Account Balance (includes parking fines, library books, or any other financial
obligation not associated with Financial Aid )
*Drop (Registrar issue)
*Choir/Music Dept
*Probation/Suspension
*Student Affairs
*Student Activities
*Health Services
*Residence Life
*Rams Commons

Honor Graduates A designation provided to students graduating with a minimum of

60 hours of graded course work at WSSU and a GPA of at least 3.0. The specific
designations are
3.84.0 GPA - Summa Cum Laude
3.5-3.79 GPA Magna Cum Laude
3.0-3.49 GPA Cum Laude

Students graduating after completing less than 60 hours of grade course work at
WSSU and earning a 3.0 or higher GPA are designated as graduating with Distinction.
Housing Information Details available through the Residence Life & Housing
Department concerning the process for students to obtain University housing or
securing off-campus residences.

Independent Students for Federal Aid Purposes A status designated for

financial aid applicants that declare they are responsible for the majority of their
financial support as opposed to support from parents or guardians. Please contact the
Financial Aid department for details on how this status is obtained.

International Students Citizens of foreign countries are eligible to earn a degree or

continue their undergraduate or graduate studies at WSSU. The Office of International
Programs provides assistance to these students during their enrollment at the
university.

Internships The Office of Career Services creates opportunities for students to gain
practical work experience in areas that compliment their academic studies. Certain
criteria must be met to earn eligibility to participate in an internship. Please contact
the office to inquire into the process.

Junior A designation for students that have earned at least 60 credit hours and not
more 90 at the close of the previous semester.

Living On Campus The status of students residing in housing provided by the

University on the WSSU campus.

Loan Disclosure Statement A document provided by the institution providing a

student or parent loan that outlines all details on the characteristics of the loan
including interest rate and repayment plans. Individuals obtaining loans are required to
sign a form stating they understand the terms of the loan before the funds are
provided.

Loans Funds provided to students or parents for educational expenses with the
promise to be repaid to the lending organization within a specific period of time with
interest. Please consult the Financial Aid Office for the types of loans available,
eligibility requirements and their interest rate and repayment plans.

Majors The concentration of courses in which a student enrolls to earn their

undergraduate or graduate degree. Students must indicate their major by the start of
their junior year and are admitted into the upper division offering the major if certain
academic standards are achieved.

Master Promissory Note A legally binding document that a student or parent(s)

signs prior to receiving loan funds. The note defines the terms of the loan (interest
rate, payment schedule, etc.) and obligates the borrower to follow the terms of the
agreement.
Meal Plan An option available to students to determine the number of meals
students can eat in Kennedy Dining Hall. The plans are established through the
Residence Life Office and are charged to the students at the start of each semester.

Meals Specific times that food is served in Kennedy Dining Hall generally divided in
breakfast, lunch and dinner on weekdays and brunch and dinner on the weekends.
Students have the option to select plans that allow access to the dining hall for specific
number of meals each week.

Mentors A faculty, staff or administrator providing information or support to a

student to assist their academic enrichment and to answer any concerns or questions
that arise.

Midterm An examination given in each course at the mid-point of the semester to

evaluate how a student is mastering the instruction being provided. Midterm grades
will count toward the overall grade earned for the course.

Minor A secondary concentration of courses that compliments the primary course of

study for a students major. For example, a student may major in Secondary Education
with a minor in Spanish that will prepare them to be a high school Spanish teacher.

Monthly Payment Plan (or Tuition Management Plan) A series of payments that
students and/or parents may arrange with the Billings and Receivables Department
that allow for tuition, fees and room and board to by paid over a period of time.

Name Change If a student has their change in their legal name from the time of
first enrollment in the University are required to report the change to the Office of the
Registrar.

North Carolina Constitution & Statutory Provision

Organizational Officers Students that are elected to leadership positions within

recognized campus organizations.

PALS (Peer Advisor Leadership) Student volunteers that provide assistance

throughout the school year to new students, often through programs presented by
University College, such as New Student Orientation.

Parking Fee A monetary assessment paid to the Campus Police for the right to park
on the WSSU campus.

Part-time Jobs Employment of 20 25 hours per week obtained by students to

earn money to contribute toward their educational and personal expenses. The Office
of Career Services can provide assistance to students seeking this type of employment.
Part-time Students The status given students that are enrolled in less than 12
hours of courses during fall and spring semester and less than 6 hours during a
summer session.

Payments Money paid to the University toward meeting the cost of tuition, fees,
housing, meals or other educational expenses or fines incurred by a student.

Pell Grant A federal program that provides financial assistance to students

demonstrating a need for help in meeting basic educational expenses.

PIN (Personal Identification Number) A numeric code provided to each student

that allows access to personal information listed on the Ram On-Line website. In most
cases, it is used in conjunction with the student ID number also provided by the
school. The student ID and PIN are available through a students academic advisor or a
University College advisor.

Pre-major Status provided to a student prior to admission to a major.

Prerequisite A course that must be completed with a passing grade before

enrollment in a subsequent course. For example, students must pass ENG 1301
(Freshman Composition I) before taking ENG 1302 (Freshman Composition II) and
several other courses.

Purge The cancellation of a students class schedule if arrangements are not made
to pay for tuition and fees by a certain deadline.

Quality Hours Credits earned by successfully passing a course and used to calculate
Grade Point Average. Courses taken on a pass/fail basis do not carry quality hours.

Quality Points The points earned for a course as calculated by multiplying the
number assigned to a grade (A = 4; B = 3; C = 2; D = 1; F = 0) by the hours
assigned to the course. The cumulative number of quality points earned divided by
quality hours earned determines the Grade Point Average.

Ram Cards Student identification cards used to utilize university services such as
dining, library and health services. Funds can be placed in a special account (Ram One
Account) that will allow students to use their Ram Card as a debit card in obtaining
campus services.

Rams On-Line An electronic database that allows students access to information

and services during their enrollment at WSSU. Through Rams On-Line, students can
register for classes, add/drop a class, inquire into grades, access their transcript, see
what fees are charged to their account and look at their financial aid award. To reach
the system, students go to the main WSSU website, click on Rams On-Line and enter
their student ID and PIN.
Readmission An option available to students that were suspended from the
university or students that have not enrolled for a period of time to continue their
studies at WSSU.

Refunds Financial aid funds provided to students that are in excess of their tuition,
fees or charges. Freshmen must be enrolled for a minimum of 30 days during their first
semester before a refund is provided.

Registration The process of enrollment in classes during a semester or summer

term.

Release of Academic Information A form signed by a student to authorize the

release of their transcripts by the Office of the Registrar to any parties outside of the
university or parents.

Repeating a Course The policy that allows students to repeat a course where a
failing grade was earned and use the higher grade earned during the second or third
attempt to be used in GPA calculation. Please note that the initial enrollment in the
course remains on the transcript with a note that the grade earned in the second or
third attempt is used in GPA calculation.

Residency Information The official record of the students permanent address that
designates status as in-state or out-of-state with responsibility for corresponding
tuition and fees.

SAT Scores The numerical designation regarding an applicants performance on the

verbal and math sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. The combined score is on
factor used in evaluating an applicant for admission to the university.

Schedule All courses in which a student enrolls during a semester or summer term.

Scholarships Financial awards provided to students from university and non-

university sources that are used toward educational expenses incurred by students
receiving the award. Scholarships have certain criteria a student must meet before
obtaining the award and may be restricted in how they are used (i.e., tuition or books
only).

School Code A numerical designation that identifies Winston-Salem State University

to organizations such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, American College Test and the
Free Application for Financial Student Aid (FAFSA).

Semester Hours The total number of hours assigned to courses in which a student
is enrolled during a semester.
Senior The designation for students that earned 90 or more hours at the end of the
previous semester.

Sophomore The designation for students that earned 30 to 59 hours at the end of
the previous semester.

Stafford Loan A federally subsidized program that allows students and parents to
take out loans to meet educational expenses.

Standard Student Budget The amount of tuition, fees and expenses a student in
anticipated to incur during a semester. The budget is compared against a students
ability to provide financial resources to meet educational expenses, and determine the
level of financial aid awarded by the university.

Student Activities/Services The university departments responsible for governing

student behavior and providing programs and events that enrich student life such as
intramural sports, students clubs and activities and Homecoming.

Student Aid Report A report prepared by the U. S. Department of Education that

reflects the information placed on a FAFSA application and the Expected Family
Contribution number that is used to determine the eligibility for financial aid. Please be
certain to list WSSU on your FAFSA (Code 002986) to create fast electronic submission
of the report to the Financial Aid office.

Student Identification Number (Student ID) A numeric code assigned to

students that becomes their identity in university databases and is also used in
conjunction with a PIN to enter the Rams On-Line website. This number can be used in
place of a social security number so that a students privacy can be maintained. The
student ID and PIN can be obtained from an academic advisor or a University College
counselor.

Student Insurance An option for students to purchase a service covering the loss
of personal property.

Summer School Two instructional terms held in the interval between Spring and
Fall semesters that allows students to enroll in courses during a compressed number of
weeks. The limited number of weeks during a summer term restricts the number of
hours a student can take.

Suspension Status of students not achieving a certain GPA after earning a

designated number of course hours. Students falling below this status must sit out one
semester before resuming enrollment or submit an appeal to have the suspension
removed.
Transcripts The official record of courses taken and grades earned by a students
during their enrollment at the university. This information is maintained by the Office
of the Registrar and can released to outside entities only by request from the student
to the office.

Transfer Students A student enrolled at another institution seeking to transfer

credits earned at those institutions to Winston-Salem State to continue work toward
earning a degree.

Tuition The fees assigned to a student for enrollment in courses at the university.

University College and Academic Support Services The department in which all
new freshmen, second year and readmitted students in need of specialized assistance,
transfer students and undecided students can go for assistance with all matters that
contribute to their enhanced academic performance. Included in those services
are: conducting new student orientation sessions, advising students during
registration periods, conducting the Freshman Seminar course and other workshops
and presentations. Students not falling within the prescribed categories can also visit
University College staff for assistance.

University Recruitment Publication Materials prepared by the university to

provide information to potential students to encourage their enrollment at Winston-
Salem State.

Validation A process in which students confirm their enrollment in classes during a

semester so that their places in a course are not cancelled during the purge process.

Verification A process in which certain students receiving financial aid are

requested to provide additional proof of their identification and certify that the
information on their financial aid materials is correct. A federally mandated quality
control process in which files are selected at random to check certain data elements on
the FAFSA. If your file is selected for verification, the school is required to compare
these data elements with the information on your tax returns to "verify" their
accuracy. Your SAR will tell you if you have been selected for verification.

Veterans A status provided to students enrolling in the university either after or

during their service in the Armed Forces of the United States.

Withdrawing from the University Students facing circumstances that will not
allow their continuation of classes are requested to submit the proper forms to officially
complete the process. Students not submitting the proper forms are still held
responsible for their classes that may become either incomplete or failing grades that
remain on their transcript. Withdrawal forms are located in the Counseling Center
located on the third floor of the Thompson Center.
Work-Study Jobs Positions designated by the Financial Aid department that allows
students to earn financial assistance while working a specified number of hours each
week.
https://www.sou.edu/studentlife/clubs/glossary.html

GLOSSARY
AAC Athletic Advisory Council
AAC is the budgeting body for all athletic budgets paid by the student incidental fee. AAC is a
subcommittee within the student fee committee.
ASSOU - Associated Students of Southern Oregon University
ASSOU is the student government at SOU. The organization is a legislative and executive
organization that represents and promotes the needs of all SOU students. The organization
fulfills its mission through various activities, including the student fee process, advocacy, and
coalition building.
Bad Standing
A group can find itself in bad standing in a variety of ways. If the group violates any SOU,
State, or Federal policies/guidelines/laws; if the group has a budget deficit; the group that does
not have all of the appropriate forms turned in or has not attended any required sessions (such
as fall training) is in bad standing. A group that attends ICC must also miss no more than 1 ICC
meeting per term to be able to vote or request funds.

Cash Box
Used by student groups when there is a charge for an event. The cash box has enough cash in
it so you can make change at the door. The cash box must be ordered through SU 312 and
you can pick it up before 5pm the day of your event. The event staff working your event will let
you count the money after the event, then they will count it, you both sign the form, and the
event staff lock it in our safe room.

Club Account
The club account is the fund account for any group funds that are raised. This money remains
in the account and is carried over from year to year. Groups are allowed to spend funds from
the club account any way they would like. Receipts are not required for funds to be used from a
club account. A Request for Action form must be filled out to use club account funds.

EAAC Educational Activities Advisory Council

EAAC is the budgeting body for all educational activity, including club and organization activity
budgets paid by the student incidental fee. EAAC is a subcommittee within the Student Fee
Committee.
Emergency Fund Request
The form used for groups to request emergency funds through SFC. The purpose of these
funds is to provide an eligible group funds for unforeseen expenditures during the year.
Good Standing
A group is in good standing when registration forms are complete and there are no outstanding
debts. A group can remain in good standing by abiding by all SOU, State, and Federal
policies/guidelines/laws. A group is in good standing with ICC by attending meetings and not
going over the one meeting absence allowance per term as well as attending all required
training sessions or meetings required by the office of Student Activities and Leadership.

IBL Initial Budget Level

Any group with a recurring budget approved by SFC or any subcommittee has an IBL. Each
winter groups go through the budget process to renew their budget levels.
ICC - Inter-Club Council
The council is made up of one representative from each club or organization in good standing.
Fund requests are heard and voted on during ICC meetings. Meetings are held each term to
hear budget requests and make announcements.
ICC Fund Request
The form for clubs and organizations in good standing to request money for group activities.
The form can be found on-line or in SU 312. Requests are heard in a first-come first serve
manner. Forms must be turned in each term before certain deadlines for eligibility.
Incidental Fee
A quarterly fee students pay where monies are budgeted to programs through SFC.
Personal Service Agreement Request
The form used when services are rendered from an entertainer or other non-SOU individual
who will be paid. These forms must be filled out and turned in well before the event occurs.
These forms create contracts which have to be signed by the performer and host before the
contract is turned in to Student Activities. The contract can take several weeks to complete.
The form must be completed before the service is rendered. The person or vendor will be paid
by check only, which must be cut by Southern Oregon University.
Registration
The form student clubs, unions, and organizations fill out to become officially registered with
the office of Student Activities and Leadership. Every group must re-register at the beginning of
each academic year. A group is not considered active until the form has been turned in and
approved by the office of Student Activities and Leadership. The forms can be found online at
the SOU clubs page.

Reimbursement
Students can be reimbursed for items spent for a club or organization using the Request for
Action form. Receipts are always required unless determined ahead of time. Students have the
choice of having a check cut or having the money be direct deposited into a designated bank
account. It is preferred for the student to use direct deposit if that person will get frequent
reimbursements.

Request for Action

The form used for reimbursement of funds, purchase orders, and directly pay vendors. Checks
are cut every Wednesday, and it is recommended that individuals turn the form in as early as
possible. There could be up to a week delay after a form is turned in before a check will be cut.
The form is available online on the clubs page and in the Involvement Center, SU 312.
Student Life
The office of Student Life oversees all club and organization operations. It is also the
administrative office to the Stevenson Union building. Student Life is located in SU 312.
SFC Student Fee Committee
The governing body that approves all student fee budgets from each of its three
subcommittees.
Signature Card
The form contains names and signatures of club and organization members which are allowed
to approve fund expenditures for the group. The signature card generally has the advisor,
president, and treasurer of the group. Request for Action forms require two signatures from the
organizations signature card.
Student Clubs
Clubs are student groups registered with Student Activities and Leadership. Clubs generally
have recurring meetings pertaining to the groups common interest. Clubs usually attend the
Inter-Club Council to request funds, unless the group has an IBL.
Student Organization
Organizations are similar to clubs registered through Student Activities and Leadership as a
group of students with a common interest. Organizations are established by showing continuity
over many years, have a yearly budget, and sometimes payroll. Organizations are not required
to attend ICC meetings but are strongly encouraged to.
Student Union
Student Unions identify the club or organization as a representation of a group of people based
on identity. Other than having the identifier as such, the group still falls under the club or
organization category.
SUAC - Stevenson Union Advisory Council
SUAC is the budgeting body for all Stevenson Union budgets paid by the student incidental
fee.
Travel Form
Forms used by Business Services when reimbursing club or organization travel. This includes
driving, lodging, and meal per diem.
Reading Practice: TOEFL Inference Question

BY RACHEL KAPELKE-DALE ON MARCH 14, 2016 IN READING PRACTICE

As those of you who have seen my previous TOEFL practice reading passages know, I firmly
believe that the best way to master the TOEFL is by practicing the TOEFL! In our previous
series, we looked at vocabulary and detail problems with Paul Revere, and at inference and
EXCEPT questions with Edmund Wilson. Now, lets put it all together! In this series, well
be looking at every type of TOEFL question with that master of painting, Caravaggio. Thats
rightEVERY type! If youre new to TOEFL Reading, or you just need a quick refresher, that
means that well be examining the following types of questions:

Vocabulary
Detail
Except
Inference
Purpose
Reference
Paraphrase
Insert Text
Summarize
Categorize
Well go through the question types in order of frequency, meaning that well start with
vocabulary questions (the most common) and work our way down to summarize and
categorize questions (least common).

With that in mind, Ill be posting some TOEFL practice problems here so you can keep
developing your skills and working on perfecting your approaches to different problem
types. Each post will contain a reading passage and sample problem; Ill provide answers
and explanations in the next post. Today, lets take a look at the reading section, with a
sample passage about Caravaggio and a sample inference question.

The Caravaggio Mystery

Italian painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), usually known simply as

Caravaggio, had a dramatic life, of which parts remain mysterious to scholars even today.
Why, then, would it be a surprise that mysteries also surround his work? For example, The
Taking of Christ, one of his paintings that had been considered lost since the eighteenth
century, was rediscovered in 1990. It had hung, seemingly unrecognized, in the dining
room of the Society of the Jesuits in Dublin, Ireland, for more than fifty years. The discovery
that the painting was, indeed, a Caravaggio, led many to wonder how such a treasure could
be hiddenseemingly in plain sight.
The first clue historians have about The Taking of Christ is in the 1603 accounts of an Italian
nobleman, Ciriaco Mattei, who paid 125 scudi for a painting with its frame of Christ
taken in the garden. At the time, Caravaggios style, with its striking use of light and dark,
was admired and often imitated by both students and fellow artists. However, trends in the
art world come and go, and two centuries later, Caravaggios work had fallen out of favor
with collectors. In fact, it wouldnt be until the 1950s that a Caravaggio renaissance
occurred, and interest in the artist was renewed.
In the meantime, The Taking of Christ had traveled far and wide. Ironically, it was the
Mattei family itself that originally misidentified the work, though several centuries after the
original purchase. In 1802, the family sold it as a Honthorst to a Scottish collector. This
collector kept it in his home until his death in 1921. By 1921, The Taking of Christnow
firmly attributed to Gerard van Honthorstwas auctioned off in Edinburgh for eight
guineas. This would have probably been a fair price if the work had been a van Honthorst;
for a true Caravaggio, though, it was the bargain of the century. An Irish doctor bought the
painting and donated it to the Dublin Jesuit Society the following decade.
From the 1930s onward, The Taking of Christ hung in the offices of the Dublin Jesuits.
However, the Jesuits, who had a number of old paintings in their possession, decided to
bring in a conservator to discuss restoring them in the early 1990s. Sergio Benedetti, the
Senior Conservator at the National Gallery of Ireland, went to the building to examine the
paintings and oversee their restoration. Decades of dirt, including smoke from the fireplace
above which it hung, had to be removed from the painting before Benedetti began to
suspect that the painting was not a copy of the original, but the original itself.
Two graduate students from the University of Rome, Francesca Cappelletti and Laura Testa,
were primarily responsible for verifying that Caravaggio did, in fact, create this version of
the painting. Over years of research, they found the 1603 Mattei accounts. The verification
of the painting, though, went far beyond this circumstantial evidence. Certifying that a
painting came from a certain artists hand is not easy, though forensic science that
wouldnt have been available in the 1920s helped to attribute the work to Caravaggio
definitively. The canvas underwent a number of treatments. It was X-rayed and scanned
with an infrared light. The cracks on the surface of the painting (known in the industry as
craquelure) were studied. Furthermore, The Taking of Christ underwent much analysis by
art historians, who studied the form and color in the painting to determine its authenticity.
For example, Caravaggio never used sketches to set up the composition of his paintings.
Instead, he made marks with the end of his brush as he paintedmarks that can still be
visible today.
Of course, the verification of the painting required entire teams of people, in addition to
the three mentioned above, and took years. By 1993, the announcement was finally made
that the long-lost Caravaggio had been found. Rather than sell the painting, which is most
likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of
Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on indefinite loan to the National Gallery of
Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around
the world, from the United States to Amsterdam. In 2010, it even travelled back to Rome to
be displayed for the 400th anniversary of the painters death. A fitting tribute, many would
say, to a mysterious master.

Question
Which of the following can be inferred about Gerard van Honthorst?

a. His work was considered more valuable than Caravaggios when they were alive.

b. His work is now considerably more popular than Caravaggios.

c. His work has historically commanded lower prices than Caravaggios has.

d. His work is similar to Caravaggios in style, though not in subject matter.

Answer
c. His work has historically commanded lower prices than Caravaggios has.

Why this answer?

For inference questions, youll need to return to the passage. Where in the passage? Well,
itll help if youve taken notes as youve read through the passage the first time; however,
here, you can also skim, because were looking for a proper noun: van Honthorst. We can
find him in the third paragraph, which explains the difference in the prices of the two
artists works: eight guineas would have probably been a fair price if the work had been a
van Honthorst; for a true Caravaggio, though, it was the bargain of the century. Therefore,
we can make the inference that Caravaggios works usually sold for more than van
Honthorsts did.

Why not the other answers?

A is incorrect, as we dont have any information about the value of van Honthorsts
paintings during his lifetime (A). We also dont know about the popularity of his work
nowthough the passage seems to indicate that actually, the opposite is true (B). Finally,
though van Honthorsts painting style was probably similar to Caravaggios, as one was
mistaken for the other, the artists were also likely to use similar subject matter, as well, for
this same reason (D).

How can I use this practice in my test-day strategy?

Inference questions are tricky, but practicing before test day will help you get the hang of
these between the lines questions. The most important thing to remember is that the
inferences wont be huge leaps from whats written in the passagethey tend to be close
to detail questions, but requiring another logical step. Dont infer too muchparticularly
anything thats out of the scope of the passage, thats too extreme compared to whats
stated in the passage, or that distorts the information provided in the passage.
 Name: ________________________________
Inferences Worksheet 1
Directions: Read each passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will ask you to make
a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by referencing the text.

Every day after work Paul took his muddy boots off on the steps of the front porch. Alice would have
a fit if the boots made it so far as the welcome mat. He then took off his dusty overalls and threw them
into a plastic garbage bag; Alice left a new garbage bag tied to the porch railing for him every
morning. On his way in the house, he dropped the garbage bag off at the washing machine and went
straight up the stairs to the shower as he was instructed. He would eat dinner with her after he was
presentable, as Alice had often said.

1. What type of job does Paul do? ____________________________________________________

How do you know this?

2. Describe Alice: ___________________________________________________________________

What in the text supports your description?

3. What relationship do Paul and Alice have? _____________________________________________

Why do you feel this way?

Crack! Thunder struck and rain poured. Max stared blankly out the window, trying to contain his
emotions that raged like the weather. He was beginning to lose it. Dropping the kite from his hand,
Max broke out into full sobs. His mother comforted him, There, there, Max. Well just find
something else to do. She began to unpack the picnic basket that was on the counter and offered him
a sandwich. Max snapped, I dont wanna sand-mich! A flash from the sky lit up the living room.
Boom! Mom sighed.

4. Why is Max upset? ________________________________________________________________

How do you know this?

5. What was Mom planning on doing today? ______________________________________________

What in the text supports your description?
Tommy! Mom called out as she walked in the front door. Tommy, she continued shouting, I
sure could use some help with these groceries. There was still no reply. Mom walked into the kitchen
to put the grocery bags down on the counter when she noticed shattered glass from the picture window
all over the living room floor and a baseball not far from there. Im going to kill you, Tommy! Mom
yelled to herself as she realized that Tommys shoes were gone.

6. What happened to the window? ______________________________________________________

How do you know this?

7. Why did Tommy leave? ____________________________________________________________

What in the text supports your description?

Today was a special day in Ms. Smiths class. Some of the children were walking around the room,
some of them were standing in small groups, and some of them were at their desks, putting finishing
touches on cardboard mailboxes. After coloring a cool flame on the side of his racecar mailbox,
Johnny hopped off his chair, strutted over to Veronicas desk, and dropped a small white envelope into
her princess castle mailbox. Veronica blushed and played with her hair. While this was happening,
Bartleby was frantically trying to put a small white envelope into everyones mailbox. After giving
one to Ms. Smith, Bartleby pulled out a medium-sized red envelope from his pocket. He blushed and
tried to put it in Veronicas mailbox, but it wouldnt quite fit. Bartleby struggled with it for a few
seconds and then ran off with the envelope. Veronica rolled her eyes and popped her gum.

8. Why is today a special day? _________________________________________________________

What in the text supports your idea?

9. Which boy does Veronica like? ______________________________________________________

What in the text supports your idea?

10. Why did Bartleby run? ____________________________________________________________

What in the text supports your idea?

RELATIVE CLAUSES : Find posible mistakes and make the necessary corrections

1.-

Read for Errors

Just three months after the bridge, which was opened in 1937, a man jumped off. To date,
another 1,300 people have chosen to end their lives by jumping off the bridge.

This sad statistic, which it was revealed last week, has prompted the Bay Area's
transportation committee to take final action. Now, more than 70 years later, the committee
will consider the redesign of the guard rails.

The guard rails stand only 4 feet (1.2 m) high. They were designed not to obstruct the view.
At the current height, there is no real physical barrier to prevent the loss of people
contemplating suicide at this site.

On average, thirty suicides occur each year. Security cameras, bike patrols and hot-line
phones prevent some but not all attempts. These have been placed along the sidewalks.

Five million in federal funds has been raised to engineer and design a suicide barrier, a steel
net, which will be suspended 20 feet below the bridge to catch and cocoon jumpers in midair.

Much of the resistance to this plan comes from purists who are opposed to changing the
design. They love their bridge and don't want it changed.

The original architect designed a higher rail but the builder, who was short, insisted on the
shorter railing. Considering aesthetics ahead of saving lives is pretty heartless.

Soon the Golden Gate Bridge will join the Eiffel Tower, the Empire State Building and other
world landmarks, which are fitted with protective barriers, in the prevention of suicide.

Adapted from Webley, Kayla. "Why is the Bay Area Building a Suicide Barrier?" TIME US.
03 Aug 2010. Web. 02 Jan 2014.
<http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2008158,00.html>.
attempt (N) try, effort
barrier (N) something to stop movement in a direction; a railing, fence or wall
cocoon (V) to surround, wrap or envelop protectively
contemplate (V) think over, consider
obstruct (V) block, hinder, stop
2.-
 Read (with full clauses)

Politicians who are running for office are having to make changes in order to appeal to
today's youth. Old-style politicians who boast twenty-five years or more of experience are
having difficulty getting younger voters to join their campaigns. A politician who knows how
the system works is less valued than a politician who imagines how the system can work in
the future. Political loyalties that were once solid and unlikely to change now shift quickly,
particularly with so many independent voters. The political power of unions that supported
candidates in the past are now weakening and under serious attack.

In the past, politicians who were successful only had to concern themselves with effectively
using the television and the news media. Nowadays, politicians who may know nothing about
tweeting and posting on social media sites have to appear as if they do. Modern politicians
who run for office require a lot of money for expenses. At the same time, modern politicians
cannot appear wealthy; they must appear to be like the average person who is struggling
with work, family and healthcare. A successful, modern politician is charismatic, captures the
imagination of the country's youth and motivates them to work for the good of all.
appeal to (V) be attractive; gain favor with
boast (V) to talk too proudly about one's accomplishments
charismatic (Adj) having a natural ability to attract and interest other people and get
their admiration
loyalty (N) the quality of remaining faithful to friends
once (adv.) at some time in the past but not now
potentially (adv.) having future possibility to change
struggle (V) to try extremely hard to achieve something, even though it is very
difficult
weaken (V) become less powerful

3.-
Relative clauses
Find the mistake in each sentence and click on it. Then, correct the mistake in the box.
Select 'Check' to see if you have corrected the mistake.

1. You'll never guess which I've just heard.

________________________________________
2. She told me she'd passed, that was quite a surprise.
__________________________________________
3. One of the people with who I work knows your sister.
____________________________________________
4.He hasn't emailed me for ages, that is worrying.
____________________________________________
5.That I like best about my house is the lovely garden.
____________________________________________
6.What was that woman that called you just now?
____________________________________________
7.That's the girl whose working with Lisa.
_____________________________________________
8.Is that the man who's wife was killed in a car accident?
_______________________________________________

4. Read this letter from Ben to his friend Sheila. For each space, put a relative pronoun:

whose - where - when - who - which - that

Where it is possible to leave the empty space without a relative pronoun, write 0 (zero) in
the box. Where both which and that can be used, use that.
Dear Sheila,
In your last letter, you asked me to tell you about all the things I did during my summer
vacation.
We went to Vancouver (1) ______________ I have some old friends (2) ____________I
haven't seen for about three years. My friend Tim, (3) ____________mother I wrote about
in my last letter to you, came with me and we had a great time. We flew into Vancouver
on Monday 24th, (4) _______________was also my birthday.
The first thing we did was to visit the wonderful aquarium in the city center (5)
___________ there are three killer whales and a whole crowd of seals, penguins and
dolphins. We arrived in the late afternoon (6) ______________ll the animals are fed so it
was wonderful to see the dolphins leaping out of the water to get the fish (7)
____________ they love to eat so much.
The following day, (8) ____________was cloudy and rainy unfortunately, we went to a
museum (9) ____________ they have some dinosaur skeletons (10) ___________ local
people have found in the area. The horrible weather never improved all day so we visited a
superb seafood restaurant later in the afternoon and had an early dinner. The waiters, (11)
__________ were all dressed in traditional fishermen's clothes, were very friendly and told
us about the history of the restaurant (12)_____________ name was The Jolly Whaler. The
restaurant, (13) _____________ has been open since 1888, was once visited by the
American President J.F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie.
The skies were blue on Thursday and we spent some time out on the sea in a large boat
(14) _____________ we hired. I caught a big fish (15) _____________ the captain said
was the biggest he'd seen this year. I felt very proud! We left on Thursday evening after a
mini-vacation (16) _______________ helped me to relax a lot and now I have returned to
work.
The next time (17) _______________you write to me, you must tell me about YOUR last
vacation.
 Bye for now Sheila,
Ben

5. Write sentences to describe people in box A using the information in box B

A B
a thief a butcher takes photographs
a dentist is very intelligent
a fool sells meat
a musician plays a musical instrument
a genius is ill in hospital
a patient doesnt tell the truth
a liar steal things
a photographer looks after your teeth
is very stupid

a. A thief is a person who steals things.

b. A butcher is a person who _______________________________________________
c. A musician is a person __________________________________________________
d. A patient ____________________________________________________________
e. _____________________________________________________________________
f. _____________________________________________________________________
g. _____________________________________________________________________
h. _____________________________________________________________________
i. _____________________________________________________________________
2. Join the sentences to write a longer one.
a. A man phoned. He didnt say his name. The man who phoned didnt say his name.
b. A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress.
The woman _______________________________________ a yellow dress.
c. Some people live next door to us. They are very nice.
The people _____________________________________________________________
d. A policeman stopped our car. He wasnt very friendly.
The policeman __________________________________________________________
e. A boy broke the window. He ran away.
The boy _______________________________________________________________

3. Write who/that/which in the blanks.

a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.
b. Whats the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
c. Whats the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
e. Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
f. Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?
g. She always asks me questions _____________ are difficult to answer.
 h. I have a friend _____________ is very good at repairing cars.
i. A coffee-maker is a machine _____________ makes coffee.
j. I dont like people _____________ never stop talking.
k. Have you seen the money _____________ was on the table?
l. Why does he always wear clothes _____________ are too small for him?

4. Join the sentences to write a single sentence.

a. Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them?
Have you seen the photographs Ann took?
b. You lost a key. Did you find it?
Did you find the _________________________________________________________?
c. Jill is wearing a jacket. I like it.
I like the _______________________________________________________________
d. I gave you some money. Where is it?
Where is the ____________________________________________________________?
e. She told us a story. I didnt believe it.
I________________________________ the _________ ___________________________.
f. You bought some oranges. How much were they?
How ___________________________________________________________________?

5. Complete the sentences with the information in brackets.

a. (we met some people) The people we met were very nice.
b. (Im wearing shoes) The shoes __________________________________ are not very
comfortable.
c. (youre reading a book) Whats the name of the ______________________________?
d. (I wrote a letter to her) She didnt get the _____________ I _____________________.
e. (you gave me an umbrella) Ive lost _______________________________________.
f. (they invited some people to dinner) The people ______________________________
didnt come.
6. Complete the sentences with the information in the box.
you went to a party Linda is dancing with a man you stayed at a hotel we
looked at a map you were looking for a book I was sitting on a chair
they live in a house you spoke to a woman
a. Whats the name of the hotel you stayed at?
b. Whats the name of the woman you _________________________________________?
c. The house ______________________________________________________ is too
small for them.
d. Did you enjoy the party __________________________________________________?
e. The chair ____________________________________________________ wasnt very
comfortable.
f. The map ___________________________________________________________ wasnt
very clear.
g. Did you find the book ___________________________________________________? h.
Who is the man ________________________________________________________?
7. Complete the sentences with where and the information in the box.
we had dinner in a restaurant John works in a factory we
stayed at a hotel they live in a village
a. Whats the name of the hotel where we stayed?
b. Whats the name of the restaurant__________________________________________?
c. Have you ever been to the village __________________________________________?
d. The factory _____________________________________________________ is the
biggest in town.

8. Join the sentences using who or which.

a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be
the nicest.
b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her. ________________
c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post. ______________________________
d. He likes the other people. They work in his office. _____________________________ e.
Shes that singer. She was on television last night. ______________________________

f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer. _______________
g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday. ________________________________________

9. Complete the conversation by putting who or which into the gaps.

Carol: Did you watch that programme last night?

David: Which one? Carol: The programme which I mentioned a couple of days ago. Its a
new series __________ started last night.

David: No, I didnt see it. Was it good?

Carol: Yes. It was about a group of friends __________ were at school together. Well,
Rupert ...

David: Who was Rupert? Carol: He was an old student of the school __________ had
become a doctor. He went to a party __________ his old teachers organised. He met a lot
of people __________ had been at school with him many years before. They talked about
the things __________ they did when they were at school. Then suddenly, Rupert saw an
old girl-friend __________ was dancing with John ...

David: Dont tell me any more. Its getting too complicated!

10. Join these sentences using who, which or that, as in the example.
a. She chose the books. She wanted to buy them. She chose the books that she wanted to
buy.
b. We ate the sandwiches. Jack made them. _____________________________________
c. Im doing some work. I have to finish it today. ______________________________
d. Shes an old woman. I often see her when I go to the shop. _______________________
e. Hes an actor. A lot of people like him. _______________________________
f. Its a magazine. I read it sometimes. ____________________________
g. She was wearing a red dress. She wears it for parties_________________________
11. Now join these sentences using who or which, as in the example.
a. The person phoned. He didnt leave a message. The person who phoned didnt leave a
message.
_________________________________________________________________________
b. The bus goes to the airport. It leaves every 20 minutes.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The picture was hanging near the door. It was horrible.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. The instructor taught me how to drive. He was very patient.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. The girl was sitting next to me. She started talking to me.
_________________________________________________________________________

12. Complete the sentences using the information in brackets and who or which.
a. (I went to see a doctor. She had helped my mother.) I went to see the doctor who had
helped my mother.
b. (A dog bit me. It belonged to Mrs Jones.) The dog ___________________________
belonged to Mrs Jones.
c. (A woman wrote to me. She wanted my advice.) The woman ______________________
wanted my advice.
d. (A bus crashed. It was 23 years old.) The bus ______________________________ was
23 years old.
e. (Ann talked to a man. He had won a lot of money.) Ann talked to a man _____________.
f. (Mary was staying with her friend. He has a big house in Scotland.) Mary was staying with
a friend ______________________________________________________________.
g. (Hes an architect. He designed the new city library.) Hes the architect ______________
13. Complete the sentences using the information in brackets and that.
a. (Jack made a table. Its not very strong.) The table that Jack made is not very strong.
b. (I read about a new computer. I had seen it on TV.) I read about the new computer
_____________ ___________________________________________.
c. (Jane made a cake. Nobody liked it.) Nobody liked the cake
_________________________________
d. (Mary sent me a letter. It was very funny.) The letter _________________________ was
very funny.
e. (My sister wrote an article. The newspaper is going to publish it.) The newspaper is going
to publish the article ____________________________________________.
f. (I met an old lady. She was 103 years old.) The old lady _____________________ was
103 years old. g. (I saw a house. My brother wants to buy it.) I saw the house
14. Complete the sentences with one of the phrases in the box and who or whose.
interviewed me has visited so many different countries had
saved their son wives have just had babies book won a prize last
week divorce was in the papers car had broken down
complain all the time
a. The parents thanked the woman who had saved their son.
b. The couple whose divorce was in the papers have got married again.
c. It is very interesting to meet somebody ______________________________________
d. The person _______________________________________ asked me some very
difficult questions.
e. In my office the are two men _______________________________________________
f. Whats the name of that writer _____________________________________________?
g. I dont like people ______________________________________________________
h. We helped the woman ___________________________________________________
15. Put in who or that ONLY IF NECESSARY.
a. The match ----- we saw was boring.
b. Did I tell you about the people who live next door?
c. The horse that won the race belongs to an Irish woman.
d. I love the ice-cream ___________ they sell in that shop.
e. The book ___________ Im reading is about jazz.
f. The woman ___________ came to see us was selling magazines.
g. Well go to a restaurant ___________ has a childrens menu.
h. The factory ___________ closed last week had been there for 70 years.
i. Have you read about the schoolgirl __________ started her own business and is now a
millionaire?

j. Jane says that the house ___________ Tom has bought has a beautiful garden.
16. Make one sentence from the two that are given. Use who or which with the underlined
words.
a. Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps.
Mont Blanc, which is between France and Italy, is the highest mountain in the Alps.
b. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The sun is really a star. It is 93 million miles from the earth
_________________________________________________________________________
d. John F Kennedy died in 1963. He was a very famous American President.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. Charlie Chaplin was from a poor family. He became a very rich man.
_________________________________________________________________________f
. The 1992 Olympics were held in Barcelona. It is the north-east of Spain.
_________________________________________________________________________
g. We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London.
_________________________________________________________________________
17. From the notes, make one sentence. Use who or which with the words in brackets.
a. Greta Garbo. (She was born in Sweden.) She moved to America in 1925. Greta Garbo,
who was born in Sweden, moved to America in 1925.
b. Football. (It first started in Britain.) It is now popular in many countries.
Football,__________________________________________________________________
c. Margaret Thatcher. (She was the Prime Minister of Britain for 11 years.) She studied
science at university.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Michelangelo. (He lived until he was 90.) He is one of Italys greatest artists.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. The Nile. (It runs through several countries.) It is the longest river in Africa.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Gandhi. (He was born in1869.) He became Indias nationalist leader.
_________________________________________________________________________
g. Elephants. (They are found in Africa and India.) They live to a great age.
_________________________________________________________________________
18. From the notes make one sentence. Use who or whose with the words in brackets. a.
Martina Navratilova. (She was born in Prague.) She became a US citizen in 1981.
_________________________________________________________________________
b. Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled to a lot of countries
when he was young. _______________________________________________________
c. Madonna. (Her parents were born in Italy.) She is a famous American singer.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Bill Clinton. (His wife is a brilliant lawyer.) He became President of the USA in 1993.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. Sebastian Coe. (He was a successful English runner.) He is now a politician.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Catherine of Russia. (She ruled for over 30 years.) She made many important changes.
_________________________________________________________________________
19. Underline the words that which refers to.
a. They climbed Snowdon, which is the highest mountain in Wales.
b. They climbed Snowdon, which made them very tired.
c. Maria sang and played the guitar, which everyone enjoyed a lot.
d. The boat stopped at Souse, which is in Tunisia.
e. The coach stopped at a petrol station, which allowed everyone to get out.
f. We listened to the news, which was in French.

20. Add the missing relative, but make a contact-clause where possible.
a. I know a man ____________ eats paper.
b. The man ____________ you want has just left.
c. Its a kind of paper ____________ you can eat.
d. The lady ____________ was here yesterday has gone out.
 e. He eats only the paper ____________ his wife makes.
f. The magazine ____________ you lent me was very old.
g. His wife is a woman ____________ loves a joke.
h. The chair ____________ was broken is now mended.
i. Hes one of the people ____________ I really like.
j . The old man ____________ lives next door has just died.
k. You can write on the paper ____________ she makes.
l. Women ____________ work in hospitals are admired.
m. Has this paper got a flavour ____________ pleases you?
n. The cigarette ____________ you are smoking is a Players.
o. Have you met anyone else ____________ does such tricks?
p. The girl ____________ lives next door is very pretty.
q. Im looking for someone ____________. I can trust
r. The fish ____________ I ate yesterday was not so good.
s. I want to find a man ____________ will lend me money.
t. The street ____________ leads to the school is very wide.

21. Correct the errors in these sentences.

a. Joan won the prize, that surprised me a lot.
b. The children, that were playing football, broke one of my windows.
c. The house in that I was born has just been demolished.
d. Fred is the man who he lives next door.
e. The books which they are on the table are mine.
f. I cant remember the name of the person from who I borrowed this pen.

22. Rewrite these sentences omitting the relative pronoun. Other changes are necessary. a.
This is the box in which I had put my English books. This is the box I had put my English
books in.
b. The man with whom she had lunch yesterday is her boss.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The knife with which you are cutting the meat belonged to my great grandmother.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. The company for which he works has gone bankrupt.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. We didnt recognize the people at whom we were looking.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. I cant remember the person from whom I took the money.
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Complete the sentences with relative pronouns.
a. Christopher Columbus was the sailor who/that discovered America.
b. This food has an ingredient ________________ is very sweet.
c. The lady ________________ son plays football with me is the headteacher of my school.
d. The house ________________ I was born is now for sale.
e. Antonio Banderas, _______________ is married to Melanie Griffith, was born in Mlaga.
f. D.H. Lawrence, _______________ was an English author, wrote many interesting novels.
g. London, ________________ is on the river Thames, is the capital of the United Kingdom.
h. The Prado Museum, ________________ is in Madrid, is one of the best art galleries in
the world.
24. Join each pair of sentences with a relative clause. Omit the relative pronouns wherever
possible.
a. Last night we met a man. Hes a millionaire. Last night we met a man who/that is a
millionaire.
b. Yesterday we found a wallet. It was empty. __________________________________
c. We like cereals. Well, if they are wholemeal. __________________________________ d.
Michaelangelo was a famous artist. He painted the Sistine Chapel._________________
e. Shes bought a CD. It is broken. _______________________
f. I had won some money. I spent it on a new bike. _________________________
25. Join each pair of sentences using non-defining relative clauses.
a. Madonna is a popular pop singer and actress. She was born in the USA. Madonna, who
was born in the USA, is a popular pop singer and actress. Madonna, who is a popular pop
singer and actress, was born in the USA.
b. My grandparents live in Crdoba. They are school teachers.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. Victoria Station is situated near Buckingham Palace. It is one of the most famous railway
stations in London.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Guernica was painted by Picasso. It is permanently exhibited in Madrid.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. My friend Luis has lived in many exotic countries. He works for the government.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Sharon is a wonderful cook. Shes married with two children.
_________________________________________________________________________
RELATIVE CLAUSES : Find posible mistakes and make the necessary corrections

1.-

Read for Errors

Just three months after the bridge, which was opened in 1937, a man jumped off. To date,
another 1,300 people have chosen to end their lives by jumping off the bridge.

This sad statistic, which it was revealed last week, has prompted the Bay Area's
transportation committee to take final action. Now, more than 70 years later, the committee
will consider the redesign of the guard rails.

The guard rails stand only 4 feet (1.2 m) high. They were designed not to obstruct the view.
At the current height, there is no real physical barrier to prevent the loss of people
contemplating suicide at this site.

On average, thirty suicides occur each year. Security cameras, bike patrols and hot-line
phones prevent some but not all attempts. These have been placed along the sidewalks.

Five million in federal funds has been raised to engineer and design a suicide barrier, a steel
net, which will be suspended 20 feet below the bridge to catch and cocoon jumpers in midair.

Much of the resistance to this plan comes from purists who are opposed to changing the
design. They love their bridge and don't want it changed.

The original architect designed a higher rail but the builder, who was short, insisted on the
shorter railing. Considering aesthetics ahead of saving lives is pretty heartless.

Soon the Golden Gate Bridge will join the Eiffel Tower, the Empire State Building and other
world landmarks, which are fitted with protective barriers, in the prevention of suicide.

Adapted from Webley, Kayla. "Why is the Bay Area Building a Suicide Barrier?" TIME US.
03 Aug 2010. Web. 02 Jan 2014.
<http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2008158,00.html>.
attempt (N) try, effort
barrier (N) something to stop movement in a direction; a railing, fence or wall
cocoon (V) to surround, wrap or envelop protectively
contemplate (V) think over, consider
obstruct (V) block, hinder, stop
2.-
 Read (with full clauses)

Politicians who are running for office are having to make changes in order to appeal to
today's youth. Old-style politicians who boast twenty-five years or more of experience are
having difficulty getting younger voters to join their campaigns. A politician who knows how
the system works is less valued than a politician who imagines how the system can work in
the future. Political loyalties that were once solid and unlikely to change now shift quickly,
particularly with so many independent voters. The political power of unions that supported
candidates in the past are now weakening and under serious attack.

In the past, politicians who were successful only had to concern themselves with effectively
using the television and the news media. Nowadays, politicians who may know nothing about
tweeting and posting on social media sites have to appear as if they do. Modern politicians
who run for office require a lot of money for expenses. At the same time, modern politicians
cannot appear wealthy; they must appear to be like the average person who is struggling
with work, family and healthcare. A successful, modern politician is charismatic, captures the
imagination of the country's youth and motivates them to work for the good of all.
appeal to (V) be attractive; gain favor with
boast (V) to talk too proudly about one's accomplishments
charismatic (Adj) having a natural ability to attract and interest other people and get
their admiration
loyalty (N) the quality of remaining faithful to friends
once (adv.) at some time in the past but not now
potentially (adv.) having future possibility to change
struggle (V) to try extremely hard to achieve something, even though it is very
difficult
weaken (V) become less powerful

3.-
Relative clauses
Find the mistake in each sentence and click on it. Then, correct the mistake in the box.
Select 'Check' to see if you have corrected the mistake.

1. You'll never guess which I've just heard.

________________________________________
2. She told me she'd passed, that was quite a surprise.
__________________________________________
3. One of the people with who I work knows your sister.
____________________________________________
4.He hasn't emailed me for ages, that is worrying.
____________________________________________
5.That I like best about my house is the lovely garden.
____________________________________________
6.What was that woman that called you just now?
____________________________________________
7.That's the girl whose working with Lisa.
_____________________________________________
8.Is that the man who's wife was killed in a car accident?
_______________________________________________

4. Read this letter from Ben to his friend Sheila. For each space, put a relative pronoun:

whose - where - when - who - which - that

Where it is possible to leave the empty space without a relative pronoun, write 0 (zero) in
the box. Where both which and that can be used, use that.
Dear Sheila,
In your last letter, you asked me to tell you about all the things I did during my summer
vacation.
We went to Vancouver (1) ______________ I have some old friends (2) ____________I
haven't seen for about three years. My friend Tim, (3) ____________mother I wrote about
in my last letter to you, came with me and we had a great time. We flew into Vancouver
on Monday 24th, (4) _______________was also my birthday.
The first thing we did was to visit the wonderful aquarium in the city center (5)
___________ there are three killer whales and a whole crowd of seals, penguins and
dolphins. We arrived in the late afternoon (6) ______________ll the animals are fed so it
was wonderful to see the dolphins leaping out of the water to get the fish (7)
____________ they love to eat so much.
The following day, (8) ____________was cloudy and rainy unfortunately, we went to a
museum (9) ____________ they have some dinosaur skeletons (10) ___________ local
people have found in the area. The horrible weather never improved all day so we visited a
superb seafood restaurant later in the afternoon and had an early dinner. The waiters, (11)
__________ were all dressed in traditional fishermen's clothes, were very friendly and told
us about the history of the restaurant (12)_____________ name was The Jolly Whaler. The
restaurant, (13) _____________ has been open since 1888, was once visited by the
American President J.F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie.
The skies were blue on Thursday and we spent some time out on the sea in a large boat
(14) _____________ we hired. I caught a big fish (15) _____________ the captain said
was the biggest he'd seen this year. I felt very proud! We left on Thursday evening after a
mini-vacation (16) _______________ helped me to relax a lot and now I have returned to
work.
The next time (17) _______________you write to me, you must tell me about YOUR last
vacation.
 Bye for now Sheila,
Ben

5. Write sentences to describe people in box A using the information in box B

A B
a thief a butcher takes photographs
a dentist is very intelligent
a fool sells meat
a musician plays a musical instrument
a genius is ill in hospital
a patient doesnt tell the truth
a liar steal things
a photographer looks after your teeth
is very stupid

a. A thief is a person who steals things.

b. A butcher is a person who _______________________________________________
c. A musician is a person __________________________________________________
d. A patient ____________________________________________________________
e. _____________________________________________________________________
f. _____________________________________________________________________
g. _____________________________________________________________________
h. _____________________________________________________________________
i. _____________________________________________________________________
2. Join the sentences to write a longer one.
a. A man phoned. He didnt say his name. The man who phoned didnt say his name.
b. A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress.
The woman _______________________________________ a yellow dress.
c. Some people live next door to us. They are very nice.
The people _____________________________________________________________
d. A policeman stopped our car. He wasnt very friendly.
The policeman __________________________________________________________
e. A boy broke the window. He ran away.
The boy _______________________________________________________________

3. Write who/that/which in the blanks.

a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.
b. Whats the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
c. Whats the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
e. Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
f. Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?
g. She always asks me questions _____________ are difficult to answer.
 h. I have a friend _____________ is very good at repairing cars.
i. A coffee-maker is a machine _____________ makes coffee.
j. I dont like people _____________ never stop talking.
k. Have you seen the money _____________ was on the table?
l. Why does he always wear clothes _____________ are too small for him?

4. Join the sentences to write a single sentence.

a. Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them?
Have you seen the photographs Ann took?
b. You lost a key. Did you find it?
Did you find the _________________________________________________________?
c. Jill is wearing a jacket. I like it.
I like the _______________________________________________________________
d. I gave you some money. Where is it?
Where is the ____________________________________________________________?
e. She told us a story. I didnt believe it.
I________________________________ the _________ ___________________________.
f. You bought some oranges. How much were they?
How ___________________________________________________________________?

5. Complete the sentences with the information in brackets.

a. (we met some people) The people we met were very nice.
b. (Im wearing shoes) The shoes __________________________________ are not very
comfortable.
c. (youre reading a book) Whats the name of the ______________________________?
d. (I wrote a letter to her) She didnt get the _____________ I _____________________.
e. (you gave me an umbrella) Ive lost _______________________________________.
f. (they invited some people to dinner) The people ______________________________
didnt come.
6. Complete the sentences with the information in the box.
you went to a party Linda is dancing with a man you stayed at a hotel we
looked at a map you were looking for a book I was sitting on a chair
they live in a house you spoke to a woman
a. Whats the name of the hotel you stayed at?
b. Whats the name of the woman you _________________________________________?
c. The house ______________________________________________________ is too
small for them.
d. Did you enjoy the party __________________________________________________?
e. The chair ____________________________________________________ wasnt very
comfortable.
f. The map ___________________________________________________________ wasnt
very clear.
g. Did you find the book ___________________________________________________? h.
Who is the man ________________________________________________________?
7. Complete the sentences with where and the information in the box.
we had dinner in a restaurant John works in a factory we
stayed at a hotel they live in a village
a. Whats the name of the hotel where we stayed?
b. Whats the name of the restaurant__________________________________________?
c. Have you ever been to the village __________________________________________?
d. The factory _____________________________________________________ is the
biggest in town.

8. Join the sentences using who or which.

a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be
the nicest.
b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her. ________________
c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post. ______________________________
d. He likes the other people. They work in his office. _____________________________ e.
Shes that singer. She was on television last night. ______________________________

f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer. _______________
g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday. ________________________________________

9. Complete the conversation by putting who or which into the gaps.

Carol: Did you watch that programme last night?

David: Which one? Carol: The programme which I mentioned a couple of days ago. Its a
new series __________ started last night.

David: No, I didnt see it. Was it good?

Carol: Yes. It was about a group of friends __________ were at school together. Well,
Rupert ...

David: Who was Rupert? Carol: He was an old student of the school __________ had
become a doctor. He went to a party __________ his old teachers organised. He met a lot
of people __________ had been at school with him many years before. They talked about
the things __________ they did when they were at school. Then suddenly, Rupert saw an
old girl-friend __________ was dancing with John ...

David: Dont tell me any more. Its getting too complicated!

10. Join these sentences using who, which or that, as in the example.
a. She chose the books. She wanted to buy them. She chose the books that she wanted to
buy.
b. We ate the sandwiches. Jack made them. _____________________________________
c. Im doing some work. I have to finish it today. ______________________________
d. Shes an old woman. I often see her when I go to the shop. _______________________
e. Hes an actor. A lot of people like him. _______________________________
f. Its a magazine. I read it sometimes. ____________________________
g. She was wearing a red dress. She wears it for parties_________________________
11. Now join these sentences using who or which, as in the example.
a. The person phoned. He didnt leave a message. The person who phoned didnt leave a
message.
_________________________________________________________________________
b. The bus goes to the airport. It leaves every 20 minutes.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The picture was hanging near the door. It was horrible.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. The instructor taught me how to drive. He was very patient.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. The girl was sitting next to me. She started talking to me.
_________________________________________________________________________

12. Complete the sentences using the information in brackets and who or which.
a. (I went to see a doctor. She had helped my mother.) I went to see the doctor who had
helped my mother.
b. (A dog bit me. It belonged to Mrs Jones.) The dog ___________________________
belonged to Mrs Jones.
c. (A woman wrote to me. She wanted my advice.) The woman ______________________
wanted my advice.
d. (A bus crashed. It was 23 years old.) The bus ______________________________ was
23 years old.
e. (Ann talked to a man. He had won a lot of money.) Ann talked to a man _____________.
f. (Mary was staying with her friend. He has a big house in Scotland.) Mary was staying with
a friend ______________________________________________________________.
g. (Hes an architect. He designed the new city library.) Hes the architect ______________
13. Complete the sentences using the information in brackets and that.
a. (Jack made a table. Its not very strong.) The table that Jack made is not very strong.
b. (I read about a new computer. I had seen it on TV.) I read about the new computer
_____________ ___________________________________________.
c. (Jane made a cake. Nobody liked it.) Nobody liked the cake
_________________________________
d. (Mary sent me a letter. It was very funny.) The letter _________________________ was
very funny.
e. (My sister wrote an article. The newspaper is going to publish it.) The newspaper is going
to publish the article ____________________________________________.
f. (I met an old lady. She was 103 years old.) The old lady _____________________ was
103 years old. g. (I saw a house. My brother wants to buy it.) I saw the house
14. Complete the sentences with one of the phrases in the box and who or whose.
interviewed me has visited so many different countries had
saved their son wives have just had babies book won a prize last
week divorce was in the papers car had broken down
complain all the time
a. The parents thanked the woman who had saved their son.
b. The couple whose divorce was in the papers have got married again.
c. It is very interesting to meet somebody ______________________________________
d. The person _______________________________________ asked me some very
difficult questions.
e. In my office the are two men _______________________________________________
f. Whats the name of that writer _____________________________________________?
g. I dont like people ______________________________________________________
h. We helped the woman ___________________________________________________
15. Put in who or that ONLY IF NECESSARY.
a. The match ----- we saw was boring.
b. Did I tell you about the people who live next door?
c. The horse that won the race belongs to an Irish woman.
d. I love the ice-cream ___________ they sell in that shop.
e. The book ___________ Im reading is about jazz.
f. The woman ___________ came to see us was selling magazines.
g. Well go to a restaurant ___________ has a childrens menu.
h. The factory ___________ closed last week had been there for 70 years.
i. Have you read about the schoolgirl __________ started her own business and is now a
millionaire?

j. Jane says that the house ___________ Tom has bought has a beautiful garden.
16. Make one sentence from the two that are given. Use who or which with the underlined
words.
a. Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps.
Mont Blanc, which is between France and Italy, is the highest mountain in the Alps.
b. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The sun is really a star. It is 93 million miles from the earth
_________________________________________________________________________
d. John F Kennedy died in 1963. He was a very famous American President.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. Charlie Chaplin was from a poor family. He became a very rich man.
_________________________________________________________________________f
. The 1992 Olympics were held in Barcelona. It is the north-east of Spain.
_________________________________________________________________________
g. We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London.
_________________________________________________________________________
17. From the notes, make one sentence. Use who or which with the words in brackets.
a. Greta Garbo. (She was born in Sweden.) She moved to America in 1925. Greta Garbo,
who was born in Sweden, moved to America in 1925.
b. Football. (It first started in Britain.) It is now popular in many countries.
Football,__________________________________________________________________
c. Margaret Thatcher. (She was the Prime Minister of Britain for 11 years.) She studied
science at university.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Michelangelo. (He lived until he was 90.) He is one of Italys greatest artists.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. The Nile. (It runs through several countries.) It is the longest river in Africa.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Gandhi. (He was born in1869.) He became Indias nationalist leader.
_________________________________________________________________________
g. Elephants. (They are found in Africa and India.) They live to a great age.
_________________________________________________________________________
18. From the notes make one sentence. Use who or whose with the words in brackets. a.
Martina Navratilova. (She was born in Prague.) She became a US citizen in 1981.
_________________________________________________________________________
b. Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled to a lot of countries
when he was young. _______________________________________________________
c. Madonna. (Her parents were born in Italy.) She is a famous American singer.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Bill Clinton. (His wife is a brilliant lawyer.) He became President of the USA in 1993.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. Sebastian Coe. (He was a successful English runner.) He is now a politician.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Catherine of Russia. (She ruled for over 30 years.) She made many important changes.
_________________________________________________________________________
19. Underline the words that which refers to.
a. They climbed Snowdon, which is the highest mountain in Wales.
b. They climbed Snowdon, which made them very tired.
c. Maria sang and played the guitar, which everyone enjoyed a lot.
d. The boat stopped at Souse, which is in Tunisia.
e. The coach stopped at a petrol station, which allowed everyone to get out.
f. We listened to the news, which was in French.

20. Add the missing relative, but make a contact-clause where possible.
a. I know a man ____________ eats paper.
b. The man ____________ you want has just left.
c. Its a kind of paper ____________ you can eat.
d. The lady ____________ was here yesterday has gone out.
 e. He eats only the paper ____________ his wife makes.
f. The magazine ____________ you lent me was very old.
g. His wife is a woman ____________ loves a joke.
h. The chair ____________ was broken is now mended.
i. Hes one of the people ____________ I really like.
j . The old man ____________ lives next door has just died.
k. You can write on the paper ____________ she makes.
l. Women ____________ work in hospitals are admired.
m. Has this paper got a flavour ____________ pleases you?
n. The cigarette ____________ you are smoking is a Players.
o. Have you met anyone else ____________ does such tricks?
p. The girl ____________ lives next door is very pretty.
q. Im looking for someone ____________. I can trust
r. The fish ____________ I ate yesterday was not so good.
s. I want to find a man ____________ will lend me money.
t. The street ____________ leads to the school is very wide.

21. Correct the errors in these sentences.

a. Joan won the prize, that surprised me a lot.
b. The children, that were playing football, broke one of my windows.
c. The house in that I was born has just been demolished.
d. Fred is the man who he lives next door.
e. The books which they are on the table are mine.
f. I cant remember the name of the person from who I borrowed this pen.

22. Rewrite these sentences omitting the relative pronoun. Other changes are necessary. a.
This is the box in which I had put my English books. This is the box I had put my English
books in.
b. The man with whom she had lunch yesterday is her boss.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. The knife with which you are cutting the meat belonged to my great grandmother.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. The company for which he works has gone bankrupt.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. We didnt recognize the people at whom we were looking.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. I cant remember the person from whom I took the money.
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Complete the sentences with relative pronouns.
a. Christopher Columbus was the sailor who/that discovered America.
b. This food has an ingredient ________________ is very sweet.
c. The lady ________________ son plays football with me is the headteacher of my school.
d. The house ________________ I was born is now for sale.
e. Antonio Banderas, _______________ is married to Melanie Griffith, was born in Mlaga.
f. D.H. Lawrence, _______________ was an English author, wrote many interesting novels.
g. London, ________________ is on the river Thames, is the capital of the United Kingdom.
h. The Prado Museum, ________________ is in Madrid, is one of the best art galleries in
the world.
24. Join each pair of sentences with a relative clause. Omit the relative pronouns wherever
possible.
a. Last night we met a man. Hes a millionaire. Last night we met a man who/that is a
millionaire.
b. Yesterday we found a wallet. It was empty. __________________________________
c. We like cereals. Well, if they are wholemeal. __________________________________ d.
Michaelangelo was a famous artist. He painted the Sistine Chapel._________________
e. Shes bought a CD. It is broken. _______________________
f. I had won some money. I spent it on a new bike. _________________________
25. Join each pair of sentences using non-defining relative clauses.
a. Madonna is a popular pop singer and actress. She was born in the USA. Madonna, who
was born in the USA, is a popular pop singer and actress. Madonna, who is a popular pop
singer and actress, was born in the USA.
b. My grandparents live in Crdoba. They are school teachers.
_________________________________________________________________________
c. Victoria Station is situated near Buckingham Palace. It is one of the most famous railway
stations in London.
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Guernica was painted by Picasso. It is permanently exhibited in Madrid.
_________________________________________________________________________
e. My friend Luis has lived in many exotic countries. He works for the government.
_________________________________________________________________________
f. Sharon is a wonderful cook. Shes married with two children.
_________________________________________________________________________
Extra information: A good place to visit: http://random-idea-
english.blogspot.com.ar/2012/02/reduced-relative-clauses-lesson-and.html

Relative clauses
What is a relative clause?
(See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here).

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more
information about something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:
I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I
mean).
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We
don't need this information to understand the sentence.
I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is
extra information).

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative
clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things.
We can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We
can't drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):
I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
She has a son who / that is a doctor.
We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

1
 I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):
The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The man who / that phoned is my brother.
The camera which / that costs 100 is over there.
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
(Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here).

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this
case, we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come
after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object)
She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)
The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here
Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and
object here
Try another exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject
and object here

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the
pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the
relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of
the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)
My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(Clause comes after the object)
Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

2
 The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the
clause:
For example:
listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose
'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a
possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

3
 Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and
prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.

I live in the city where I study.

I live in the city that / which I study in.
I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

Reduction of relative clauses

(see attached copy pdf)

Exercises

Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.

1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.

The book _______________________________________________________
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
The book _______________________________________________________
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
The town _______________________________________________________
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
The sweets _____________________________________________________
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
The football match ________________________________________________

4
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
The letter _____________________________________________________
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
The house _____________________________________________________
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
Do you like _____________________________________________________
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
Did you see _____________________________________________________
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
I don't like_______________________________________________________

Answers: Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun. 1. The book I gave you had many
pictures. 2. The book I am reading at the moment is very interesting.3. The town you live in is very old.4.
The sweets I bought yesterday are delicious.5. The football match my friend played in was very
exciting.6. The letter which I posted three days ago hasnt arrived yet. 7. The house he lives in is not
very big. 8. Do you like the song they are playing on the radio? 9. Did you see the beautiful shirt Jane
wore yesterday? 10. I don't like the boy Sue is going out with.

Forming relative clauses

Combine the sentences using a relative clause. Use relative pronouns only where
necessary. Note that you must use commas in some of the sentences.

A holiday in Scotland
1. We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.
Last year we ______________________________________________________
2. People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.
The people ________________________________________________________
3. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
We first ___________________________________________________________
4. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle __________________________________________________
5. Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.
The lake ___________________________________________________________
6. Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
Loch Ness _________________________________________________________

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7. There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.
An old man ________________________________________________________
8. We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then __________________________________________________________
9. The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The mountain ______________________________________________________
10. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
The postcard ______________________________________________________

Answers: A holiday in Scotland

Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the north of Great Britain.
The people who live in Scotland are called Scots. We first went to Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland.
Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, was born in Edinburgh. The lake we then visited
is in the Highlands. Loch Ness , which people know for its friendly monster, is 37 km long. An old man we met
there told us that he had seen Nessie. We then travelled to a mountain which is near the town of Fort William.
The mountain, which is the highest mountain in Great Britain, is called Ben Nevis.

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Defining Relative Clauses Exercise 2

Make a new sentence by joining the two short sentences. The sentence in italics
should become the relative clause, and the relative pronoun is the object.

1. We ate the fruit. I bought the fruit.

_______________________________________________________________
2. She bought the computer. Her brother had recommended the computer.
_______________________________________________________________
3. He lost the money. I had given him the money.
_______________________________________________________________
4. We called the taxi company. Julie often uses the taxi company.
_______________________________________________________________
5. John met a girl. I used to employ the girl.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Lucy called the doctor. My mother knows the doctor.
_______________________________________________________________
7. He brought a woman. I used to often meet the woman .
_______________________________________________________________
8. We employed the lawyer. Julie recommended the lawyer.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The fruit is on the table. I bought the fruit.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The wallet belongs to John. Lucy found the wallet in the garden.
_______________________________________________________________
11. The food was delicious. David cooked the food.
_______________________________________________________________
12. The car was stolen. My father gave me the car.
_______________________________________________________________
13. The man was arrested. I reported the man to the police.
_______________________________________________________________

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 14. The doctor was right. Lucy asked the doctor about her problem.
_______________________________________________________________
15. The waitress was very pretty. My brother dated the waitress.
_______________________________________________________________
16. The secretary is in the office. The boss likes the secretary.
_______________________________________________________________

Answers: 1 We ate the fruit (which / that) I bought. 2 She bought the computer (which / that) her brother had
recommended. 3 He lost the money (which / that) I had given him. 4 We called the taxi company (which / that)
Julie often uses. 5 John met a girl (who / that) I used to employ. 6 Lucy called the doctor (who / that) my mother
knows. 7 He brought a woman (who / that) I used to often meet. 8 We employed the lawyer (who / that) Julie
recommended. 9 The fruit (which / that) I bought is on the table. 10 The wallet (which / that) Lucy found in the
garden belongs to John. 11 The food (which / that) David cooked was delicious. 12 The car (which / that) my
father gave me was stolen. 13 The man (who / that) I reported to the police was arrested. 14 The doctor (who /
that) Lucy asked about her problem was right. 15 The waitress (who / that) my brother dated was very pretty. 16
The secretary (who / that) the boss likes is in the office.

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Defining Relative Clauses Exercise 4

Make one sentence by changing the sentence in italics into a defining relative clause.
The relative pronoun can be the subject or the object of the relative clause.

1. The man was late. Julie invited the man.

_______________________________________________________________
2. The doctor was sick. I wanted to see the doctor.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The accountant was arrested. The accountant works for my fathers company.
______________________________________________________________
4. I wrote to the friend. You met the friend last week.
_______________________________________________________________
5. The mobile phone cant be fixed. The mobile phone is broken.
_______________________________________________________________
6. John made a copy of the photo. I took the photo.
______________________________________________________________
7. I met a girl. The girl was a doctor.
_______________________________________________________________
8. We called a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in London.
_______________________________________________________________
9. We like the actor. The actor was in a famous film.
______________________________________________________________
10. I went to the restaurant. I read about the restaurant in the newspaper.
______________________________________________________________
11. She bought a car. Her sister liked the car.
______________________________________________________________
12. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris.
_______________________________________________________________
13. The hairdresser was very good. The hairdresser has red hair.
______________________________________________________________

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14. The child is playing in the garden. We see the child often.
_______________________________________________________________
15. The nurse is in the office. The nurse treated my grandmother.
_______________________________________________________________
16. The car is in the garage. The car broke down.
__________________________________________________________________

Answers: 1 The man (who / that) Julie invited was late. 2 The doctor (who / that) I wanted to see was sick.
3 The accountant who / that works for my fathers company was arrested. 4 I wrote to the friend (who / that)
you met last week. 5 The mobile phone which / that is broken cant be fixed. 6 John made a copy of the
photo (which / that) I took. 7 I met a girl who / that was a doctor. 8 We called a doctor who / that works at a
hospital in London. 9 We like the actor who / that was in a famous film. 10 I went to the restaurant (which /
that) I read about in the newspaper. 11 She bought a car (which / that) her sister liked. 12 I often buy cheese
which / that is imported from Paris. 13 The hairdresser who / that has red hair was very good. 14 The child
(who / that) we see often is playing in the garden. 15 The nurse who / that treated my grandmother is in the
office. 16 The car which / that broke down is in the garage.

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May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.