by Nida: changes of order, omission,

structure, addition
by Vinay and Darbelnet: loan, calque, literal
translation, transposition, modulation, total
syntagmatic change, adaptation.
1. Transference
2. Naturalization
3. Cultural equivalent
4. Functional equivalent
5. Descriptive equivalent
6. Through translation
7. Shift/transpositions
8. Modulation

3
 I have done the Ti lm xong bi
homework tp
Subj + Vaux + Vpp + Subj + Vaux + Vpp +
Obj Obj

Who broke the window? Ai lm v ca s

y l anh ti This is my brother
Parallelism breaks down when word- for-
word translation impossible
 Basically, a translator has two options
for translating:
Direct or literal translation
l Oblique translation
There are several translation
techniques available under each
option.
 Possible because of parallel categories
1. Structural parallelism grammatical
categories
Hes standing by the window
2. Meta-linguistic parallelism parallel
concepts
book, judge, love, angry,
 There comes a time when direct translation
techniques would not work because:
They are structurally impossible
The target language does not have a corresponding
expression
And the generated text would have:
a different meaning
no meaning
a foreign structure
Eg: He is the black sheep of the family
 Borrowing: borrowing from the source language
a term or concept to overcome a lacuna in the
target language or to create a stylistic effect
Internet, blog, pizza
Calque: a special type of borrowing, consisting
of borrowing an expression from the source
language and translating literally each element.
Calque can be either lexical
AIDS Hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi
Literal translation: the direct transfer of the
source text into the target language in a
grammatically and idiomatically proper way
open the book m sch
 Transposition: replacing words from one grammatical
word class with another without changing the meaning of
the message
Hes a big liar - Hn rt hay ni di
Modulation: changing the point of view without
changing the meaning of the message
Its not difficult - D t
Equivalence: generally refers to the commonly accepted
and used equivalents of idioms, proverbs, idiomatic
expression and lexicalized terms, i.e. terms commonly
accepted as equivalents of a source language term
..White House policy..- chnh sch ca Chnh ph M
Adaptation: adapting a source language situation when it
does not exist in the target language or would be
considered inappropriate in the target culture
- A SL word is directly taken into TL text with
no translation
- names: names of newspapers, geographical
names, street names, etc.
- to create some particular stylistic effect
- new technical terms that do not have
equivalents in the source language
Hollywood, blog, web, Internet , MC
A transferred word is adapted to the TL
(pronunciation and morphology)
Coffee - c ph
Turbine - tua bin
- A word or normally an expression is translated
literally into the target language.
- Through-translation should be used for already
recognized terms
e.g. names of organisations, common collocations

AIDS -Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Hi chng Suy gim Min dch Mc phi

UNDAF: United Nations Development Assistance

Framework
Khun kh H tr Pht trin Lin Hp Quc
- Shift or transposition involves a change in the grammar/
part of speech from SL to TL.

1. Only 14% of provincial and district hospitals are

properly staffed and equipped for obstetric
conditions.
Ch c 1 4% cc bnh vin tnh v huyn c nhn v in v trang
thit b cho khoa sn.

2. The details of the scandal are now common

knowledge.
Gi th ai cng bit chi titca v x c ng an .
 after her return sau khi c y tr li
Help will come S c ngi ti gip
Anh y rt hay i xem phim He is a great
cinema-goer
... due to his failure to come ... do anh ta
khng n
He is thought to have left.. Ngi ta cho
rng anh ta i...
Modulation means
a variation in the message
when it is translated into a target
language due to
a change in the point of view
One part <-> another
She cleared her throat before she began to
speak.
Cyh ng ging tr ckhini.

Passive<-> active
The roof was damaged by the storm.
oph hng c minh.
Trnb

Positive <-> double-negative

The vase is not totally worthless.
 Hon ho Flawless
South China Sea Bin ng
I lent him my bike Anh ta mn xe ca ti
His late arrival made me worried Ti lo
lng v anh ta ti mun
not there absent
undoubtedly chc chn
khng c lack
tha nhn did not deny
Foracomprehensiveunderstandingofmodulation,seeA textbook of
translation byPeterNewmark,p.88.
- a SL cultural word/expression is translated by a
TL cultural word considered equivalent to it. e.g.
He graduated after obtaining a degree with (high)
distinction.
Anh ta ttnghip loi g ii (xu t s c).
A quarter mile down the road he stopped and
looked back.
i khong bn tr m mt, anh ngonh li.

- the using of a culture-free word/expression

in a translation for a cultural
word/expression in the source text.

Will the Pentagon decide to terminate the

program?
Liu B Quc Phng M c quyt nh ngng
ch- ng tr nh ny khng?
- the meaning of the original word is explained
in several words.
- often used with transference to translate a
cultural word/expression

To attend the barbecue, you must have a

student ID.
-c d tic barbecue (ba tic ngoi tri, n -
c n-ng trn bp cng tngoi tri), anh phi mang theo
th sinh vin.
- combine two or more translation procedures
for dealing with a single problem.
- particularly common for cultural words,
where transference may be combined with a
functional or cultural equivalent.

To attend the barbecue, you must have a

student ID.
-c d tic barbecue (ba tic ngoi tri, n -
c n-ng trn bp cng tngoi tri), anh phi mang theo
th sinh vin.
 Mt s ngun tin cho bit, Spice Girls ci
v nhau trong thi gian qua (Friendship
Never Ends).
Cc c nng ua nhau th hin bn lnh Diva
khin cuc ghi hnh hm 19/10 b b d.
17/1/1998. Ch mt ngy sau khi t bo giy
Newsweek cng b mt v x-cng-an Nh
Trng lin quan ti tng thng Clinton ng thi,
trang Drudge Report cng pht tn cu chuyn v
Monica Lewinsky. y l v d tiu biu u tin
chng minh truyn thng Internet chim mt "mn
hi" ca bo giy truyn thng, khin cc t bo
ny sau phi lm mt phin bn trc tuyn
hoc bin i mnh, hoc t o thi.
He acted at once.
Anh ykhngchnchmtgiy.
She got 91% for her assignment.
Bilmcacy c
i m10.
If you miss the bus, catch the City Cat.

N ubnnhxebu
t,h yibngCityCat,mt
loiphchydcsngBrisbane,mtthnhph
cac.
 Kill two birds with one stone Mi tn trng
hai ch
The Federal Reserve Ngn hng Trung
ng Hoa K