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In prestressed concrete structures, Creep and Shrinkage steel account for major portion of the total loss. So their
of concrete and Relaxation of prestressing steel are long magnitudes are vital in arriving at the residual prestress. A
term phenomena and cause gradual loss of compression in reasonably accurate prediction of these losses is important
concrete and tension in prestressing steel. Their inaccurate to ensure satisfactory performance of structures in service.
estimation leads to serviceability problems like excessive If prestress losses are underestimated, the tensile strength
camber and cracking of concrete. While revising IS 1343:1980, of concrete can exceed under service loads, causing cracking
many modifications were incorporated in time dependent and unexpected excessive deflection. On the other hand,
losses. There is a need to understand the background of these overestimating prestress losses can lead to excessive camber
changes before applying and this article is a beginning in and an uneconomical design. To determine with precision
this direction. After discussing various parameters affecting
the extent of the losses from them is a challenging task. The
Long term losses, the calculations involved and inferences
scientific model presented in [1] the new code (IS 1343:2012)
on results were presented. A typical example explaining
provides an accurate mathematical model that is in line with
calculation of losses based on both codes is also presented.
Model Code 90 [2] (CEB MC-90).
1. Introduction
The objective of this paper is to discuss in detail, each
Losses in prestressed concrete structures can be categorised
parameter of long term loss as mentioned in the new code
as shown in Table 1.
(IS 1343: 2012) and to explain them with a typical example
In properly designed and manufactured members, the based on assumed data. The results are compared with those
loss of stress due to Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation of obtained based on old code [3] (IS 1343:1980).
3.3 Size
The size of a concrete member mainly influences the drying
rate and there by the rate of shrinkage significantly. It also
has an effect on the final shrinkage strain. The influence of
size on shrinkage of a concrete member is proportional to
the volume to surface ratio, i.e. ratio of volume of member
to the surface in contact with surrounding air. The lower
the ratio, faster is the development of shrinkage. But the
5. Example problem
final shrinkage strain decreases with increase in volume to
surface ratio, which means that final shrinkage strain is size A post-tensioned concrete beam shown in Figure 3 is stressed
dependent [6]. on 7th day.
or single
From Table stage stressing
4 ofall IS the
1343:1980 = Stress concrete at the of steel
When strandsforare thestressed
initial fstress
c in= single of 0.7f
Stress in p,concrete
stage, relaxation
the total at loss
the level is 70 of MPa. steel
fc = Stress in Stress
concrete at the level of steel
will have prestressing
a prestressing forceforce in the
of 716 beam kN islocated
calculated A
ats=0.075 asfc follows.
Total =
marea from Total
of in concrete
shrinkage
prestressing
the bottom
atsteel
the
strain
of54.8
level
= 10 in2 of
the steel
54.8period
mm27-28 days is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10
sed in single stage, the total prestressing A =
Total shrinkage Total
force
A area
in theof
strain prestressing
beam
inofthe is steel
calculated
period 7-28steel = 10
as
days is mm
obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6
s= Total area prestressing = 10 54.8 mm
s 2
ng force for single stage
beam at mid span due to prestressing stressing Total shrinkage
is Total strain
TotalAin
As=shrinkage area the period
strain
of in the
prestressing 7-28 days
period steel is
7-28 obtained
= 10days54.8 isfrom
obtained
mm Table
2 6 as2 Table
from 84.85 6 as 10-684.85 10-6
Ultimate tensile strength Total of strand is 102.3 =
kNshrinkage
fromTotal area of prestressing steel
Shrinkage = 10 54.8
loss mm
= in6the
in theTable1
s
shrinkage Total
strain period strain 7-28 in the days period
Total is obtained 7-28 days
shrinkage from isTable
strainobtained as from
84.85
period Table
10
7-28 -66 as 84.85
days is obtained 10-6
are stressed in single
of IS 14268:1995. stage, the
Maximum total prestressing
force allowed Shrinkage
force in the
is onlyShrinkage loss
beam
76%. = is calculated as .
( ) Shrinkage loss = loss = from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6 . .
and is 102.3 kN from Table 1 of IS 14268:1995. Total Maximum shrinkage force Loss allowed
strain due into
Shrinkagethe is period
relaxation loss 7-28
= daysisis2.5
of steel obtained
% i.e. from Table 6 as-6. 84.85 10-6 .
Assuming the average stress Total to be 92% shrinkageof 76% andShrinkage
strain considering
in the loss
period = 7-28 days
ge stress to Loss due Total to relaxation
shrinkage of steel
strain isin 2.5 the %period
i.e. 7-28 is daysobtainedis obtainedfrom Tablefrom Table6 as 84.856 as 84.85 10 10-6 -6
5%beloss 95% forofelastic
76% and considering
Loss due
shortening, theto 5%
Loss
average loss
relaxation
Total for
dueshrinkage elastic
of steel
toTotal
relaxation
prestressing shortening,
is force
strain
shrinkage 2.5 in i.e.isthe
% strain
of steel the 2.5
periodin % i.e.
7-28
Shrinkage
the perioddays loss is =obtained
7-28 days is from Table
obtained from 6 as Table84.856 as10 84.85 10 -6
e strand after Loss due to relaxation Shrinkage
of
i.e.steel loss
is 2.5 =is% i.e. .
gth in theanchorage
of strand isstrand
102.3 afterkNwill from be Table
anchorage asLossfollows.1due
will of be IS
toas 14268:1995.
relaxation
follows. of Maximum
steel
Shrinkage is 2.5 force
loss
Shrinkage loss =
%= allowed . .
he average stress to be 95% of 76% and considering 5% loss for elastic Shrinkage shortening, loss = the
Shrinkage loss = . .
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
orce in the strand after anchorage will Loss be as due to
follows. relaxation
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
is 2.5Loss
of steel prestressing
Residual % i.e.due to relaxation
force on 28th day of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residual prestressing Loss dueLoss toforce
relaxation
due onto28 thof day steel isof2.5 % i.e.
e on 28th day Residual prestressing force on 28force threlaxation
dayon 28th day
steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residualthprestressing
5.4.1
-weight of beam is Residual prestressing force on 28 day
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th
lssing
haveforcea prestressing
on 28 stressed
th day force of 716
th kN located at 0.075 m from the bottom of
Strands on 7 day will have a Residual prestressing force of force onResidual
prestressing 28th dayprestressing force on 28th day
am at mid span due to prestressing isResidual prestressing force on 28 th day
716 kN located at 0.075 m from theResidual bottom of prestressing
girder. Bending force on 28 day th
h day will have a prestressing force of 716 kN Residual
locatedResidual prestressing
at 0.075prestressingm from force the on 28 th day
bottom
force onof 28th day
stress(in the beam at)mid span due to prestressing is
ofinthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spandue duetotoself-weight
prestressing is is 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 th day
5.4.2 Residual 5.4.2prestressing
Residual prestressing force on 45force th day
on 45th day
( ) 5.4.2
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 day Residual Strands
prestressing stressed
th force onon 7th45 dayth day will have a residual prestressing force of 672.734 kNon
Strands stressed on th7th day will 6.043 have in a theresidual
period prestressing
7-28 days. force of stress
Bending 672.734 kNon 28 th at day with a loss % of
Strands stressed Strandsonstressed 7 day on will 7 have
th day awill residualhave aprestressing
residual prestressing force force in
of 672.734 the
kNon
of beam
672.73428 th kNondaymid 28span
with thaday lossdue %to
with ofaprestre
loss %
6.043
Strands in the period
stressed 5.4.2 on 7-28
Strands Residual
7 days.
th days.
stressed
day 7-28 Bending
prestressing
will on
have 7 thstress
day
aBending force
residual in
will the
onhave beam
45 a
th
prestressing day at
residual mid span due
prestressing
force of 672.734 to prestressing
force
kNon of 28 672.734
th is
day kNon
with a 28
loss th day with
% of
6.043 in the
5.4.2 period
6.043
Residual in 7-28
the period
prestressing Bending
forcedays. on stress
45 th inday thestressbeam in at
the midbeam span at due
mid to prestressing
span due to is
prestressing is
m 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
6.043 in the5.4.2 period 6.043
Residual
7-28in the days. period
prestressing
Bending 7-28force days.on
stress Bending
in 45 theth daystress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is
beam
Strands 5.4.2 Residual
stressed on prestressing
7 th day will have force aon 45at
residual
th mid
day span due to( prestressing) is
prestressing force of 672.734 kNon 28 th day with a
Strands stressed
Strands on
stressed 7 th day will have a residual
on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing of
( prestressing ) force 672.734
force of kNonkNon
672.734 28 th day 28 thwithday awith
loss a%loss of
eight of beam is Strands 6.043stressedin the period on 7 th7-28
day days.
will
(
Bending
have a residual
(
stress ) in the beam
prestressing
) at
forcemidofspan672.734 due kNon to prestressing
28 th day with is th a los%
56 The Indian Concrete Journal June 6.043 2017 in
6.043 thein period
theStrands 7-28 days.
period stressed
7-28Bending Bending
days. 7 stress
onBending th day( stress
compressive in the
will havebeam
in
stress aor
the atnet
(mid
residual
)beam atspan
stressmidindue
prestressing) todue
span
concreteprestressing
force
to of 672.734
atprestressing
the is ofkNon
level steel 28
is up to day 45w t
Bending compressive 6.043 in the 6.043 period
stress in theor 7-28net
period days.
stress 7-28 Bending
in concrete
days. stress
Bending at in
the the
stress beam
level inof at
steel
the mid
beam upspan
to
at due
45
mid to prestressing
day
th span i.e.
due just
to before is the is
prestressing
Bending compressive Bending compressive stress or beam netstress is or
stress subjected
in concrete
net stress to live load
inatconcrete
the level at of
thesteellevel upoftosteel
45 th up daytoi.e. 45 thjust
day before
i.e. just thebefore
of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45th day after the application of live load is
orce on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
e on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
Bending Bending Bending
tensile stress tensile
at thestress
soffit atofthethe soffit
beam ofatthe
( stress mid beam
span atthe
) th day midduespan the due
to live loadto is live load is
compressive stress or net on 45 after the application of live load is
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load isis
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load
POINT OF VIEW
( )
orce on 28th day
Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45 day after the application of live
th load is
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day Bending compressive stress 5.4.3orResidual
net stressprestressing
on 45th day after forcetheon 70th day of live load is
application
5.4.3Bending Bending compressive
Residualcompressive
prestressing stress
force or onnet 70stress
dayoron
stress
th net45stress
th day on after45 the
th day after the application
application of live loadof is live load is
sing forceStrands
on 45th stressed
day on 7th day will have aBending prestressing stress or Strands
residualcompressive (stressed on )7th day will have a residual prestress
Bending compressive stress or net
net stress
stress onon 4545 day
ththday after
after the
the application
) a loss %live
application
( 45th day with ofof live loadisis
load
g force on 45th day th force( of 665.672( kN on of 1.050 in the
force of 672.734 kN on 28 day with
Strands stresseda loss
on %7 of
th day6.043 will
5.4.3 Residual prestressing in the
have a residual prestress
force on 70 day th force ) of 665.672 ) kN on 45 th day with a loss % of
day will period
have a 7-28
residual prestressing force in of 672.734 kNon 28 th span
day with a loss period
% of28-45 days. ( Bending stress or net stress in the beam
) )mid
y will have a residual days. Bending
prestressing1.050 stress
force inofthe the beam
period
672.734 at
28-45days.
kNon 28 thmiddayBending
with a stress loss %orofnet stress (in the beam at span is.
8 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid spanStrandsdue to prestressing
stressed on at mid span is.
7isth day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a los
ys. due
Bending to
ing force on 45 day
thprestressing
stress in the beamis at mid span due to prestressing is
5.4.3 1.050
Residualin the period 28-45days.
prestressing force onBending 70th day stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
5.4.3 Residual prestressing force on 70th day
day will have a residual( prestressing)5.4.3 forceResidual
of 672.734
5.4.3 kNon 28 thprestressing
Residual
prestressing day with
force on 70a thforce
loss
day %onof70th day
( ) Strands stressed on 7prestressing
th day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a loss %
days. Bending stress in the beamFrom at mid 5.4.3
span3,5.4.3
due toResidual
prestressing
Residual
Strands is 45on
prestressing
stressed 7force
force thon
From
on
th day 7070
Table
will day
ththday
have 3, aCreep
residual co-efficient
prestress onforce
th
45 and
th
70 daykN
of 665.672 areon 1.01
45 th day w
Table Creep co-efficient on th and 70 day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
Bending compressive stress
stress or net stress in concrete at theStrands or1.050
net in the
Strands
stress
level ofstressed
steel uponperiod
in 28-45days.
stressed
concrete
to 745 day
th th day on
willat 7 th Bending
i.e.have day will stress
have
a residual
just before the or
a net
residual
prestress stress in the beam atofmid
force of 665.672 kN on 45 dayon
prestress force span
665.672 th is.
kN 45 tha day
with loss with
% of a
1.050 in the period and
28-45days. 1.16 respectively.
Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
ss or net stress in concrete at the level of steelStrands
up to 45 th day
stressed i.e.
on just
7 before
th day willthehave a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on45is.day with a alos
45 th day with lo
th
1.050
Strands in the
stressed period 28-45days.
on( 7co-efficient
is day will )Bending
have orthanet stress
residual orin net stressforce
prestress inattheof beam
665.672atis.mid
kN on span
ve load the level of steel ( up to 45 ) 1.050day i.e.in the
just period
before 28-45days.
the beam Bending stress stress the
arebeam mid span
th th
From Creep
Table 3,loss
Creep on 45 and 70th day 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
oad 1.050ininthe theperiod
period28-45days.
28-45days.Bending Bending stress
subjected to live load 1.050 Creep loss stress = orornet netstress
stressininthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spanis.is.
Total shrinkage strain in the period Creep 45-70lossdays ( is obtained) from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
tress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the
e load From Table 3, Creep co-efficient on 45th and 70th day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
From Table
Shrinkage
Total shrinkage 3, Creep
loss
strain =in the co-efficient
period 45-70 on 45th is
th days
and 70th day
obtained are 1.01
from Tableand 6 as1.16 respectively.
.38.07 10-6
o-efficients on 28th and 45th day are 0.85 From 1.01thFrom
andTable 3, Creep Table
respectively.th
3, Creep co-efficient
co-efficient on 45th and Total
on
70th45day and
shrinkage are70 1.01
th day
andare
strain in1.161.01
the
and 1.16 respectively.
respectively.
period 45-70 days is obtained
icients onFrom 28th and
Table 453, day areco-efficients
th Creep 0.85 and 1.01 onrespectively.
28Fromand Table
45 day Creep
are 0.85 loss ( ) and 70
From Table
Residual prestressing force3,3,Creep
Creep co-efficient
thco-efficient
day Creep
on 70Shrinkage on on4545
loss
from
loss =
thth
Tableand
( 670as
day
ththday
38.07 )areare1.01
10
1.01and
-6 and1.16
1.16respectively.
.
respectively.
.
ep loss and ( 1.01 respectively.) Creep loss Creep ( loss () )
oss ( ) Total shrinkage strain in the period
Creeploss loss (th(45-70 days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 -6
Total shrinkage Creep strain ) ) = days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
-efficientsCreepon 28lossth and 45th day are 0.85 and 1.01 Residual
respectively. prestressing force onin the
70Shrinkage
day periodloss 45-70 .
= Total shrinkage Totalstrain
shrinkage in thestrainperiod in 45-70
the period days 45-70
is obtaineddays is obtained
from Table from Table 610
6 as 38.07 as-638.07 10-6
Totalshrinkage
shrinkagestrain Shrinkage
strainininthe loss =
theperiod
period45-70 45-70days days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 . 10 -6 -6
Total Shrinkage loss = is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 .
ep loss ( ) 5.4.4 Residual prestressing Shrinkage
force onloss Shrinkage
90th=day loss = th . .
Residual prestressing forceShrinkage on 70 day th Residual
loss== thprestressing force on 70 day = .
Residual prestressing Shrinkageforce loss on 70 day .. .
Residual
Strands Residual
prestressing
stressed on 7 th dayprestressing
force
will on
have 70 force
th
a day
residualon 70 thday
prestressing force of 660.460 kN on .
70 th day with . a loss % of
Total shrinkage strain in the period 5.4.4 28-45Residual
days is obtainedprestressing force on 90 day th
0.783 Residual
Residual
in the period prestressing
prestressing force
force on on 70 70thth day
day . .
kage strain fromin the period
Table 6 as 28-45
40.04 days
x 10
-6
is obtained from45-70Tabledays. 6 as 40.04 Bending10stress -6 in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a lo
d from Table 6 as 40.04 10-6
Shrinkage loss = 5.4.4 0.783
Residual in the period 45-70
prestressing forcedays.on. Bending
90(th day stress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
) day
5.4.4 Residual prestressing force on 90th
. 5.4.4 Residual 5.4.4 Residual prestressing
prestressing force on 90 force th 5.4.4
day 90 day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
th
period
estressing28-45 days
force onis45obtained
thday from Table Strands 6 as 40.04 stressed
5.4.4 10 -6 on 7th day will
Residual prestressing . haveforce a residual
on prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a loss %
n in the period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 5.4.4 6 Residual
as 40.04 prestressing
Strands 10-6
stressed on force
7 th day on 9090
will
Strands
ththday
have day
stresseda (residual
on 7 th )will haveforce
prestressing
day of 660.460
a residual kN on
prestressing 70 th day w
Strands0.783stressed
inStrands
the period
onstressed
7th day45-70 ondays.
will 7have
th dayBending
a will
residual stress
have in the beam
a residual
prestressing at mid
prestressing
force of span
force
th 660.460
due of to
kN onprestressing
660.460 kN on
70 th day withis. tha day
70 loss with
% of a
. 0.783. in the period 45-70force days.ofBending
660.460stress kN onin70 the day
beam with a loss
at mid % of
span due 0.783 in the
to prestressing is.
e loss = Strands stressed on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 day with
Shrinkage loss
Residual = prestressing force 0.783 in
th
the 0.783
period
Strands in the
45-70
stressed period
days.
on 7. 45-70
Bending
th day days.
will Bending
stress
have in
a the stress
beam
residual in atthe
mid
prestressingbeam
span at mid
due
force to
of span due
prestressing
660.460 to
kN prestressing
is.
on 70 thth day is.
with a alol
d
od28-45
28-45days
daysisisobtained from Table6on
fromTable 45
6asas day. 1010-6
40.04 -6
obtained 40.04 period 45-70 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid span
n Fromfrom Table 0.783
3,0.783
Creep inin theperiod
period
co-efficient on45-70 days.
70thdays.
and Bending
90Bending
th day are
(stress
1.16inin
and the1.25
beam atatmidmidspan
) respectively. spandue duetotoprestressing
prestressingis.is.
nnin in the
45the
period
period 28-45
thday 28-45 days
days is is obtained
obtained from Table
Table 6
6 as
as 40.04
the
. 40.04 10-6
10-6 45-70 stress
due to prestressing is.(
the beam
g force on 45 thday . )
fsss10
==kN/m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending . . moment due to this live load ( is () )
hrinkage
hrinkage loss loss = = From Table 3, Creep.. co-efficient on 70th and 90th(day are 1.16 )and 1.25 respectively.
hay. Bending moment due to this live load is . ( )
5th dayday .
force
force on 45thday
on 45
th
day ..
ected on the beam on 45 day. Bending moment
th From Table due to3, Creep
this live co-efficient
load is on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending moment From due to this
Table 3, is live load
Creep is
co-efficient on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
nsile stress at the soffit of the beam atFrom mid span the 3, due
From to co-efficient
Table live load
on3,45Creep day.co-efficient
on 70th and on 90th70day
th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
Live load of 10 kN/m is subjectedTable Creep are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
th
on the beam
anonthe due to live load is From
From Table
Table 3, 3, Creep
Creep co-efficient
co-efficient From
on on 7070
thth
Table
andand 9090
3, Creep dayco-efficient
ththday areare1.16
1.16and and
on 1.25
1.25
th
respectively.
and 90th day are 1.16
70 respectively.
d onthe thebeam
Bending on 45 thday.
on45moment day.Bending
due moment
to this due
live load istotothis
thisliveliveload loadisis
th
beam Bending moment due
m
m is is subjected
subjected on on the
the beam
beam on 45 th day.
on 45 day. Bending
Bending moment
moment due due to to this
this livelive load
load is isand 1.25 respectively.
th
gCreep
orce
oss force on
Creep
( on
loss90 Total
90
thday
loss
thday shrinkage
( ) strain ) in the period 70-90 days is . obtained
. . from
... . Table Table6 as 7. 20.62
Comparison 10-6 of total long term loss
Creep
Creep loss ( loss ( ( )))
(
rinkage loss Shrinkage
)= ) loss = . . . . Type of loss As per IS 1343:2012 As per IS 1343:1980
ain estrain
ain period
in
inthe thein70-90
the
period
period days
period 70-90
70-90 is
70-90obtained
days
days daysis Shrinkage
from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table loss
from
from =Table
6from
as
Table 20.62
Table666as 10
as-6620.62
as-6 20.62
20.62 1010-6-6-610-6 .
ain in the period 70-90 days is obtained from Table as 20.62 10 (kN) (kN)
oderiod
estressing
orce 70-90on 70-9090days days
thforce
day is is obtained
on
obtained 90 thday from from Table Table 6 as 6 20.62
as 20.6210-610 . .
essing force Creep 27.756 42.309
5.4.5atResidual infinity (25550 prestressing days) force at infinity (25550 days)
age loss
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage =Residual
Shrinkage lossloss
loss
loss === prestressing
= force on 90thday . ... . Shrinkage
. 32.581 22.397
essing
sing
ss loss= =
force force at
Strands at infinity
infinity stressed (25550(25550 on days)
7 days)
th
day will have a residual . .prestressing
7 day will have a residual prestressing
th force of 657.605 kN on 90 day with a loss % of th Relaxation 47.492 38.360
ng
ng ngon
essing 90
force
force
force day
thforce
onforce
on
on 90on
90
90 th of
th
th 90
day
day
day 657.605
thday kN on 90th day with a loss % . of 0.432 ... in. the Total loss 107.829 103.066
0-90
th day
h90
th days. will Bending
have stressprestressing
a residual orprestressing
net stress inforce the beam of. 657.605. at mid kNkN spanon 9090 is.day
th day with a loss % of
day dayday will have a residual Bending force stressofor657.605 on beamwith a loss % of
th
period 70-90 days. net stress in the
ual
0-90 0ing prestressing
days. days.
force Bending
at
Bending infinity force
stressstressatorinfinity
(25550 or
net net
days)stress (25550
stress in in days)
the thebeam beam at at mid mid span span is. is.
at
5.4.5mid span
Residual is. prestressing force
( ) at infinity (25550 days)
day ssedwill on 7have th day will have a residual prestressing force of 657.605
a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day kN on with 90ath loss day % with of a loss % of
Strands stressed ( ( on 7th day) will ) have a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day with a loss % of
force
prestressing
period
0ressing
days.
tressing
tressing at70-90
infinity
force
Bending
force
force force
days.
at
at (25550
atBending
atinfinity
stress
infinity
infinity infinity
or days)
(25550
(25550
(25550 (25550
netstress stressdays)
days)
days) ordays)
innet thestress
beamin atthe midbeam spanat is.mid span is.
at ce infinity
at infinity 0.432
(25550 (25550 thedays)
in days) period 70-90 days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
Relaxation lossis.for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 MPa. Total
ndwill 777on
ththday7have
day
day
th day
will
will
will a residual
will
have
have
have have prestressing
aaaresiduala residual
residual
residual prestressing force offorce
prestressing
prestressing
prestressing 657.605
force
force force
of kN
of657.605
of 657.605 on 90
of 657.605 kNkNday
th kN
onon90 with
on
90 thth90daydaya loss
th day
with
with % aaaof
with loss a loss
relaxation
loss % %of of%lossof is
) 657.605 kN on 90 day with loss % of
th th
avel have a a residual
residual prestressing
prestressing ( force force of (657.605
of
) 657.605 kN kNon on
90 th90 day
th day
with with a lossa loss % % of
of
ays.
iod
70-90 Bending
70-90
co-efficient
70-90 days.
70-90 days. days.
days. Bending stress
Bending
on Bending
90
Bending stress th orand net
stress
stress or stress
stress
25550 or net
or net or in
day
net stress
th the
net
stress are
stress in beam
stress
in1.25the
in the inat
and
the beam mid
the
beam
beam at2.28 span
beam at mid atis. mid
respectively.
at mid
mid ( span span
span is. span
is.
is. ) is.
Bending
nding stress stress or net or net stress stress in the in the beam beam at mid at mid span span is. is.
co-efficient on 90 th and 25550
-efficient on 90 and 25550 day are 1.25 and 2.28
th th th day are 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
Creep lossFrom ( Table ( 3, Creep ) 90th and 25550th day are .
((( co-efficient
() ))) on)loss
Total evaluated from both the codesTotal is presented
loss evaluated in Tablefrom 7. both the codes is presented in
loss 1.25 ( )
epreep loss ( ( (and 2.28) respectively. ) ) . -6.
in in the periodth90 - daysththis obtainedthfrom Table 6 as 121.32 10 Table 7.
3, Creep on
-efficient co-efficient
90 and on 25550 90 and day 25550 are 1.25 5.5dayand
Residualare2.28 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
prestressing force for multi stage stressing
nn in thethe period From
Creep
period 9090 Table
loss
- - days = 3, days Creep co-efficient
is obtained
is obtained fromfrom onTable
Table
Total 90loss 6 and
th 25550
6 evaluated
as as 121.32 10
121.32
th day -6 are
10
from
-6
both 1.25the and codes2.28 is respectively.
presented in Table 7.
hrinkage loss = Total loss evaluated from both the codes is presented 5.5 Residual
in Table 7. prestressing force for multi
ep loss ( Creep loss () ) In the Total present loss evaluated
Total problem
loss evaluated from . from
strands both areboththe .
stressedcodes
the codes is
in presented
two stages.
is presented in In Table first
in 7.stage,
Table 7. 5 strands are stressed on 7th day
hrinkage
Creepnkage
pcient on loss loss
90
co-efficient = and =on90 25550
on th90 th andday Creep
are
25550 thloss
1.25 and
day ( 1.25
2.28
are
5.5 respectively.
Residual and
2.282.28 )prestressing
Total loss evaluated
respectively. force from stageboth thestressing
codes is presented . in Table 7.
p pco-efficient on and 25550 6 for multi stage
are stressing
co-efficient th
90 th
and th
25550 ththday
day are
are 1.25
1.25 andand 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
2.3 co-efficient
ofth90IS th1343:2012, on 90 th
thand
for long 25550 term
th day are
relaxation and 1.25 in
lossandsecond 2.28
values respectively.
stage
given remaining
in-6 Table 5 strands
of code should stressed on 28th day. Total force on the beam due to
nt
kage
on n the on
90strain andand
period in
25550
90 25550
the - thperiod
day
days day are isare
90 - 5.5
1.25 1.25
obtained days
andResidual
and is 2.28
2.28
fromobtainedprestressing
respectively.
respectively.
Table
5.5 6from
Residual as
5.5 Residual
force
Table
121.32 6
prestressingforas
10 multi
121.32
prestressing
stage
force 10for stressing
-6
force In multi
forthe stage
multi stressing
stageproblem
present stressingstrands are stressed in two stages.
Loss between Total 90shrinkage
days to infinity
strain is
in prestressing
the period
period - atdays
90values first stage
isis obtained is
3 of IS 1343:2012,
Total
loss((( shrinkage ()for long term
)strain inrelaxation
the Inloss 90 -present days
5.5given Residual .in
obtained Table 6..from6 of
prestressing Table
code 6 as for
should
force 121.32
inmulti 10
stage
stages.stressing
-6
ossof
Creep
Creep
Creep ISCreep1343:2012,
(loss
loss
loss for long term
)) In ) relaxation loss thevalues given in
problem Table strands of
. code
. are should
stressed
In first stage, two 5 strands In first
are stage, 57thstrands areinstressed on 7th d
oss ( between from
Shrinkage 90 )
Table
days loss 6to as
= 121.32
infinity isthe 10 present
-6
In problem
the present strands
. .
problem are stressed
strands inare two stages.
stressed in Intwofirst stage,
stages. In5 stressed
strands
first stage,
on
are 5
day and
stressed
strands on
are 7second
th day
stressed ondue
7th
nkage loss =
)
s between 90 days to infinity is and in In second Total
the present loss evaluated
stageproblem remaining from
strands both
5 stage the
are stressed
strands codes is presented
in two
are stressed
remaining stages.
on 28are in Table
thInday. 7.
first Total
stage, 528
onforce strands
th on the are stressed
beam ond
Shrinkage
and in loss
second = stage remaining 5 strands are stressed on 28 th5 day.
strands Total stressed
force on the beam day. due Total
to
ain e
ain period
strainin
inthe the 90
in period
the -
period period days
90 is
90---90 days obtained
-days
days days
is from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table
from
fromand 6
from as
Table 121.32
inTable
Table 66in
6as
second In
as the10
6121.32
asstage
121.32 present
121.32
-6
1010is 10
remaining
-6 problem-6 strands
5 strands are stressed
are stressed in two
on 28 stages.
th day. In first
TotalTotal stage,
forceforce 5 strands
on the are
beam duestres
ain in the period 90 is obtained from Table
prestressing and as 121.32
atsecond
first stagestage10 -6-6
remaining force5 on strands
the beam are due stressed on 28
to prestressing
th day.
at first stage is on the beam
oderiod
use 90 -90 -Shrinkage
19.5.2.3 days ofdays IS
isfor is long
obtained obtained
loss
1343:2012, =term from forfrom
prestressing
long
Table Table 6 as6loss
term atasfirst
relaxation
121.32 121.32 stage 10 loss
5.5 10 -6
isResidual
values given
prestressing incode Table 6 offor code 5 should
of IS 1343:2012, relaxation values given
and in Table
in second 6isof stage thforce
should
remaining multi stage stressing
strands are stressed on 28th day. Total force on the
-6
5.5.1 prestressing
Residual prestressing at
prestressing first stage
at first force on 28 day
stage isloss values given in Table 6 of code should
ed ge
sShrinkage loss
by
between 3.=Loss
Shrinkage As loss
90 per ===Clause
loss
between
days 90 19.5.2.3
= infinity
to daysisto of IS 1343:2012,
infinity is for long term
prestressing relaxation
at first stage is
Shrinkage
Shrinkage loss
loss
s= oss = be multiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to In infinity
the present is problem strands are stressed in two stages. In first stage, 5 strands are stresse
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing force of 360 kN located at 0.075 m from soffit of the
S19.5.2.3
2.3
g.2.3
2.31343:2012,
forceof
ofofIS IS
IS on As for
of1343:2012,
IS per
1343:2012,
1343:2012,
25550 long
1343:2012,
Clause
thday term
for
for
for for
19.5.2.3
long
long
long relaxation
long
term
term
term ofterm loss
ISrelaxation
1343:2012,
relaxation
relaxation values
relaxation
5.5.1 for
loss
loss
loss given
loss
long
values
Residual and
values
values inprestressing
values
term in Table
given
given
given given
relaxation
second in 6 Table
in
in of
Table
Table code
instage Table
force should
666atofof
of
on 6codeof
remaining
code
code
28 code
th should
should
should
day should
5 strands are stressed on 28th thday. Total force on the b
43:2012, for long term relaxation 5.5.1 loss
Residual beam.
values Bending
given
prestressing in stress
Tableforce in6on the
of code
28 beam
th day should mid 5.5.1span due to first
Residual stage stressing
prestressing forceis on 28 day
y2012,
tween
Loss 3. Loss
Loss for
90 loss
between
between long
daysvalues
between term
to
90
90 days
days relaxation
90given
infinity days
to is
toinfinity in infinity
to
infinity loss
Table is values
is 6 is of code given
5.5.1 should in
Residual
5.5.1 Table
be multiplied
prestressing
Residual 6 of
prestressing code at by
prestressing should
first force
stage onis28on day
force th
28 day
gorce Loss
force between
on 25550 90 thdaydays to infinity is th
en days 90ondays 25550 to infinity is is 90 days to infinity
Lossday
th
90 to3. infinity between is
Strands stressed 5.5.1 Residualon 7th day prestressing
will have Strandsforce on 28th day
( stressed
a prstressing on )7 of
force
th
day 360will kNhave located a prstressing
at 0.075 mforce fromofsoffit of t
Strands stressed Strands on 7 th day will have a prstressing force
stressed on in 7 on day will at have akN of
prstressing 360 kN
force located
of
m 360 at 0.075 m from soffit of the soffit of
beam. Strands
Bending stressed
stress
th
the 7 beam
th day 360
willmid havespan located
a due toatfirst
prstressing 0.075 force
stage of kN
from
stressing soffit
360 located
kNisoflocated
the atbeam.
0.075at 0.075m from
Bending m from soff
beam. Bending beam. stress in
Bending the
Strands beam
stress at
stressed
in mid the span
on
beam 7 due
th day
at to
stress
mid first
willin
span stage
have
the duebeam stressing
atoprstressing
at
first mid is
stage span forcedue
stressing of
to 360
first
is kN
stage located
stressing at 0.075
is m from
estressing force on 25550thday beam. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
orce on 25550 thday
5.5.1
beam. Residual Bending prestressing
stress in force
the beam on 28
at mid
th day span due to first stage stressing is
Residual prestressing force on Tensile
25550stress thday due to self-weight of beam ( )
( () ( ) )
S 1343:1980 Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing ( force of )360 kN located at 0.075 m from
ng
ng ngonforce
essing 25550
force
force force
on
on
on
thday on 25550
25550
25550
25550
Residual
ththday
th day
day thday
prestressing force on 25550 Tensile th
daystress beam. dueBending to self-weight stress in ofthe beam beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
1343:1980
25550
343:1980 thday
r a member loaded on 7th day,Tensile
550 stress2Tensile
due to self-weight ofself-weight
beam
thday
from Table is 2.2. TensileTotal
stressstress loss
duedue to
due totocreep self-weight is of beam of beam
Tensile stress due to self-weight of beam
Tensilestress stressor due to self-weight of beam (
from TableBending compressive net
is isstress in concrete at the level of steel up to 28 day
a member loaded ) th
member loaded onon 7th7day, th day, from Table
2 is2 2.2.is 2.2. Total Total loss loss due due to to creep creep
as per IS 1343:1980
343:1980
5.4.6 Losses as per IS 1343:1980
a member loaded onth7th day is obtained from
Bending Tablecompressive6 as 209.59
Tensile stress 10
stressdue -6. Total loss due to
or
to net stress
self-weight inof concrete
beam at the level oforsteel up to 28inth concrete
day
ficient
member forloaded
a member on 7loaded day, from on 7thTable
Bending day,compressive
2from
isBending
2.2. Table Total 2stress
is
loss 2.2.dueor Total
net to loss due
creep
stress is
in to creep
concrete Bending is thecompressive
at level of steel stress
up to 28 thnet
day stress at the
a1980 member loaded
Creep on
co-efficient7 th day is
for obtained
a member from loaded TableBending
on 6compressive
7as compressive
209.59
day, from stress
10 Table
-6. Totalor
stress 2 net
is or
loss stress
2.2. netdue
Total in
stress
to concrete
loss in concrete
due at
to the
creep at level
the
is of
level steelof up
steel to 28
up th day
to 28 th day
member
per IS 1343:1980
S 1343:1980
IS 1343:1980 5.4.6
loaded Losses
on 7 th as
day per is IS
obtained 1343:1980 from Table 6 as th
209.59
Bending 10 -6.
compressive Total loss due
level to of steel up to 28 th
day
IS
0
1343:1980 From Table 3, Creep co-efficient for 28stress th dayor net stress in concrete
corresponding to strands at thestressedlevel on of steel
7th day upisto0.85. 28 th day
th
Creep co-efficient for a member loaded on 7 day, from
mber
orornt
oraafor loaded
amember a member
member
member Table on
loaded
loaded
loaded 7is th day, from
loaded ononTotal
on 777on
th
ththday, thTable
7loss
day,
day, day,
from
from
from 2from
is
Table2.2.
Table
Table Table2Total
22is
is 22.2.
isis2.2.
2.2. loss
is 2.2.
Total due
Total
Total Total
lossto creep
loss
loss loss
due
due
due due
to iscreep
to
to to creep
creep
creep isis is
is
er loaded th2day, 2.2. due to creep Creep loss .
train
member
oaded foron aon
loaded th 7
7member day, onfrom thfrom
7loaded day Table Table
is on 27is
obtained th2dayis 2.2.
2.2. from
Total Total
is obtainedTable
loss loss
due due
6from
as to to
Table
209.59
creep creep is6 as10is-6.209.59
Total loss 10-6.due Total to loss due to
nitial stress of 0.7 fpisstrain
Shrinkage 70 MPa. forFrom Total
a member relaxation From
loaded lossTable 3,
Bending Creep
is7th day is obtained
onco-efficient co-efficient
compressive from for
stress 28 or
th
Tableth6 as day
net corresponding
stress
209.59 in concrete
10-6. stressed to strands
at
Total loss the stressed
level of on
steel 7th to
up day 28is th 0.85.
day
Table 3, Creep forco-efficient
28th day corresponding
forFrom Table to strands ondue 7forth to
day
28th is 0.85.
s TotalFrom TableTable
From
shrinkage 3, Creep
strain 3,in Creepthe period co-efficient 7-28 28
isfor day
28
obtained day3, Creep
th corresponding
corresponding
from
co-efficient
Tableth6toas strands
to strands
84.85 stressed day
10-6stressed
corresponding
. on 7 onday
th
7th is day0.85.is 0.85.
alitial stress
stress of
0.70.7
ofshrinkage fpisfp70 is is 70
MPa. MPa. Total Total relaxation
relaxation loss loss is is From Table 3, Creep Creep loss co-efficient
to strands forstressed
28th dayon corresponding
7 day is 0.85.to strands stressed . on 7th day is 0.
rnrber
raafor loaded
amember a member on
loaded 7loaded
th day ison
onon777ththth obtained
7th day
day from
is obtained Table 6fromas 209.59
Table Creepas6209.5910loss
as Total
209.59 loss
-6.10 due Total to loss
duedue to to .
for ais obtained from Table
on 7th666day as 10 Total = loss due to
-6. -6.
member
member loaded
loaded
Shrinkage on
strain day
day ismember
is obtained
obtained from
from
loaded Table
Table as 209.59
209.59
isShrinkage
obtained 1010-6.
Creep -6. Total
Total
lossCreeploss loss
lossloss due to .. .
loaded on 7
aded on 7 day is obtained from Table
th day is obtained from Table 6 209.59 10 Total loss due to to Creep loss
as 209.59 10 -6. Total loss due
-6. 6 as
th -6.
Total shrinkage strain inisthe period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6. .
from Table 6 as 209.59 x 10 Total loss due to shrinkage
pisTotal shrinkage strain in the period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.
al oss for initial
stress of 0.7 stress fpis 70of MPa. 0.7 fTotal 70 relaxation
MPa. TotalTotal relaxation
loss is shrinkageFrom loss is
Table
strain 3, Creep
in the co-efficient
period 7-28 7-28 for 28
is obtained th day corresponding
fromfrom TableTable 6 as 84.85 to strands stressed
10 . 10 .
-6 on 7 th day is 0.85
Loss dueTotal to shrinkage
relaxation of strain
steel isin2.5 the%period i.e. is obtained 6 as 84.85 -6
Relaxation loss for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 Total MPa. shrinkage Total relaxation strain loss
in the
Total is period
shrinkage 7-28 is obtained
strain in thefrom periodTable 6
7-28 as is84.85
obtained 10 -6.
from
Shrinkage loss = .
Shrinkage lossShrinkage = Creep =lossloss -6 .
Shrinkage loss Table =6 as 84.85 10 . . ..
ress
for
nitial
initial of
initial 0.7
stress
stress f
stressis
ofof 70
0.7 of
0.7 MPa.
f
initial stress of 0.7 fppis 70 MPa. Total relaxation
p 0.7
f
p isis f
70Total
70p is MPa.70
MPa. relaxation
MPa.Total
Total Total loss
relaxation
relaxation is
relaxation
Loss due loss
loss
loss to loss
isis is
is relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Shrinkage loss = .
s 0.7 of 0.7 fpisf70 pis MPa.
70 MPa. Total Total relaxationrelaxationLossloss due loss
istoisrelaxation
Loss Loss due of Total
to steel
relaxation is 2.5 %
shrinkage of
due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
i.e.
strain
steel is in2.5 the % period
i.e. 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.
efficients
POINT OF VIEW on 45 th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day are .
s in concrete at the level of steel up to 45th day i.e. just before the beam is
ncrete
y.
ressive at the
stress level
inloss of
concrete steel up
at the to 45
level
th day i.e. just before the beam is
of steel
sive stress Creep in concrete = at the level of steel up up to 45 toth45day th day i.e. just before the beam is
i.e. just before the beam is
ble 3, Creepco-efficients on 45th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day are
ve
oad load is is
rete p1.16loss
efficientsat the(onlevel
respectively. 45th of daysteel ) up
and 70thtoday 45thcorresponding
day i.e. just before to strands the stressedbeam is . on 7th day are
stress
ly. in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the beam is
ands due stressing 5.5.4 Residual prestressing force5.5.4 90th day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
Creep lossof second ( stage )strands i.e. strands which are stressed on. 28th day.
sients
in concrete Creepatloss the in first ofstage strands due th to stressing ofbeforesecondthe stage
and)level steel up to 45 today i.e. just . on 7th beam is th
ep loss on 45 ( th day 70th day corresponding strands stressed day7thare Strands stressed on 7 day will have a residual prestressing
nCreepco-efficients
45firstday strands
and 70th on i.e.
day strands which
corresponding are stressed on 28 th
Strands
day. stressed on day will have a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on 70th day with a los
efficients onstrands
45 day and 70and th to strands stressed on 7strands day are
th th th day corresponding to strands th stressed on 28 th day isare th
sepco-efficients
in stage on 45 due 45stressing
th day
daylevel and of of second
70
70 steel day up stage
day strands
corresponding
corresponding i.e. strands
to to which are stressed
stressed on on28 7 force
day.
th th
day of 334.233 kN on 70 day with a loss of 0.788% in the
stress in concrete th
at the th
to 45 day0.788%
th i.e.strandsjust in is stressed
before
the period theon beam
45-70 7 days.
th dayis are Bending stress at mid span due to due to first stage stressing is
ompressive
rands due stressingstress of in concrete
second stage at the
strands level
i.e. of
strands steel which after are beam
stressed subjected
on 28 th day. to live load
period 45-70 days. Bending stress at mid span due to due to
sespectively.
ectively. th th
5th day and From 70th Table 3, Creep
day corresponding co-efficients
to strands on 45 day on 7thand day70 are day
oss ble 3,(Creep co-efficients) on 45th day and 70th day stressed corresponding th . to strands stressed on 28first
th day is
stage stressing is
-efficients corresponding
)on 45 and to thstrands stressed onto.28 day stressed is 0.80 on and7ththday are
45( th day 70 th day corresponding strands
th
-efficients
0.62.
Creep Bending
Creep loss on loss compressiveday
( andstress 70
) )day corresponding
in concrete at the level to of strands
steel after stressed beam. on 28 day to
is .subjected is live load
ely. saydue 0.62.ofBending compressive stress which in concrete at the level of
compressive is stressing stress
(th day
secondin stage
concrete strands
at the i.e.
level strands
of steel after are stressed
beam is on
subjected 28 th day.
to live load ( ( ) )
cients
ressing onof 45
steel
) second after
stage andbeam 70th) day
strands corresponding
isi.e.subjected
strands to live
which aretoload strands
. onon
stressed 45stressed
th
28 day
th day. on 7th day are th
is
stage stage strands due stressing of second stage
strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which are stressed on 28 day. strands i.e. strands which are stressed on th 28 day.
ep losson 45
cients ( th day and)and 70th 70 day corresponding to strands stressed . on 28th day is areBending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the
-efficients on 45th thday th day corresponding to strands
Bending stressed
th compressive on 7stress th day
or stress
net stress in concrete at the) level of steel up70toth 70 day day
th
singn
p 45
loss ofth second
day ( and stage 70 strands
day ) (thi.e. strands
corresponding ) th to are
which strands Bending
stressed stressedon compressive
28 on day. 28 th day .tostress
is or net in concrete ( at the th level of steel up to
Creep
pressive
ely. co-efficients
stress in on
concrete 45 day
at the
ep co-efficients on 45 day and 70 day corresponding to strands stressed
th and
level th 70 of day
steel corresponding
after beam is to
subjected strands stressed
live load on
on 28 day is th 28 th day
level of issteel up to 70 day
eoss
trands
Bending stress(due (
stressing
incompressive
concrete ) of
at second
the
stress
)level stage of strands
in concrete steel after i.e. beam
at the
strandsiswhich
level ofsubjected
steel
are .stressed
after to beamlive on load 28th day.
is subjected to live
ding
n45theday compressive
and 70 loss stress
day in concrete
corresponding at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live loadload
period Creep 45-70 loss days = ( is obtained ) to from strands Table stressed
3 as 38.07 oncompressive
28 10day . is stress
th th th -6
Creep Bending . or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
eep s due loss ( ) .
o-efficients
ep ress loss instressing ( on 45
concrete of at second
th day
the)level stage70
and ofstrands dayafter
steel
th i.e. strands
beam which
corresponding is subjected toarestrands
stressed
to live on
stressed
. load 28 day.
th
on 28th day is ( )
inkage
rinkage (loss
strain = in the )
period
compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after 45-70 days is obtained from Table beam 3 as 38.07
is subjected . 10 -6.
to live loadFrom ( ) th th
(trands due stressing
) day and of second stagecorresponding
strands i.e. strands From From
which
Table Table
are 3,stressed 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientson2828ththday day.is on 70 onth 70 Table
day
th day
and 3,andCreep
90 dayco-efficients
th 90 th day corresponding
corresponding on 70 day
tothstrands and
to strands 90stressed
stressed day on 7on th day 7th
cients on 45
n the period 45-70( days is obtained
th
( 70 th day
) ) from Table 3 as to strands
38.07
Bending stressed
10 .
compressive
-6 on stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
1.16
and and 1.25 corresponding to strands stressed on 7 day are 1.16 and
oss rce on
pressive ( 70stress
th day shrinkage
Total inin
Shrinkage first
concrete lossstage =atstrain
the strands
level in the ofissteel period 1.1645-70
after beam 1.25
days
is subjected is respectively.
respectively.
. stressed obtained
Bending to live load
. compressive stress or( net stress in concrete ) at the level of steel up to 70 th day
o-efficients ) on 45th) day and 70th day corresponding -6 From to strands
Table 3, Creepco-efficientson 28th day is1.25 on respectively.
70 th day and 90th day ( corresponding ) to strands stressed on 7th da
rinkage Creep loss from
) = ( ( Table 3 as 38.07 10 .
)at the level of steel after beam is .subjected .
Creep
compressive loss(loss stress in concrete
) ) . respectively. Creep. . toloss
Creep live loss
load( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
el prestressing
period 45-70force daysonis70
th day in first stage strands is
obtained from Table 3Bending as 38.07 1.16 and 10-6.1.25
compressive stress or net stress Creep in concrete
loss = at the level of steel up to 70 th day
orce 45-70 on days
)
70 is
Shrinkage
th day obtained
in first loss from
stage = Table
strands 3 as
is 38.07 10 -6.. Bending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
erain strain in the in the
( period 45-70 period 45-70 days
) days is obtained from Creepis obtained from Table Table 3loss
Creep 3
as 38.07as
loss 38.07 10
in compressive
first 10 -6.
. stage strands due stressing of second in stage strands i.e. level
strands oftowhich are stressed 28onthon28
-6 th da
From Bendingin
Table Bending
first stage. compressive
strands
Creep stress
loss stress
due stressing or
(on netorth ofnet
stress stress
second )in stage
concrete concrete
thstrandsat the atlevel
i.e. the
strands which
of steel steel
uparetoup 70to
stressed th 70on
day th day
day.
. 3, .Creepco-efficients 70 day and 70th90 dayday and corresponding strands stressed 7on
ep loss th d
age loss = ( ) From Table 3, Creepco-efficients on 90th day corresponding to strands stressed 7t
5-70 = days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10 -6 . 1.16 . and . Table1.25 respectively.
Shrinkage Shrinkage ( lossloss = = ) From 3,1.16 . and . 1.25 respectively.
Creepco-efficients onth 70 dayofday and 90
th th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 t
From Table 3, Creepco-efficients
. stage strands dueonstressing 70 and 90thstagedaystrandscorrespondingi.e. strandstowhich strands are stressed on2828 th th da
oss n the
on 70th(perioddayth in45-70 first) days stage isstrands
obtained is from Table 3 Creep as 38.07 loss 10 in. -6first
Creep loss
second
ininfirst stage strands due of to steel
stressing ofbeam
stressed on
second stage to live
day.
ds from 45Residual day tostrands 70 day th
0.80 0.80
and in and 0.89. 0.89.
Bending Bending compressive compressive stress concrete at the level after is subjected to lilo
day in first stage is first stage . Table (stress inand concrete at the ) level of steeltoafter beam is subjected
th
th prestressing force on 70 is day first stage strands Creep loss Creep loss
isFrom 3, Creepco-efficients on 70 th day (90
) thth day corresponding strands stressed on 7th day ar
eep ressing
ingloss force force on( onth70
70 day day in
in) first stage strands strands From .
Table 3, Creepco-efficients strands i.e.on strands
70 day whichand are90 stressed on
th day corresponding28 th
day. to strands stressed
erinkage
period loss 45-70
is = days is obtained from Table 31.16 ason From
38.07 on
45. 1.25
th 4510
day
th
Table
-6 day
.respectively.is
is 3,. Creepco-efficients on 70 day andth 90 day corresponding
th th to strands stressed on 28th d
day will have a residual th dayprestressing force of and 345.359 From From
kN Table on Table
45
3, th 3,
day Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientswith a loss of on 70 on 70
th day day
and and
90 90
th day th day corresponding to strands stressed
corresponding towhich
strands stressed on
econd stage
y in first stage strands is strands from 45 to 70 th day
. 0.80
Creep and 1.16
loss0.89. and
in.-6first Bending 1.25
Creep respectively.
loss in first
compressive stage strands
stress of due stressing
insecond
concrete of second
at strands
the levelstage strands
i.e.ofstrands i.e.
steel after strands beam isare stressed
subjected ontoth28
th d
live
n the period 45-70 days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10
1.16 . . stage
and 1.25
strands
respectively.
due stressing
From Table 3, Creep
stage
co-efficients on 70
which
th
day
are stressed
and 90 th
day
on 28 day.
-45
ageds from
orce days.
loss
on 45 = day
70 thBending
daytoin70 compressive
firstday
th
stage strands is stress in concrete at
1.16 the
and level 1.25
. is Creep loss ( of steel
respectively. after beam is
on 45th day ( ) on ) day and 90th day corresponding
stressed
45th day onis28th day will have a residual prestressing . Fromforce Table of 345.359 From
kN onTable
3, Creepco-efficients 45 th day 3, Creepwith(corresponding
Creepco-efficients
aon loss
loss70of ( )and
th day
70
toth strands stressed on 28th daytoisstrands
90th) day corresponding to strands stressed on 28th
0.80 and stressed on 2
rinkage
on
nday 70
the will loss
day
period have in = first
28-45 a residualstage
days. Bending strands
prestressing is
compressive forceCreep of 345.359
stress in concretekN on stage .
45Bending
at 0.80
theday level and
with 0.89.
Creep
a loss
ofcompressive
steel Creep
Bending loss 0.89.
of beam
after loss
compressive
(Bending ( stress
compressive
) in )concrete at
stress the in level of
concrete steel after
at the beamlevel is subjected to
of
of is
th
0.80
loss and
in . first
0.89.
th
strands due stressing stress second in concrete
stage at thei.e.level
strands strandsof steel
which afterare beam
stressed is on subjected
28 th day.to liv
on 45 thCreep
day is loss ( ) .
8-45dom to45 days. day toon7045 day
Bending compressive stress in concrete Creep loss Creep
in first loss
stage strands
( steel( due
after stressing
)beam ) isof second
subjected stage to strands
live load i.e.on strands
45 th
daywhich .
is are stressed on
live load day is onat45the levelisof steel after beam is
th th th
th day
orce
day toon7070 th thday day in thfirst stage thstrands is th . Creep th Creeploss loss
in first in first
stage stage
strands strands due due
stressing stressing of of
second second
stage stage
strands strands
i.e. i.e.
strands strands
which which
are are
stressed stressed
on 28on th
etage
n 45thstrands
strands dayfrom is from
Loss 45in th45 second
day day
to 70 to th70
stage day
daystrands from 45 From dayTable to 70 3,day
Total Creepco-efficients on 70 th day and 90th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 th day i
onshrinkage strain inloss the
of period 70-90 ondays th is obtained ) 90from dayTable 3 as 320.62as 20.62 .10strands ..
-6
y will have a residual prestressing force of 345.359 Total kN shrinkage From
45 th day strain
Table with in
3,a the
Creep period
Creepco-efficients
loss (70-90 days is( obtained
)70 day and from thTable corresponding 10-6to stressed
yptoloss
ave 70
a th day
residual ( prestressing ) force of 0.80 and th0.89.
th 345.359 kN on 45 From . 0.80
day Bending
From
with
Table a Table
loss
3, compressive
. of 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficients stress in on concrete
70 on 70
th day that theand
day
and level
90 90
th day ofth steel
day after beamto
corresponding
corresponding is strands
subjected
to strands to stressed
stressed live loa on
d 28
days.
n onth28 Bending day
dayStrands
th
willwill have have
compressive
stressed a residual
a residual onstress28 prestressing
in
day
prestressing concrete
willforce have atforcethe
of of
level
a residual
345.359 345.359ofkN and
steel kNonafter
prestressing 0.89.
onth45
45 Bending
beam
day th day with iswith acompressive
loss (
a loss )
of= of stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subject
nds ending from 45
compressive
th day to 70 th day
stress in concrete at on
the 45
level
th day
of steel
0.80 is 0.80
andafter and beam
0.89. 0.89.
Shrinkage
is
Bending Shrinkage
Bending loss
compressive loss
compressive
=
Creep
Creep loss
loss stress = stress
in in
concrete concrete at theat the
level level
of steelof steel
after after
beam. .
beamis is
subjected
. subjec t
period
h day is28-45 force days. Bending
of 345.359 compressive
kN th
stress inTotalconcrete shrinkage
onthe at 45the th strain
day
level ofinsteel
inissteel the period
after beam 70-90
is is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10 .
( ) -6
od
einkage 28-45loss
a residual days. = Bending
prestressing
Creep loss (
compressive
force ofon 45 stress
345.359
)
day kN within 45 tha day
onconcrete loss
on
of
at
withon
45 inday
th
4.067%
a
45
level
loss
th day . of
of
is Creep
the
is .
after beam
ve
oad load on
oncompressive
th45 period
45 dayth day28-45
is is days. Bending compressive stress concrete atforce lossonth 90 ( th day in first ) stage strands is .
ofResidual prestressing
th
ep om
hdingday 45
loss willday (have to 70 day
ath residual
stress ) inprestressing
concrete at force the level ofResidual
345.359 steelkN after on
prestressing 45. thTotal
beam day isforcewith
shrinkage
th on 90
Shrinkage a loss ofday
strain
( loss in
=inthefirstperiod) stage70-90 days isisobtained from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
strands
rce on
8-45 days. 70the th day
Bending
level
Shrinkage in secondof steelstage
loss =
compressive
after strandsbeam is subjected to live load on 45
stress in is concrete at the level of steel .in the
after beam is 70-90 days ( )
Total shrinkage th day strain period ( =is obtained ) from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
ynds from 45day th day to 70th day
will have a is
residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 with a loss of Shrinkage ( loss ) . .
rinkage
n 45 day is th loss = Residual prestressing . force on 90 Total
th day shrinkagein first stage strain
strands in theis period 70-90 days is obtained
. Creep loss ( ) .
lhdays.
prestressing Bending forcecompressive
on 70 day stress
th in second in concrete
stage strands at the is level of. steel after beam is Creep loss on( 903 ) stage -6
.
oss day(will have a )residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 thResidualday Shrinkage
with prestressing
a loss Creep offrom
loss = Table
force
loss (
th as
day20.62in first
)
10 . strands is .
.
orce h day on is
Creep70 th) day in second stage strands is
loss( ( compressive . Creep
. period loss ( ) . .
8-45 Creep days. lossBending ) ) stress in concrete Total shrinkage at the level strain of in. the
steel after beam 70-90
is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10-6.
age loss = ResidualTotal . shrinkage
.prestressing force strain on in the
90Shrinkage
th day periodin first 70-90
loss = days
stage strandsis obtainedis from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10 . -6
n=45th day ) Creep is loss = . .. TotalTotal shrinkage shrinkage strain strain
in the inperiod the period 70-90 70-90
days days
is is obtained
obtained from from
Table Table
3 as 3 as 20.62
20.62 10 -6. 10-6.
Shrinkage Shrinkage lossloss = = LossLoss in second in second stage stage . strands
Shrinkage . lossfrom= th 70 th day to th 90th day .
ep 70
on loss th day ( in second stage ) strands is . strands from 70 Shrinkage day to 90
lossday = . .
dayng force in secondon 90stage th day strands is . Shrinkage Shrinkage loss loss =
= . .
ressing
ing force force on 70 on 70
th dayday
th in second
in second stage stagestrands strands
Residual is Strands
isStrands prestressing
stressed stressed on onth 28
force
28 dayon th day90
will will
th day
have th in have
a first athstage
residual residual strands prestressing
prestressing is forceforce of of 343.240
343.240 kN kN70
on onth 70 day
th day with a
with a los
oss rinkage loss = ( ) . Loss in second .
Residual stage
. prestressing strands from 70
force day
Residual on fromto 90 th day
day
90 prestressing in to first stage strands th is in first stage strands
day will have a residual =prestressing Loss thinday second stage strands 70compressive
th day 90th force
daystress on 90 day
sidual
y in second Shrinkage
prestressing stage forceloss
strands on is 90 th day
. force0.614% of 334.2330.614% in
Residual kN
thein
Residual the on
period
. prestressing
70
period prestressing
45-70 45-70 with
days.
force on a
days. loss
force
Bending of
Bending
on 90 th day
compressive
is 90 day in first stage strands is
th in first stage
stress in in
strands
concreteconcrete
is at theat the
level level
of of
steel steel
after after
beam b
eep 70 loss
days. ( 90th daystress
Bending ) at mid span due to due to
subjectedfirst . stage to .
livestressing
load thon is 45 th day is .
ageing loss
force = on
orce on 70 day in second stage strands is
th Strands
subjected to live load stressed
. on
Strands 28
on 45 day
th
stressed dayon will have a residual prestressing force
is 28th day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN .on 70th day with of 343.240 kN on 70 th day with a l
5.4.6 Losses as per IS level of steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45th
the1343:1980
net stress Compressive
in concrete stress
at( the orsubjected
net stressto live
in 0.333%
load
concrete on in45
at thethe
th period
5.4.5
day levelResidual
is of 70-90 days.
prestressing Bending force compressive
at infinity (25550 stress in concrete at the level of steel after b
days)
levellevel of )steel up70 toth70 dayday
th
stress in concrete at the of steel up to thShrinkage loss day is
=a residual . with a loss
ressed on 7steel up to 70th day
th day will have a residual prestressing Strands force stressed
subjected of 332.773 toon live
kN 28load
onday 90on th daywill have
45thwith dayaRelaxation
isloss of prestressing
loss for initialthforce stressofof342.101kN
0.7 fpis 70 MPa. on 90Total th day
relaxation lo
CreepCreep co-efficient
loss for
(Bending a member loaded
) have a stress on 7 day, from Table 2 is 2.2. . steelloss
Total due toth c
the period 70-90 days. Bending stress in the beam 0.333%
at midinspan the due period Strands
to first70-90 stressed
stage days.
stressing on is 7 day
th will
compressive residual in prestressing
concrete at the force level of 657.605
of kN
after onbeam90 d
et stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day Creep Creep loss loss ( ) . .
subjected to live load on 45 dayCreep 0.432 in the th ( period 70-90
is Creep loss ( ) days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
. . is.
Shrinkage loss = loss ( )) .
( )
o-efficients
icients onFrom onth 90
90 dayday
th
Table and
3, Creep
and 25550 25550 th day corresponding
co-efficients
th day on 90 day
corresponding
th Creep
toand to lossShrinkage
strands
Shrinkage
strands 25550 ( day
th
stressed lossloss
stressed =on=7on ) Creep
th 7th day
day
loss = . . .
Shrinkage Creep strain for
Shrinkage
loss Shrinkage
a(member lossloss =)
= loaded on 7th day ( is obtained) from Table 6 as . 209.59 . . 10-
ctively.
ely.stress or
ive corresponding
net stress in concreteto strands stressed
at the level of steel onup7to dayth
70 th day areshrinkage
1.25 andis
Shrinkage loss = .
efficients2.28 on 90 respectively.
th day and 25550th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day
Shrinkage loss = .
eep
lossloss( (
tively. ) ) .Creep . loss (
Shrinkage loss =
) .
Creep loss =
trands
nds due due stressing
stressing of second
of second stage strands i.e. strands which Shrinkage
are stressed onth28 loss =
th day. .
epe 3,loss (
Creepco-efficients ) 90stage
on
strands i.e. strands
th day and 25550th day correspondingFrom
which are stressed Relaxation
to strands
on 28
. Table lossday. foron
3, Creep
stressed initial
co-efficient
7th day stress ofon0.7 90fthpisand
70 MPa. 25550Total th dayrelaxation
are 1.25 and loss 2.28 is respectively.
nd 2.28 respectively.
-efficients onth 90
dayday
andand 25550
th th day corresponding to strands stressed onth 28 th day
icients on 90 25550 th day corresponding to strands stressed onth28 day As per Clause
rands due stressing of second stage strandsAs i.e.per
strands
Clause which are stressed
19.5.2.3 of on 28 day.Creep loss (19.5.2.3 of IS )1343:2012, for long term relaxation
ng compressive
compressive Creep stress
loss
stress in concrete
in( first
concrete atAs
the the
stage)atstrands per
due
level Clause
level 19.5.2.3
of steel
to steel
of afterafter
stressing ofbeam
secondISisIS
ofbeam is1343:2012,
1343:2012,
stage forfor
subjected
subjected to to long
long
live livetermterm relaxation
relaxation loss
loss values
values given
given in in Table
Table 6 of
6 of code
code should
should
Creep loss be multiplied by 3. Loss between . loss values given in Table 6 of code should be multiplied by
efficients strands
on 90th i.e.
day strands whichth are
and 25550 daybe multiplied
stressed on 28thby
corresponding 3.
to Loss
day. between
strands
Total stressed
shrinkage 90 90 - days
-onstrain
283.
days
th day
in
is
is the period 9090 -- days
Loss between daysisisobtained from Table 6 as 121.32 10-6
n first stage strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which
g compressive stress in concrete at the level of thsteel after beamth is subjected to live are stressed on 28 th day.
From Table 3, Creep co-efficients on 90 day and 25550 day Shrinkage loss =
( (
e 3, Creepco-efficients on) 90)th day and 25550th day corresponding
to strands stressed on 28th day isto0.89 strands andstressed on 28 day
th
corresponding
d 1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live
1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the As level of
per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values given in Tab
eepdayloss
loss
th is ( (( ) )) th . .
steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45 day beismultiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to infinity is
Residual
Residual prestressing
prestressing force infinity
at infinity inResidual
second stage strands
prestressing is at infinity in second stage strands
is force
in the
he period 90- daysdays is obtained ) from Table as 121.3210-6.10-6at
6 as6121.32 force . in second stage strands
epperiod
loss 90- ( is()obtained from Table . is
rinkage
kage loss= . . .
n the loss=
period 90-lossdays
Creep ( is obtained ) from Table 6 as 121.32 10. -6. .
Sof1343:2012,
nkageIS strain
inkage
1343:2012,
loss=in for for long
long
the period 90- term
term daysrelaxation
relaxation lossloss
is obtained fromvalues
values 6given
given
Table asin in Table
Table
121.32 . 6code
6 -6of
. 10
of code should
should
ss between
etween 90 -90 -daysdays
is is Residual prestressing force on 25550thday The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 61
Shrinkage loss= .
of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxationResidual prestressing
loss values given in force
Tablein6 the beamshould
of code after all the losses is
essing POINT
force OF
at infinity VIEW
in second stage strands
ng force at infinity in second stage strands is is
Dr. P. Markandeya Raju holds a B.Tech (Civil Engineering) from Nagarjuna University; M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University; PhD from JNTU, Hyderabad. He is a Professor of Civil Engineering at
MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous), Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh and has 15 years of teaching
experience. He has more than 45 papers to his credit in various national and international conferences
and journals. His areas of interest are prestressed steel structures, computer applications in structural
engineering and durability studies on special concretes.
T. Raghuram Sandeep holds a B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) from JNTU, Hyderabad and M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He is a Technical Officer at Civil Engineering
Division of BARC, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He published three technical papers in reputed
International journals. His research interests are partial prestressing, prestressing in concrete and steel-
concrete composite structures.