LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 4.54 Ga: Accretion of Earth The crust, which floats on top of the mantle.
The crust, which floats on top of the mantle. It is
There are 4 layers in the atmosphere.
They are the
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
TROPOSPHERE
This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the
earth; elevation ranges from 0 to 10 km
TROPOPAUSE (boundary)
The tropopause is the atmospheric boundary
between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Going upward from the surface, it is the point where
air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost
completely dry.
STRATOSPHERE
This layer sits on top of the troposphere.
Its elevation ranges from 10 km to around 25 km
This layer contains the ozone layer, which protects us
from harmful sunlight.
STRATOPAUSE (boundary)
The stratopause (formerly Mesopeak) is the level of
the atmosphere which is the boundary between two
layers, stratosphere and the mesosphere. In the
stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude,
and the stratopause is the section where a maximum
in the temperature occurs.
MESOSPHERE
This layer is above the stratosphere
Elevation ranges from 25 to 100 km
Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
MESOPAUSE (boundary)
The mesopause is the temperature minimum at the
boundary between the mesosphere and
the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the
lack of solar heating and very strong radiative
cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesopause is the
coldest place on Earth with temperatures as low as
-100C (-146F or 173 K).
THERMOSPHERE
This is the highest layer of the atmosphere
Its height ranges from 100 to 400 km
This is where most small meteorites burn up and is
also the location in the atmosphere that the northern
lights occur (aurora borealis)
Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude
due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation.
EXOSPHERE
The top of the exosphere marks the line between the
Earths atmosphere and interplanetary space.
The lower boundary of the exosphere, where it
interacts with the thermosphere is called the
thermopause.
COMPOSITION OF AIR
There are many different types of gasses in the
atmosphere
They include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide
and other noble gasses
The gas that is most abundant is nitrogen
GEOLOGY
DEFINITION
Geology (from the Greek , g, "earth" and
, logos, "study") is the science that comprises composed of rigid plates that move relative to one
the study of the solid Earth and the processes by
which it is shaped and changed.
Geology provides primary evidence for plate
tectonics, the history of life and evolution, and past
climates.
In modern times, geology is commercially important
for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and for
evaluating water resources; is publicly important for
the prediction and understanding of natural hazards,
the remediation of environmental problems, and for
providing insights into past climate change; plays an
essential role in geotechnical engineering; and is a
major academic discipline.
GEOLOGIC TIME
The geologic time scale encompasses the history of
the Earth. It is bracketed at the old end by the dates
of the earliest solar system material at 4.567 Ga,
(gigaannum: billion years ago) and the age of the
Earth at 4.54 Ga at the beginning of the informally
recognized Hadean eon. At the young end of the
scale, it is bracketed by the present day in
the Holocene epoch (began 11,700 years ago; around
10,000 14C years ago; and continues to the present).
GEOLOGIC TIME
4.567 Ga: Solar system formation
of Camalig, Cagsawa and Budiao were severely
c. 4 Ga: End of Late Heavy Bombardment, first life
c. 3.5 Ga: Start of photosynthesis
c. 2.3 Ga: Oxygenated atmosphere, first snowball
Earth
730635 Ma (megaannum: million years ago): two
snowball Earths
542 0.3 Ma: Cambrian explosion vast
multiplication of hard-bodied life; first
abundant fossils; start of the Paleozoic
c. 380 Ma: First vertebrate land animals
250 Ma: Permian-Triassic extinction 90% of all land
animals die. End of Paleozoic and beginning
of Mesozoic
65 Ma: Cretaceous-Tertiary
extinction Dinosaurs die; end of Mesozoic and
beginning of Cenozoic
c. 7 Ma Present: Hominins
c. 7 Ma: First hominins appear
3.9 Ma: First Australopithecus, direct ancestor to
modern Homo sapiens, appear
200 ka (kiloannum: thousand years ago): First modern
Homo sapiens appear in East Africa
GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
The majority of geological data come from research
on solid Earth materials. These typically fall into one
of two categories: rock and unconsolidated material.
GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
Rock
There are three major types of rock: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an
important concept in geology which illustrates the
relationships between these three types of rock, and
magma.
GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
Rock
When a rock crystallizes from melt
(magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock.
This rock can be weathered and eroded, and
then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary
rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to
heat and pressure that change the mineral content of
the rock and give it a characteristic fabric.
The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently
turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and
pressure, and the metamorphic rock can be
weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified,
becoming a sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and
redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also
undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of
rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new
magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may
once again crystallize.
GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
>Unconsolidated material
Geologists also study unlithified material, which
typically comes from more recent deposits. Because
of this, the study of such material is often known
as Quaternary geology, after the recent Quaternary
Period (spanning 2.588 0.005 million years ago to
the present).
EARTH STRUCTURE
Plate Tectonics
A scientific theory which describes the large scale
motions of Earth's lithosphere.
Plate Tectonics
A relatively recent theory that the Earth's crust is
-Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They
another.
Plate movements are on the order of a few
centimeters/year - about the same rate as your
fingernails grow!
Plate Tectonics
Convergent boundaries - plates move together
forming a subduction zone and mountain chains.
Divergent boundaries - plates move apart forming
the mid-ocean ridge and seafloor spreading.
Transform boundaries - plates grind past one
another. These boundaries subdivide the mid-ocean
ridge and also form the San Andreas Fault system.
It is composed of a number of different layers as
determined by deep drilling and seismic evidence
These layers are:
The core, which is approximately 7,000 kilometers in
diameter (3,500 kilometers in radius) and is located at
the Earth's center.
The mantle, which surrounds the core and has a
thickness of 2,900 kilometers.
composed of basalt rich oceanic crust and granitic
rich continental crust.
The core is a layer rich in iron and nickel that is
composed of two layers: the inner and outer cores.
The inner core is theorized to be solid with a density
of about 13 grams per cubic centimeter and a radius
of about 1,220 kilometers.
The outer core is liquid and has a density of about 11
grams per cubic centimeter. It surrounds the inner
core and has an average thickness of about 2,250
kilometers.
The mantle is almost 2,900 kilometers thick and
comprises about 83% of the Earth's volume
It is composed of several different layers.
The upper mantle exists from the base of the crust
downward to a depth of about 670 kilometers.
. Scientific studies suggest that this layer has physical
properties that are different from the rest of the
upper mantle. The rocks in this upper portion of the
mantle are more rigid and brittle because of
cooler temperatures and lower pressures.
ASTHENOSPHERE- the top layer of the upper mantle
that is from 100 to 200 kilometers below surface.
PERIDOTITE- an ultramafic rock made up of the
minerals olivine and pyroxene that can be found at
earths interior region.
Below the upper mantle is the lower mantle that
extends from 670 to 2,900 kilometers below the
Earth's surface. This layer is hot and plastic. The
higher pressure in this layer causes the formation
of minerals that are different from those of the upper
mantle.
The lithosphere is a layer that includes the crust and
the upper most portion of the asthenosphere.
This layer is about 100 kilometers thick and has the
ability to glide over the rest of the upper mantle.
Because of increasing temperature and pressure,
deeper portions of the lithosphere are capable of
plastic flow over geologic time. The lithosphere is also
the zone
of earthquakes, mountain building, volcanoes, and
continental drift.
GEOLOGIC DISTURBANCES
-An active volcano occurs when magma (molten rock)
reaches the earth's surface through a crack or vent in
the crust.
-Volcanic activity can involve the extrusion of lava on
the surface, the ejection of solid rock and ash, and
the release of water vapor or gas (carbon dioxide
or sulfur dioxide).
- Volcanoes can be classified according to the type
and form of their ejecta. The basic types are:
composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes,
and cinder cones.
- Composite volcanoes are steep-sided, symmetrical
cones built of multiple layers of viscous lava and ash.
-Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the
summit which contains the central vent. Lavas flow
from breaks in the crater wall or from cracks on the
flanks of the cone. Mt Fuji in Japan and Mt Ranier in
Washington are examples of composite volcanoes.
- Shield volcanoes are huge in size. They are built by
many layers of runny lava flows. Lava spills out of a
central vent or group of vents. Abroad shaped, gently
sloping cone is formed. This is caused by the very
fluid, basaltic lava which can't be piled up into steep
mounds.
VOLCANIC GAS
form when lava blown violently into the area breaks
into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders. A
steep-sided cone shape is formed around the vent,
with a crater at the summit. Sunset Crater in Arizona
is a cinder cone that formed less than a thousand
years ago, disrupting the lives of the native
inhabitants of the region.
- Lava domes are formed when highly viscous lava is
extruded from a vent and forms a rounded, steep-
sided dome. The lava piles up around and on the vent
instead of flowing away, mostly growing by expansion
from within. Lava domes commonly occur within the
craters or on the flanks of composite volcanoes.
PHILIPPINE VOLCANOES
Mayon reaches up to around 2,462 m. above sea level
and covers an area of 250 sq. km. Its base
circumference is 62.8 km.
Mayon is classified as a stratovolcano or composite
cone. It consists of deposits formed basically by four
major types of volcanic activity: airfall deposition,
pyroclastic flows, rain triggered debris flows and lava
flows.
Considered as the most active volcano in the
Philippines, Mayon Volcano has had at least 43
eruptions since 1616. Its most violent and devastating
outburst occurred on February 1, 1814. Nearby towns
damaged, half of Guinobatan was ruined and at least
1,200 people perished in this eruption.
Taal Volcano, one of the world's lowest volcanoes, is
an island located near the center of Taal Lake in
Batangas Province.
Its highest point, 311m . Above sea level, is on the
eastern rim of the main crater.
To date, Taal Volcano, has had 33 recorded eruption
since its first known outburst in 1572. Its most
catastrophic eruptions occured in 1754 and 1911. In
1754, the towns of Sala, Lipa, Tanauan, and Taal, then
on the borders of Lake Taal, were destroyed and were
subsequently relocated to their present sites.
Butusan Volcano is located at the south central part
of Sorsogon Province. It covers a surface area roughly
400 sq. km. and towers to about 1559 m. above sea
level.
Bulusan is clasified as a composite volcano and is
made up of lava flows and domes.
Volcanic phenomena directly associated with
eruption
>Lava flow, dome growth
>Pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic surge, lateral blast
>Tephra fall - ash fall, volcanic bomb
>Volcanic gas
>Lahar,flooding
>Debris avalanche, landslide
>Tsunami
>Subsidence
>Secondary/hydrothermal explosion
>Secondary pyroclastic flow.
TYPES OF HAZARDS POSED BY AN ACTIVE VOLCANO
LAVA FLOW
Lava flow is a higly elongated mass of molten rock
materials cascading downslope from an erupting
vent. The lava flow being extruded has low silica and
low water contents (3 km/day or 45 km/hour). Speed
and geometry of lava flows depend on local
topography. Steep slopes encourage faster and longer
flows than gentle slopes or terrain
DOME GROWTH
Lava dome is a pile or mound of lava that grew on the
floor of an active crater, on the side slopes via a
feeder vent that breached through the surface of the
edifice, or inside the volcanic edifice.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
Pyroclastic flow refers to hot dry masses of
fragmented volcanic materials that move along the
slope and in contact with ground surface. This
includes: pumice flow, ash flow, block-and-ash flow,
nuee ardente (a glowing eruption cloud characterized
by extreme heat, about 500 C or higher) and glowing
avalanche.
Types of hazards posed by an active volcano
PYROCLASTIC SURGE
Pyroclastic surges are turbulent low-concentration
density currents of gases, rock debris and in some
cases, water, that move above the ground surface at
high velocities.
HOT BLASTS
Hot blasts arise when pent-up gases facilitate their
way out through the impermeable overlying materials
and cause a very rapid escape into the atmosphere.
Blasts that are directed obliquely often do much
damage and could exact a high toll in human lives
TEPHRA FALLS
Tephra falls may consist of pumice, scoria, dense lithic
materials or crystals or combination of the four.
TYPES OF HAZARDS POSED BY AN ACTIVE VOLCANO
Volcanic gas is one of the basic components of a
magma or lava. Active and inactive volcanoes may
release to the atmosphere gases in the form of: water
vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide , carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride
Aside from the major constituents, minor amounts of
nitrogen, methane, argon and helium may be also
present in volcanic gases. The proportion of these
components changes with changing temperature.
LAHAR
Lahar (an Indonesian term), sometimes called
mudflows or volcanic debris flows, are flowing
mixtures of volcanic debris and water. Lahars are
classified into: Primary or hot lahar - associated
directly with volcanic eruption and Secondary or cold
lahar - caused by heavy rainfall.
PRECURSORS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
The following are commonly observed signs that a
volcano is about to erupt. These precursors may vary
from volcano to volcano.
>Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors
>Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam
emission from white to gray due to entrained ash
>Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near
the crater
Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground
>fissuring due to magma intrusion
>Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from
the summit area not attributable to heavy rains
>Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
>Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells
(e.g. Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g. Taal)
near the volcano
>Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano.
>Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
>Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones;appearance of solfataras.
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake occurs when built up strain in a rock
mass causes it to rupture suddenly.
The region where the rupture occurs is called
the focus. This is often deep below the surface of the
crust. The point on the surface directly above the
focus is called the epicenter. Destructive waves
propagate outward from the region of the quake,
traveling throughout the earth.
Some 80 percent of all the planet's earthquakes occur
along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, called the "Ring of
Fire" because of the preponderance of volcanic
activity there as well.
Most earthquakes occur at fault zones, where
tectonic platesgiant rock slabs that make up the
Earth's upper layercollide or slide against each
other.
Earthquakes are measured with a device called a
seismograph.
The Richter Scale measures the magnitude (size) of an
earthquake on a scale of 1 to 10 using a seismograph.
Each step in the scale indicates a tenfold increase in
the energy of the earthquake.
The Modified Mercalli Scale assesses an earthquake's
severity according to its effects on a scale of 1 to 12 in
Roman numerals (I - XII).
THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROSPHERE
Oceans96.5% of water found here
Fresh water3.5% of water found here
Fresh water distribution:
Ice: 1.762%
Groundwater: 1.7%
Surface Fresh Water: 0.014%
Atmosphere and soil: 0.002%
What bodies of water hold the largest amount of
water?
>Oceansthe largest bodies of water on Earth
(contain salt water only)
What features house water as ice?
>Icebergs: a large piece of freshwater ice floating in
open waters
>Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly
over land
>*permanent snow areas also house water as ice
What is a river?
A large channel along which water is continually
flowing down a slopemade of many streams that
come together
What is a stream?
A small channel along which water is continually
flowing down a slopemade of small gullies
What is a lake?
A body of water of considerable size contained on a
body of land
What is groundwater?
The water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel
and rocks below the earths surface
What is an aquifer?
A porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir
for water.
What is a wetland?
An area where the water table is at, near or above the
land surface long enough during the year to support
adapted plant growth
What are the types of wetlands?
Swamps, bogs, and marshes
Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees
Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss
Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses
LITHOSPHERE
- derived from Greek word and means rock layer.
- approximately 65 to 100 km ( 40 to 60 mi) thick.
- extends from the surface to the center of the earth.
STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION
1.CRUST composed of rocks and minerals w/c
return make-up the continents and ocean basins.
Outer most and thinnest layer of the earth.
TWO TYPES:
Continental crust sometimes called as Sial (silica &
alumina) found in granite & some sedimentary rock.
Oceanic crust called as Sima ( Silica Magnesia)
represented by basalt.
- About 1/3 of the earths surface is land.
Seven Continents:
1.Asia 5. Africa
2.Europe 6. Australia
3.North America7. Antartica
4.South America
Most of the continental land areas lie in the northern
hemisphere.
Non Continental land areas are islands and the island
chains known as Archipelagoes (Pacific Ocean,
northeastern Indian ocean & Carribean Sea.)
2. MANTLE lies under the continental and oceanic
crust.
- consists of crystalline magnesium & iron silicates &
extends to the iron-rich alloy core.
- 2885 km thick shell of rock surrounding the earths
outer core & lies directly beneath the Earths thin
crust.
- the name also applies to the rocky shell surrounding
the cores of other planets.
MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY the boundary
between the crust and the mantle.
The uppermost mantle below the crust is composed
of relatively cold and strong material. This strong
layer of mantle and the crust forms the Lithosphere ,
and cools mainly by conduction.
3. THE CORE
Inner core 1216 km thick. Mostly composed of solid
form & nickel surrounded by the liquid iron Outer
core 2270 km thick.
Guttenburg-Weichert Discontinuity boundary
between the lower mantle and the outer core.
THE CONTINENTS
The surface of oceans or the sea level is used as
reference point for determining the relief features of
the Earth.
Sea level follows the shape of the earth &
gravitational attraction of high lands.
Continental platforms rise above sea level as
Mountains, Plateus, Hills, Valleys and Plains
On Continents, average elevation is 800 meters above
sea level. Main surface features are Mountains,
Plateus & Plains.
Mountains & Plateus are of high elevations, but the
Plateau has small summit area. The rock strata of
mountains are tilted or inclined while Plateaus are
flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
PLAINS were formed from the effects of winds or
glacial erosion and deposition. (Ex. Central Plain
Luzon).
PLATEUS were formed from the uplift of lowlands.
(Bukidnon Cotabato Plateau)
MOUNTAINS were formed from variousprocesses
such as: folding, faulting, fracturing and displacement
of rock beds, volcanic action and erosion of igneous
rocks. ( ex. Sierra madre, Mayon and Mt. Apo)
WATER PURIFICATION METHODS
- is a methodical process involving several stages
- done at Balara and the New La Mesa Water
Treatment Plant, removed from the center of
population to assure immunity from contamination.
- MWSS has facilities, expanded & improved to
maintain high quality of potability well above
standard requirements of the WHO & other agencies.
1)SCREENING prevents large floating matters from
entering the treatment of water.
2) MIXING involves the uniform dispersal of
chemicals to serve as coagulants of the undesirable &
suspended solids into the raw water.
3) FLOCCULATION allows for the chemicallymixed
water to enter into large basins. Basic
contents are gently agitate so that
suspended solids collide & gel w/ each other,
hastening the formation of flocs.
4) SEDIMENTATION gathers all flocs at the bottom
of the basins from where these are periodically
removed & discarded as sludge.
5) FILTRATION makes use of gravity thus allowing
water to go through 24 dual media filters
consisting of a layer of anthracite coal stop a stratum
of sand & gravel. More flocs are screened at this
phase.
6) CHLORINATION is the final stage of water
treatment.
- Sufficient amount of chlorine is added to kill disease-
causing bacteria & to prevent contamination as water
travels from the filter plants to household faucets.
- Fluoride has been added also to help prevent tooth
decay of the users.
MINERALOGY
The rocks and minerals of the earth.
It is the study of chemistry, crystal structure, and
physical (including optical) properties of minerals.
Specific studies within mineralogy include the
processes of mineral origin and
formation, classification of minerals, their
geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.
A mineral is a crystalline solid formed through
geological processes.
A mineral can be an element or a compound, but it
has a specific chemical composition and physical
properties that are different from those of other
minerals.
A geologic process is a natural process that occurs in
or on Earth and that shapes Earths features, including
volcanic activity; the movement of tectonic plates;
the formation of sedimentary layers of sand and mud;
and the folding of those layers until, deep in the
Earth, they are exposed to high pressures and
temperatures.
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
A mineral is an inorganic substance, which usually
means it was not made by living organisms.
Organic substances are all the carbon-based
compounds made by living creatures, including
proteins, carbohydrates, and oils. This definition
includes fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which were
originally made by living organisms millions of years
ago.
Everything else is considered INorganic. In a few
exceptional cases, living organisms produce inorganic
materials, such as the calcium carbonate shells of
marine organisms.
Crystalline Solids
Minerals are crystalline solids. Therefore, natural
inorganic substances that are liquids are not minerals.
For example, liquid water is inorganic, but it is not a
mineral. Even some solids may not be crystalline. A
crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a
regular, repeating pattern.
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
All minerals have a specific chemical composition.
Minerals are either pure elements or chemical
compounds.
An element is a substance in which all of the atoms
have the same number of protons. (Protons are the
positive particles in the center of every atom, the
nucleus.)
Silver, sodium, silicon, and oxygen are a few of the
elements found in minerals. A few minerals are made
of only one kind of element. The mineral silver is a
pure element because it is made up of only silver
atoms.
A chemical compound is a substance in which the
atoms of two or more elements bond together. The
elements in a chemical compound are in a certain
ratio.
STRUCTURE OF MINERALS
The crystal structure of a mineral affects the minerals
physical properties.
Imagine you have three samples of halite. Each
sample was found in a different country. They are all
different sizes and shapes. They may have even been
formed by different geologic processes
Mineralogists are scientists who study minerals.
They use a system that divides minerals into groups
based on chemical composition and structure.
Minerals with similar crystal structures are grouped
together.
GROUPS OF MINERALS
Native elements are minerals that contain only atoms
of one type of element.
Some of the minerals in this group are rare and
valuable. Gold, silver, sulfur, and diamond are
examples of native elements.
Carbonate minerals are often found in areas where
ancient seas once covered the land. Some carbonate
minerals are very common. Calcite is one such
mineral.
Azurite and malachite are also carbonate minerals.
Halide minerals are salts that can form when salt
water evaporates. This mineral class includes more
than just table salt.
It includes minerals that contain the elements
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
Oxides are minerals that contain one or two metal
elements combined with oxygen.
Oxides are different from silicates because oxides do
not contain silicon. Many important metals are found
as oxides. For example, hematite and magnetite are
both oxides that contain iron.
Phosphates
The chemical composition of these minerals tends to
be more complex than some of the other mineral
groups.
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that contains
copper, aluminum, and phosphorus. It is rare and is
used to make jewelry.
Sulfate minerals contain sulfur atoms bonded to
oxygen atoms.
Gypsum is a common sulfate mineral that contains
calcium, sulfate, and water.
Sulfides contain metal elements combined with
sulfur. Unlike sulfates, sulfides do not contain oxygen.
Pyrite, a common sulfide mineral, contains iron
combined with sulfur. Pyrite is also known as fools
gold. Gold miners have mistaken pyrite for gold
because the two minerals look so similar.
____1. Rizal and a group of patriotic Filipinos,
including Andres Bonifacio founded the society, La
Liga Filipina. (True)
____2.There was 50 Masonic lodges in the country.
(False)
____3. Freemasonry is a secret society of an
international fraternity for mutual help, having an
elaborate ritual and system of secret signs associated
with free-thinking and libertarian beliefs.
____4. Marcelo H. Del Pilar was known as the great
political analyst and journalist. (True)
____5. The Katipunan was discovered in August 1869.
(False)
____6. Emilio Aguinaldo is often called as the Brain
of Katipunan. (False)
____7. The date when Aguinaldo formally established
the Dictatorial Government was May 24, 1898. (True)
____8. Marcha Filipina Magdalo was approved to be
the Philippines official march. (True)
____9. June 12, 1888 between 3:00 4:00 pm,
Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Independence.
(False)
____10. The Philippine flag was made by Marcela
Agoncillo with the help of Lorenza Agoncillo and
Delfina Herboza. (True)
1.The person who changed the form of government
from Dictatorial to Revolutionary? (C.)
a.Rizal b. Jacinto c. Aguinaldo
d. Bonifacio
2.When did Aguinaldo promulgated the Malolos
Constitution? (A.)
a.January 21, 1899 b. February 12, 1894
c. January 24, 1899
3.What are the aims of La Solidaridad? (D.)
a.To extol liberal ideas b. For The abolition of
the diezmos prediales c. To defend progress
d. Both a and c e. All of them
4.When did Aguinaldo created the Literary Univers ity
of the Philippines for Higher Education? (B.)
a.October 24, 1898 b. October 19, 1898
c. October 21,1898
5.How much did the Spain turned over the Philippines
to the United States? (A.)
a.$20,000,000 b. $25,000,000
c. $28,000,000 d. $23,000,000
6.Where did Bonifacio issued a manifesto which
incited the people to get set for a concerted attack on
the Spanish authorities? (B.)
a.Biak na Bato b. Hagdang Bato
c. Tirad Pass d. None of the above
7.How many patriots were shot to death in Kalibo
Capiz? (B.)
a.13 b. 19 c. 15 d. 18
8.Who was the person executed at the Bagumbayan
field (now Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896? (C)
a.Andres Bonifacio b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Jose Rizal
9.Who told Aguinaldo to form a dictatorial
government? (C.)
a.Emilio Jacinto b. Graciano Lopez Jaena
c. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
10.Who is the composer of Marcha Filipina Magdalo?
(A.)
a.Julian Felipe b. Delfina Herboza
c. Mariano Ponce .d. Eduardo de Lete
III-ENUMERATION
a.Give the three important Filipino reformists.
b.Give at least two aims of La Solidaridad.
a.Answer: Graciano Lopez Jaena; Jose Rizal; Marcelo
H. Del Pilar
b.Aims of La Solidaridad:
To fight reaction.
To stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a
backward country.
To extol liberal ideas.
To defend progress.