CHAPTER III

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the theories, principles, ideas and concepts that

were essential aspects in the satellite communication system design.

Theoretical Framework

The first relevant assumption in this design is Keplers Laws or Laws of

Planetary Motion, Keplers law are important for the understanding of the

orbital paths of the moon, the natural satellite of the earth, and the paths of

the artificial satellites launched from the earth.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) derived empirically three laws which

describe planetary motion.

Keplers first law states that the path followed by the satellite around

the primary will be an ellipse. The second law states that for equal time

intervals, the satellites will be sweepareas in its orbital plane, And the third

law states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the

cube of the mean distance between the two bodies.

Next, we took into consideration the law of Gravitation, since

communication satellites are launched into space, they are subjected to the

law of gravitation. Newton proposed his law of gravitation in 1687 and stated

that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle in the universe

with a force that depends on the product of two particles masses divided by

the square of the distance between them. The gravitational force between two

objectscan be expressed by the following equation:

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Where:

F=GMm/d2

F is the gravitational force.

G is a constant known as the universal constant of gravitation

M and m are the masses of each object, and

d is the distance between them.

Newton considered a particle to be an object with a mass that was

concentrated in as small point, if the mass of one or both particles increases,

then the attraction between the two particle increases. For instance, if the

mass of one particle is doubled, then the force of attraction between two

particle is doubled. If the distance between the particles increases, then the

attraction decreases as the square of the distance between them. Doubling

the distance between two particles, for instance, will make the force of

attraction one quarter as great as it was.

According to Newton, the force acts along in a line between the two

particles. In the case of two spheres, it acts along the line between their

centers. The attraction between objects with irregular shapes is more

complicated. Every bit of matter in the irregular attracts every bit of matter in

the object. A simpler description is possible near the surface of the earth

where the pull of gravity is approximately uniform in strength and direction. In

this case there is a point in an object (even an irregular object) called the

center of gravity; at which all the force of gravity can be considered to be

acting.

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 Newtons law affects all objects in the universe, from raindrops in the

sky to the planets in the solar system. It is therefore known as the universal

law of gravitation.

Lastly is the Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation; since satellites use

microwave frequency (1-100GHz) to penetrate the ionosphere, to handle

wideband signals encountered in present days communications and to make

practical the use of high gain antennas aboard the spacecraft, one has to

understand fully the theory of electromagnetic radiation and the

electromagnetic spectrum.

Conceptual Framework

This part of the study outlines the course of the entire system design.

This section contains the set of ideas and procedures that serve as the

foundation for the development of the study.

The design objectives, various ideas, theories and principles as well as

engineering consideration were used as input in the design to attain a reliable

satellite communication system output.

The throughput involved the steps and processes applied for the

completion of the design such as gathering of data and information which was

used in the design and the computation of the different system parameters,

the azimuth, distance and loop angles of the satellite and the link budget. Also

included in the throughput is the selection of proper equipment such as the

amplifiers, antenna and waveguide.

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 Finally, the output is a reliable satellite communications system linking

the Municipality of Ragay and Legaspi Albay.

Figure 8 summarizes the elements of the design of the conceptual

framework paradigm of the design.

F Inputs Process Output

1. Design 1. Gathering of Satellite
Objectives Data and Communication
2. Ideas, Information.
Concept and 2. Mathematical System Design
Principles. Computations linking the
3. Engineering 3. Equipment Municipality of Ragay
Considerations. Selection and Legaspi Albay

Figure 8. Conceptual Paradigm

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 Endnotes

Published Material

Electromagnetic Radiation Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD). Redmond,WA;

Microsoft Corporation,2005.

Excel First Review Center Hand-Out, 2005.

Internet Sites

Fundamental of Satellite

Communication.Http//www.tutorialsweb.com/sitcom/fundamentals-of-satellite-

communications.htm. March 3, 2007

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