Robert W. Heath Jr.

(2015)

Millimeter Wave
MIMO Communication
Professor Robert W. Heath Jr., PhD, PE
Wireless Networking and Communications Group
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin

www.profheath.org
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Heath Group in the WNCG @ UT Austin

12 PhD
students

mmWave communication
mmWave precoding! and radar for car-to-car!

mmWave wearables!
mmWave licensed
mmWave for tactical ad! shared access for 5G!
hoc networks! next generation!
mmWave LAN!

mmWave for infrastructure-to-car! mmWave 5G performance!

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Motivation

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Why millimeter wave for consumer wireless?

cellular WiFi

300 MHz UHF (ultra high frequency) spectrum! 3 GHz

30 GHz note: log scale so even smaller over here 300 GHz

u Huge amount of spectrum possibly available in mmWave bands

u Technology advances make mmWave possible for cheap consumer devices
u mmWave research is as old as wireless, e.g. Bose 1895 and Lebedew 1895
large bandwidth communication channels
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Millimeter wave for the consumer

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Naked body scanner

Ok this is mmWave system that uses the consumer

Image from http://www.activesplit.com/nude-show-to-prevent-terrorism/ 6
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

mmWave in consumer applications

Mercedes- Pre-
Benz Crash VOLVO Collision 3rd
Distronic System Warning with Generation
(ACC : 2004 Auto Brake Long Range
79
Radar) Lexus (CWAB) Radar-Bosch Short range radar SiGe
electronics

77
Honda Cadillac
Inspire MB S- Virtual Medium
Frequency (in GHz)

Collision class : bumpers range radar-

Mitigation one LRR Bosch
Brake and
60 System six 24
GHz
UWB
SRR WirelessHD IEEE 802.11adWilocity Chipset Silicon Image 5G
WiGig Ultra 4K HD

PAN LAN Cellular

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Automotive Radar built by Wireless HD Wireless LAN

AEG-Telefuken products shipping products shipping

1974 1998 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2013 2014 2020
Year

Source: Holger H Meinel and Juergen Dickmann. Automotive radar: From its origins to future directions. Microwave Journal, 56(9),2013.
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Automotive radar Type LRR MRR SRR

79 GHz!
79 GHz!
SRR! Frequency
Blind Spot ! 76-77 77-81 77-81
MRR! Stop&Go!
Pre-
Detection!
band (GHz)
crash!
77 GHz LRR! (BSD)!
Bandwidth
ACC! 0.6 0.6 4
Cross (GHz)
Lane Change
Traffic Pre- Assistance!
Alert! crash! (LCA)! 10-25
(CTA)! Range (m) 1-100 0.15-3
0
0
Distance
0.1 0.1 0.02
accuracy
u Long range radar (LRR) is used for automatic cruise control (ACC)
u Medium range radar (MRR) supports CTA, LCA, stop&go and BSD
u Short range radar (SRR) is used for parking aid and precrash applications
*J. Hasch, E. Topak, R. Schnabel, T. Zwick, R. Weigel, and C. Waldschmidt,Millimeter-wave technology for automotive radar sensors in the 77 GHz frequency band, IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 845860, 2012.
**R. Mende and H. Rohling, New automotive applications for smart radar systems, in Proc. German Radar Symp., Bonn, Germany, Sep. 35, 2002, pp. 3540.
***R. Lachner, Development Status of Next generation Automotive Radar in EU, ITS Forum 2009, Tokyo, 2009, [Online]. Available. http://www.itsforum.gr.jp/Public/
J3Schedule/ P22/ lachner090226.pdf 8
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

WLAN and WPAN

Standard Bandwidth Rates Approval Date
WirelessHD 2.16 GHz 3.807 Gbps Jan. 2008 Dell Laptop**

IEEE 802.11ad 2.16 GHz 6.76 Gbps Dec. 2012

u Standards developed @ unlicensed 60 GHz band Epson projector**

WirelessHD: Targeting HD video streaming
IEEE 802.11ad: Targeting Gbps WLAN
u Compliant products already available
Dell Alienware laptops, Epson projectors, etc. Wilocitys chipset***
11ad Chipset available from Wilocity, Tensorcom, Nitero
u Only single stream MIMO beamforming
Next generation will likely support multiplexing (>20 Gbps)*
Tensorcoms chipset***
* http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/ng60_update.htm ** http://www.wirelesshd.org/consumers/product-listing/ *** http://www.dailytech.com/
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

5G cellular
mmWave BS Conventional BS

Wireless backhaul Indoor user

Control signals
Buildings Femtocell
LOS links

Multiple-BS access for mmWave D2D

fewer handovers and high
Data center rate Non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
link

u Repurpose existing mmWave spectrum for mobile cellular applications

MmWave used to provide high throughput in small geographic areas
u Many different applications of MIMO communication
Single user, multiple user, multi-cell, relay
Interference and mobility become more of a challenge
*T. S. Rappaport, R.W. Heath, Jr. , J. N. Murdock, R. C. Daniels, Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, Pearson, 2014
**T. Bai, A. Alkhateeb, and R. W. Heath Jr, Coverage and Capacity of Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks, IEEE Coomm. Mag, vol.52, no.9, Sept. 2014
***T. Bai and R.W. Heath Jr, Coverage and Rate Analysis for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks, IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm., vol.14, no.2, Feb. 2015
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Connected car
Vehicle
driving
cloud

u Attractive for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure

u Enhanced local sensing capability in connected cars
Share high rate sensor data: radar, LIDAR, video, IR video, other sensors
Data fusion from other cars can enlarge the sensing range
u Enable the transition from driver assisted to autonomous vehicles
Develop a better understanding of the local environment
Seamlessly scales with more vehicles
* NHTSA, Vehicle safety communications applications (VSC-A) final report, Sep. 2011 11
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Wearables
Wireless headset
Augmented
reality glasses Smart watch
Device to track
dogs activity
Fitness trackers Smart phone
Connected pet
Connected person

u Multiple communicating devices in and around the body

5 or more devices per person based on market trends trend
u MmWave solves two critical problems
Provides high data rates for high-end devices
Provides reasonable isolation for low-end devices

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO at mmWave

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Why MIMO at mmWave?

millimeter wave band, possible locations of 5G cellular deployment several GHz of spectrum
is promising but found in
7 GHz
1.3 GHz 2.1 GHz
(unlic)
10 GHz many separate bands

28 GHz 37 / 42 GHz 60GHz E-Band to 300 GHz

spatial multiplexing & beamforming just beamforming
mmWave multiple data streams
isotropic aperture
radiator

TX RX sub-6GHz
aperture
Beamforming for antenna gain Spatial multiplexing for spectral efficiency
Shu Sun, T. Rappapport, R. W. Heath, Jr., A. Nix, and S. Rangan, `` MIMO for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications: Beamforming, Spatial Multiplexing,
or Both?,'' IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2014. 14
14
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Some key differences

Sub 6GHz MmWave
bandwidth 1-160MHz 100MHz-2GHz
role of antennas multiplexing & diversity array gain & multiplexing
exploiting channel limited feedback directional beamforming
antennas @ BS 1 to 8 32 to 256
antennas @ UE 1 or 2 1 to 32
scattering rich sparse
urban coverage via diffraction via reflection
penetration loss low high
large-scale fading distant dependent + shadowing distant dependent + blockage

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Significance of blockage

X
line-of-sight non-line-of-sight

blockage due to buildings blockage due to people

User
Base station
Handset X
Blocked by users body

hand blocking self-body blocking

many forms of blockage have yet to be modeled and analyzed

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO mmWave Architectures

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO receiver at < 6 GHz frequencies

2 to 8 RF
Chain ADC
antennas
RF MIMO
Chain ADC Combining
Bandwidths of All interesting MIMO
and
Baseband
5-100 MHz Precoding
Equalization
processing performed
in digital

RF
Chain ADC

# antennas = # RF = # pairs ADCs

Conventional MIMO heavily leverages digital signal processing
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Hardware constraints at mmWave

RF
LNA
Chain ADC

20mW For a receiver with 16

200-350 Baseband antennas, the power
mW processing
Baseband
consumed by this
40mW Precoding
front end would be
7.36 W !!!
RF
LNA
Chain ADC

u Large antenna systems are employed at mmWave

u Cost and power consumption of mmWave components are high
Impossible to dedicate a separate RF chain and ADC for each antenna
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO receiver at mmWave frequencies

Bas
Analog RF
1 to 256 processing Chain ADC
antennas Some
Analog
processing
RF
Chain ADC
eban MIMO
Joint Baseband
processing
Bandwidths of processing
d
Processing
may be
0.1-2.1 GHz
Analog RF
Prec performed
ADC in analog
processing Chain
odin
# antennas >= # RF >= # pairs ADCs
Power and complexity force different implementation tradeoffs at mmWave
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO architectures at mmWave: analog beamforming

beamformer combiner

Baseband RF RF Baseband
DAC ADC
RFain

H
RFain
Chain Chain

Phase shifters

u Use a network of phase shifters

Constant gain and quantized angles
Power consumption in the phase shifter depends on the angle resolution
u Joint search for optimal beamforming and combining vectors w/ codebook

The defacto approach for IEEE 802.11ad and WirelessHD

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO architectures at mmWave: hybrid precoding

RF RF
chain chain

Baseband
Baseband
Precoding
Precoding 2-4
RF chains
RF
Precoding
H RF
Combining 2-4
RF chains
Baseband
Combining
Digital can correct
for analog limitations

RF RF
chain chain

Combined analog and

digital beamforming
u Makes compromise on power consumption and hardware complexity
u Enables spatial multiplexing and multi-user MIMO
u Digital can correct for analog limitations
Current topic of interest for NG60 and cellular 22
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Hybrid precoding with phase shifters, switches or lenses

LNA .
.
.

LNA .
.
+ RF Precoding
Lenses
.

..
.

Nr Phase Switches
shifters mmWave
Beam
Nr dim.
+ Selector
.. Lens
. LNA
LNA
LNA .
.
.

+
LNA +
Mr ..
LNA
Mr ..
.
.

LNA
LNA

Nr

LNA
LNA

+ LNA +
Mr ..
LNA
Mr ..
.
.

LNA
LNA

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

MIMO architectures at mmWave: combining with 1-bit

RF 1-bit
1-bit
Chain ADC
ADC

Different transmit
architectures Transmit Baseband
Baseband
possible
Processing H Processing
Precoding

RF 1-bit
1-bit
Chain ADC
ADC

10mW 1 bit, 240 GHz

u Use1-bit ADCs (pair) for each RF chain, ultra low power solution
u Can approach the capacity of the unquantized solutions

Of significant academic interest, industry is non-committal

ange
Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Patrick Yue, Mark Rodwell, and Upamanyu Madhow

MIMO architectures at mmWave: line-of-sight MIMO
al and Computer Engineering
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
ece.ucsb.edu u Multiple parallel mmWave LOS
MIMO links can be established
a
f-
Transmitter Receiver Angular separation Antenna element spacing from
of the Tx elements
es 1 1
D diffraction-limited optics
g T
A D
R Links are robust to deviations in
y
m T Angular resolution alignment and array positioning
2 2
o- of the Rx array
R
o-
res
d nD
e u Applications
s R
n n T res D=
n Data centers
Fig. 1 LOS MIMO system analysis using the principles of diffraction-limited Chip-to-chip
optics.
ut
Channel Separation Network
s Transmitted Received Recovered

s
Channels
R
Signals o
-90
SomeChannels
academic interest
1 1
g
s. Picture from C. Sheldon, E.DTorkildson, M. Seo, C. P. Yue, M. Rodwell, and U. Madhow, Spatial multiplexing over a line-of-sight millimeter-wave
O MIMO link:
2 A two-channel
2 hardware demonstration at 1.2Gbps over 41m range, in 38th European Microwave Conference, October 2008.
o
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Multi-user mmWave channel estimation 6

+ 5

Effective Achievable Rate (bps/ Hz)

RF
s1 Chain
+

RF RF
RF 3
Beamformers combiner
NRF F NBS NMS wu Chain

LC = 600 symbols
RF
sN RF
Chain LC = 400 symbols
1
LC = 200 symbols
+

Base station uth mobile station 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Measurements (MBS x MMS)

BSs has 64-ant. ULA 4 MSs with

u Compressed sensing based channel estimation* 32-ant. ULA each
Exploits the sparse nature of the channel Training that maximizes the
All users channels are trained at the same time achievable rate
Trade-off between training overhead & estimation quality
*A. Alkhateeb, G. Leus, and R. W. Heath Jr, Compressed-Sensing Based Multi-User Millimeter Wave Systems: How Many Measurements Are
Needed? in Proc. of the international conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brisbane, Australia, April 2015 26
 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Research directions propagation

channel
signal processing measurements
blockage models channel models
compressive
channel estimation information theory
hybrid precoding for capacity with low
single and multiple stochastic
resolution ADCs
users geometric analysis
of mmWave cellular non-coherent or
beam training and systems wideband capacity
feedback
performance in other
broadband channels going beyond 120
cellular systems GHz
communication theory device architectures protocols
27

Application specific challenges
5G cellular
Energy efficient architectures
Precoding and combining
Channel estimation and feedback
Synchronization
Modulation
Wideband channel models
Network densification
Backhaul
Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)
V2X
WLAN/WPAN and radar
Spatial multiplexing Joint waveform design
Link robustness V2X channel models
Coverage Radar-comm. tradeoffs
Cloud processing Full duplex
of sensor data Data fusion
Antenna placement
Wearables Beam alignment
Low power operation
Support for omni ant.
MACs for interference
management
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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Conclusions

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Millimeter wave is coming

to a wireless system near you

www.profheath.org

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 Robert W. Heath Jr. (2015)

Heath group mmWave references

u Overviews
T. Rappapport, R. W. Heath, Jr., R. Daniels, J. N. Murdock, Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, Pearson Education, Inc. 2014.
Shu Sun, T. Rappapport, R. W. Heath, Jr., A. Nix, and S. Rangan, MIMO for Mil- limeter Wave Wireless Communications: Beamforming, Spatial
Multiplexing, or Both?, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 110-121, Dec. 2014.
Ahmed Alkhateeb, Jianhua Mo, N. Gonzalez Prelcic and R. W. Heath, Jr., MIMO Precoding and Combining Solutions for Millimeter Wave
Systems, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 122-131, Dec. 2014.
Tianyang Bai, Ahmed Alkhateeb, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Coverage and Capacity of Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks, IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 70-77, 2014.
u Hybrid precoding
Ahmed Alkhateeb, G. Leus and R. W. Heath, Jr., Limited Feedback Hybrid Precoding for Multi-User Millimeter Wave Systems, submitted to
IEEE Trans. on Wireless, September 2014. Available at ArXiv.
Ahmed Alkhateeb, O. El Ayach, G. Leus and R. W. Heath, Jr., Channel Estimation and Hybrid Precoding for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems,
IEEE Journal on Sel. Topics in Sig. Proc., special issue on Massive MIMO Communication, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 831-846, October 2014.
O. El Ayach, S. Abu-Surra, S. Rajagopal, Z. Pi, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Spatially Sparse Precoding in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems, IEEE Trans. on
Wireless, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1499-1513, March 2014.
u Coverage and capacity in cellular systems
Tianyang Bai and R. W. Heath, Jr., Coverage and Rate Analysis for Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks, IEEE Trans. on Wireless, vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 1100-1114, Feb. 2015. Previous version available at ArXiv.
u Wearable networks
K.Venugopal, M.Valenti, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Interference in finite-sized highly dense millimeter wave networks, (invited) Proc. of the
Information Theory and Applications, San Diego, California, February 1-6, 2015.
u One-bit ADCs
Jianhua Mo, P. Schniter, N. Gonzalez Prelcic and R. W. Heath, Jr., Channel Estimation in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems with One-Bit
Quantization, to appear in the Proc. of the Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, November 2-5, 2014.
Jianhua Mo and R. W. Heath, Jr., Capacity Analysis of MIMO Systems with One- Bit Quantization, submitted to IEEE Trans. on Signal
Processing, September 2014. Available at ArXiv.
u Security
N.Valliappan, A. Lozano, and R. W. Heath, Jr.Antenna Subset Modulation for Secure Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communication, IEEE Trans. on
Communications, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 3231-3245, Aug. 2013.
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