STATISTICS

-A branch of applied mathematics concerned with the

collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use
of probability theory to estimate several parameters

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES

MEAN - The sum of the values divided by the number of

values--often called the "average." Add all of the values
together.
Divide by the number of values to obtain the mean.

Example: The mean of 7, 12, 24, 20, 19 is (7 + 12 + 24 + 20

+ 19) / 5 = 16.4.

MEDIAN - The value which divides the values into two equal
halves, with half of the values being lower than the median
and half higher than the median. Sort the values into
ascending order.

If you have an odd number of values, the median is the

middle value.

If you have an even number of values, the median is the

arithmetic mean

of the two middle values.

Example: The median of the same five numbers (7, 12, 24,
20, 19) is 19.

MODE -The most frequently-occurring value (or values).

Calculate the frequencies for all of the values in the data. The
mode is the value (or values) with the highest frequency.
Example: For individuals having the following ages -- 18, 18,
19, 20, 20, 20, 21, and 23, the mode is 20.

MEAN MEDIAN MODE

To calculate the mean, Crucial Concept: The Crucial Concept:

you sum (add up) each median is the central The mode is the
individual score, and score - the one in the most common
divide by the number middle.
of scores. The mean is
what we all think of as
the average. Strictly
speaking, it is called
the arithmetic mean,
because there are
other types of mean.

PRESENTATION OF STUDY RESULTS

NARRATIVE

• Should be presented accurately and objectively

• Contain quotes, findings, meanings and implications
• In past tense

EXAMPLE: NARRATIVE

Scope of Nursing Practice

Majority of published researches from PJN cover issues

from Medical-Surgical (27.58%) followed by topics obtained
from Nursing Management (24.13%). Publications utilizing
other nursing topics range from 1-4. These results were
expected since based on the experiences of the researchers,
the leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines affects
adults requiring Medical-Surgical care.

Findings stress that the major difference in the early

years of PJN and PJNE is the variation richness of the research
papers. PJN has transcultural nursing and Community health
nursing publications, while PJNE doesn’t cover such scope. It
can also be seen that the peak of diversification of research
in PJN is 2006 in which most scope has been covered by
different researches. While, on the brighter side, there a
evident of research flourish in PJNE papers from 2007 and the
succeeding year.

TABULAR & GRAPHICAL

• Requires placing of numerical data in cells and
compartments
Tables, charts and diagrams

TABLE & GRAPHS: TITLE AND CAPTIONS

• Tables and graphs should include only qualified items

of information
• They should possess clear and unified purposes
• They should precede with introductions that explains
them
• They should be placed close to the discussion of facts
related to them
• They should be constructed and presented in
manners that can be understood even without
referring to text
• They should comprehensively present data
RECOMMENDATIONS

• Every findings provides recommendations for further

research
• Suggestions are based on study findings
• Replication studies should be conducted

EXAMPLE
(From the research: Enhancement of Classroom
Learning Experiences of Nursing Students…)

Based from the facts elicited from this study and in the hope
of improving the learning experiences of nursing students,
the researcher recommends the following:

 The school administrators should provide ways to

implement course website technology to nursing
subjects offered by the university.

 The school should plan and develop an online course

(open university) in nursing to address the needs of
immobile students and offer other means of learning not
only in other places in the country but in other parts of
the globe as well.

 A replication of this study to other courses offered by

the university is warranted to identify the effects of
integration of course website technology.

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

-Summary presents important points of the discussed results
-The study conclusions show what knowledge has been
obtained by the study
-Conclusions focus on the answers to the study problem
-They should generalize the results to other subjects or
groups
-Researchers should remember that findings are not
conclusions

EXAMPLE:

On the whole, published articles in two existing nursing

journals in the Philippines are geared toward quantification,
with greater emphasis on Medical-Surgical issues and
concerns vis-à-vis the reliance on probability sampling. The
conventional trend of single authorship still prevails in the
local nursing publication. The preponderance of female
researchers concur with the nature of the field being female
dominated.

The portrait that this bibliometric study has generated can

be expectedly served as a clarion in affirming the nursing
field’s position in the realm of allied health professions. The
great disparity between the number of nurses in the country
and their visibility in scientific research undertaking should
not be overlooked. Schools, colleges, and universities offering
nursing program are expected to revisit their research
capability in the light of their individual and organizational
competence and make research as a means to inform theory
and practice. The low engagement of nurse-practitioners in
research calls for a kind of re-culturing, both at macro and
micro levels.

Abstract

-The abstract is a brief summary of the research, it gives a

concise report of the problem, the methodology used, and
the findings, and conclusions, the abstract allows readers to
survey the contents of the research report quickly.

- It is often found at the beginning of the book-bound thesis.

The first few pages of a thesis are utilized for its abstract so
that the readers may spend their time more leisurely
reviewing such a research work.

Guidelines:

• The abstract should be limited to 250 to 500words, it

should include;
• A brief description of the question(s) studies and their
theoretical and/or practical relevance
• A summary of the main arguments and developments
and the main conclusions.

Acknowledgement Sheet

-The acknowledgement sheet contains the writer’s expression

of appreciation for the assistance and encouragement given
him in the course of his research. As much as possible the
acknowledgement should not exceed two pages, double
spaced.

-The acknowledgement should be simple and sincere. The

writer should avoid overdoing the expression of gratitude.
Only those who gave assistance without payment should be
mentioned in the acknowledgement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wishes to express her sincerest gratitude

and appreciation to the important persons, who in one way or
another have shared their support, cooperation and guidance
in the preparation and completion of this study.
 To Dr. Julian Cesar Eustaquio, Dean, Graduate School, for
his guidance and encouragement for the researcher to
complete this study;

To her friends and everyone who were unmentioned, for

giving the researcher undying support which was her source
of strength;

And above all, to Almighty God, for giving His

unconditional love to the researcher and showing her the
right path towards the success of this study.

GENERAL FORMATTING NOTES

 All sides 1” except left 1.2”

 Use required paper border

 Follow the research outline

 Pass 1 Hardcopy and 2 Softcopy

 Short bond paper, double space, font 12 and bookman

style