The list of sutras:

1. Parts of speech and Definitions

1.1. sh, ch, z, s, ss, x, & o are known as auris
1.2. After auris, e is inserted before s.
1.3. The vaishnavas are e, i, and y
1.4. Final single e is dropped before vaiavas
1.4.1. But age, dye, singe & tiptoe keep final e before -ing
1.5. ie changes to y before i
1.5.1. and to i before ed
1.6. Conjunction is called satsaga.
1.7. Satsaga y changes to ie before s, and to i before ed.
1.8. For one syllable words ending in a single vowel followed by a
consonant, the final consonant doubles before any vowel
1.8.1. But not of w, x, y.
1.8.2. And final l of a two-syllable words
1.8.3. Also, final consonant of equip, handicap, hiccup, kidnap,
program, refer & worship.
1.8.4. The same letter does not occur three times.
1.9. Clause consists of a group of nouns centered around a verb phrase.
1.10. Word phrases are built of base word & affixes.
1.11. Affixes are words, prefixes and suffixes that indicate declension.
1.12. Simple sentences are formed by only one clause.
1.13. Complex sentences consist of two or more clauses.
1.14. The main clause carries the main point of the sentence.
1.15. Subordinate clauses explain the different points in the sentence.
1.16. Nouns are words indicating persons, places or things.
1.17. The subject is the noun that a clause is about.
1.18. The verb tells what the subject is doing, or describes the subject's
situation.
1.19. The krakas are noun phrases having a direct relationship with the
verb phrase.
1.19.1. They are six namely: subject, object, instrument, purpose,
source and location.
1.19.2. The object is the person or thing affected by the action or
situation.
1.19.3. The instrument helps the subject in performing its activity.
1.19.4. Purpose refers to the goal of activity
1.19.5. Source refers to the origin or beginning of activity
1.19.6. Location refers to the place or time of activity.
1.20. Upa-padas are words or word phrases connected to the krakas:
such as adjectives, adverbs & possession.
1.20.1. Adjectives describe classification, quality, quantity or activity of
a noun
1.20.2. Adverbs are adjectives of verbs connected to the verb phrase.
 1.20.3. Possession describes the proprietor or source of a noun
1.20.4. Conjunctions are words that connect word phrases to each other.
1.21. Changing the word order of a clause or sentence causes change of
meaning.
1.22. The noun and verb phrases are formed by addition of viubhaktis
affixes of declension.
1.23. Declension is the characteristic of the noun phrase regarding its
function, mood and place in the clause.
1.24. The declension of verbs, called conjugation, defines the
characteristics of tense, modal & person.
1.25. Affixes of declension are: prepositions, suffixes and avyayas
(indeclinables).
1.26. Every word phrase is formed of a base word and viubhakti.
1.27. As there are two kinds of word phrases; verbal & nominal, similarly
there are two kinds of viubhaktis; verbal & nominal.
1.27.1. After adding visnubhaktis to avyayas (indeclinables), the
viubhaktis are dropped.
2. Different kinds of viubhaktis
2.1. The subject is the main point of the clause.
2.2. In case & person the subject corresponds to the verb phrase.
2.3. Also the performer of activity is the subject of clause.
2.4. The object is that which is achieved through activity.
2.5. The instrument helps the subject in performing the activity.
2.5.1. The instrument is indicated by viubhaktis by & with.
2.5.2. Generally with represents these affixes.
2.5.3. You can use 'by' with most forms of transport.
2.5.4. You use 'in' and 'into' with cars.
2.5.5. You normally use 'on' and 'onto' with other forms of transport.
2.5.6. By is used with vehicles
2.5.6.1.But on foot
2.5.7. In with cars, vans, lorries, taxis, and ambulances
2.5.8. on buses, coaches, trains, ships, and planes.
2.6. Purpose refers the goal of the activity.
2.6.1. Purpose is indicated by for
2.7. Source refers any source regarding the activity.
2.7.1. source is indicated by of or from.
2.8. Possessives and possessive pronouns are used to say that one
person or thing belongs to another or is connected with another.
2.8.1. The possession is indicated by viubhaktis: of & s.
2.8.2. You use apostrophe s ('s) to say who something belongs to.
2.8.3. You use phrases with 'of to say that one person or thing belongs
to another or is connected with another.
2.8.4. s indicates possession
2.8.4.1.With plural nouns ending in '-s' you only add the apostrophe
(').
 2.8.4.2.You add apostrophe s ('s) to people's names, even when they
end in '-s'.
2.8.4.3.after nouns 's' indicates the place related to someone
2.8.5. of also indicates possession
2.8.6. with may also indicate possession or characteristic
2.8.7. of may also indicate: material of things
2.8.7.1.characteristic of a person
2.8.7.2.quantity of a thing
2.8.7.3.or origin and source
2.8.7.4.Use of in verbal voice to indicate the subject or object
2.9. The location is indicated by viubhaktis: at, in & on.
2.9.1. Location means time and place.
2.9.1.1.You use 'in' to talk about a place as an area or volume, and
time as being within a known period.
2.9.1.2.You use 'on' to talk about a place as a surface or line, and
time as a specific day.
2.9.1.3.You use 'at' to talk about a place as a point and time as a
chronological point in a certain day.
2.9.1.4.You use 'in' to talk about time as being within a known period
of time.
2.9.1.5.You use 'on' to talk about time as a specific day.
2.9.1.6.You use 'at' to talk about time as a chronological point in
hours and minutes.
2.9.1.7.Within is used to indicate accomplishment may occur before
the end of the period of time specified from now, or it is contained
within the boundaries of the period of time.
2.9.1.8.For indicates the continuous action within a given time
frame or distance.
2.9.1.9.Regarding space, in, on, at, within and for
2.9.1.10. at indicates a locative point
2.9.1.11. at or on the corner of street
2.9.1.12. in the corner of room
2.9.1.13. in indicates locative area or volume
2.9.1.14. also in used with containers or inner places
2.9.1.15. on indicates locative surface or line
2.9.1.16. Regarding time, in, on, at, within and for
2.9.1.17. In and within are used to indicate a location within a
known period of time.
2.9.1.18. Both indicate non-continuous activity, in pervades the
entire time frame, within may not.
2.9.1.19. They are related to the present unless another reference
point is specified.
2.9.1.20. But in is not pervasive if not connected with the present.
2.9.1.21. On refers to a specific date or day.
2.9.1.22. Also on the hour
 2.9.1.23. At refers to time within a specific day
2.9.1.24. Also for midday, midnight, sunrise, and sunset.
2.9.1.25. For indicates the continuity of action during a certain
time.
2.9.2. forever mean at all future times
2.9.3. the expression and so on indicates the groups of words
beggining with the example given
2.10. Different other usages of viubhaktis
2.10.1. return and so on are followed by to
2.10.2. need and so on are followed by for
2.10.3. tax and so on are followed by on
2.10.4. link and so on are followed by 'with' or 'between'
3. Different kinds of nouns
3.1. Count nouns
3.1.1. countable things are referred to by count nouns
3.1.2. They can be singular or plural
3.1.3. s indicates plurality
3.1.3.1.After words ending o, '-s', '-ss', '-sh', '-ch', or '-x', e is
inserted before -s.
3.1.3.2.photos, pianos are exceptions.
3.1.3.3.The final y changes to 'ie before 's' if it is preceded by a
consonant.
3.1.3.4.Some common nouns have irregular plurals.
3.1.3.5.Count nouns can be used with numbers.
3.1.4. Singular count nouns are always used with a determiner
3.1.5. Plural count nouns optionally,
3.1.5.1.but not when they refer to things or people in general.
3.1.6. They are always used to refer precisely to particular things or
people.
3.2. Uncount nouns
3.2.1. Uncountables are reffered by uncount nouns
3.2.2. Declined as singular
3.2.3. Some uncount nouns also may fall in different category.
3.2.4. You may use numbers if they indicate countable objects
3.2.5. uncounts may be treated as count nouns if indicating
specification
3.2.6. takes a singular verb
3.2.7. They are not used with a, but with the to indicate specification
3.2.8. Do not use numbers, but some to indicate their quantity
3.2.8.1.Or 'a loaf of', 'packet of', or piece of'... and their plurals for
the same
3.2.9. Collective nouns are group names
3.2.10. Can be used with singular or plural verbs and determiner.
3.3. Pronouns
3.3.1. Pronouns in general
 3.3.1.1.Noun phrase indicates declension of a noun.
3.3.1.2.Verb phrase indicates conjugation of a verb.
3.3.1.3.Singular noun phrases take singular verbs; plural noun
phrases take plural verbs, this is the principle of vacana.
3.3.1.4.Pronoun is a short word replacing a noun.
3.3.1.5.Pronouns follow the principle of vacana
3.3.1.5.1. But plural for indefinite pronouns and collective nouns
3.3.2. Different Kinds of pronouns
3.3.2.1.1. Interrogative Pronoun refer to a noun by questions.
3.3.2.1.2. Indirect (Impersonal) Demonstrative Pronoun indirectly
refer to a noun
3.3.2.1.3. Direct Personal Pronoun refer to a noun by directly
indicating a person, place or thing.
3.3.2.2.The interrogative pronouns How, Did you ...
question the verb
3.3.2.2.1. What, Who... question the subject
3.3.2.2.2. Whom questions the object
3.3.2.2.3. How, By what ... question the instrument
3.3.2.2.4. Why may question the purpose, source or instrument
3.3.2.2.5. Where questions the location
3.3.2.2.5.1. But when is for time
3.3.2.2.6. Whose to determine the possessor
3.3.2.2.7. Which questions the specific characteristics of an
object
3.3.2.3.Personal Pronouns have three persons; first, second & third
3.3.2.3.1.1. First person indicates speaker
3.3.2.3.1.2. Second person indicates the audience
3.3.2.3.1.3. Third person indicates the noun spoken about
3.3.2.4.Personal Pronouns have four forms; subjective, non-
subjective, possessive and reflexive
3.3.2.4.1.1. Singular & plural in each, thus eight.
3.3.2.5.I & we, me & us, my & our, myself & ourself, of
first person respectively.
3.3.2.5.1. For the possessive of the reflexive,own is added after
the possessive form //565//
3.3.2.6.Second person indicates the audience
3.3.2.6.1. Of second person, you indicates first four forms,
your the next two, yourself & yourselves are reflexive
forms
3.3.2.7.Third person indicates the noun spoken about.
3.3.2.7.1. This indicates third person
3.3.2.7.2. This has three singular subjective forms: masculine
he, feminine she & neuter it; with they as plural.
 3.3.2.7.3. To indicate proximity, the singular forms become close
this & distant that, and the plural form becomes close
these and distant those.
3.3.2.7.4. The non-subjective forms of he, she, it, this &
that, are him, her, it, this & that; and of they, these
& those is them.
3.3.2.7.5. For locative, in this place is here, in that place is
there, in this time is now and in that time is then.
3.3.2.7.6. The possessive forms of he & she are his & her; of
it, this & that are its; and of they, these & those is
their.
3.3.2.7.7. The reflexive forms of he & she are himself&
herself; of it, this & that are itself; and of they, these
& those is themselves.
3.3.2.7.8. In relative clauses mine, yours, his, hers & theirs
for my, your, his, her & their.
3.3.2.8.Group pronouns include first, second and third persons
3.3.2.8.1. They are everybody, everyone & everything
3.3.2.8.2. Everyone and everybody are used for persons and
everything is used for objects or places
3.3.2.8.3. they are only used with singular verbs.
3.3.2.8.4. Everywhere means in all places, always mean at all
times
3.3.2.8.5. For possessive form add s.
3.3.2.8.6. The reflexive forms are singular; himself, herself &
itself.
3.3.2.8.6.1. But for two subjects each reflecting upon the other,
use each other or one another.
3.3.2.8.7. his or her own or their own for everyones own.
3.3.2.8.8. all~ & every~, indicates no exceptions
3.3.2.8.9. no~, indicates no instances
3.3.2.8.10. any~, a lack of selectivity
3.3.2.8.11. some~, is a greater degree of selectivity
3.3.2.8.12. complete selectivity is indicated by personal pronouns
3.3.2.8.13. ~one & ~body refers to people
3.3.2.8.14. ~thing, refers to objects
3.3.2.8.15. ~where, refers to places
3.3.2.8.16. ~ever, refers to time
3.3.3. Indirect impersonal demonstrative pronouns are referred to as
Impersonal Pronouns; they take singular verbs
3.3.3.1.Are referred back to using plural pronouns and verbs
3.3.3.2.s is added for possessives only when referring to people
3.3.3.3.Those beginning with some- for affirmative clauses
3.3.3.3.1. And questions expecting the answer yes
 3.3.3.4.Those beginning with any- indicate one and every-
indicating all persons or things
3.3.3.4.1. And in both affirmative and negative questions
3.3.3.4.2. But not as the subject of negative statements
3.3.3.5.For those beginning with no-, another negative word can not
be used in the same clause.
3.3.3.6.Add else after the indefinite pronoun to indicate different
nouns
3.3.4. Impersonal pronouns are of two kinds; definitive and indefinitive
3.3.5. Definitive pronouns define what an object is. They are of three
kinds: relative, locative & selective.
3.3.6. Relative pronouns are used in definitive clauses
3.3.7. They are of two kinds; restrictive & liberal
3.3.8. Restrictive define as an instance of certain characteristics
3.3.9. Liberal define as any that meet certain characteristics
3.3.10. Locative pronouns indicate the location of the replaced noun
3.3.11. They are of two kinds; numerical & directional
3.3.12. Selective for
3.3.13. Indefinitive pronouns define what the object is not; they are of
two kinds; general indefinitive & negative.
3.3.14. General indefinitive pronouns define the noun by exclusion.
3.3.15. Negative pronouns define the noun by negative statements.
3.3.16. Pronouns refer directly to people or things connected with the
present situation.
3.3.17. It is used to refer back to a previously stated noun.
3.3.17.1. Also, it as subject or object regarding a situation.
3.3.17.2. Also, it may be used as subject without reference to
anything previously mentioned, when introducing new information.
3.4. Noun phrase consists of the noun with its declension
3.5. Noun group consist of the noun phrase with its upa-padas
3.6. Upa-padas means words grouped around a noun phrase.
3.7. Generally noun groups are compounds
3.8. Within compounds, the visnu-bhaktis are dropped
4. Upapadas
4.1. Upa-padas are determiners, possessives, numbers or adjectives.
4.1.1.1.But possessives using of come after the noun phrase
4.2. Adjectives
4.2.1. An adjective (vieaa) describes the special characeristic
(viea) of the noun (vieya).
4.2.2. Adjectives are of three kinds: indicating classification, quality &
activity.
4.2.2.1.By function, numbers also.
4.2.3. Adjectives may be placed before the noun, and after any
determiners or numbers
4.2.3.1.Or after a verb
 4.2.4. To emphasise a strong feeling, always use the adjective before
the noun
4.2.5. Adjectives describing size or age may be placed after the noun
group
4.2.6. 'in' say what someone is wearing
4.2.7. The comparative is formed by adding -er to the end of the
adjective or adverb
4.2.8. The superlative by adding -est.
4.2.9. Sandhi rules should be applied.
4.2.10. The is used with superlatives when they are placed before the
noun
5. Verbs
5.1. The verbs in general
5.1.1. Verb phrase consists of the verb with its conjugation
5.1.2. Conjugation is the additon of visnu-bhaktis to the verb.
5.1.3. Verbs conjugated with tip-adi suffixes are tip-anta verbs.
5.1.4. With kt suffixes are kd-anta verbs.
5.1.5. Verb group consist of the verb phrase with its adverbs.
5.1.6. Adverbs are adjectives that modify the verb.
5.1.7. The performer of action is of three kinds: first person, second
person & third person.
5.1.8. First person is the speaker.
5.1.9. Second person is the person spoken to.
5.1.10. Third person is the person spoken about.
5.1.11. Each has singular and plural forms.
5.1.12. Tense indicates the time of activity as past, present or future
5.1.13. Past tense describes previous activity
5.1.14. Present tense describes current activity
5.1.15. Future tense describes upcoming activity
5.1.16. The three tenses have four forms: simple, continuous, perfect &
perfect continuous.
5.1.17. Simple tenses indicate instances of an activity.
5.1.18. Continuous tenses indicate the continuity of an activity.
5.1.19. Perfect tenses indicate acheivement of the result from instances
of activity.
5.1.20. Perfect continuous tenses indicate achievement of the result
from continuous activity.
5.1.21. Mood establishes the degree of necessity of the activity for the
performer
5.1.22. Ordering mood indicates an essential activity
5.1.23. Advising mood indicates the activity is optional and will provide
benefit
5.1.24. Blessing mood indicates the activity is optional and is sanctioned
by the speaker
5.1.25. Expecting mood indicates the activity is desired by the speaker
 5.1.26. Add means connect onto the word.
5.1.27. Insert means place next to the word.
5.1.28. Dhtu means the verbal root.
5.2. Verbal formations
5.2.1. Add ed to the end of dhtu to form simple past tense.
5.2.1.1.But went of go, ate of eat, ran of run, did of do... are irregular
forms of simple past.
5.2.2. Add kvip to dhatu to form simple present.
5.2.3. Kvip is completly dropped after application,
5.2.3.1.but with kamsris it changes to s
5.2.4. Singular third person is kasri.
5.2.5. Insert will before dhatu to form Simple future tense.
5.2.6. Add acyutbha -ing to dhatu to form continuous tense.
5.2.7. Singular first person is called Nirguna.
5.2.8. Were is inserted before continuous tense to form past
continuous tense,
5.2.8.1.But was in nirguna & kamsri .
5.2.9. are to form present continuous tense,
5.2.9.1.but am for nirguna and is for kamsri.
5.2.10. will be to form future continuous.
5.2.11. Insert had before vinunih to form past perfect tense.
5.2.12. have to form the present perfect tense
5.2.12.1. But has for kamsri.
5.2.13. will have for future perfect tense.
5.2.14. Insert had been before continuous tense to form past perfect
continuous
5.2.15. have been for present perfect continuous tense
5.2.15.1. but has been for kamsri
5.2.16. will have been for future perfect continuous.
5.2.17. The plural forms of future tenses are called catur-vyuha.
5.2.18. Use only catur-vyuhas with modals,
5.2.19. wherein will is replaced by the modal.
5.2.19.1. But the modals can, do and did are only used with the
simple future form of the verb.
5.2.20. Do changes to does in the kamsari.
5.2.21. Only the past simple and past perfect forms of verbs may be
irregular
5.2.22. Sometimes ed change to en or t.
5.2.23. Past simple will be refered to as past form
5.2.24. past perfect as vinunih form
5.2.24.1. and ed form refers to both.
5.2.24.2. Additional viunih forms of mow, prove & swell are
mown, proven & swollen.
5.2.24.3. ed changes to n of saw, sew, show, sow & strew
in the viunih form
5.2.24.4. Optional ed forms of burn, bust, dream, dwell, kneel,
lean, leap, light, smell, spell, spill, spoil, wet, speed, &
hang, are burnt, bust, dreamt, dwelt, knelt, leant, leapt,
lit, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt, wet, hung & sped
5.2.24.5. The optional past forms of bid, lie, wake & weave are
bade, lay, woke & wove and the viunih forms are bidden
lain, woken & woven.
5.2.24.6. The regular ed forms of bid' remains bid.
5.2.24.6.1. Also of bet, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt,
put, quit, let, read, set, shed, shut, spread &
thrust,
5.2.24.7. The ed forms of bleed, breed & feed are bled, bred
& fed
5.2.24.7.1. of creep, keep, sleep, sweep & weep are crept,
kept, slept, swept & wept.
5.2.24.7.2. of deal, feel, sell & tell are dealt, felt, sold,
told
5.2.24.7.3. of lay, pay, say, stand & understand are laid,
paid, said, stood & understood
5.2.24.7.4. of buy, catch, fight, seek & teach are bought,
caught, fought, sought & taught
5.2.24.7.5. of, bring, think, bind, find, grind & wind are
brought, thought, bound, found, ground & wound
5.2.24.7.6. of cling, fling, spin, sling, sting, string, swing &
wring are clung, flung, spun, slung, stung, strung,
swung & wrung
5.2.24.7.7. of bend, lend, rend & send are bent, lent, rent
& sent
5.2.24.7.8. of build, leave, lose, mean, flee, hear & shoe
are built, left, lost, meant, fled, heard & shod
5.2.24.7.9. of make, lead, meet, dig, stick & win are
made, led, met, dug, stuck & won
5.2.24.7.10. of get, hold, shine, shoot, slide & strike are
got, held, shone, shot, slid & struck
5.2.24.8. The irregular past and viunih forms of become,
come & run are became, came & ran and become, come &
run
5.2.24.8.1. of begin, drink, ring, & shrink, are began,
drank, rang, & shrank, and begun, drunk, rung, &
shrunk,
5.2.24.8.2. of sing, sink, spring, stink & swim are sang,
sank, sprang, stank & swam and sung, sunk,
sprung, stunk & swum
 5.2.24.8.3. of beat, drew, forswear, slink & spend are beat,
drew, forswear, slink & spend and beaten, drawn,
forsworn, slunk & spent
5.2.24.8.4. of awake, bite, break, choose, & forget, are
awoke, bit, broke, chose, & forgot, and awoken,
bitten, broken, chosen, & forgotten,
5.2.24.8.5. of freeze, hide, speak, steal & tread are froze,
hid, spoke, stole & trod and frozen, hidden, spoken,
stolen & troddena
5.2.24.8.6. of bear, forbear, swear, tear & wear are bore,
forbore, swore, tore & wore and borne, forborne,
sworn, torn & worn
5.2.24.8.7. of arise, drive, eat, & fall, are arose, drove,
ate, & fell, and arisen, driven, eaten, & fallen,
5.2.24.8.8. of forbid, forgive, forsake & give are forbade,
forgave, forsook & gave and forbidden, forgiven,
forsaken & given
5.2.24.8.9. of ride, rise, shake, & stride, are rode, rose,
shook, & strode, and risen, shaken, & stridden,
5.2.24.8.10. of strive, take & write are strove, took &
wrote and ridden, and striven, taken & written
5.2.24.8.11. of blow, grow, know & throw are blew, grew,
knew & threw and blown, grown, known & thrown
5.2.24.8.12. of fly, go, see, slay & sit are flew, went,
saw, slew & sat and flown, gone, seen, slain & set
5.3. Usage of verb forms
5.3.1. Present tense
5.3.1.1.Present tense is of four kinds: present simple, present
continuous, present perfect & present perfect continuous
5.3.1.2.Present simple indicates the general present or instances of
activity
5.3.1.2.1. Also when referring to scheduled future events
5.3.1.3.Present continuous indicates an ongoing activity in the
present
5.3.1.3.1. and temporary situations
5.3.1.4.Present perfect or present perfect continuous indicate the
present effects or continuation of past activity
5.3.1.5.Use present perfect to refer to a completed activity in the
past that has present or future effects
5.3.1.5.1. Also for a time, beginning in the past, which is
continuing
5.3.1.6.A future view point given in the past is indicated by would,
was going to, were going to or the past continuous.
5.3.1.7.Use present after establishing the time of activity in the past
 5.3.1.8.In subordinate clauses, present tense indicates the time
established in the main clause
5.3.1.9.Present continuous indicates an arrangement for the future.
5.3.2. Past tense
5.3.2.1.Past tense is of four kinds: past simple, past continuous, past
perfect & past perfect continuous
5.3.2.2.Past simple indicates events which happened in the past
5.3.2.2.1. Also the general past and regular past actions
5.3.2.3.Past continuous indicates activity that continued before and
after a certain past time
5.3.2.3.1. Also for temporary situations
5.3.2.4.Past perfect indicates completed past activity.
5.3.2.5.Past perfect continuous indicates completed activity that
continued before and after a certain past time
5.3.2.6.With modals past perfect and past perfect continuous are
also used to indicate possible past event that did not occur
5.3.2.6.1. also doubt or hopes.
5.3.2.7.Past simple or past continuous may indicate something that
is unlikely to happen
5.3.2.8.To be more polite you may use past tense rather than present
tense
5.3.2.9.Continuous tenses are used to emphasise duration of an
activity
5.3.2.9.1. Also for temporary situations
5.3.2.9.2. And for change, development or progression.
5.3.3. Present continuous
5.3.3.1.Present continuous for actions, which continue before and
after the moment of speaking.
5.3.3.1.1. And to distinguish one present activity from another
that interupts it
5.3.3.2.Similarly for past continuous
5.3.3.3.Only verbs that require deliberate action are used in
continuous tenses.
5.3.4. Perfect tenses
5.3.4.1.Present Perfect indicates the present effect of past
completed activity
5.3.4.2.Present perfect continuous if the activity continued for some
time
5.3.4.3.Past perfect indicates looking back from a past situation to an
earlier completed one
5.3.4.3.1. And when referring to a time that was still continuing in
the past, but that started even earlier
5.3.4.4.Future perfect indicates an event that will occur in the future
but is being referred to from a point even further in the future
 5.3.4.4.1. And when expecting that a past action will be
completed by the present time
5.3.5. Other
5.3.5.1.Simple present describes; the present in general
5.3.5.1.1. Truths
5.3.5.1.1.1. And repeated actions.
5.3.5.1.2. Present continuous for temporary activities
5.3.5.1.2.1. And currently occurring action.
5.3.5.1.3. The following verbs have no continuous forms:
5.3.5.1.4. Past simple refers an event that already occurred
5.3.5.1.4.1. Or a previous situation.
5.3.5.1.4.2. Also if an activity took place regularly.
5.3.5.1.5. Used to & would also can indicate regularity in the
past.
5.3.5.1.6. Use past continuous for activity occurring before and
after a certain time in the past
5.3.5.1.6.1. Also for a temporary situation in the past
5.3.5.1.7. Past perfect for completed activity that occurred prior
to a certain time in the past
5.3.5.1.8. Future events may be indicated by time expressions
with the present tense
5.3.5.1.9. Will of future tenses may be replaced by the present
continuous form of go followed by to
5.3.5.1.10. To indicate future you can use the present tense with a
time expression
5.3.5.1.11. Modals stand as the first word in a verb group
5.3.5.1.11.1. They have only one form
5.3.5.1.11.2. They replace will in the catur-vyuha forms of the
verb
5.3.5.1.12. Modals are used with the simple future when talking
about present or future instances of activity
5.3.5.1.13. With continuous future for present or future continuous
activity
5.3.5.1.14. With perfect future for past instances of activity
5.3.5.1.14.1. Or with perfect continuous future for past
continuous activity.
5.3.5.1.15. Most do not indicate time of activity
5.3.5.1.15.1. But, shall & will indicate future
5.3.5.1.15.2. And could & would indicate past of can &
will.
5.3.5.1.16. Shall & will become -ll and would becomes -d
5.3.5.1.16.1. But not at the end of a sentence.
5.3.6. Imperatives
5.3.6.1.1. The imperative places the activity first to highlight its
importance
5.3.6.1.2. The imperative uses the base form of the verb without
a preceeding noun or pronoun
5.3.6.1.3. Negative imperatives are formed by do not, dont or
never before the verb.
5.3.6.1.4. Imperatives ask or tell someone to act
5.3.6.1.5. give advice or warning
5.3.6.1.6. and give instructions.
5.3.6.1.7. Do before the imperative makes it more polite or
emphatic.
5.3.6.1.8. Let me indicates offering to do.
5.3.6.1.9. Use let to tell someone to do or allow an activity
5.3.6.1.10. Lets indicates a suggestion for us.
5.3.6.1.11. The negative is lets not.
5.3.6.1.12. Do before lets indicates greater desire.
5.3.6.1.13. Ability is indicated by be able to in past, present or
future
5.3.6.1.14. Can in present
5.3.6.1.14.1. But future with become
5.3.6.1.15. Could in the past.
5.3.6.1.16. You must not use two modals in one verb phrase //
566 //
5.3.6.1.17. Possibility is indicated by can
5.3.6.1.17.1. But if uncertain you use could, might or may
5.3.6.1.18. To show past possibility use could have, may have or
might have
5.3.6.1.19. Might not have & may not have indicate possibility of
not having occured
5.3.6.1.20. Could not have indicates no possibility of having
occurred
5.3.6.1.21. To emphasize, use could with negatives and
comparatives
5.3.6.1.22. Probability is indicated by should or ought to
5.3.6.1.23. To indicate that something probably happened, use
should have or ought to have followed by the past
participle
5.3.6.1.24. They are also used for unfulfilled expectations
5.3.6.1.25. Certainty of something is indicated by must
5.3.6.1.25.1. Also bound with the to-infinitive
5.3.6.1.25.2. And adjectives of certainty followed by a to-
infinitive or a that-clause
5.3.6.1.25.3. Also verbs.
5.3.6.1.26. Certainty that something isnt the case is indicated by
cannot or cant
5.3.6.1.27. Relative certainty is indicated by must have followed
by the past participle
5.3.6.1.28. Doubt about something is indicated by cant have
followed by the past participle
5.3.6.1.29. Future certainty is indicated by will or -ll
5.3.6.1.30. Instructions are indicated by could you, will you or
would you
5.3.6.1.30.1. Also imperatives
5.3.6.1.30.2. and I would like you to
5.3.6.1.31. Requests are indicated by could you, would you, can
you or will you
5.3.6.1.31.1. Also I would like followed by a to-infinitive or
noun group
5.3.6.1.32. would you mind followed by the -ing form of verb
5.3.6.1.32.1. and do you think you could or I wonder if you
could followed by the base form of verb
5.3.6.1.33. Permission is indicated by can
5.3.6.1.33.1. And allowed to
5.3.6.1.33.2. but could for past, or more polite
5.3.6.1.33.3. And may for formal situations
5.3.6.1.34. Can indicates the sense of ability, whereas may
indicates blessings.
5.3.6.1.35. Refusal of permission is indicated by cannot, cant,
will not, wont, shall not, shant or not allowed to.
5.3.6.1.36. Suggestions are indicated by could, may, might &
shall
5.3.6.1.36.1. Also what about or 'how about followed by the
-ing form of verb
5.3.6.1.36.2. and lets, why dont I/you/we or why not
followed by the base form of the verb
5.3.6.1.37. Offerings or invitations to someone are expressed by
would you like
5.3.6.1.37.1. Also Will you is more familiar.
5.3.6.1.38. Offerings to do something are expressed by can I,
could I, shall I & Ill
5.3.6.1.39. I can & I could express an ability to help
5.3.6.1.40. You must for persuasive offers
5.3.6.1.41. Desire is expressed by would like
5.3.6.1.41.1. Also would hate, would love or would prefer
followed by a to-infinitive or a noun group
5.3.6.1.42. would enjoy or wouldnt mind followed by an -ing
form of the verb or a noun group
5.3.6.1.43. would rather or would sooner followed by the base
form of the verb
5.3.6.1.43.1. And I wish or if only followed by past simple
verb
 5.3.6.1.44. Present desire for past unfulfilled events is expressed
by would like to have followed by the past participle
5.3.6.1.45. Past unfulfilled desire is expressed by would have
liked followed by a to-infinitive or noun group
5.3.6.1.46. Regret about past events is shown by the past perfect
5.3.6.1.47. Desiring that someone has an ability is expressed by
could
5.3.6.1.48. Desire that someone has a willingness is expressed by
would
5.3.6.1.49. Obligation is expressed by must or have to
5.3.6.1.50. Not must, but only had to for past obligation
5.3.6.1.51. have to is used with do, does or did to form
questions
5.3.6.1.51.1. Also have to with another modal, -ing verbs,
past participles and to-infinitives
5.3.6.1.52. Necessity is indicated by need to
5.3.6.1.53. Lack of necessity is indicated by dont have to, dont
need to, havent got to or neednt
5.3.6.1.54. Permission not to do is indicated by neednt
5.3.6.1.55. Unnecessary action is indicated by need not have or
neednt have with a past participle
5.3.6.1.55.1. And didnt have with to-infinitives
5.3.6.1.56. Action that was known to be unnecessary is indicated
by didnt need to
5.3.6.1.57. Relative obligation is expressed using should or ought
to
5.3.6.1.58. They show the correct action, give advice, and give or
ask for an opinion
5.3.6.1.59. Relative obligation in the past that was neglected is
expressed by should have or ought to have with a past
participle
5.3.6.1.60. Had better is used for relative obligation, giving
advice or giving opinion
6. Sentences
6.1. Sentences in general
6.1.1. There are four kinds of sentences: simple, dual, compound &
complex.
6.1.2. Simple sentence is formed of only one clause.
6.1.3. Statement, question & command are the three variety of causes
6.1.4. In statement the subject precedes the verb
6.1.5. In question the subject is inserted before the verb in the verb
phrase.
6.1.6. If there are no modals in the conjugation, then insert the
appropriate form of be or do before the verb and subject.
 6.1.7. In command the subject is either omitted or refered as addres,
therefore the verb comes in front in a base form.
6.1.8. Dual sentence is formed of two independent main clauses
6.1.8.1.They are connected by and
6.1.8.2.They may share the verb partially or fully.
6.1.9. Use dual sentences to indicate simultenous activities.
6.1.9.1.To give a list of activities, tasks, or chronology
6.1.9.1.1. For this, use then or after that beween the items and
use and only just before the last item
6.1.9.1.2. And also to indicate narration.
6.1.10. Compound sentences are formed of two or more co-dependent
clauses
6.1.10.1. they describe each other.
6.1.10.2. Such sentences are the connected by if or prononus,
6.1.10.3. They may be formed of relative clauses by relative
pronouns.
6.1.10.3.1. or by other pronouns, phrases and avyayas.
6.1.11. A complex sentence is formed by a main clause and its
subordinate clauses.
6.1.12. Main clauses are independent clauses carrying the main string of
the conversation.
6.1.13. The subordinate clauses are explaining the different parts of
main clause.
6.1.14. These parts can be either the verb, krakas or upa-padas.
6.1.15. If a particular part of the main clause is deliniated by a word,
phrase, clause, sentence or even paragraf; that particular unit is
called adjectival.
6.1.16. Adjectival words are adjectives & adverbs.
6.1.17. Adjectival phrase, clause, sentence and paragraf, are also acting
as adjectives or adverbs.
6.1.18. This system is used by Logic, but in the reverse order.
6.1.19. Conditional clauses are indicating a possibility depending on the
condition.
6.1.20. Conditional clauses describe possibly actions, events or results.
6.2. Usage of sentences
6.2.1. if conjunction connects the clauses.
6.2.1.1.They are compound sentences.
6.2.2. Use present for something that might happen
6.2.3. do not use the present continuous in both clauses
6.2.4. You may use imperative with a condition in present
6.2.5. For future possibility use present with future
6.2.6. Do not use future for a condition
6.2.7. For doubt use would and past
6.2.8. Was may change to were in conditional clauses
6.2.9. especially after I
6.2.10. Use past perfect with would have for something which could
have happened, but did not
6.2.11. Use what if & what would be if for hypothetical and imaginary
situations
6.2.12. Use I wish and so on also for wishes, blessings & desires.
6.2.13. when, could it be, can it be, will it be, would it be and so
on; can be used as if.
6.2.14. You may use also modals in conditional clauses
6.2.15. should for greater uncertainty
6.2.16. use 'unless' to mention an exception to what you are saying.
6.2.17. Unless for if not
6.2.18. You may form conditional clauses by as long as, only if,
provide, provided that or so long as.
6.2.19. You may use if together with unless to indicate both options.
6.2.20. defining relative clause comes after the noun of the main clause
in order to clarify it.
6.2.21. It may be inserted in the sentence or may come before or after.
6.2.22. Use that or who for people; which for things as subjects or
objects.
6.2.22.1. But for objects use whom
6.2.23. You can leave out 'that', 'who', or 'which' when they are the
object of the verb in the relative clause.
6.2.23.1. But not if they refer subject
6.2.24. You may use them with other krakas
6.2.24.1. Also with possession
6.2.24.2. Or with locatives.
6.2.24.3. Even for cross definition
6.2.25. Subordinate clause describes the object called reported clause.
6.2.26. Such verb is called reporting verb.
6.2.27. A report structure is used to report what people think, say or do.
6.2.28. use the present tense of the reporting verb to report something
of present
6.2.29. use past tenses for reportin past
6.2.30. use future tense, can, may, probably or eventually to report
cometin in the future.
6.2.31. the report structure consists of two parts: reporting clause,
which contains the reporting verb.
6.2.32. and the reported clause describing it.
6.2.33. Use past verb with present clause to indicate that the statement
is still valid
6.2.34. for prediction, advice or varning use present or future clause
6.2.35. Optionally use narration for reporting without the reporting verb.
6.2.36. Narration is made of dual senteces linked by and.
6.2.37. If you want to cite what someone had said, use quotation marks,
or phrases such as: he said or he said as follows with a colom
6.2.38. You may use a form of that instead of column
6.2.39. say and tell are dvikarmaka verbs.
6.2.40. The primary object of say refers the massage
6.2.40.1. And of tell refers the audiance.
6.2.41. Say & tell are ditransitives; the objects are what is said and to
whom it is said.
6.2.42. The primary object of say is what is said , but of tell to whom
it is said.
6.2.43. The primary object may not be ommitted, the secondary may.
6.2.44. You tell someone, but say to someone.
6.2.45. The quoted order, request, or advice; takes to infinitive form
6.2.46. If the subject of the 'to'-infinitive clause and of the main verb
are the same, you can use 'ask' or 'beg' to report a request without
mentioning the hearer.
6.2.47. The quoted question change to an if or wh - clause
6.2.48. You can clarify an object by adjectives or by subordinate clauses.
6.2.49. You may indicate any part of the sentence by a subordinate
clause.
6.2.50. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses: that is,
clauses, which are equally important.
6.2.51. You join them with 'and', 'but', or 'or'.
6.2.52. compound sentences are also used for narration, chronology and
so on.
6.2.53. Therefore the orther is important.
6.2.54. If the subject of both clauses is the same, you usually omit the
subject in the second clause.
6.2.55. Kt-anta verbs may be used as adjectival.
6.2.56. -ing' clause followes a noun refers to the activity of the noun
6.2.57. -ed' clause refers to an affect.
6.2.58. 'to'-infinitive clause indicates the aim, purpose, or necessity.
6.2.59. Time clauses explain the time of activity
6.2.60. Use 'when', to refer the time of the activity
6.2.61. Use 'as', 'when', or 'while' to indicate a simultenous activity
6.2.62. alredy indicates that the activity had started in the past.
6.2.63. alredy with present continuous indicates that the activity is still
going on.
6.2.64. But with past it says that the activity is acomplished.
6.2.65. Do not use alredy with negatives, except with if clauses.
6.2.66. till means up to the point of
6.2.67. Use 'after', 'as soon as', 'before', or 'when' to indicate chronology
6.2.68. since means from the point of
6.2.69. Purpose of the main clause is described by a purpose clause.
6.2.70. Purpose clause can be formed by a to infinitive
6.2.71. You may use 'in order' or 'so as' with to infinitive
6.2.72. For negative insert not before to.
6.2.73. Also by using 'to avoid' with an'-ing' form or a noun group.
6.2.74. You may form purpose clause by 'in order that', 'so', or 'so that'
with modals of present tense.
6.2.75. You may use for, for the sake of or purpose of for the same.
6.2.76. To describe source, or answer why; use reason clauses.
6.2.77. Form reason clauses by 'because', 'since', 'as', 'in case' or 'just in
case'.
6.2.78. Result clause answers questions because of what?
6.2.79. Result clause is indicated by since, due to, because of, so,
so that, such a... that,
6.2.80. use contrast clauses to make a statement seems to be
surprising by another clause.
6.2.81. Contrast clauses are formed by conjunctions such as 'although',
'in spite of', or 'though'.
6.2.82. contrast clause can come before or after the main clause.
6.2.83. to contrast two statements, you use 'although', 'though', 'even
though'.
6.2.84. 'still', 'nevertheless', or 'just the same'
6.2.85. You can omit the verb and subject of the contrast clause, if it is
same with the of the main clause.
6.2.86. You say 'in spite of' but 'despite' without 'of'.
6.2.87. That is optional in speach
6.2.88. You can replace a manerly adverbial by amanner clause
6.2.89. The manner clause always comes after the main clause.
6.2.90. Use as for how is it done
6.2.91. Use as if for doubt or similarity
6.2.92. 4 When the subject of the manner clause and the main clause
are the same, you can often use an ing or ed in the manner clause
and omit the subject and the verb 'be'.
6.2.93. Like is a replacement of as if in informal speech.
6.2.94. use 'the way (that)', 'in a way (that)', or 'in the way (that)' also
for similarity
6.2.95. Use how with modals to indicate surprise in questions.
6.2.96. For this is used for extension not breaking the adikra or
sequence.
6.2.97. Use but to indicate exception or obstacle.
6.2.98. Also except indicates exception
6.2.99. Use nouns in second case with except.
6.2.100. also indicates extension
6.2.101. Use nouns in second case with also.
6.2.102. even if refers extended injunction
6.2.103. thus & in this way, is used for summary or conclusion
6.2.104. as...as & like are used for comparizm
6.2.105. just is used for accuracy
6.2.106. therefore refers to consequence
6.2.107. as & like, refers to comparism
6.2.108. perhaps, possibly & probably refers to hypothesis
6.2.109. only refers to a specific application
6.2.110. always refers all-pervasive injunction
6.2.111. since, due to, because, refers to an effect
6.2.112. of course means universaly eccepted
6.2.113. Questions which can be answered 'yes' or 'no' are called
open or 'yes/no'-questions.
6.2.114. Use open questions to get an answer yes or no
6.2.115. If the verb group has more than one word, the first word
comes at the beginning of the sentence, before the subject. The rest
of the verb phrase comes after the subject.
6.2.116. Add do at the beginning of the clause, if the verb is alone in
the verb phrase.
6.2.117. Even if the verb is do itself
6.2.118. To aquire knowledge use wh-words to form questions.
6.2.119. The wh-words are: what and who for subject, whom for
object, why for instrument, purose & source, whose for possesion,
when for time, where for place, which for qualities, how much for
mass quantities, how many for count quantities and how for
manner.
6.2.120. The question begins with the wh-ord
6.2.121. Such questions are not use do modals
6.2.122. add a question tag to a statement to turn it into a question.
6.2.123. A question tag consists of a verb and a pronoun. The verb in
a question tag is always a modal, or a form of the main verb 'be'.
6.2.124. With a positive statement, you usually use a negative
question tag containing a short form ending in '-n't'.
6.2.125. With a negative statement, you always use a positive
question tag.
6.2.126. The modal of the statement repeats in the question tag
6.2.127. With simple verb, use do or be in the question tag
6.2.128. Be of simple or continuous tenses; also repeats in the
question tag
6.2.129. Have repeats as do rearly have
6.2.130. negative statement and a positive question tag indicates
request
6.2.131. To express interest, surprise, doubt, or anger use positive
statement and a positive question tag
6.2.132. Use will you, won't you & would you with imperatives to
be more polite
6.2.133. Use question tag 'shall we' for suggestion with let'
6.2.134. 'Will you', 'won't you' & 'can't you' can also be used to
emphasize anger or impatience.
6.2.135. use 'shall I' with 'I'll'.
6.2.136. Use 'anybody', 'anyone', 'everybody', 'everyone', 'nobody',
'no one', 'somebody', or 'someone' with 'they'
6.2.137. Indirect questions are formed of a question clause and a
subordinate clause.
6.2.138. Ues phrases: could you tell me, may I know, do you know
and so on; as question clause.
6.2.139. Use I wonder if or I wonder which to be polite.
6.2.140. To quote a question use reported question.
6.2.141. It is formed as areported clause.
6.2.142. ask changes to inquire in formal language
6.2.143. the subject of the indirect and reported questions, comes
before the verb, just as it does in affirmative sentences.
6.2.144. use 'if' or 'whether' to introduce indirect and reported
'yes/no'-questions.
6.2.145. 'Whether' indicates possibilities
6.2.146. you can put 'or not' immediately after 'whether', but not
immediately after'if'.
6.2.147. Use short answers to agree or disagree with yes/no questions
6.2.148. Formed of yes or no with a modal clause or with a form of
do or be.
6.2.149. use an opposite question with yes or no to indicate
certainity
6.2.150. use 'so', 'neither', or 'nor' with an auxiliary, modal, or the
main verb 'be' to indicate a statement about one person; also
applies to another person.
6.2.150.1. Also me to for me.
6.2.151. use 'not either' instead of 'neither', in which case the verb
comes after the subject.
6.2.152. You often use 'so' in short answers after verbs such as 'think',
'hope', 'expect', 'imagine', and 'suppose', when you think that the
answer to the question is 'yes'.
6.2.153. You use 'I'm afraid so' when you are sorry that the answer is
'yes'.
6.2.154. With 'suppose', 'think', 'imagine', or 'expect' in short answers,
you also form negatives with 'so'.
6.2.155. However, you say 'I hope not' and 'I'm afraid not'.
6.2.156. Add not affter the first the word of verb phrase to form
negatives.
6.2.157. The abrevations of negatives are wont for will, wasnt for was
, werent for were, isnt for is, arent for are, hadnt for had, havent
for have, hasnt for has, mustnt for must, maynt for may, shouldnt
for should, wouldnt for would, couldnt for could & mightnt for
might.
6.2.157.1. But not for ought to & am
6.2.158. For simple tenses use do as a modal whenever is needed.
 6.2.159. Use do not for negatives and dont for its abreviation.
6.2.160. For simple form of have you add do before it when needed.
6.2.161. You may add not even before an ing or to forms
6.2.162. for negative questions, use a short form.
6.2.163. You can use a negative question
6.2.163.1. ; to express your feelings,
6.2.163.2. work it out
6.2.164. Never means no ever.
6.2.165. add never after the verb be if is the only verb of the
clause.
6.2.166. Add no before a noun to indicate that it does not exist.
6.2.167. Some cases use any
6.2.168. None means no one.
6.2.169. 'No one' can also be written 'no-one'.
6.2.170. Dont use to negative in the same sentence.
6.2.171. Use the any forms in a sentence in that which alredy has a
negative.
6.2.172. Axcept 'neither' and 'nor'
6.2.173. Insert not after a modal to make it negative
6.2.174. can not is written as cannot
6.2.175. but can not only
6.2.176. shant is an irregular form of should not
6.2.177. The short forms of 'mightn't' and 'oughtn't' are 'might not'
and 'ought not'
6.2.178. Dont use two modals together
6.2.179. If needed use an additional infinitive
6.2.180. For will can use will be able to
6.2.181. Modals may be expressed thought other verbs or nouns.
6.3. the different voices of expression
6.3.1. Ukta is always nominative.
6.3.2. Different voices are to eluminate different active parts of the
sentence.
6.3.3. These active parts are eluminated by being the ukta.
6.3.4. Active voice or subjective voice refers the subject as the ukta
6.3.5. active voice says that the subject perfoms an activity
6.3.6. it may describe its situation to.
6.3.7. Passive or objective voice refers to an affect on the object
6.3.8. It is called objective because the object is tranformed into
subject.
6.3.9. There is no passive form of intransitive verbs due to having no
object
6.3.10. use vinunih form of verb to form passive voice with a form of
be as tip-anta.
6.3.11. Insert being after be to indicate continuous
6.3.12. be may change to get in informal language
6.3.13. In passive voice the performer of action is often hidden
6.3.14. If not, then it becomes instrumental
6.3.15. Ditransitives can have two forms of passive voice.
6.3.16. And the second object remais the object
6.3.17. the other voices are generally used in mixed voices
6.3.18. The instrument of the verb is iluminated in instrumental voice.
6.3.19. The instrument becomes ukta, the subject becomes the first
object, the object becomes the second object, and the verb
becomes causative (and ditransitive).
6.3.20. The purpose of the verb is iluminated in dative voice.
6.3.21. The purpose becomes ukta characterized by an adjectival
purpose or goal, that is possessed by the ghan form of verb, that
is possessed by the object and that is possessed by the performer of
the activity. The tip-anta is be.
6.3.22. The source of the activity is iluminated in ablative voice.
6.3.23. The source becomes ukta characterized by an adjectival source
that is possessed by the ghan form of verb, that is possessed by the
object and the performer of the activity. The tip-anta is be.
6.3.24. The location of the activity is iluminated in locative voice.
6.3.25. The location becomes ukta characterized by an adjectival
location or place; that is possessed by the ghan form of verb,
that is possessed by the object and that by the performer of the
activity. The tip-anta is be.
6.3.26. possessive-voice is formed by changing the view of perception.
6.3.27. The adjectives of krakas are iluminated in adjectival voice.
6.3.28. You can form adjectival voice by turning the qualified into ukta,
then into the possessive of the adjective.
6.3.28.1. Or in the opposite order.
6.3.29. The verb of the sentence is iluminated in verbal voice.
6.3.30. The verb changes to a kd-anta in order to become ukta.
6.3.31. After becoming a noun, It can form any kinds of voices.
6.3.32. To different voices it should take different kt-suffixes.
6.3.33. The performer takes trn
6.3.34. object, instrument, purose, location & adjectives take ghan
6.3.35.
6.3.36. vartamndau at-nv acyutbhau phalntara-prayoge
6.3.37. parapadtmapadayo // BHV.5.2. //
6.3.38. at-nau bhaviyati ca, tat prva sya ca //BHV 5.12.//
6.3.39. attdau kta-ktavatu viunih sajau, kta pryo bhva-
karmano, ktavatu kartary eva // BHV 4. 44. //
6.3.40. eka-kartkayo kriyayo prva-klastha-dhto ktv //48//
6.3.41. vidhydyarthe tavynya-yat-kyap-yat-kelim viuktya-
saj //60//
6.3.42. kriyrthatve tumu //49//
6.3.43. so ya karoti //
6.3.44. kvip bahulam //
6.3.45. vieaa-kartkh //
6.3.46. arthd vibinn //
6.3.47. tasya gua yasya sa //
6.3.48. gua-vantasya yasya sa //
6.3.49. gua-hnasya ca //
6.3.50. tac chakyate //
6.3.51. tasya sambandhe //
6.3.52. gua-prakare tara-tamau //
6.3.53. nma-kartk //
6.3.54. iti taddhith //
6.3.55. The forms of proximity are this & that for close & far of he, she &
it, and these & those of they.
6.3.56. Also for
6.3.57.