ANSI/AMCA

Standard 204-05
(R2012)
Balance Quality and
Vibration Levels for Fans

An American National Standard

Approved by ANSI on March 28, 2012

AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL

ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, INC.

The International Authority on Air System Components

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 ANSI/AMCA Standard 204-05
(R2012)

Balance Quality and Vibration Levels for Fans

Air Movement and Control Association International

30 W. University Drive
Arlington Heights, Illinois
60004

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AMCA Publications

Authority This edition of ANSI/AMCA Standard 204 was adopted by the membership of the Air Movement and Control
Association International, Inc., on 03 August 2003. It was reaffirmed by the Air Movement Division and
approved as an American National Standard on March 28, 2012.

This standard addresses the need of both the users and manufacturers of fans for technically accurate but
uncomplicated information of the subjects of fan balance precision and vibration levels. The data presented
herein is referenced to applicable national and international standards and is in harmony with these stan-
dards, including ISO 14694:2003, Industrial fans - Specification for balance quality and vibration levels.
Information from the reference standards is supplemented by years of experience on the part of committee
members and from other contributors in the industry.

Copyright 2012 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections
107 and 108 of the United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Executive Director, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc. at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
U.S.A.

Objections Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. will consider and decide all written complaints
regarding its standards, certification programs, or interpretations thereof. For information on procedures for
submitting and handling complaints, write to:

Air Movement and Control Association International

30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.

AMCA International, Incorporated

c/o Federation of Environmental Trade Associations
2 Waltham Court, Milley Lane, Hare Hatch
Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
RG10 9TH

Disclaimer AMCA uses its best efforts to produce standards for the benefit of the industry and the public in light of avail-
able information and accepted industry practices. However, AMCA does not guarantee, certify or assure
the safety or performance of any products, components or systems tested, designed, installed or operated
in accordance with AMCA standards or that any tests conducted under its standards will be non-hazardous
or free from risk.

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Review Committee

Dr. John Cermak Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Corporation

Committee Chair

Dick Williamson Twin City Fan Companies, Ltd.

Vice Chair

Enrique Hernandez Flakt Woods Mexico Fans, S.A. de C.V.

Dr. Vasanthi Iyer Air Movement Solutions, LLC

Ralph Jackson Cincinnati Fan & Ventilator Company

Tim Kuski Greenheck Fan Corporation

Robert W. Lipke RWL Technical Services, Inc.

David Marshall Howden Buffalo, Inc.

Scott Phillips The New York Blower Company

Bradley F. Skidmore. P.E. Loren Cook Company

Tan Tin Tin Kruger Ventilation Industries Pte. Ltd.

Paul R. Saxon (ret.) AMCA International Staff

Joe Brooks AMCA International Staff

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Related AMCA Documents

Related AMCA Publication 11 Certified Ratings Program - Operating Manual

Publications
AMCA Publication 111 Laboratory Accreditation Program

AMCA Publication 211 Certified Ratings Program - Air Performance

Related ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating
Standards

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Contents

1. Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3. Definitions / Units of Measure / Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.2 Units of measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.3 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4. Application Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5. Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.1 Balance quality grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5.2 Permissible residual unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6. Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6.1 Measurement requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6.2 Fan support system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.3 Factory tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.4 Vibration limits for operation in-situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7. Other Rotating Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

8. Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8.1 Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8.2 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Annex A SI / I-P Conversion Table (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Annex B Relationships (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Annex C Maximum Permissible Residual Imbalance (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Annex D Instruments and Calibration (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

D.1 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

D.2 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Annex E References (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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Balance Quality and Vibration Levels for Fans
1. Purpose and Scope
This standard addresses the subjects of fan balance and
vibration. It is part of a series of standards and publications
listed in Annex E that cover important aspects related to the
design, manufacture and use of fans.
Other standards exist that deal with the vibration of machines
in general. This standard considers only fans. Vibration
is recognized to be an important parameter regarding the
mechanical operation of fans. Balance quality is a precondi-
tion to satisfactory mechanical operation.
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to define appropriate fan
balance quality and operating vibration levels to individuals
who specify, manufacture, use, and maintain fans.
1.2 Scope
This standard covers fans with rigid rotors, generally found in
commercial heating, ventilating and air conditioning; indus-
trial process applications; mine/tunnel ventilation applica-
tions, and power generation applications. Other applications
are not specifically excluded, except as follows:
Excluded are installations that involve severe forces,
impacts, or extreme temperature acting on the fan.
Fan foundations and installation practices are beyond the
scope of this standard. Foundation design and fan installa-
tion are not normally the responsibilities of the fan manufac-
turer. It is fully expected that the foundation upon which the
fan is mounted will provide the support and stability neces-
sary to meet the vibration criteria of the fan as it is delivered
from the factory.
Other factors such as impeller cleanliness, aerodynamic
conditions, background vibration, operation at rotational
speeds other than those agreed upon, and maintenance of
the fan affect fan vibration level but are beyond the scope of
this standard.
This standard is intended to cover only the balance or vibra-
tion of the fan and does not take into account the effect of
fan vibration on personnel, equipment, or processes.
Any or all portions of this standard, or modifications thereof,
are subject to agreement between the concerned parties.
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2. Normative References
The following standards contain provisions that, through
specific reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
American National Standard. At the time of publication of
this standard the editions indicated were valid.
All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agree-
ments based on this American National Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards listed below.
[1] ANSI S2.7-1982 (R1997)
Balancing Terminology
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10035 U.S.A
[2] ISO 1925:2001
Mechanical Vibration Balancing Vocabulary
International Organization for Standardization
1 Rue de Varembe, Case Oistake 56, Ch-1211, Geneve
20, SWITZERLAND
[3] ANSI S2.19-1989 (R1997)
Balance Quality of Rigid Rotating Bodies (ISO 1940)
American National Standards Institute,
11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10035 U.S.A.
3. Definitions / Units of Measure / Symbols
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1 Balancing
The process of adding or removing mass in a plane or planes
on a rotor in order to move the center of gravity towards the
axis of rotation.
3.1.2 Balance quality grade
The recommended limits for residual unbalance of a rotor
based upon the intended application. (Note: Commonly
used balance quality grades in ANSI S2.19 refer to the vibra-
tion that would result if the rotor operated in free space, i.e.,
Balance Quality Grade G6.3 corresponds to a shaft vibra-
tion of 6.3 mm/s velocity, at the operating rotational speed
of the rotor). The value represents the product of the unbal-
ance multiplied by the angular velocity and divided by the
weight of the rotor.
3.1.3 Displacement
The distance that a body moves from a stationary or neutral
position.
ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012) | 1
3.1.4 Electrical run-out
The total measured variation in the apparent location of a
ferrous shaft surface during a complete slow rotation of that
shaft as determined by an eddy current probe system. This
measurement may be affected by variations in the electrical/
magnetic properties of the shaft material as well as varia-
tions in the shaft surface.
3.1.5 Fan application category
A grouping used to describe fan applications, their appropri-
ate Balance Quality Grades, and Recommended Vibration
Levels.
3.1.6 Fan assembly
The fan assembly consists of those items typically packaged
together as a complete fan, including, as applicable: rotor,
bearings, belts, housing, motor, sheaves, and mounting
base/structure. In the case of a cooling tower application,
the fan assembly is considered to consist of the rotor alone.
3.1.7 Fan rotor
An assembly consisting of a fan impeller mounted on its
shaft. (AMCA 99-0066)
3.1.8 Fan vibration level
The vibration amplitude measured at a fan bearing and
expressed in units of
displacement or velocity.
3.1.9 Filter
A device used to separate vibration on the basis of its
frequency. Vibration meters normally have adjustable filters
to allow measurements at a frequency range of interest.
3.1.10 Filter-in; sharp
Vibration measured only at a frequency of interest.
3.1.11 Filter-out; broad pass
Vibration measured over a wide frequency range; some-
times called overall vibration.
3.1.12 Flexible support
A fan support system designed so that the first natural
frequency of the support is well below the frequency corre-
sponding to the operating rotational speed of the fan. Often
this involves compliant elastic elements between the fan
and the support structure. This condition is achieved by
suspending the machine on a spring or by mounting on an
elastic support (springs, rubber, etc.). The natural oscilla-
tion frequencies of the suspension and machine is typically
less than 25% of the frequency corresponding to the lowest
speed of the machine under test-NEMA MG 1-1993, Rev.
1, Part 7, Section 7.06.1.
3.1.13 Foundation
Refers to the component to which the fan is mounted that
2 | ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012)
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provides the necessary support. A fan foundation must have
sufficient mass and rigidity to avoid vibration amplification.
3.1.14 Frequency
In cyclical motion, the number of cycles that occur per
second (Hz) or cycles occurring per minute (CPM).
3.1.15 Mechanical run-out
The total actual variation in the location of a shaft surface
during a complete slow rotation of the shaft as determined
by a stationary measurement device such as a dial indicator.
3.1.16 Journal
The part of a rotor which is in contact with or supported by a
bearing in which it revolves. [ISO 1925]
3.1.17 Mils
A unit of measure that describes displacement. One mil
equals one-thousandth of an inch (1 mil = 0.001 inch)
3.1.18 Overall fan vibration
See Filter-out; broad pass.
3.1.19 Peak (pk)
A displacement, velocity, or acceleration value occurring at
the maximum deviation from a zero or stationary value. See
Figure 3.1 and see also: RMS.
3.1.20 Peak-to-peak (pk-pk)
The total range traversed in one cycle. Peak-to-peak read-
ings apply to displacement only.
3.1.21 Residual unbalance
Unbalance of any kind that remains after balancing. [ANSI
S2.7-1982 (R1986)]
3.1.22 Rigid support
A fan support system designed so that the first natural
frequency of the system is well above the frequency corre-
sponding to the operating rotational speed of the fan. Note:
The rigidity of a foundation is a relative quantity. It must be
considered in conjunction with the rigidity of the machine
bearing system. The ratio of bearing housing vibration
to foundation vibration is a characteristic quantity for the
evaluation of foundation flexibility influences. A foundation
may be considered massive if the vibration amplitude of the
foundation (in any direction) near the machines feet or base
frame are less than 25% of the maximum amplitude that is
measured at the adjacent bearing housing in any direction.
-NEMA MG1-1993, Rev. 1, Part 7, Section 7.06.2.
3.1.23 Rigid rotor
A rotor is considered to be rigid when its unbalance can
be corrected in any two arbitrarily selected planes (of rota-
tion). After the correction, its residual unbalance does not
change significantly relative to the shaft axis at any (rota-
tional) speed up to the maximum service (rotational) speed.
[Adapted from ANSI S2.7-1982(R1986)]
3.1.24 RMS
The root-mean-square value. For true sinusoidal motion the
RMS value is equal to 2/2 times the peak value.
3.1.25 Rotor
A body, capable of rotation, generally with journals which are
supported by bearings. [ANSI S2.7] See also: Fan Rotor.
3.1.26 Speed, balancing
That rotational speed, expressed in revolutions per minute
(rpm), at which a (fan) rotor is balanced. [ANSI S2.7]
3.1.27 Speed, design
The maximum rotational speed, measured in revolutions per
minute (rpm), for which the fan is designed to operate.
3.1.28 Speed, service
Rotational speed, measured in revolutions per minute
(rpm), at which a rotor operates in its final installation or
environment.
3.1.29 Tri-axial set
A set of three measurements taken in three mutually perpen-
dicular directions, normally: horizontal, vertical, and axial.
3.1.30 Trim balance
The balance process that makes minor unbalance correc-
tions which may become necessary as a result of the fan
assembly or installation process.
3.1.31 Unbalance
A condition of a rotor in which its rotation results in centrifu-
gal forces being applied to the rotors supporting bearings.
Unbalance is usually measured by the product of the mass
of the rotor times the distance between its center of gravity
and its center of rotation in a plane.
Figure 3.1
Vibration Cycle
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3.1.32 Velocity
In cyclic motion, the time rate of change in displacement.
3.1.33 Vibration
The alternating mechanical motion of an elastic system, the
components of which are amplitude, frequency and phase.
In general practice, vibration values are reported as:
displacement, peak-to-peak, in mm (mils)
velocity, peak, in mm/s (in./s)
acceleration, peak, in gs, or m/s2 (in./s2)
Standard gravitational acceleration (1g) = 9.80665 m/s2
(386.09 in./s2)
3.1.34 Vibration spectrum
A graphical representation of vibration amplitude versus
frequency.
3.1.35 Vibration transducer
A device designed to be attached to a mechanical system
for measurement of vibration. It produces an electronic
signal that can be displayed or otherwise processed, that is
proportional to the vibration of the system.
3.2 Units of measure
Units of measure shall be as given in the definitions found
in Section 3.1. In the text and examples, SI (metric) units
of measure are given as primary units followed by IP (inch-
pound) units of measure.
3.3 Symbols
Symbols used in this standard are identified/defined where
they are presented in pertinent equations.
ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012) | 3
4. Application Categories
The design/structure of a fan and its intended application
are important criteria for categorizing the many types of
fans in terms of applicable and meaningful balance quality
grades and vibration levels.
balance quality grade and vibration limits must be agreed
upon as part of the contract for the fan. In the event that no
such agreement exists, fans purchased as being required to
comply with this standard shall meet the Table 6.2 vibration
limits (assembled fan) or the Table 5.1 residual unbalance
requirements (unassembled fan or rotor assembly only).

Table 4.1 categorizes fans by their application and driver
power to arrive at appropriate Balance and Vibration (BV)
application categories.
A fan manufacturer will typically identify the appropriate
application category based on the type of fan and power.
A purchaser of a complete fan assembly may be interested
in one or more of the following: the Balance Grade (Table
5.1), vibration as tested in the factory (Table 6.2), or vibra-
tion in-situ (Table 6.3). Typically, one Balance and Vibration
category will cover both the application and the driver
power considerations. However, a purchaser may request a
Balance and Vibration category different from the one listed
for the application and driver power considerations. Some
may desire a more precise balance quality grade or lower
vibration level than is typical for the application.
In most cases, the Balance and Vibration category, the
The purchaser may contract for a particular mounting
arrangement to be used for factory testing of an assembled
fan in order to match (as nearly as possible) the planned
in-situ mounting at the job site. If no specific contract on
balance/vibration exists, the fan may be mounted either
rigidly or flexibly for the test, regardless of the in-situ
mounting.
5. Balancing
The fan manufacturer is responsible for balancing the fan
impeller to acceptable commercial standards. This stan-
dard is based on ANSI S2.19 (ISO 1940). Balancing done
in conformance with this standard shall be performed on a
highly sensitive, purpose-built balance machine that permits
accurate assessment of residual unbalance.

Table 4.1
Fan Application Categories for Balance and Vibration

Application Examples Driver Power kW (hp) Fan Application

Limits Category, BV
Residential Ceiling fans, attic fans, window 0.15 (0.2) BV-1
AC > 0.15 (0.2) BV-2

HVAC & Agricultural Building ventilation and air- 3.7 (5.0) BV-2
conditioning; commercial systems > 3.7 (5.0) BV-3

Industrial Process & Baghouse, scrubber, mine, 298 (400) BV-3

Power Generation, Etc. conveying, boilers, combustion > 298 (400) BV-4
air, pollution control, wind tunnels
Transportation & Marine Locomotives, trucks, automobiles 15 (20) BV-3
> 15 (20) BV-4

Transit/Tunnel Subway emergency ventilation, 75 (100) BV-3

tunnel fans, garage ventilation > 75 (100) BV-4

Tunnel Jet Fans ALL BV-4

Petrochemical Process Hazardous gases, process fans 37 (50) BV-3
> 37 (50) BV-4

Computer Chip Clean room ALL BV-5

Manufacturer

4 | ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012)

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5.1 Balance quality grade I-P Units:

The following Balance Quality Grades apply to fan impel- eper = (G/25.4)
lers. A fan manufacturer may include other rotating compo-
nents (shaft, coupling, sheave/pulley, etc.) in the rotating Uper = W eper = (30/[25.4])G W/N for Uper in (lb in.)
assembly being balanced. In addition, balance of individual
components may be required. See Annex E for balance = 2N/60
requirements for couplings and pulleys.
Where:
Table 5.1 eper = Specific unbalance, in. or (lb in.)/lb
BV Categories and Balance Quality Grades Uper = Permissible residual unbalance (moment), (lb in.)
= Angular velocity, rad/s
Balance Quality N = Rotor rotational speed, rpm
Fan Application
Grade for Rigid W = Rotor weight, lbm
Category
Rotors/Impeller
In most applications, the permissible residual unbalance
BV-1* G 16
Uper in each of two correction planes can be set at Uper/2.
Whenever possible during balancing, a fan impeller should
BV-2 G 16
be mounted on the shaft that will be used for the final assem-
BV-3 G 6.3 bly. If a mandrel is used during balancing, care should be
taken to avoid eccentricity due to a loose hub-to-mandrel fit.
BV-4 G 2.5
Refer to Annex C for graph of eper vs. service speed.
BV-5 G 1.0
Measurement of the residual unbalance shall be made in
* Note: In Fan Application Category BV-1 there may be accordance with ANSI S2.19, Section 8.
some extremely small fan rotors weighing less than 227
grams (8 ounces). In such cases, residual unbalance may 6. Vibration
be difficult to determine accurately. The fabrication process
must ensure reasonably equal weight distribution about the 6.1 Measurement requirements
axis of rotation.
Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 illustrate some of the possible
5.2 Permissible residual unbalance locations and directions for taking vibration measurements
at each fan bearing. The number and location of measure-
G grades as given in Table 5.1 and Balance Quality Grades ments to be made during factory or in-situ operation is at the
are constants derived from the product of the relationship discretion of the fan manufacturer or by agreement with the
eper, expressed in mm/s, where eper is the permissible purchaser. It is recommended that measurements be made
residual specific unbalance, and is the angular velocity of at the impeller shaft bearings. Where this is not possible, the
the impeller. pick-up shall be mounted in the shortest direct mechanical
path between the transducer and the bearing. A transducer
Thus: shall not be mounted on an unsupported panel, guard, or
elsewhere on the fan where a solid signal path cannot be
SI Units:
obtained. A transducer may be mounted on a fan housing
and or flange where a solid signal path is obtained between
eper = 1,000(G/)
a bearing and the measurement point.
Uper = M eper = (30,000/)G M/N
A horizontal measurement shall always be made in a radial
direction and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A vertical
= 2N/60
measurement reading shall always be made perpendicular
to the axis of rotation and perpendicular to a horizontal read-
Where:
ing. An axial measurement shall always be made parallel to
eper = Specific unbalance, m or (g mm)/kg
the shaft (rotor) axis of rotation.
Uper = Permissible residual unbalance, (g mm)
= Angular velocity, rad/s
N = Rotor rotational speed, rpm
M = Rotor mass, kg

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Figure 6.1
Transducer Mounting Locations Axial Fan, Horizontal Airflow

Figure 6.2
Transducer Mounting Locations Single Width Centrifugal Fan

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Figure 6.3
Transducer Mounting Locations Double Width Centrifugal Fan

Figure 6.4
Transducer Mounting Locations Axial Fan, Vertical Airflow

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6.1.1 Seismic measurements
All vibration values in this standard are seismic measure-
ments that represent motion of the fan bearing housing.
Observations shall include measurements made with accel-
erometer or velocity-type instruments. Particular attention
should be given to ensure that the vibration-sensing trans-
ducer is correctly mounted without looseness, rocking, or
resonance.
The size and weight of the transducer and its mounting
system should not be so large that its presence signifi-
cantly affects the vibration response characteristics of the
fan. Variables associated with transducer mounting and
variations in instrument calibration can lead to varia-
tions in measurements of 10%.
6.1.2 Displacement measurements
The following discussion applies to measurement of shaft
displacement within a sleeve bearing oil film by means of
proximity probe systems.
Such systems measure the relative motion between the
surface of the rotating shaft and the bearing housing. Clearly,
the allowable displacement amplitude must be limited to
a value less than the diametric clearance of the bearing.
This internal clearance varies as a function of the bearing
size, the radial/axial loading, the bearing type, and the axis
of interest (i.e., some designs have an elliptical bore with
larger clearance in the horizontal axis than in the vertical
axis). Therefore, it is not the intent of this standard to estab-
lish discrete shaft displacement limits for all bearings and
fan applications. However, the following guideline is recom-
mended for shaft displacement limits. The values shown in
Table 6.1 are percentages of the total available clearance
within the bearing in each axis.
Table 6.1
Maximum Recommended Displacements
Condition Maximum recommended
Displacement as a percent of
available diametral clearance (any
axis)
Start-up / < +25%
Satisfactory Note: Contact bearing supplier to
obtain the available diametral and
axial clearances within the particular
sleeve bearings being used.
Alarm Level 50%
Shut-Down Level 70%
Caution should be used when relying solely on proximity
probes for vibration alarming. It is possible for the proximity
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probe support and the fan shaft to move in phase such that
no relative motion is measured even though high vibration
levels relative to a fixed frame of reference exist. Because
of this, when proximity probes are used, seismic vibration
pickups are also recommended.
This measurement involves the apparent motion of the shaft
surface. Measurements are affected not only by vibration
of the shaft but also by any mechanical run-out of the shaft
if the shaft is bent or out-of-round. The magnetic/electrical
properties of the shaft material at the point of measurement
also affect the electrical run-out of the shaft as measured
by a proximity probe. The combined mechanical and elec-
trical probe-track run-out of the shaft material at the point
of measurement should not exceed 0.0127mm (0.0005
in.) peak-to-peak, or 25% of the start-up/satisfactory vibra-
tion displacement value, whichever is greater. This run-out
should be determined during a slow-roll speed test (100 to
400 rpm), where the unbalance forces on the rotor are negli-
gible. Special shaft preparation may be required to achieve
satisfactory run-out measurement. Proximity probes should
be mounted directly in the bearing housing whenever
possible.
EXAMPLE: Recommended guidelines for normal 152 mm
(6 in.) diameter sleeve bearing having a horizontal internal
clearance of 0.33 mm (0.013 in.):
LIMITS OF RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION
Start-up / = (0.25 0.33 mm) = 0.0825 mm,
satisfactory pk-pk (SI)
= (0.25 0.013 in.) = 0.0033 in.
or 3.3 mils, pk-pk (I-P)
Alarm = (0.50 0.33 mm) = 0.165 mm,
pk-pk (SI)
= (0.50 0.013 in.) = 0.0065 in.
or 6.5 mils, pk-pk (I-P)
Shut-down = (0.70 0.33 mm) = 0.231 mm,
pk-pk (SI)
= (0.70 0.013 in.) = 0.0091 in.
or 9 mils, pk-pk (I-P)
Combined mechanical and electrical run-out of the shaft at
the point of vibration measurement:
a. 0.0127 mm (0.0005 in.)
b. 0.25 0.0825 mm = 0.0206 mm (SI)
0.25 0.0033 in. = 0.0008 in., or 0.8 mils (I-P)
Choose the greater of the two values (a or b), 0.0206 mm
(0.8 mils)
6.2 Fan support system
Fan installations are classified for vibration severity accord-
ing to their support flexibility. To be classified as rigidly
supported, the fan and support system should have a funda-
mental (lowest) natural frequency above the running speed.
To be classified as flexibly supported, the fan and support
system should have a fundamental frequency below the
running speed. Generally, a large, well-designed concrete
foundation will result in a rigid support, whereas a fan
mounted on vibration isolators will be classified as flexibly
supported.
Fans mounted on steelwork can be in either category,
depending on the structural design. In case of doubt, analy-
sis or tests should be performed to determine the funda-
mental natural frequency. Note that in some cases a fan
could be classified as rigidly supported in one measurement
direction and flexibly supported in another. (From AMCA
801-01, Section 5.3.3, p.19)
6.3 Factory tests
The following vibration limit values apply to an assembled
fan tested in the manufacturers factory.
Table 6.2
Seismic Vibration Limits for Tests Conducted at the
Factory
Fan Application Rigidly Mounted Flexibly Mounted
Category mm/s (in./s) mm/s (in./s)
BV-1 12.7 (0.50) 15.2 (0.60)
BV-2 5.1 (0.20) 7.6 (0.30)
BV-3 3.8 (0.15) 5.1 (0.20)
BV-4 2.5 (0.10) 3.8 (0.15)
BV-5 2.0 (0.08) 2.5 (0.10)
Values shown are peak velocity values, filter-in, at the fan
rotational speed during the factory test.
6.4 Vibration limits for operation in-situ
The in-situ vibration level of a fan is not solely dependent
upon the Balance Quality Grade. Installation factors and the
mass and stiffness of the supporting system will influence
the in-situ vibration level (Refer to AMCA Publication 202
Troubleshooting). Therefore, in-situ fan vibration level is not
the responsibility of the fan manufacturer unless specified in
the purchase contract.
The vibration velocity levels in Table 6.3 provide guidelines
for acceptable operation of fans in various application cate-
gories. The velocity values shown are for filter-out measure-
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ments taken at the bearing housings as shown in Figures
6.1 through 6.4.
The vibration velocity of a newly commissioned fan should
be at or below the START-UP level. As operation of the fan
increases with time, it is expected that fan vibration level
will increase due to wear and other accumulated effects. In
general, an increase in vibration is reasonable as long as
the level does not reach the ALARM value for the category.
If the severity of vibration velocity increases to the ALARM
level, action should be initiated immediately to determine the
cause of the increase, and action taken to correct the condi-
tion. Operation at this condition should be carefully moni-
tored and limited to the minimum time required to develop a
program of corrective action.
If the vibration velocity increases to the SHUTDOWN level,
corrective action should be taken immediately or the fan
should be shut down.
Failure to reduce the SHUT-DOWN level vibration velocity
to the acceptable recommended level could lead to bear-
ing failure, cracking of rotor parts and fan housing structural
welds, and ultimately, a catastrophic failure.
Historical data is an important factor when considering the
vibration severity of any fan installation. A sudden increase
in vibration velocity level may indicate the need for prompt
inspection or maintenance. Transitory changes in vibration
level that result from re-lubrication, maintenance, or process
upsets should not be used for evaluating the condition of the
equipment.
7. Other Rotating Components
Accessory rotating components that may affect fan vibra-
tion levels include drive sheaves, belts, coupling, and motor/
driver device. When a fan is ordered from the fan manufac-
turer bare, (i.e., no drive or motor supplied or installed by
fan manufacturer), it is not always practical or possible for
the fan manufacturer to perform a final assembly test run, or
factory test, to check vibration level. Therefore, though the
impeller may have been balanced by the fan manufacturer,
the customer is not assured of a smooth running assembled
fan until the drive and/or driver are connected to the fan
shaft and the unit is run and tested to determine the start-up
vibration levels. It is common for assembled fans to require
trim balancing to reduce vibration to acceptable START-UP
vibration levels. The final assembly test run is recommended
for all new BV-3, BV-4 and BV-5 fan installations BEFORE
commissioning for service. This will establish a baseline for
future predictive maintenance efforts.
The fan manufacturer cannot be responsible for the effects
ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012) | 9
Table 6.3
Seismic Vibration Velocity Limits for Operation In-Situ

Fan Application Rigidly Mounted Flexibly Mounted

Condition
Category mm/s (in./s) mm/s (in./s)
Start-up BV-1 14.0 (0.55) 15.2 (0.60)
BV-2 7.6 (0.30) 12.7 (0.50)
BV-3 6.4 (0.25) 8.8 (0.35)
BV-4 4.1 (0.16) 6.4 (0.25)
BV-5 2.5 (0.10) 4.1 (0.16)
Alarm BV-1 15.2 (0.60) 19.1 (0.75)
BV-2 12.7 (0.50) 19.1 (0.75)
BV-3 10.2 (0.40) 16.5 (0.65)
BV-4 6.4 (0.25) 10.2 (0.40)
BV-5 5.7 (0.20) 7.6 (0.30)
Shut-down BV-1 NOTE 1 NOTE 1
BV-2 NOTE 1 NOTE 1
BV-3 12.7 (0.50) 17.8 (0.70)
BV-4 10.2 (0.40) 15.2 (0.60)
BV-5 7.6 (0.30) 10.2 (0.40)
Note 1 - Shutdown levels for fans in Fan Application Grades BV-1 and BV-2 must be established
based on historical data
Note 2 - Values shown are peak velocity, mm/s (in./s), filter out.

of vibration of drive components added after the factory test records or standard operating procedures shall be sufficient
run. evidence of achievement of balance.

Additional information on the balance quality or vibration of 8.2 Vibration

components may be found in the references given in Annex E.
Written certification of the vibration velocity level achieved
8. Documentation for a fan shall be provided upon request when negotiated.
In such cases, it is recommended that the following informa-
8.1 Balance tion be included in the vibration certification report:

Written certification of the balance achieved for an individual Vibration instrumentation used: manufacturer and model
rotor shall be provided upon request when negotiated. In number
such cases, it is recommended that the following informa- Fan operating point
tion be included in the balance certification report: Fan rotational speed
Note: whether fan was flexibly or rigidly mounted
Balance machine manufacturer and model number Description of measurements:
Specify whether rotor was overhung or between centers a. method of transducer attachment to measurement
Specify whether balance method was single or two-plane location; position and axis
Specify mass of rotating assembly b. units of measure used and reference levels
Note the residual unbalance in EACH correction plane c. frequency, bandwidth, and whether vibration
Note the allowable residual unbalance in each correction analyzer was tuned Filter-In or Filter-Out
plane for the Balance Quality Grade Allowable vibration velocity levels
Note the applicable Balance Quality Grade Measured vibration velocity levels
Acceptance criteria: Note whether rotor balance passed Acceptance criteria: Note whether rotor balance passed
or failed or failed
Supply a Certificate of Balance if required. Supply a Certificate of Vibration Velocity if required.

In some cases, keeping a written record of an individual In some cases, keeping a written record of an individual
rotor is impractical. In such cases, the fan manufacturers rotor is impractical. In such cases, the fan manufacturers
records or standard operating procedures shall be sufficient
evidence of achievement of balance.

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Annex A
SI / I-P Conversion Table (Informative)

Conversion factors between SI and IP systems

Quantity IP to SI SI to IP

Length (ft) 0.3048 = m (m) 3.2808 = ft

Mass (weight) (lbs) 0.4536 = kg (kg) 2.2046 = lbs.

Time The unit of time is the second in both systems

Velocity (ft-s) 0.3048 = ms (ms) 3.2808 = fts

(ft/min) 0.00508 = ms (ms) 196.85 = ft/min

Acceleration (in./s2) 0.0254 = m/s2 (m/s2) 39.370 = in.s/2

Area (ft2) 0.09290 = m2 (m2) 10.764 = ft2

Volume Flow Rate (cfm) 0.000471948 = m3/s (m3/s) 2118.88 = cfm

Density (lb/ft3) 16.01846 = kg/m3 (kg/m3) 0.06243 = lb/ft3

Pressure (in. wg) 248.36 = Pa (Pa) 0.004026 = in. wg
(in. wg) 0.24836 = kPa (kPa) 4.0264 = in. wg
(in. wg) 3.3864 = kPa (kPa) 0.2953 = in. Hg
Viscosity
Absolute (lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s (Pa s) 0.6719 = (lbm/ft-s)
Kinematic (ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s (m2/s) 10.7639 = ft2/s
Gas Constant (ft lb/lbm-R) 5.3803 = J-kg/K (j-kg/K) 0.1858 = (ft lb/lbm-R)

Temperature (F - 32) / 1.8 = C (1.8 C) + 32 = F

Power (BHP) 746 = W (W)/746 = BHP

(BHP) 0.746 = kW (kW)/0.746 = BHP

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Annex B
Relationships (Informative)

Figure B.1
Relationships of Vibration Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration for Sinusoidal Motion

Generally, there is no simple relationship between broad-band acceleration, velocity and displacement; nor is there one between
peak (pk), peak-to-peak (pk-pk), root-mean-square (rms) and average values of vibration. However, where the vibration is
totally or predominantly at a single frequency (e.g., due to residual unbalance) or it is measured Filter-In then the following
relationships exist, independent of the system of the units involved:

Apk
Arms =
2

Vpk
Vrms =
2

The following relationships exist and are dependent upon the units of measure used:

For SI Units of Measure:

Displacement Dpkpk mm
Velocity Vpk mm/s
Acceleration Apk gs (1 g = 9.80665 m/s2)
Frequency F Hz

Relationship Equations Example: Dpkpk = 0.10 mm at N = 1800 rpm

F = N / 60 F = 1800/60 = 30 Hz

Vpk = pFDpkpk Vpk = p(30)(0.10) = 9.42 mm/s

2(pF )2 Dpkpk F 2Dpkpk (30)2 (0.10)

Apk = = Apk = = 0.181 g's
(9.80665)(1000) 496.8 496.8

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 Vpk 9.42
Dpkpk = Dpkpk = = 0.10 mm
pF p(30)

(1000)(9.80665)Apk 496.8 Apk ( 496.8)(0.181)

Dpkpk = = Dpkpk = = 0.10 mm
2 2
2(pF ) F 302

(1000)(9.80665)Apk 1561Apk (1561)(0.181)

Vpk = = Vpk = = 9.42 mm/s
2pF F 30

2pFVpk FVpk (30)(9.42)

Apk = = Apk = = 0.181 g's
(1000)(9.80665) 1561 1561

For filter-in readings, the following relationships exist which are dependent upon the units of measure used:

For I-P Units of Measure:

Displacement Dpkpk mils (1 mil = 0.001 in.)

Velocity Vpk in./s
Acceleration Apk gs (1 g = 386.09 in./s2)
Frequency N rev/min (rpm)

Relationship Equations Example: Dpkpk = 2.4 mils at N = 1780 rpm

pNDpkpk NDpkpk (1780)(2.4)

Vpk = = Vpk = = 0.224 in./s
(60)(1000) (19,100) (19,100)

2(pN )2 Dpkpk
Apk = = (1.42 108 )N 2Dpkpk
2
(60) (1000)(386.09) Apk = (1.42 108 )(1780)2 (2.4) = 0.108 g's

(60)(1000)Vpk (19,100)Vpk (19,100)(0.224)

Dpkpk = = Dpkpk = = 2.4 mils
pN N (1780)

(60)(1000)(386.09)Apk Apk 0.108

Dpkpk = = Apk = = 2.4 mils
2 8 2
2(pN ) (1.4210 )N (1.42108 )(1780)2

(60)(386.09)Apk (3687)Apk (3687)(0.108)

Vpk = = Vpk = = 0.224 in./s
2pN N (1780)

2pFVpk NVpk (1780)(0.224)

Apk = = Apk = = 0.108 g's
(60)(386.09) (3687) 3687

ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012) | 13

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Annex C
Maximum Permissible Residual Imbalance (Informative)

10,000

1,000

1,000 10,000

Figure C.1
Maximum Permissible Residual Unbalance (SI)

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Figure C.2
Maximum Permissible Residual Unbalance (I-P)

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Annex D
Instruments and Calibration (Informative)

D.1 Instruments

Instruments and balancing machines used shall meet the

requirements of the task and be within current calibration.
See ANSI S2.19-1989, Section 8. The calibration period for
an instrument shall be that recommended by the instrument
manufacturer. Instruments shall be in good condition and
suitable for the intended function for the complete duration
of the test. A portable instrument shall not require a battery
change during a test.

Personnel operating instruments shall be familiar with the

instruments and shall possess enough experience to detect
a possible malfunction or degradation of instrument perfor-
mance. When an instrument requires corrective measures
or calibration, it shall be removed from service until correc-
tive action is taken.

D.2 Calibration

All instruments shall have a calibration against a known

standard. The complexity of the calibration may vary from
a physical inspection to a complete calibration traceable to
the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Use of a
calibrated weight to determine residual unbalance such as
described in ANSI S2.19-1989, Section 8.3 is one accepted
method of calibrating instrumentation.

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Annex E
References (Informative)
(1) ISO 254:1998 Belt Drives pulleys Quality, finish and
balance, International Organzation for Standardization,
1 Rue de Varembe, Case Oistake 56, Ch-1211, Geneve
20, SWITZERLAND.
(2) NEMA MG 1-1993 Part 7 Mechanical Vibration
Measurement, Evaluation and Limits, National
Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th
Street, Rosslyn, VA 22209 U.S.A.
(3) IEC 34-14:1998 Rotating Electrical Machines
(for general information on motors), International
Electrotechnical Commission, 1 Rue de Varembe, Case
Oistake 56, Ch-1211, Geneve 20, SWITZERLAND
(4) MPTA SPB 86, Sheaves and Belts, Mechanical Power
Transmission Association, 932 Hungerford Drive #36,
Rockville, MD 20850 U.S.A.
(5) ANSI S2.41-1985 (R1997) Mechanical Vibration of
Large Rotating machines with Speed Range from 10 to
200 rev/s Measurement and Evaluation of Vibration
Severity in situ (ISO 3945), American National
Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York,
NY 10035 U.S.A.
(6) ANSI/AGMA 9000 C90 (R1996) Flexible Couplings
Potential Unbalance Classifications, American
Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street,
Alexandria, VA 22314 U.S.A.
(7) ANSI/AMCA 99, Standards Handbook, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
U.S.A.
(8) AMCA Publication 200, Air Systems, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
U.S.A.
(9) AMCA Publication 201, Fans and Systems, Air
Movement and Control Association International, Inc.,
30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-
1893 U.S.A.
(10) AMCA Publication 202, Troubleshooting, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
U.S.A.
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(11) AMCA Publication 203, Field Performance Measurement
of Fan Systems, Air Movement and Control Association
International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
(12) ANSI/AMCA 210, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans
for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
U.S.A.
(13) AMCA Publication 211, Certified Ratings Program
Product Rating Manual for Fan Air Performance, Air
Movement and Control Association International, Inc.,
30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-
1893 U.S.A.
(14) ANSI/AMCA 300, Reverberant Room Method of Sound
Testing of Fans, Air Movement and Control Association
International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
(15) AMCA Publication 311, Certified Ratings Program
Product Rating Manual for Fan Sound Performance,
Air Movement and Control Association International,
Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL
60004-1893 U.S.A.
AMCA Publication 801, Industrial Process / Power
(16)
Generation Fans: Specification Guidelines, Air
Movement and Control Association International, Inc.,
30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-
1893 U.S.A.
AMCA Publication 802, Industrial Process / Power
(17)
Generation Fans: Establishing Performance Using
Laboratory Models, Air Movement and Control
Association International, Inc., 30 West University
Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
AMCA Standard 803, Industrial Process / Power
(18)
Generation Fans: Site Performance Test Standard, Air
Movement and Control Association International, Inc.,
30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-
1893 U.S.A.
ANSI/AMCA 204-05 (R2012) | 17
 AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL
ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, INC.
30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
Tel: (847) 394-0150 Fax: (847) 253-0088
E-Mail : info@amca.org Web: www.amca.org

The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the
worlds manufacturers of related air system equipment primarily, but limited to: fans, louvers, dampers, air
curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial,
commercial and residential markets.

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